Module No.

1
Analysis for Flexural Strength of Reinforced Concrete

 Topic: Flexural strength, allowable bending strength, nominal and design bending strengths of plain,
singly and doubly reinforced rectangular concrete beam sections.

Time Frame: 6.0 hours

Introduction:
Reinforced concrete is composed of two materials concrete and steel. Steel is embedded in
concrete such a manner that the two materials act together in resisting forces. The reinforcing
steel bars, rods, or mesh—absorbs or resists the tensile, shear, and sometimes the compressive
stresses in a concrete structure. Concrete is good in resisting compressive forces but not good in
resisting tensile forces. Since most structural element or members always carry both the
compression and tension forces the introduction of reinforced concrete is the best way,
economical and easy to mold according to the shape and size with respect to architectural aspect
of the structure. In reinforced concrete, the tensile strength of steel and the compressive strength
of concrete work together to allow the member to sustain these stresses over considerable
spans. The invention of reinforced concrete in the 19th century revolutionized the construction
industry, and concrete became one of the world’s most common building materials.

Objectives:
By the end of this topic, the students will be able to
1. Explain the properties of concrete as a construction material.
2. Calculate the loads imposed on a certain members using load combinations specified in
the code.
3. Apply on how to design flexural elements by using Strength Design Method of reinforced
concrete.

Pre-Test:
1. Expound about shear and bending stress.
2. Give details about a couple in our mechanics.
3. Explain your own understanding about reinforced concrete?
4. Enumerate as many as you can a structural element that will be analyzed using bending
stress formula?
5. Identify the factors that influence in the design and analysis of a flexural member?

Learning Activities:
1. Strength Design Method, Flexural strength, allowable bending strength, nominal
and design bending strength of plain, singly and doubly reinforced rectangular
concrete beam sections.

In designing a structural members or specifically a flexural element of a building we are

going to compute maximum loads, shears, bending moments and also the deflections so
that we can design a member that will carry or satisfy the stress requirements. It should
be noted that in order to be safe in all the aspects of the stresses required the inherent
properties or resisting stresses of the section must be greater than the required stresses.
It must be that in order to be safe in shear, Fv>fv, same also in bending Fb>fb. Where Fb

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 & Fv are the allowable capacity or stresses of the section and fb &fv actual stresses. In
addition also, we have to take note that in designing we are considering the strength and
economic aspect of our section. Take note that in analysis of a structural members it is
only the reverse of design. We have the section that we are going to investigate if that
certain section will qualify or can withstand the imposed load it carries.

STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD

(Formerly Ultimate Strength Design or USD Method)

DESIGN PRINCIPLE:

Design Strength≥ Strength Required to carry factored Loads

Design Strength provided by a member, its connections to other members and its cross
sections in terms of flexure, axial load, shear, and torsion shall be taken as the nominal
strength calculated in accordance with requirements and assumptions of this Sections,
multiplied by the strength reduction factor ø.

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 DESIGN PRINCIPLE

Design Strength≥ Strength Required to carry factored Loads

ø Sn≥ U
ø P n ≥ PU
ø M n≥ M U
ø V n≥ V U
ø T n ≥T U

SAMPLE 1
Section 409.3.1 of the 2010 NSCP provides the calculation of the required strength U as
follows:

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Results of the frame analysis of a certain structure provide the following values of loads
for one of the critical members:

Gravity Loads: Dead Load, D=150 kN

Roof Live Load, Lr = 60 kN
Floor Live Load, L=240 kN

Wind Load: W= 50 kN (Compression)

W=20 kN (Tension)

Seismic Load: E=40 kN (Compression)

E=15 kN (Tension)
1. Determine the factored load (kN) if dead load and live load combination governs.
Pu=1.2 P D +1.6 P L + 0.5 P Lr
Pu=1.2 ( 150 ) +1.6 ( 240 ) +0.5 ( 6 )
Pu=594 kN

