ICAR Rheometer Manual

Manual
December 1st, 2015

GERMANN INSTRUMENTS A/S

Emdrupvej 102, DK-2400 Copenhagen, Denmark
Phone: +45 39 67 71 17, Fsx: +45 39 67 31 67
E-mail: germann-eu@germann.org Web: www.germann.org
GI
Test Smart – Build Right

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Important notice
Germann Instruments has paid special attention to making this manual a valuable and easy-to-
use document. However, Germann Instruments give no warranties that all errors have been
eliminated from the manual or from the hardware or software to which it relates.

NOTE: The slump has to be > 75 mm for the mix in question

NOTE: The rheometer has to be calibrated once a year, or before, if damaged or if out-of-range
results are obtained.

Germann Instruments decline all responsibility for the consequences of the use of results with
the ICAR Rheometer.

Reproduction in any manner without written permission is strictly forbidden. All trademarks are
the property of their respective owners.

Patent Pending.
Copyright © 2007. All Rights Reserved.

P2I. Rev. 11/07

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Contents

1. Unpacking the Rheometer 1

2. Setting up the Rheometer 3
3. Performing a Test 6
4. Evaluating Test Results 14
5. Troubleshooting 18
6. Getting Help 19
7. General Specifications 19
8. Packing List 20
9. Selected References 21

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

1. Unpacking the Rheometer

Identify Components

The rheometer should come with all the components of the packing list, p.19. If any parts are
missing or damaged, please contact germann@germann.org immediately.

Container

Laptop

Rheometer

Frame Vane

Figure 1.1. Main Rheometer Components (Actual Components May Differ Slight From
Those Shown, Refer to Packing List)

Install the Software

If a laptop was purchased with the rheometer, all necessary software should be preloaded. The
software is also available on a CD, the contents of which are listed in Table 1.1. Replacement
software may be obtained by contacting germann@germann.org

Table 1.1. CD Contents

ICAR Rheometer Software Manual (pdf)
Drivers Bingham Solver Spreadsheet (xls)

The software installation process consists of installing the necessary drivers and the ICAR
rheometer software. All necessary files are in the Setup folder. To install the drivers, click on
Setup_Drivers and follow the installation prompts. (The Setup_Drivers program will install
the LabjackTM software and drivers and the National InstrumentsTM run-time software, all of
which are necessary to operate the ICAR rheometer. It will create various LabjackTM and
National InstrumentsTM shortcuts on the program list. The user of the rheometer does not need
to use these programs directly.) Next, install the ICAR rheometer software by clicking on
Setup_ICAR and following the installation prompts. The Setup_ICAR program will create a

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

shortcut in the program list for ICAR Rheometer X.X (where X.X is the version number),
which is used to operate the rheometer. Each software version is customized for a given
rheometer hardware unit and may not function properly with a different rheometer hardware
unit.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

2. Setting up the Rheometer

Select the Container and Vane Size
The selection of the container size is based on the maximum
aggregate size. The gaps between the vane and the edges of the Hint
concrete specimen should be at least 4 times the maximum aggregate The gap size can always be
size, as illustrated in Figure 2.1. This distance is measured set larger than necessary
horizontally from the vane to the edges of the vertical strips on the but should never be set
container. Vertically, it is measured from the vane to the free surface smaller than 4 times the
and from the vane to the bottom of the container. This minimum maximum aggregate size.
gap size is necessary to ensure a sufficient degree of homogeneity in
the concrete specimen.

4 x (Max Agg.)

4 x (Max Agg.) 4 x (Max Agg.)

4 x (Max Agg.)

Figure 2.1. Selection of Rheometer Gap Size (4 Times the Maximum Aggregate Size)

The vane is 125 mm (5 inches) in height and diameter and features four blades. This same vane
size is used for all maximum aggregate sizes up to 40 mm (1.5 inches). The length of the shaft,
however, will vary depending on the container size in order
to ensure the vane is centered vertically within the concrete
specimen. Hint
The top of the vertical strips
The container features a series of vertical strips, which are correspond to the top surface of
provided to prevent slippage between the concrete and the the concrete. Simply fill to the top
container wall. These strips are essential to obtaining of the strips.
accurate results. The diameter of the container should be
measured to the inside of the strips, not to the container itself.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Assemble Components

