Relative clauses

1. - This is my best friend, Kim, who I've known since we were tiny.

2. - There are three things ---- I need to tell you about today's event.

3. - Everybody congratulated the team, whose hard work had won the contract.

4. - The receptionist recommended the restaurant where we ate.

5. - We never worried about money until the year when we bought our first house.

6. - Who are the people who arrived late?

7. - My job, which I love, is also really demanding.

8. - They discovered a treatment that/which had no side-effects.

9. - I wish I could move to a seat where I could see out of the window.

10. - The singer, whose voice I have loved all my life, seemed to be singing directly to me.

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1 This is the book that/which I was telling you about.

2 There's a new machine at the gym I think you would really like it.

3 We're travelling to Dubai, which I've always wanted to visit.

4 I was worrying about my luggage, that I'd forgotten to weigh before we left.

5 Chris, whose father owns the company, always works really hard.

6 I've finally had to replace my old car, which I've had since I passed my test

Reported speech; reporting verbs

1. - 'I don't understand what you want.' He told me ... that he didn't understand what I wanted.

2. - 'Harry can't ski.' I didn't realise ...Harry could’t ski

3. - 'You may feel a little sleepy after you take the tablets.' The doctor warned her that ... she might feel a little sleepy
after she took the tablets

4. - 'The exam will be really easy.' I assumed ... the exam would be really easy

5. - 'No, I wasn't walking past the bank when I heard the The witness denied ... that she had been walking past the
alarm.' bank when she’d heard the alarm

6. - 'We've been trying to call you since we heard the news.' They informed us that ... they’d been trying to call us since
they’d heard the news

7. - 'Margaret won't be happy when she finds out.' I warned you ... 7 Margaret wouldn’t be happy when she
found out.

8. - 'I couldn't open the door because I'd forgotten my key. He discovered that ... he couldn’t open the door because
he’d forgotten his key

'What do you know about this company?' They started by asking me what I knew what I knew about the

'Do you have any experience of this sort of work?'
'How fast can you type?'
'Why did you leave your last job?'
'Are you good at dealing with customers?'
'Have you ever managed a team?'
'Why have you applied for this job?'
company.
Then they wanted to know if/whether I had any experience of that sort
of work.
They even asked me how fast I could type!
Then I had to explain why I’d left my last job! The worst question was
when
they asked if/whether I was good at dealing with customers.
They also wanted to know if/whether I’d ever managed a team – I
didn't know what to say!

By the end, I wasn't sure why I’d applied for the job!

1. - "It's raining," she said.

She said that it was raining

2. - He said to her, "I love you." 

He told her that loved her.

3. - "I saw Maria in the supermarket yesterday," said Carlos.

Carlos said that he had seen Maria in the super market the day before.

4. - "We've lived here for three years," he said. 

He said that we had lived there for three years.

5. - "I'll bring a pasta salad tomorrow" said Francesca. 

Francesca said that she would bring a pasta the following day.

6. - "Mark can install solar panels next Friday" said Miranda. 

Miranda said that Mark could intall Solar panels the following Friday.

1 "Has Sarah ever been to Siena?" he asked. 

He asked if Shara had ever been to Sienna.

2 "Are they French or Canadian?" asked Charlie. 

Charlie asked if they were French or Canadian

3 "Where do bears live?" asked George. 

Goerge wanted to know where bears lived.

4 "Who wants some more yoghurt ice cream?" asked Mum. 

Mum asked who wanted some more yoghurt ice cream

5 "Are we going out tonight?" asked Bob. 

Bob asked if we were going out that night

6 "Can I use your mobile, John?" asked Sarah. 

Sarah asked John if she could use his mobile.

Past Modals of deduction

1. - I said hello but he didn't reply. He can’t have heard

2. - Sorry, I may not have made myself clear.

3. - I can't find my purse ... someone might have stolen it.

4 - I don't know who wrote the report - it could have been anybody.

5 - They can't have just disappeared! It's impossible!

6 - It might not have been such a good idea to walk home alone.

7 - They look sad. They must have lost the match.

8 - Wow! That's a nice car! It must have cost a fortune!

1 A: We walked all the way home in the snow.

B: Wow - that must have been (be) cold!

2 A: I think I saw Angela on the bus today.

B: No, it can’t have been (be) Angela - she's on holiday in the mountains this week.

3 A: I saw a beautiful sweater in the shop but I didn't buy it. It's probably too late now.

B: Maybe, but let's go back and check – they might not have sold (sell) it yet.

4 A: That's strange. My bicycle tyre's flat. How did that happen?

B: I'm not sure. You may have ridden (ride) over some broken glass or something.

5 A: Where have all the sandwiches gone? The plate's empty!

B: Tom must have eaten (eat) them. He was the only person who came into this room all day.

6 A: I think I've broken my arm - it really hurts.

B: I don't know ... you might not have broken (break) it. I'm not an expert, but it doesn't look broken

1. - She ................................studied really hard. She passed all her exams with excellent grades. 

2. - You might not have/shouldn’t have shouted at him. He'll never forgive you. 

3. - He must have arrived by now. It's only a 20-minute journey. 

4. - The concert was fantastic. You really should have/must have come. 

5. - The boss is in a terrible mood. The meeting may not have been good. 

6. – Sarah must have been so happy when she found out she was being promoted. 

7. - I had to wait 45 minutes for a bus yesterday. There might have been an accident or maybe a strike. 

8. – He shouldn’t have/can’t have bought a new car. He doesn't have any money. 

9. - Andrew did no revision for the exam but he's passed. I think he might have cheated. 

Wishes and regrets

1. - Hmm ... I don't like the look of those dark clouds. I hope it doesn't rain

2. - I really regret leaving my old job. I wish I hadn't resigned from it

3. - I was sure the bank would lend us the money if we filled in a few forms. If only it were that simple

4. - It's really annoying that you told me the match result. I wish you'd kept quiet about it.

5. - I don't know why they're so late. I hope nothing has happened to them.

6. - I really miss you. If only I could see you again

7. - You never do any cleaning around the house. I wish you'd help out a bit more.

8. - It looks like a lovely place for a holiday. If only it weren't so expensive!

1. - Why didn't you remind us? If only you'd reminded us.

2. - I don't know what to do. If only I knew what to do.

3. - If I do this course, I might be able to speak Korean next year. I hope I can do this course

4. - They didn't warn us in advance, unfortunately. If only they’d warned us in advance

5. - Maybe Rebecca will help me. I hope Rebecca can help me.

6. - I'm angry that they cancelled the flight. If only they hadn’t cancelled the flight.

1. -Oh no, we're going to be late. [leave home earlier]

We should have left home earlier.

2. - I regret buying that new bag. It was too expensive. [not buy it]

I shouldn’t have bought it

3. -I feel terrible after running so far. [stop earlier]

I should have stopped earlier

4. - I really wanted to see that new film and now it's too late. [go to the cinema yesterday]

I should have gone to the cinema yesterday