2. Determine the design compression load if wind load combination governs.

Pu=1.2 P D +1.6 P Lr +0.8 Pw
Pu=1.2(150)+1.6(60)+0.8 (50)
Pu=316 kN

Pu=1.2 P D +1.6 P W + PL +0.5 PLr

Pu=1.2(150)+1.6(50)+240+ 0.5(60)
Pu=530 kN

3. Determine the value of factored compression load (kN) if seismic governs in the
design.
Pu=1.2 P D + PE + P L
Pu=1.2 ( 150 ) +40+ 240
Pu=460 kN

4. Determine the critical factored load (kN) that will be used in the design of the member.
Pu=594 kN
Pu=530 kN
Pu=460 kN

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SHEAR AND MOMENT COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS AND SLABS
Section 5.8.3.3 of NSCP states that as an alternate to frame analysis, the following
approximate moments and shears shall be permitted to be used in design of continuous
beams and one-way slabs (slabs reinforced to resist flexural stresses in only one
direction), provided:
1. There are two or more spans
2. Spans are approximately equal, with the larger of two adjacent clear spans not
greater than the shorter by more than 20 percent,
3. Loads are uniformly distributed.
4. Unit live load does not exceed there times unit dead load and
5. Members are prismatic

NSCP MOMENT COEFFICIENTS

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 NSCP SHEAR COEFFICIENTS

MOMENT COEFFICIENTS

1. The beams with more than 2 spans supported by columns at both ends.

2. Beams with more than 2 spans but supported by spandrel beams at the ends.

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3. Beams with two spans only supported by columns at both ends.

4. Beams with two spans only, supported by spandrel beams at both ends.

5. Slabs with spans not exceeding 3m.

6. Beams in which the sum of column stiffness exceeds 8 times the sum of beam
stiffness at each end of span.

SHEAR COEFFICIENTS OF ALL SUPPORTS

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 W L1
V 2=1.15
2

W L2
V 3=
2

W L2
V 4=
2

W L3
V 5=1.15
2

W L3
V 6=
2
W L1
V 1=
2

Reactions:

R A =V 1 , R B=V 2 +V 3 , Rc =V 2 +V 3 , R D =V 6

SAMPLE 2

A continuous beam is to be subjected to a total uniform dead load of 10 kN/m and live
load of 25 kN/m. Use NSCP coefficient method.

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1. Find the factored moment at H.
w u=1.2 w D +1.6 w L
w u=1.2 ( 10 ) +1.6 ( 25 )=52 kN /m
w u l 2n
M u= =52 ¿¿
14

2. Determine the factored moment at C.

6.5+7.5 2
M u=
−w u l 2n
=
−52 ( ) 2
=−263.98 kN −m
10 10
3. Find the factored moment at I.
−w u l 2n
M u= =−52 ¿ ¿
10
4. Calculate the factored shear at G.
w l −1.15 ( 52 )( 6.5 )
( )
V u=1.15 u n =
2 2
=−194.35 kN

5. Find the factored axial force at the second support from the right end
Shear @F:
w l ( 52 ) (7.5)
( )
V u= u n =
2 2
=195 kN

Pu=195+567.2+194.35=956.55 kN

ONE WAY SLAB TWO WAY SLAB

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 S S
If <0.5 , one way load distribution If ≥ 0.5, two way load distribution
L L

In a two way slab

SAMPLE 3

Data:

Beam width=300 mm
Beam total depth= 500 mm
Below the 100 mm thick slab
All columns=500 mm x 500 mm
Floor dead load=3.2 kPa (Superimposed on slab)
Floor live load= 3.6 kPa
Unit weight of concrete=24 kN/m3

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1. If S1= 2.5 m and L1= L2 = 6.5 m. Find the factored shear (KN) at D of beam DE.
2. If S1 = 2.5 m and L1= L2 = 6.5 m. Find the factored moment (KN-m) at end D of beam
DE.
3. If S1= 4 m and L1= L2 = 6.5 m. Find the factored shear (KN) at H of beam GH.