Perform the following steps to assemble the rheometer (Figure 2.2):

• Turn on the computer. Connect the USB wire from the rheometer to the computer.
Connect the DC power supply to the DC jack on the rheometer and plug in the DC
power supply to an AC source (110-230VAC, 50/60 Hz). (The AC power cord for the
DC power supply can be replaced with a cord appropriate for the local country where
the rheometer is being used.)
• Insert the vane into the keyless chuck and tighten the chuck by hand. The vane should
be inserted as far as possible into the keyless chuck to ensure the proper vertical position
of the vane. If the vane is not inserted all the way into the keyless chuck, it will be too
low in the container.
• Insert the rheometer bottom plate (Figure 2.3) into positioning frame. Ensure that the
rheometer bottom plate fits completely into the frame (i.e. avoid any debris in the
frame).
• Slide the latches over the rheometer bottom plate.

Figure 2.2. Assembled ICAR Rheometer

The ICAR rheometer should always be operated with the rheometer secured into the positioning
frame. The rheometer records the reaction torque generated by the vane relative to the bottom
plate (Figure 2.3). Therefore, the bottom plate must remain stationary during tests.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Bottom Plate

Figure 2.3. ICAR Rheometer

CAUTION

Never place large lateral or axial loads on the rheometer shaft.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

3. Performing a Test
Performing a test consists of deciding which tests to perform, selecting software inputs, loading
concrete into the container, positioning the rheometer, performing the test, and emptying the
rheometer. Each step in the process is described in the following sections.

Decide Which Tests to Perform

The ICAR rheometer is capable of performing a stress growth test and flow curve test. Either
the stress growth or flow curve tests can be used to characterize thixotropy. (The
characterization of thixotropy is beyond the scope of this document.) The stress growth test is
used to determine the static (at-rest) yield stress, while the flow curve test is used to measure the
relationship between shear stress and shear rate and to compute the Bingham parameters of
yield stress and plastic viscosity. The yield stress measured with the flow curve test is the
dynamic yield stress because it is measured after the breakdown of the effects of thixotropy.

A stress growth test involves rotating the vane at a low, constant speed while monitoring the
build-up in torque. The maximum torque corresponds to the yield stress. The stress growth test
is highly dependent on the shear history of the sample. A typical stress growth plot is shown in
Figure 3.1. The rheometer software identifies the peak torque and computes the yield stress.

12

10

8
Torque, Nm

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Time, seconds
Figure 3.1. Stress Growth Test

A flow curve tests consists of a breakdown, or pre-shear period, followed by a series of flow
curve points (Figure 3.2). The purpose of the pre-shear period is to minimize the effects of
thixotropy and to provide a consistent shear history. The pre-shear period consists of a single,
constant speed, typically equal to the maximum test speed. No measurements are made during

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

the pre-shear period. After the pre-shear period, the flow curve is immediately started. A single
test consists of a specified number of points in ascending or descending order.

Pre-Shear/Breakdown
Rotation Speed (rps) (No Measurements) Test

After the first second, all torque and

speed data are averaged for a single
value each of speed and torque.

The initial one second of

data is discarded for each
speed to allow the speed to
establish and the torque
readings to stabilize.

Time (s)
Torque (Nm)

The averaged speed and

torque readings for each
speed are plotted and used
to compute test results.

Rotation Speed (rps)

Figure 3.2. Flow Curve Test

Select Software Inputs

The ICAR Rheometer software performs all necessary functions. This software program
operates the rheometer, records test data, computes test results, and stores data. All software
operations are performed on a single screen, which is shown in Figure 3.3. The entire software
program is operated from a single screen for simplicity and to ensure that they user can easily
find and be aware of all inputs. There is no need to wade through drop-down menus and
multiple windows. There are no advanced settings hidden in a special menu—everything is on

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

one screen. The software is split into three rows: the top row consists of general inputs, the
second row consists of test-specific inputs, and the third row provides messages.

General
Inputs

Test-
Specific
Inputs

Messages

Figure 3.3. ICAR Rheometer Software

The general inputs apply to all tests. Once they are set, they will remain unchanged unless
modified by the user. Therefore, it is not necessary to modify any of the general inputs between
tests unless changes are desired.

