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(Asce) 0733-9445 (1989) 115 5 (1158) PDF
(Asce) 0733-9445 (1989) 115 5 (1158) PDF
C O N C R E T E BEAMS ANALYTICALLY
By Raed M. Sainra'
deflections of reinforced concrete beams under sustained service loads. The method
introduces the use of a fictitious modulus relating, for a given section under bend-
ing, the initial stress in concrete with the final strain after a period of sustained
load. The requirements of strain compatibility and equilibrium of a section are
used, in conjunction, to determine the position of neutral axis and strain and stress
distributions after creep. The long-term flexural rigidity of the member, (EI), is
determined from a knowledge of a new neutral axis and a new modular ratio and
is used to calculate the final deflections. The approach for calculating long-term
deflections is similar to the current American Concrete Institute (ACI) procedure
for calculating short-term deflections. The accuracy of the analysis is verified by
comparison with several experimental measurements of beam deflections. The re-
sult is good correlation between the theoretical values and measured values.
INTRODUCTION
h^H
*/«
Ail npbd
ilL*
A, = £ - ^ - (6)
{EJe)i
fsnadea;
/ Ut'Ui-Mt
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^ e , + e cp
Gel
• - & —».
E0U/U8R/UM
batara offar
creap craap
L * 'ci J Mc + M s c t M j f = 0
(c)
FIG. 3. Section under Bending before and after Creep: (a) Section; (6) Strain Dia-
gram; (c) Stress Diagram
Consider the beam section shown in Fig. 3 again. The immediate strain
and stress distributions are represented by the dashed lines. After some time
t, these distributions change and would now be represented by the solid lines.
The extreme concrete fiber in compression undergoes an increase in strain
€c/ -> ec, and a decrease in stress/„ <-fcl. The stress distribution is initially
linear and remains so after creep since deflections are examined under work-
ing (service) loads, whereby stresses in concrete are expected to remain within
the proportional limit.
The final concrete strain e„ in the maximum compressed fiber may be
expressed as:
(, + w ¥i I i
-2T-H*
Following that, it is apparent that back substitution in Eq. 10 yields the
following:
*« = 7T • (12)
ticr
The parameter Ecr may be regarded as representing a fictitious modulus for
a beam section with reinforcement, a sort of reduced modulus which ac-
counts for creep and creep recovery effects. The long-term stress in the max-
imum compressed fiber is given by
fc=fci = A/, (13)
The complete analysis required for the establishment of strain and stress
distributions after a period of sustained load involves the following steps:
1. Determine the short-term strain and stress distributions; thus determine k,d,
fc
1162
distribution in concrete and, subsequently, the strains in the tension steel eJ( and
the compression steel eJC, are equal to the strains in the concrete at the corre-
sponding levels. Calculate the forces in the section from: Concrete: pc = ( 1 /
2)f a -b- k,d; tension steel: pa = (es,• Es)• Aa\ compression steel: psc = (eJC• Es) • Asc
(neglecting effect of concrete displaced by the steel), where Asl and Asc = the
areas of the tension and compression steel, respectively. Check equilibrium of
forces, pc + ps, + psc = 0 where pc, ps„ zndpsc represent the forces in concrete,
tension steel, and compression steel, respectively. If force equilibrium is not
achieved, revise the assumption of k,d above and repeat the computation until
equilibrium is satisfied.
6. Calculate, for the strain distribution determined in steps 3 - 5 , the magnitude
of the internally resisting moment. Compare with the externally applied moment
to verify that moment equilibrium is achieved. If not, modify the assumption of
A/, in step 3 and repeat the calculation. Iterate on steps 3-6 until both force
equilibrium and moment equilibrium are achieved.
The purpose of this analytical scheme is to predict as accurately as pos-
sible the final curvature 0 , + Qcp [see Fig. 3(b)] since this is directly related
to deflection. The value for the curvature can, therefore, also include the
effects of shrinkage. By integrating curvatures twice along the length of the
member, the deflected shape of the beam may be obtained.
Alternatively, it may be desired to use a procedure for calculating long-
term deflection similar to that suggested by the ACI code for short-term
deflection in which deflections are calculated from, among other variables,
a knowledge of the flexural rigidity EI (see Eq. 6). To predict the new mo-
ment of inertia of the section, consider Fig. 3(a). It is observed that since
the position of the neutral axis has changed ktd —» k, d, force equilibrium
requires that the modular ratio should also change n —» n,. To determine n„
moments of areas are taken about the neutral axis. Thus for a singly rein-
forced section b(k,d)2/2 = n,pbd(d - k,d). From which
A?
n, = • (14)
2p(l - ft,)
A study of this relationship indicates that n, increases rapidly with an in-
crease in k, and reduces with an increase in p. To obtain the long-term mo-
ment of inertia, n, is substituted for n and k, for kt in Eq. 3 and it can be
shown that the resulting term reduces to
(15)
^•-U-eJ-"
This cracked moment of inertia is then used in Eq. 1 to determine (/,,),. The
modulus of elasticity of concrete is then given by
(Ec), = - (16)
1163
Af — A; ' , (1 o)
Eqs. 14-17 have been derived for a rectangular section with tension re-
inforcement only. In a similar manner, expressions may be obtained for a
rectangular section with compression reinforcement, though the results look
more complex. The new modular ratio for such a section is given by
^ (19)
p(l - f c , ) - p ' ( £ , - ^
1165
al. (1982) tests, only the midspan moment of inertia was used. These as-
sumptions, generally known to yield acceptable results, could push the the-
oretical values of deflection in either direction, higher or lower than the
actual deflections, but an examination of Tables 1-3 seems to indicate that
the sources of inaccuracy are small and suggests that this method is satis-
factory for ordinary design situations.
It must also be borne in mind that a great deal lies in predicting as ac-
curately as possible the creep properties, expressed here through a creep
factor, accompanying a particular design situation. In comparing the results
of theoretical deflections calculated using the proposed method with the ex-
perimentally determined deflections of various investigators, a source of dif-
ficulty commonly encountered arises from having to generate the needed
data from limited information, since not all the parameters influencing such
a prediction are always reported. In the course of this investigation, for in-
stance, selecting an approximate creep factor has in some cases been partly
judgmental and may have a bearing on the accuracy of the results.
CONCLUSION
1166
APPENDIX I. REFERENCES
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1167
Ma = applied moment;
Mcr = cracking moment;
n = modular ratio, before creep;
n, = modular ratio, after creep;
Pc = force in section carried by concrete;
P« = force carried by compression steel;
Ps, = force carried by tension steel;
P = coefficient used in deflection computation reflecting type of load-
ing and continuity;
A/, = concrete stress decrement, in maximum compressed fiber, due to
creep;
A, = short-term deflection;
€c, = immediate strain in concrete;
ecl = total, immediate plus creep, strain in concrete;
esl = final strain in steel, after creep;
6, = initial curvature of section;
Qcp = additional creep curvature of section;
A, = long-term deflection;
X = multiplier used for computing long-term deflection;
£ = time-dependent factor for sustained load;
p = ratio of tension reinforcement;
p' = ratio of compression reinforcement; and
4>, = creep coefficient, ratio of creep strain to immediate strain.
Subscripts
/ = time of initial loading; and
t = time after creep.
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