SOLUTION:
Factored floor Load (kPa):
qu=1.2qd + 1.6 ql
qu= 1.2(3.2)+1.2(24)(0.1)+1.6(3.6)
qu= 12.48 kPa

1. w u=12.48 ( 2.5 ) +1.2 ( 24 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 0.5 )

w u=35.52 kN /m

Factored Shear at D:
wu l n ( 35.52 ) (6.2)
vu = = =110.12 kN
2 2
2. Factored Moment at D

−w u l 2n
M u= =¿−(35.52)¿ ¿
24

qs 3−m2 s
3. w=
3 ( 2 )
, m= =0.615
l
12.48 ( 4 ) 3−0.6152
w u=
3 ( 2 )
( 2 ) +1.2 ( 24 ) ( 0.3 ) ( 0.5 )=47.95 kN /m
Factored Shear at H
wu l n (1.15) ( 47.95 ) (6)
vu =1.15 = =165.43 kN
2 2

MOMENT REDUCTION FACTOR

a) Tension Controlled Section: This section has a tension reinforcement area such
that when the beam reaches its nominal flexural strength, the net tensile
strength in the extreme layer of tensile steel ε t is greater than or equal to
0.005.
Note: When ε tis above the tension control limit of 0.005. It clearly shows
that beyond this point it is not economical to add more tension steel to the section.
When ε t >0.005 , use ø=0.90

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 b) Compression Controlled Section: Because of the brittle behavior of overloaded,
compression controlled sections are analyzed and design by using strength-
reduction factor, ø=0.65. When ε t <0.002 ,use ø=0.65

c) Transition-Zone Section: Has a tension reinforcement area such that when the
beam reaches its nominal flexural strength, the net tensile strength in the
extreme layer of tensile steel ε t is between 0.002 and 0.005.
Note: When analyzing a transition-zone section, the value of øvaries
linearly between 0.65 and 0.90 as the value of ε t varies from 0.002 and 0.005. A
simple expression for this variation is given by the equation:
fy
ε ty=
E
ε t −ε ty
Ø=0.65+ 0.25 ( )
0.005−ε ty

PRACTICE PROBLEMS:

1. In accordance with the provisions of the 2010 NSCP, the required strength U shall
be at least equal to the effects of the factored loads below where the effects of
one or more loads not acting simultaneously shall be investigated.

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 U=1.4D
U=1.2D+1.6L
U=1.2D+1.6L+0.8W
U=1.2D+1.0E+1.0L
U=0.9D+1.6W
Result from elastic analysis of a concrete beam yields the following values of the
un-factored (service moments) DL=50 Kn-m, LL=80 Kn-m, WL=60 Kn-m, EL=100
Kn-m. Determine the value of the factored moment (kN-m) that will be used in
designing the member.

2. From the figure shown, the beam carries a service dead load of 1 Kn/m and a
service load of 2.5 kN/m.

a) Which of the following gives the factored uniform load?

b) Which of the following gives the factored moment at C.
c) Which of the following gives the factored moment at H.

3. A four span beam shown has a clear span length of AB = 8 m, BC = 9 m, CD = 8

m and DE = 7m.

a) If the factored moment of beam M BA =−96 kN-m find the maximum factored
live load that beam AB could carry if the factored dead load is 8 Kn/m.

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 b) If the factored live load is 12 Kn/m and the factored dead load is 8 kN/m, what
is the factored moment M CB.
c) If the factored moment M DE =−84.38 kN-m, what is the safe service live load
that beam DE could carry if the service live load is 6.67 Kn/m (including its own
weight)

4. The concrete frame is used to support the concrete deck for a commercial
building. The frame carries a service dead load of 2.2 kPa and a service live load
of 4.8 kPa. Slab thickness is 125 mm. Beams AH, BG, CF and DE has a cross
section of 250 x 500 mm while girder ABCD has a cross section of 350 x 750 mm.
Weight of concrete is 24 Kn/m3.

a) Compute the total factored uniform load in kN/m supported by beam BJ.
b) Compute the reaction at G.
c) Compute the reaction at A.

5. A typical floor framing plan of a reinforced concrete building is shown.

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Beam b x h = 300 mm x 600 mm
Slab Thickness = 100 mm
Super imposed: DL = 2.7 kPa
LL = 4.8 kPa
Concrete Unit Weight = 24 kN/m 3

The column at E and H are deleted, thus girder BEHK supports beam DEF and GHI at E and H
respectively.
a. Calculate the uniformly distributed service dead load on beam GHI
b. Calculate the uniformly distributed service live load on beam GHI
c. Calculate the concentrated ultimate load at H induced by beam GHI on beam
BEHK. Tributary are method maybe used.