File Settings. A summary file is automatically generated for all tests performed.
Therefore, it is impossible to forget to write a file. The summary file is a text file that lists the
date and time of the test, the test settings, and the test results. It is also possible to write
a raw data file, which shows all speed and torque data recorded by the rheometer. For
the majority of cases, only the summary file is needed. The raw data file option is
unchecked by default. Click the Choose Directory button to select the location where
all files are to be saved (Figure 3.4). The default directory is C:\. The current directory
will be shown in the adjacent box. Type the desired file name into the File Name
Prefix box. The software will automatically append to the file name prefix the test
number and whether the file is a summary or raw data file. For example, if the file name
prefix is “mix 1”, the software will save the summary file for the first test as “mix

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

1_1_summary” and the raw data file as “mix 1_1_raw”. If the test is performed again
with the same file name prefix, the appended number will be increased to the next
integer. In the previous example, the summary file for the second test would be “mix
1_2_summary”. For each test, the software automatically scans the selected directory to
determine whether the file name prefix exists. If it does exist, a new file will be written
with a higher appended number. Therefore, it is impossible to accidentally overwrite a file. This
file naming practice is illustrated in Figure 3.5.
Geometry. In the next section, enter the geometry of the vane and container. The
radius of the container should be measured to the vertical strips because flow should not
occur beyond the strips. The standard vane has a radius of 63.5 mm and a height of 127
mm.
Torque Reset. Due to small, inherit fluctuations in the electronics over time, the torque
may not read zero when no load is applied to the vane. The resulting offset in torque
readings can distort test results. This is not necessarily an indication that the rheometer
is malfunctioning. The torque reset feature resets the present torque to zero torque,
eliminating any offset. The average torque should be 0 +/- 0.10 Nm when no load is
applied to the vane. The torque reset should always be performed when the rheometer
is first powered. It is also a good idea to perform a torque reset periodically between
tests. While performing a torque reset, ensure that no load is applied to the rheometer
and that the rheometer is upright (the vane should not be in concrete, which could apply
a net torque to the vane). Upon clicking the reset button, the adjacent green light will
illuminate for approximately 5 seconds, indicating the torque reset is in process. When
the light goes off, the torque reset is complete.
Abort. In the event a test must be terminated prematurely, click the Abort button. The
test will stop immediately. A summary file will be generated indicating that the test was
aborted by the user.
Test Status. Whenever a test is in progress, the test status light will illuminate. Do not
touch the rheometer while the test status light is illuminated. Applying any force to the
rheometer my distort test readings.

Click
Select Cur Dir
(Not Save)

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Figure 3.4. Select Directory

Raw Data File

Summary File
(If Applicable)
First File: mix1_1_summary.txt mix1_1_raw
Next File: mix1_2_summary.txt mix1_2_raw
Next File: mix1_3_summary.txt mix1_3_raw

New Prefix: mix2_1_summary.txt mix2_1_raw

Next File: mix2_2_summary.txt mix2_2_raw
Next File: mix2_3_summary.txt mix2_3_raw

Old Prefix: mix1_4_summary.txt mix1_4_raw

Figure 3.5. Illustration of File Name Selection

The test-specific inputs apply only to the stress growth or flow curve tests. Once they are set,
they will remain unchanged unless modified by the user. Therefore, it is not necessary to modify
any of the test-specific inputs between tests unless changes are desired. All test settings at the
beginning of the test will be used for that test. Changing test settings mid-test will not affect the
test in progress.

Stress Growth Test. The stress growth test only requires one input—the test speed.
The optimum test speed depends on the material being tested. For concrete, a value of
0.025 rps has been found to be appropriate for many concrete materials. Testing can be
conducted to determine the optimum speed; however, such testing is beyond the scope
of this document.
Flow Curve Test. The flow curve test requires the following inputs: breakdown speed
and time, number of points, time per point, initial speed, and final speed. If the speeds
are to be imposed in descending order, which is most common, the initial speed should
be the maximum speed and the final speed, the minimum speed. The software equally
divides the speed points between the initial and final speed points. In cases where both
ascending and descending curves are required, such as for thixotropy measurements, it is

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

necessary to swap the initial and final speeds manually after the first test has begun and
to perform a second test.

