SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE

Energy Efficiency - III

DR AVLOKITA AGRAWAL
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING

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 Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Design for optimized Temp Set point
• High Efficiency Chillers (Refer ECBC-2007 / ASHRAE 90.1- 2010)

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 Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Variable Frequency Drive for AHUs and Chiller Pumps

Source: Upload.wikimedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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 Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Variable Air Volume Boxes in air diffusers

Source : Haripoovachal.files.wordpress.com. N.p., 2016.

Source : Upload.wikimedia.org. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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 Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Heat Recovery Wheel

Source : S3images.coroflot.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.m

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Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Piping and duct Insulation

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Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Proper System Balancing

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Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Air Side Economizer

Source: Achrnews.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Water Side Economizer

Source : Energy-models.com. N.p., 2016.

Web. 31 Dec. 2016. Source : Civilengineeringhandbook.tk. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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Efficient HVAC System and Control
• Personalized Thermal Control

Source : Shiv Nadar University

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 Lightings Systems and Controls
• Lighting is a major energy consumer in commercial
buildings
• Lighting accounts for 15% of total energy consumption
in India
– Commercial Buildings 20−40%
– In most commercial buildings, lighting is one of the largest
sources of internal heat gain
• Heat generated from electric lighting contributes
significantly to the energy needed for cooling of
buildings
– Each kilowatt−hour (kWh) reduction in lighting energy
approximately saves 0.4 kWh in cooling energy
• Lighting is one of the fastest developing energy−efficient
technologies

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 Lightings Systems and Controls
Improve the space (color of room surfaces and furnishings)
Optimize light quality
– Reduction of Glare and veiling reflections
– Proper Luminance Ratios
– Mix of direct and indirect sources
– Appropriate colour temperature
– Appropriate colour rendering

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 Daylighting
Daylighting Design Approaches
– Building form − U−shaped,
stepped−back
– Skylights, atria
– Elements − light shelves,
reflectors, louvers, blinds

Simple daylighting techniques

This schematic shows a mix of top−lighting and side−lighting, light shelves, high reflectance
ceilings, and wall dißusion to provide fairly uniform deep−plan daylighting without the glare of
direct sunlight.

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 Daylighting
Energy savings and demand reduction
– Reducing need for electrical Lighting
– Reducing cooling load (daylight contributes less heat to a space per given
amount of light − eƒcacy of daylight is significantly higher than most
forms of electrical lighting)

Building heat gain from dißerent light sources

With proper glazing selection in a building, daylight will contribute far less
heat per unit of light delivered to the interior than electric lights do.

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 Daylighting
Glazing selection
− Tinted
− Reflective
− Low−e
− Spectrally selective

Total solar and visible light transmissions for selected glazing units
Glazing units with high visible light transmission and low solar heat gain coeƒcients (SHGC, the fraction of the incident solar energy transmi1ed through a window) are best for
daylighting in buildings dominated by cooling loads.
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume I Lighting (2005)

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 Daylighting
Redirecting daylight (and light transport systems)

How light−bending panels can improve daylighting The Sun Pipe light pipe
Using refractive and reflective optics allows direct daylight to be distributed deeper This simple daylighting product resembles a skylight in function, but it is easier to
into a building’s core. install and avoids direct glare.

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
Optimized lux level.

Source : SMS Jaipur

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
• Efficacy of Lighting Fixtures
– Lumens per watt

A brief history of lighting Lamp eƒcacy of major light sources

The compact fluorescent lamp has improved the product eƒcacy and lifetime 50−fold as compared with the
tungsten−filament lamp and by half a million compared with the candle.
SOURCE: E Source Technology Atlas Series, Volume I Lighting (2005)

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Tentative Wattage of different light sources

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
• Use of lighting controls
– On−off controls
• Manual switches
• Elapsed−time switches
• Clock switches
• EMS (Energy Management Systems)
controls
• Photocell controls
• Occupancy controls
• Switched power strips
• Dimming controls Source:https://www.todayshomeowner.com/wp-
– Power reducers content/uploads/2011/10/buzzing-dimmer-switch-1.jpg

– Stepped−dimming controls
– Continuous−dimming controls

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
Automatic lighting control. Dimmers are devices used to lower the
brightness of a light. By changing the voltage
Three Types of controls: waveform applied to the lamp, it is possible
• Dimmer to lower the intensity of the light output.
• Motion/ Occupancy, Photo sensor
• Timer Control

Representative sensor coverage diagram

Light levels with and without dimming

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
Automatic lighting control. Motion Sensor
Motion detection is the process of detecting a change
Three Types of controls: in the position of an object relative to its surroundings
• Dimmer or a change in the surroundings relative to an object
• Motion/ Occupancy, Photo sensor
• Timer Control

Source:http://systems11thurs.wiki.usfca.edu/file/view/FLig
ht2-Profile.gif/275952904/FLight2-Profile.gif

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 Energy Efficient Lighting
Automatic lighting control. Timer Control
A timer is a specialized type of clock for
Three Types of controls:
measuring time intervals. Efficient for
• Dimmer
outdoor lighting.
• Motion/ Occupancy, Photo sensor
• Timer Control

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 Efficient Equipment & Appliances
Efficient Transformers

High efficient Pumps.

High efficient motors.

BEE star rated appliances (Minimum 3 star)

Power factor more than 0.95 lag.

Power distribution losses less that 1%.

Source : ECBC 2007

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation
1. Through Building Design
(a) Day lighted regular occupied spaces (Harness max day light and switch off artificial lights
during day time)

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation

Day lighting control (harness day

light through windows and
skylights to minimize the use of
artificial lighting during day time).

Source : News.lampshoponline.com. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation
• (b) Use of low embodied energy materials in building construction

Source : GRIHA

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation
(c) Prefer natural ventilation where possible

Source: Edsl.net. N.p., 2016. Web. 31 Dec. 2016.

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation
2. Through HVAC
Avoid over sizing of equipment's

Link the thermostat with occupancy sensors

Use your AC in energy saving mode (set point ≥ 25°C)

Use ceiling fan with higher set point of AC

Seal building envelop to reduce the loss

Clean your AC at regular interval of time

Strategically Position your AC

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation

3. Through Lighting and electrical units

Turn off lights when not in use

Spot light your work spaces

Remove dust from your lights at regular interval

Hang laundry to dry in the sun/ breezy shade

Unplug electronics when they're not in use

Use computer at power-saving modes

Power down your cable or DVR box when it's not in use

Reduce the frequency and time of refrigerator door opening

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 Ways to achieve energy conservation
How would you know about your building energy Consumption ?

1. Existing Building
2. New Building

Existing Building
(a) Energy bills
(b) Energy monitoring

Source:http://image.slidesharecdn.com/usehomeenergymonitortocontrolyourenergyconsumpti
on-140910040914

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New Building
(a) Energy Modeling using simulating tools i.e.
eQUEST, Energy Plus, Design Builder, Ecotect
etc.

Lighting analysis of a sample room Indira Paryawaran Bhawan

Ecotect Analysis,2011 eQUEST.

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Image Source: https://aceee.org

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Thank you

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