REINFORCED CONCRETE
CONCRETE
w c ≤ 2500 kg/m3
fc’ =compressive strength at 28 days
1.5
c
'
Ec =w 0.043 √ f for
c
{
w c ≥ 1500 kg/m3

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Ec=modulus of elasticity of concrete (for normal weight concrete)
1.5 ' 3
Ec =wc 0.043 √ f c { w c =2300 kg /m }
REINFORCING STEEL

Bar Diameter (Philippine Standard):

10 mm,12mm, 16 mm, 25mm, 28 mm, 32 mm, 36 mm, 42mm, 58 mm

Intermediate Grade (ASTM Gr.40/PS Gr.275)

 2010 NSCP  2015 NSCP (Gr. 280)
f y =275 MPa f y =280 MPa

High Carbon Grade (ASTM Gr.60/PS Gr.415)

 2010 NSCP f y =420 MPa
f y =415 MPa
 2015 NSCP (Gr. 420)

TYPE OF BEAM SECTION:

Balance strain conditions exist at a cross section when tension reinforcement

reaches the strain corresponding to fy just as concrete in compression reaches its
assumed ultimate strain of 0.003

Compression-Controlled Balanced Strain Tension-Controlled

Compression-Controlled Balanced Strain Tension-Controlled

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 C dt 0.003 d t
= ; c= ; ε depends onthe type of beam section
0.003 0.003+ε t 0.003+ ε t t

For balance strain condition, f s=f y , ε s =ε y

f 0.003 d t
ε ty= y C bal = (Multiplying E s=200,000 MPa ¿
Es 0.003+ ε ty
600 d t
C bal =
600+ f s

Values of β 1 (2010/2015 NSCP)

β 1=0.85 for fc’≤28 MPa
(f c ' −28)
β 1=0.85−0.05 for fc’>28 MPa
7

Values of f s :
1. f s=f y when steel yields ( ε s ≥ ε y )
2. f s=E S ε s when steel does not yields ( ε s ¿ ε y )
STEEL RATIO, ρ:

T=C
A s f s=0.85 fc ' ab
A s f s=0.85 f c ' ( β 1 c ) b

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 As
Since, ρ= ; A s=ρbd
bd

For balance strain condition, f s=f y , ε s =ε y

0.003 d t
'
( ρbd) f s=0.85 f c β 1 (
0.003+ ε t
b )
0.85 f c ' 0.003 dt 0.85 f c ' 600 dt
ρb =
fs
β1
(
0.003+ ε t )( )
d
orρb =
fs
β1
(
600+ f s )( )
d
dt
Note: For single layer of tension bars, =1
d

Maximum Strain Limit ε t=0.004

0.85 f c' 0.003 dt
ρ=
fs
β1
(
0.003+ε t d )( )
0.85 f c ' 0.003 dt
ρmax =
fs (
β1
0.003+ 0.004 )( d )
3 d
'
0.85 f c
β ( )( ) t
ρmax = 1
fs 7 d

For ε t=0.005 (Tension Controlled: 2010 NSCP)

0.85 f c' 0.003 dt
ρ=
fs
β1
(
0.003+ε t d )( )
0.85 f c ' 0.003 dt
ρmax =
fs
β1(0.003+ 0.005 )( )d
0.85 f c'
3 d
β ( )( ) t
ρmax = 1
fs 8 d

For f y =415 MPa (Compression Controlled: 2010 NSCP)

ε t ≤0.002
c≥ 0.6 d t

LIMITATIONS OF VALUES OF STEEL RATIO, ρ :

ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax
√ f c ' 1.4
Where: minρ = ≥
4fy fy
If ρmin ≤ ρ ≤ ρ max use ρ

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If ρ ≤ ρ min use ρmin
increase beam dimension
If ρ> ρmax }
¿ add compression steel

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR BEAM SECTIONS: (Other Derived Equations)

