Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Bohol

PRACTICAL
RESEARCH 2
QUARTER 1
ACTIVITY SHEETS
S.Y.2020-2021

Writer:
Stalin S. Baja
Cecille P. Buco

Editor:
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Bohol

SUMMARY OF COMPETENCIES
PRACTICAL RESEARCH 2
QUARTER 1

No. of Total No. of

Wee
Learning Competency Days Competencies
k No.
Taught
Describes characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and
kinds of quantitative research
1-3 Illustrates the importance of quantitative research across 12 3
fields
Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses
Designs a research used in daily life
Writes a research title
Describes background of research
4-5 8 6
States research questions
Indicates scope and delimitation of study
Presents written statement of the problem
Illustrates and explain the conceptual framework
Defines terms used in study
6-7 List research hypothesis (if appropriate) 8 4
Presents written review of related literature and
conceptual framework
Total 28 13
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region VII, Central Visayas
Division of Bohol

Practical Research 2
First Quarter, Week 3 – Day 1

Name : ______________________________________ Score : __________

Grade : ____________ Section: __________

Competency: Differentiates kinds of variables and their uses

Objective: To describe what a variable is and its types
Topic: Quantitative Research
Materials: Learning Activity Sheets
References: Barrot, Jessie S. Practical Research 2 for Senior High School.
Quezon City, Philippines: C & E Publishing, Inc., 2017.
Caintic, Helen, E. and Cruz, Juanita, M. Scientific Research
Manual. C&E Publishing, 2018.
CIRT: Center for Innovation in Research and Teaching. no date. "
An Overview of Quantitative Research." Grand Canyon
University. Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2LUP3ye
I Hope. 2019. " Quantitative Research: It’s Characteristics and
Strenghts." YouTube. Accessed June 3, 2020.
https://bit.ly/2LWH6bR
"Introduction to Quantitative Research." SAGE Publication.
Accessed June 1, 2020. https://bit.ly/2B2867y
Copyright: For classroom use only
Pending for approval

Concept Notes:

WHAT IS VARIABLE?

In research, a variable refers to a “characteristics that has two or more

mutually exclusive values or properties” (Sevilla and Other, 1988). Bernard
(1994) defines a variable as something that can take more than one value, and
values can be words or numbers. A variable specifically refers to characteristics, or
attribute of an individual or an organization that can be measured or observed and
that varies among the people or organization being studied (Creswell, 2002).

A Variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that varies. The root
word of the word variable is “vary” or simply “can change”. These variables are
among the fundamental concepts of research, alongside with measurement, validity,
reliability, cause and effect, and theory.

For instance, during the quarantine period, your mother planted tomato
seedlings in pots. Now common understanding from science tells you that several
factors are affecting the growth of tomatoes: sunlight, water, kind of soil, and
nutrients in soil. How fast the tomato seedlings will grow and bear fruits will depend
on these factors. The growth of tomatoes and the number of fruits produced are
examples of the Dependent Variables. The amount of sunlight, water, and nutrients
in the soil are the Independent Variables.

If there is an existing relationship between the independent and dependent

variables, then the value of the dependent variable varies in response to the
manipulation done on the independent variable. The independent variable is also
identified as the presumed cause while the dependent variable is the presumed
effect.
Exercise 1. Identification
Direction: Write your answers on the space provided.
________________________1. The author that describe variable as something that can
take more than one value, and values can be words or
numbers
________________________2. Root word of Variable.
________________________3. A variable has the characteristics of two or more mutually
exclusive values or properties is defined by whom?
Exercise 2. Modified True or False
Direction: On the space provided, write TRUE if the statement is correct. If it is
incorrect, ENCIRCLE the word(s) that make(s) the statement false and
WRITE the word(s) on the space being provided to make(s) the statement
true.
________________________1. Independent variable is the presumed effect
________________________2. A variable is anything that has a quantity or quality that
varies
________________________3. The dependent variable is also identified as the presumed
cause
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Practical Research 2
Week 3 Day 2
Objective: To describe the classification of variables (Numerical) and its uses
Concept Notes

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Quantitative Variables, also called numerical variables are the type of variables
used in quantitative research because they are numeric and can be measured.
Under this category are discrete and continuous variables.
A. Discrete variables are countable whole numbers. It does not take negative
values or values between fixed points. For example: number of students in a
class, group size and frequency.
B. Continuous variables take fractional (non-whole number) values that can
either be a positive or a negative. Example: height, temperature.

Numerical data have two levels of measurement, namely:

A. Interval are quantitative variables where the interval or differences between
consecutive values are equal and meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary.
For example, the difference between 36 degrees and 37 degrees is the same as
between 100 degrees and 101 degrees. The zero point does not suggest the
absence of a property being measured. Temperature at 0 degree Celsius is
assigned as the melting point of ice. Other examples of interval data would be
year and IQ score.

B. Ratio type of data is similar to interval, the only difference is the presence of
a true zero value. The zero point in this scale indicates the absence of the
quantity being measured. Examples are age, height, weight and distance.

Exercise 1. Identification
Direction: Identify the term being described. Write your answers on the space
provided.
________________________1. This refers to the quantitative variables where the interval
or differences between consecutive values are equal and
meaningful but the numbers are arbitrary
________________________2. It is also called as numerical variables because they are
numeric and can be measured
________________________3. A type of data having the presence of a true zero value
Exercise 2. Analysis
Direction: Below are example of quantitative variables. Identify each item or example
on what category may it belong – discrete or continuous.