Load Concrete into Rheometer

Fill the container with concrete up to the top of the vertical strips. Because high slump mixes
are pretended to test, no additional compaction is usually needed. However, if desired to ensure
a proper compaction or if an excess of entrapped air is observed, fill the container in two stages,
tamping each layer with the steel rod used for the slump test. Alternatively, tap the sides of the
container gently 10 - 15 times with a rubber mallet. Note any initial segregation or other
conditions that could affect test results.

Position the Rheometer

Carefully insert the vane into the concrete and allow the frame to latch onto the blocks on the
container (Figure 3.6). The rheometer should slide into place under
its own mass or with modest assistance. If inserting the vane Hint
requires significant effort or a side-to-side rocking or twisting
If the vane does not
motion, the concrete is most likely too stiff to test. It is preferable to slide easily into the
insert the rheometer directly downward without any twisting or concrete, the concrete is
horizontal movement of the vane in order to ensure consistent shear probably too stiff to test.
history, especially when stress growth or thixotropy measurements
are being conducted.

Figure 3.6. Rheometer Positioning Frame Latched onto Blocks on Container

Perform the Test(s)

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

To perform either a stress growth or flow curve test, click the appropriate Start button
associated with the test. Only one test can be performed at a time. If the start button is clicked
while another test is running, the start button icon will be remain depressed and the start
command will be held and applied at the end of the current test.

As soon as the Start button is pressed, the test will initialize, which will be indicated in the
Messages box. The initialization process takes approximately 5 seconds. The green test status
light in the upper right corner of the software window will remain illuminated for the entire
duration of the test, including the initialization period.

Stress Growth Test. For a stress growth test, monitor the build-up in torque on the
plot. When the maximum torque has been clearly reached, click Finish to terminate the
test.
Flow Curve Test. For a flow curve test, the software will operate all aspects of the test
and automatically stop the rheometer at the completion of the test.

To stop the test for any reason, click the ‘Abort’ button.

The rheometer is equipped with multiple internal safety triggers to prevent overloading damage
from excessively high torques. If the rheometer stops during a test in stiff concrete, it is possible
that one such trigger has been activated. If so, the rheometer should operate again when
another test is started (and lower torques are present). If the rheometer will not perform a test
due to high torques, it may be possible to measure the same concrete at lower speeds or after the
breakdown of the thixotropic built-up structure (accomplished by rotating the vane at lower
speeds). Despite the safety triggers in the rheometer, it is advisable to use special care when
testing stiff concretes.

Hint
An unlimited number of tests can be performed
sequentially; however, it is important to consider
the shear history when deciding to start a test
and when evaluating test results.

CAUTION

Do not touch or vibrate the rheometer while a test is in progress.

Such action may affect test results.

Empty the Rheometer

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Upon completion of all desired testing, empty the rheometer. Note any segregation or other
conditions that could have affected test results.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

4. Evaluating Test Results

This chapter provides basic information on the calculations performed by the rheometer
software and is not intended to be a comprehensive guide to evaluating test results. The user is
fully responsible for all interpretation of test results.

Downloading Data

All results are saved into summary files. A typical summary file for a flow curve test is shown in
Figure 4.1.

Hint
The speed and
torque columns for
flow curve points are
separated by tabs so
they can be easily
copied and pasted
into a spreadsheet,
with each value
appearing in its own
cell.

Figure 4.1. Typical Summary File for Flow Curve Test

If a raw file was written for the test, the file contains tab-delimited data and can be opening in
any spreadsheet. The columns in the raw data file are as follows (left to right): time (s), speed
ID, target speed (rps), actual speed (rps), and torque (Nm). The speed ID is zero during the pre-
shear period and increases by one for each speed point.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Stress Growth Test

For the stress growth test, the software automatically selects the maximum recorded torque.
The yield stress is computed with Equation 4.1:

2T
o =
 H 1 (4.1)
D 3  + 
 D 3

Where  o is the yield stress, T is the maximum torque, D is the diameter of the vane, and H is
the height of the vane. In this equation, the shear stress is assumed to be evenly distributed on
the side and ends of the vane.