1. Calculate resisting moment coefficient, Rn .

Mu
Rn =
øb d 2
2
(ρ f y)
Rn =ρ f y −
1.7 f 'c

2. Reinforcement Steel Ratio, ρ :

0.85 f 'c 2 Rn
ρ=
fy ( √
1− 1−
0.85 f 'c )
SAMPLE 4

A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 315m and an effective depth of 625 mm.
Compressive reinforcement (if required) will be placed at d’=70 mm, f 'c =28 MPa,
f y =415 MPa . The beam is to support a factored bending moment of 600 kN-m. Use
NSCP 2010 and ø=0.90 for flexure.

a) Calculate the steel ratio for a balanced section, ρb

0.85 f c ' 600 dt
ρb =
fs
β1
( )( )
600+ f s d
0.85 ( 28 ) 600
β(
600+ 415 )
ρ=
b 1 (1)
415 s

ρb =0.02882

b) Determine the theoretical steel ratio required ( ρ)for the beam to support the given
factored moment.
M 600 x 106
Rn = u 2 = =5.5414
øb d 0.9 (315 ) ( 618 2)

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 0.85 (28) 2(5.414 )
ρ=
415 ( √
1− 1−
0.85 (28))
ρ=0.015
c) Following the NSCP requirements, determine the required area of steel
reinforcement.
0.85 ( 28 ) 3
ρmax =
415
( 0.85)
8()(1)

ρmax =0.01828

1.4
ρmin = =0.00337
fy

Since ρ min ≤ ρ ≤ ρmax us e ρ=0.015

As
ρ= ; A s=ρbd
bd

A s=0.015 ( 315 ) ( 625 )

A s=2953.125

d) Determine the number of 28 mm ø bars required as tension reinforcement.

A s 2953.125
N= = =4.796∨5 pcs
Ab π ( 2)
28
4

e) Determine the maximum number of 28 mm ø that can be used for given section, if
it is singly reinforced.

A s , max ρmax bd 0.01828(315)(625)

N max = = = =5.845 say 5 pcs
Ab Ab π ( 2)
28
4

SAMPLE 5

A RC rectangular beam will be subjected to a factored moment of 240 kN-m. Steel

protective covering is 75 mm to the centroid of the steel group. fc’=28 MPa, fy=415 MPa.
Assume bars to be placed in one layer only.

Determine the required beam dimensions using the maximum allowable reinforcement
ratio for a tension-controlled section.

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 a) 300 x 450
b) 275 x 475
c) 200 x 500
d) 250 x 400

0.85 ( 28 ) 3
ρmax =
415 ()
( 0.85 )
8
( 1 )=0.01828
2
(ρ f y)
Rn =ρ f y −
1.7 f 'c
( 0.01828 ( 415 ) )2
Rn =0.01828 ( 415 )− =6.38
1.7 ( 28 )

Determine the requires bd 2

Mu
Rn =
øb d 2
2 M u 240 x 10 6 6
bd = = =41.8 x 10
ø Rn 0.9(6.38)

Use 275 x 475 mm section (safe and most economical)

Self-Evaluation:

ASSIGNMENTS:

1. A rectangular beam has a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 437.50 mm. It is
reinforced with 4-28 mm ø corrugated bars. fc’ = 41.47 MPa, fy = 414.70 MPa.
a) Compute the balanced steel ratio.
b) Compute the tension reinforcement index.
c) Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam.

2. A rectangular concrete beam has a width of 250 mm and a total depth of 450 mm. It is
reinforced with a total steel area of 1875 mm 2 placed at an effective depth of 375 mm.
fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa.
a) Determine the depth of compression block.

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 b) Determine the moment capacity reduction factor
c) Determine the factored moment capacity of the beam

3. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and a total depth of 500 mm. It has
an effective depth of 437.5 mm. fc’ = 27.6 MPa, fy = 414.7 MPa

a) Compute the location of the centroid from the top of the beam
b) Compute the minimum steel area required.
c) Compute the factored moment capacity of the beam.

4. A rectangular beam having a width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 450 mm. It is
reinforced with 4-36 mm in diameter bars. fc’=28 MPa, fy=270 MPa, Es=200,000 MPa

a. Compute the depth of compression block for a balanced condition

b. Compute the nominal moment capacity of the beam
c. If the value of fc’ is increased by 25% compute the percentage of the
increased nominal moment capacity of the beam.