Variable Category Variable Category

2. ¼ of the 28 Class
1. Student’s Age
Size
4. Height of 15
3. Weight of Fish
Students

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Practical Research 2
Week 3 Day 3

Objective: To describe the classification of variables (Categorical) and its uses

Concept Notes

CLASSIFICATION OF VARIABLES

Qualitative Variables are also referred to as Categorical Variables are not

expressed in numbers but are descriptions or categories. It can be further
divided into nominal, ordinal or dichotomous.
A. Dichotomous are consisting of only two distinct categories or values. For
example, a response to a question either be a yes or no.

B. Nominal variable simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have
more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude. For example, a basketball
player’s number is used to distinguish him from other players. It certainly
does not follow that player 10 is better than player 8. Other examples are
blood type, hair color and mode of transportation.

C. Ordinal variable, from the name itself denotes that a variable is ranked in a
certain order. This variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute.
For example, a survey questionnaire may have a numerical rating as choices
like 1, 2, 3, 4, 5ranked accordingly (5=highest, 1=lowest) or categorical rating
like strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree and strongly disagree. Other
examples or ordinal variable: cancer stage (Stage I, Stage II, Stage III), Spotify
Top 20 hits, academic honors (with highest, with high, with honors).

Exercise 1. Identification
Direction: Identify the term being described. Write your answers on the space
provided.
________________________1. The category of qualitative variable is consist of only two
distinct categories or values
________________________2. These are variables which are not expressed in numbers
but are descriptions or categories
________________________3. A variable that denotes as to rank in a certain order. This
variable can have a qualitative or quantitative attribute.
________________________4. It simply defines groups of subjects. Here you may have
more than 2 categories of equivalent magnitude.
Exercise 2. Analysis
Direction: Below are example of qualitative variables. Identify each item or example on
what category may it belong – dichotomous, ordinal, nominal.
Variable Category Variable Category
1. Sex 2. Gender
3. Level of
4. Civil Status
participation
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Practical Research 2
Week 3 Day 4
Objective: To describe the kinds of variables and its uses

Concept Notes

KINDS OF VARIABLES
EXAMPLE 1: A study is on the relationship of study habits and academic
performance of UTNHS senior high school students.
1. INDEPENDENT VARIABLES – Those that probably cause, influence, or
affect outcomes. They are invariably called treatment, manipulated, antecedent
or predictor variables. This is the cause variable or the one responsible for the
conditions that act on something else to bring about changes. Based on
Example 1, STUDY HABITS is the independent variable because it influenced the
outcome or the performance of the students.
2. DEPENDENT VARIABLES – those that depend on the independent
variables; they are the outcomes or results of the influence of the
independent variable. That is why it is also called outcome variable. Based
on Example 1, ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE is the dependent variable because it is
depending on the study habits of the students; if the students change their study
habit the academic performance also change.
3. INTERVENING OR MEDLING VARIABLES – Variables that “stand
between” the independent and dependent variables, and they show the effects of
the independent variable on the dependent variable.
EXAMPLE: Consider the given below. Even if farm production is good, if the attitude
towards payment is negative, loan repayment would be low, whereas, if the attitude
towards repayment is positive or favorable, loan repayment would be high.
FARM PRODUCTION ATTITUDES TOWARD REPAYMENT LOAN REPAYMENT
DV IV DV

4. CONTROL VARIABLES – A special types of independent variables that are

measured in the study because they potentially influence the dependent
variable. Researchers use statistical procedures (e.g. analysis of covariance) to
control these variables. They may be demographic or personal variables that
need to be “controlled” so that the true influence of the independent variable on
the dependent variable can be determined.
5. CONFOUNDING VARIABLES – Variables that are not actually measured or
observed in a study. They exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in
a study. Researchers comment on the influence of confounding variables after
the study has been completed, because these variables may have operated to
explain the relationship between the independent variables and dependent
variable, but they were not or could not be easily assessed.
Exercise 1. Identification
Direction: Identify the term being described. Write your answers on the space
provided.
_____________1. Variables that are not actually measured or observed in a study. They
exist but their influence cannot be directly detected in a study.
_____________2. Variables that “stand between” the independent and dependent
variables, and they show the effects of the independent variable on the
dependent variable.
_____________3. A special types of independent variables that are measured in the study
because they potentially influence the dependent variable.

Exercise 2. Evaluation
Direction: Read and analyze the research study or topic below. Locate the independent
and dependent variable for each item. Write your answers on the space
provided.

Research Study/Topic Independent Variable Dependent Variable

1. The effect of
temperature on plant
pigmentation
2. Time spent studying
and its effects the test
scores of students
3. Salary and job
satisfaction among
Gasan residents
 Key Answer

Day 1
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
1. Bernard 1. False – (independent) - dependent
2. “Vary” or “can Change” 2. True
3. Sevilla 3. False – (dependent) - Independent

Day 2
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
1. Interval 1. Discrete
2. Quantitative or Numerical 2. Discrete
3. Ration 3. Continuous
4. Continuous

Day 3
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
1. Dichotomous 1. Dichotomous
2. Quantitative or Categorical 2. Ordinal
3. Ordinal 3. Nominal
4. Nominal 4. Nominal

Day 4
Exercise 1 Exercise 2
1. Confounding Independent Dependent
2. Intervening 1. Temperature Plant pigmentation
3. Control 2. Time spent Test scores
3. Salary Job satisfaction