Flow Curve Test

The flow curve test results are computed both in relative and fundamental units (Table 4.1). To
compute relative units, a straight line is fit to the torque versus rotation speed data. The
intercept is denoted as the Y-value (Nm) and the slope is denoted as the V-value (Nm.s). The
Y-and V-values are related to, but not equal to, yield stress and plastic viscosity, respectively.
For fundamental units, results are computed based on the Bingham model in terms of the yield
stress (Pa) and plastic viscosity (Pa.s). It is also possible to use the data to compute result in
terms of other constituent models (Herschel-Bulkley, Casson, etc.); however, the software does
not perform these calculations.

Table 4.1. Flow Curve Test Results

Relative Units Fundamental Units

T=Y+VN
T = torque (Nm)
Y = ‘Y-Value’ (Nm), related to  o
V= ‘V-Value’ (Nm.s), related to 
N = rotation speed (rps)
 =  o + 
 = shear stress (Pa)
 o = yield stress (Pa)
 = plastic viscosity (Pa.s)
 = shear rate (1/s)

The calculation of fundamental units must take into account the fact that some of the concrete
in the rheometer may not flow. The possibility that not all of the concrete in the rheometer
flows is illustrated in Figure 4.2. The Bingham parameters can be calculated regardless of
whether all concrete in the rheometer flows. The torque acting on the ends of the vane is
assumed to be zero.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

All Material Flows Not All Material Flows

Shear Shear Shear Shear

StressStress  
StressStress 
Shear Shear Shear Shear
Rate Rate Rate Rate
Angular
Angular Angular
Angular
Velocity
Velocity Velocity
Velocity
Inner Inner Inner Inner FlowingFlowing
Radius Radius All All Radius Radius Zone Zone
MaterialMaterial Dead Zone
Dead Zone
Flows Flows Transition
Transition
Radius Radius
Outer Outer
Radius Radius Outer Radius
Outer Radius

Figure 4.2. Illustration

a.) No Dead
a.) No of Cases
Zone
Dead Where
Present
Zone All Material
Present Flows
b.) Dead b.)
ZoneandPresent
Dead Not AllPresent
Zone Material Flows

The calculation of the Bingham model parameters of yield stress and plastic viscosity is based on
the Reiner-Riwlin equation, which is expressed in Equation 4.2 for the case where all material
within the annulus flows:

T  1 1   0  R2 
 − ln  
= −   R  (4.2)
4h  R1 2
R2
2
  1

Where  is the rotation speed (rad/s), T is torque (Nm), h is the vane height (m), R1 is the vane
radius, and R2 is the outer container radius. In some cases, the shear stress in a portion of the
material in the annulus is below the yield stress, resulting in a region where no flow occurs (zero
shear rate). For cases where a portion of material within the annulus does not flow, the Reiner-
Riwlin equation is expressed in Equation 4.3.

T  1 2h 0   0  T 
= −  − ln   (4.3)
4h  R1 2 T  2  2h 0 R1 2 

In the cases where not all of the material in the annulus flows, the radius that separates the
flowing region from the non-flowing region is given in Equation 4.4.

T
R2,eff = (4.4)
2h 0

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

Closed form solutions are available for Equation 4.2 for cases where all material flows for all
speed-torque points. It is necessary, however, to check whether all material in the annulus flows
for each speed-torque point. If it does not, Equation 4.3 must be used for points where a zone
of no flow exists. To solve Equation 4.3, a non-linear optimization procedure must be used.
This procedure can be accomplished with the Solver feature in Microsoft® Excel, for example.
The entire calculation process is also programmed into the ICAR rheometer software, enabling
the instant calculation of results at the end of each test. For illustration purposes, the Bingham
Solver spreadsheet is provided with the rheometer. This spreadsheet was designed for use with
Microsoft® Excel. In rare cases, the ICAR rheometer software may fail to compute results in
fundamental units. Frequently, this may occur when the yield stress is zero or near zero. In
such cases, the Bingham Solver spreadsheet can typically compute results correctly.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual
5. Troubleshooting
All rheometers are tested prior to shipping. If any problems occur, technical support is
available. Please first refer to Table 5.1. If the problem is not addressed or resolved here, refer
to Chapter 6: Getting Help.
Table 5.1. Troubleshooting
Problem
The rheometer is not functioning
when sent a command from the
computer.
The rheometer is running when no test
has been started.
A torque is recorded even when the
rheometer vane is spinning in air (with
no load).
The plastic strips on the container
have broken.
The rheometer shaft is bent and/or
the vane wobbles when turned.
If the problem is not addressed or resolved here, please refer to Chapter 6: Getting Help.
Potential Solution
Ensure the rheometer is plugged into
power and to the USB port of the
computer. If they are, try unplugging the
power, then the USB. Re-plug the USB and
the power.
Ensure the USB plug is connected to the
laptop and the software is running. If this
is the case, the software should be
communicating with the rheometer. If the
problem persists, try to unplug and re-plug
the USB cable.
Ensure the rheometer is positioned upright
in the frame and that no external loads are
being placed on the rheometer (i.e.
someone touching the rheometer). Ensure
that the ‘torque reset’ command has been
performed. A slight variation in torque is
possible because the rheometer is not
“perfectly frictionless”. If the torque is
greater than +/- 0.20 Nm when no load is
applied, contact germann-eu@germann.org
for more information.
With significant use, the plastic strips can
break. Replacement strips and screws are
available from Germann Instruments.
A slight wobble in the vane is not
problematic. If the wobble is extreme, the
rheometer shaft has been bent due to a
large lateral load or has been damaged when
tested in concrete that was too stiff.
Contact germann-eu@germann.org for
details on a replacement.
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ICAR Rheometer Manual