5 A rectangular beam has b = 300mm and d = 490mm. Calculate the required tension
steel area if the factored moment øMn is a) 20 kn.m, b) 140 kn.m, c 485 kn.m, and d)
620 kn.m. Use NSCP 2001 Code.

6 A rectangular beam has b 300 mm wide has an effective depth of 460 mm and is
reinforced for tension only. Assuming fc’ = 21 Mpa and fy = 345 Mpa, determine the
balance steel area in square mm.

7. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm.
The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength fy = 415 Mpa and
concrete fc’ = 28 Mpa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit
superimposed dead load of 18 kn/m and a live load of 14 kn/m. Use strength design
method. Use NSCP 2010/2015 Code.

(a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.

(b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kn.m determine the
required number of 20 mm Ø tension bars.
(c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kn at midspan, determine the
required 20 mm

8. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 480 mm.
The beam is simply supported over span of 5 m. Steel strength fy = 415 Mpa and
concrete fc’ = 28 Mpa. Concrete cover is 70 mm from the centroid of the steel area. Unit

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superimposed dead load of 18 kn/m and a live load of 14 kn/m. Use strength design
method. Use NSCP 2001 Code.

(a) Determine the maximum factored moment on the beam.

(b) If the design ultimate moment capacity of the beam is 280 kn.m determine the
required number of 20 mm Ø tension bars.
(c) If the beam will carry a factored load of 240 kn at midspan, determine the
required 20 mm

9. A reinforced concrete beam has a width of 300 mm and an overall depth of 600 mm.
The beam will be designed to carry a factored moment of 540 kn.m. Steel strength fy =
248 Mpa and concrete fc’ = 28 Mpa. Solve using strength design method. Use NSCP
2010/2015 Code.

(a) Determine the balance steel ratio in percent.

(b) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using a steel ratio p equal
to 0.5 of balance steel ratio.
(c) Determine the minimum effective depth of the beam using the maximum
allowable steel in the code.

10. A rectangular beam reinforced for tension only has b = 300 mm, d = 490 mm. The
tension steel area provided is 7-25 mmØ bars with fy = 415 Mpa. Calculate the ultimate
moment capacity of the beam.

Review of Concepts:
1.0 Difference between 2001 & 2010/2015 is that the reduction factor ø is equal to 0.90
or constant in NSCP 2001, in 2010/2015 is the introduction of tension, compression
and transition controlled section ø is not always equal to 0.90.
2.0 In NSCP 2010/2015 code when the (έt) strain in extreme fiber of tension bars is less
than 0.002 this is a compression control section reduction factor ø=0.65, if equal or
greater than 0.005 this is a tension controlled section reduction factor
ø=0.90.However, when the strain of the extreme fiber is greater than 0.002 but less
than 0.005 this is in the transition zone region where the reduction factor is to be
computed by interpolation and the formula for reduction factor
250 (έ t−έ ty)
ø = 0.65 + (έt-0.002) ( ) or ø = 0.65 + 0.25 in terms of strain but in
3 (0.005−έ ty)
terms of stress we can use this formula, ø = 0.65 + 25¿). If fs > 1000Mpa tension
control section, use ø = 0.90.
3.0 According to NSCP in lieu of exact analysis we can use the shear and moment
coefficient of continuous beam and slab.

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References:

1. Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines, National

Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP C101-15,Vol. I Buildings, Towers
and Other Vertical Structures), 7th Ed., 2016

2. McCormac, Jack C, Design of Reinforced Concrete, 7th Ed.

2005, John Wiley & Sons

3.0 Jack C McCormac, James K. Nelson , Design of Reinforced Concrete ACI 318-05
Code Edition, 7th Ed. 2006, John Wiley & Sons

4.0 Jack C McCormac, Russel Brown , Design of Reinforced Concrete Ninth Edition,
ACI 318-11 Code Edition, 7th Ed. 2014, John Wiley & Sons

CE 120 – REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN 2 ERLITO M. ORIT

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