6. GETTING HELP
For any problems with the rheometer, general questions, or information on available training
and consulting services, please contact:
germann-eu@germann.org

7. GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
Concrete slump: ≥ 75 mm to Self-Compacting Concrete

Nominal max. size of Aggregate (mm): Varying from 10, 12.5, 20, 30 and up to 40 mm

Container: High quality stainless steel

Container size: Varying sizes for nominal maximum size of

aggregate of 10, 12.5, 20, 30 and 40 mm with
minimum of 200 x 200 mm

Vanes / Blades: Suitable vanes for concrete having nominal

maximum size of aggregate 10, 12.5, 20, 30 and 40
mm

Motor Compact computer controlled motor driver

Minimum torque (N-m) 0.01

Maximum torque (N-m) 20 (Exact value depends on rotational speed)

Minimum rotation speed (rps): 0.01

Maximum rotation speed (rps): 0.60

Test time: 1 min

Computer Hardware and Software:
Laptop Computer with Processor core i7, OS
Windows 7 professional / Window 8, 8 GB
RAM, 1 Tb HDD, 2GB graphic card, 14.5” wide
HD screen, 3 hours battery life or better, suitable
interface / port for rheometer.

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

8. PACKING LIST

8.1 Suitcase with the following components:

8.1.1 Rheometer
8.1.2 Power supply for rheometer
8.1.2 Frame
8.1.3 Vane
8.1.4 USB cable
8.1.5 CD with software
8.1.6 Instruction video on a CD
8.1.7 CD with scientific background papers
8.1.7 Manual

8.2 Laptop with installed software and power supply

8.3 Container

NOTE: For maximum aggregate size more than 40 mm (1.5 inches) a vane with a
longer rod and a larger container will have to be used. The length of the vane rod
and the size of the container are determined by the dimensions in figure 2.1 related
to the maximum aggregate size.

9. SELECTED REFERENCES

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ICAR Rheometer Manual

(1) Koehler, E.P., Fowler, D.W., Ferraris, C.F., and Amziane, S. (2006). "A New,
Portable Rheometer for Fresh Self-Consolidating Concrete," Workability of
SCC: Role of Its Constituents and Measurement Techniques (SP233CD).
American Concrete Institute.

(2) Koehler, E.P., and Fowler, D.W. (2006). "Development and Use of a Portable
Rheometer for Concrete," Supplementary Proceedings of the Eight
CANMET/ACI International Conference on Recent Advances in Concrete
Technology, Montreal, Canada, May 31-June 3, 2006, pp. 53-72.

(3) Koehler, E.P., and Fowler, D.W. (2005). "A Portable Rheometer for Self-
Consolidating Concrete" Proceedings of the 2nd North American
Conference on the Design and Use of Self-Consolidating Concrete,
Chicago, IL, ACBM.

(4) Koehler, E.P., and Fowler, D.W. (2004). "Development of a Portable

Rheometer for Fresh Portland Cement Concrete" (ICAR Report 105-3).
International Center for Aggregates Research, Austin, TX.

The references can be downloaded from www.ConcreteRheology.com

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