2018 International Conference on Power Energy, Environment and Intelligent Control (PEEIC)

G. L. Bajaj Inst. of Technology and Management Greater Noida, U. P., India, Apr 13-14, 2018

Design Analysis of Full-Bridge Parallel Resonant

Inverter for Induction Heating Application Using
Pulse Density Modulation Technique
Anand Kumar1, Pradip Kumar Sadhu1, Rahul Raman1, Jay Singh2
Department of Electrical Engineering
1
Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, India
2
GL Bajaj Institute of Technology and Management, Greater Noida, U.P, India
anandsingh1025@gmail.com

Abstract—In this work, full bridge parallel resonant inverter
(FBPRI) using pulse density modulation (PDM) technique has
been proposed for industrial induction heating application like
brazing, welding, melting of iron etc. There are so many
techniques that have been developed for FBPRI to control the
output power in IH application. But none of them are able to
maintain resonating and ZVS/ZCS condition under a different
operating condition which is a key feature of resonant converters.
Due to this, efficiency and performance of IH system are
degraded. Keeping this disadvantage, a pulse density modulation
(PDM) technique has been proposed in this work for FBPRI to
achieve better efficiency and performance of the classical IH
system. This proposed technique ensures the ZVS/ZCS condition
which reduces the switching losses. The proposed control
method/technique is described in detail and it is validated
through PSIM simulation at a frequency of 47 KHz.
Keywords-Full bridge parallel resonant inverter (FBPRI);
Pulse density modulation (PDM); Induction heating (IH) system;
Resonant inverter.
I. INTRODUCTION
Currently, it can be seen that the usage of resonant inverter
increases as a power supply for the domestic as well as
industrial induction heating applications [1]. The operation of
induction heating or cooking is based on the high-frequency
oscillating current which is generated by using resonant
inverters. Generally, resonant inverters employ high-frequency
power electronics switches which operate in the range of 25
KHz to 100 KHz [2]. There are so many advantages of
induction heating (IH) such as high efficiency, low
maintenance, fast heating, cleanness, and safety, due to these
advantages researchers are motivated to do research on it
regarding various configurations and its power control
technique [3]. Regarding power supply for IH applications so
many configurations have been developed such as quasi-
In this work full bridge parallel resonant configurations have
been considered which can be used for industrial induction
heating application (shown in the Fig. 1).
In order to get the high efficiency of these configurations
various power control techniques have been developed due to
which variable output is achieved across the IH coil [9]. Some
of these modulation techniques are pulse frequency
modulation (PFM) [10], phase shift (PS) [11], asymmetrical
duty cycle (ADC) [12], and dc link voltage control [13]. In
PFM, output power is controlled by varying the switching
frequency of high frequency (HF) resonant converter [14]. In
PS technique, output power is controlled by shifting the phase
between pulses that are applied to the switches of HF resonant
converter [15]. Another control technique i.e. ADC, varies the
power by employing unequal duty operation of the switches in
the resonant converter [16]. Apart from that, precision in the
power control should be maintained in IH applications. So for
this ZVS/ZCS condition must be maintained under different
load parameters to improve the efficiency of HF resonant
inverter [17]. But aforementioned methods are not always able
to maintain ZVS/ZCS condition under different loading
parameters. Owing to this, large switching and power losses
occur and this leads to deteriorating the efficiency of IH
system. To mitigate above problems, PDM technique is
developed in this work. This technique regulates the output
power by varying the time period of the switches. During this
time period, inverter injects high-frequency current to the IH
load. This control scheme minimizes the switching and power
losses with ensuring ZVS condition. In this paper, FBPRI has
been proposed for industrial IH application using PDM
technique ensuring ZVS condition.
M1 M3
G1 G4
DC link voltage

resonant converter [4], single switch resonant converter [5], Req Leq
class D/E resonant converters [6], half-bridge series resonant
inverter [7]. These configurations are best suitable for low IH Load
M4 M2
power applications i.e. for domestic induction cooking
applications. Generally, for high rated power, full bridge
G3 Ceq G2
parallel resonant configuration uses which are best suitable for
industrial induction heating application. Full bridge
configuration can also be used for low power application [8].
Fig. 1. Power Circuit of FBPRI.

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 IH Load
Ls
Full Bridge
VmSinωt

Parallel Req
Cf VD resonant Ceq
Inverter Leq
(FBPRI)

PDM

Fig. 2. Block Diagram of Proposed Induction heating (IH) System.

Section II describes the proposed classical IH system. In

section III, details of PDM technique has been discussed. IH primary side. Now equivalent resistance (Req) and inductance
load modeling and calculation of switching frequency for (Leq) can be represented as:
FBPRI is discussed in section IV. Simulation model and its N:1
results are provided in section V. Finally the conclusion is
Rc
made in section VI.

HF Current
II. BASICS OF CLASSICAL PROPOSED IH SYSTEM Lc Rl
The proposed classical induction heating system using
FBPRI based on PDM technique is shown in the Fig. 2. The
basic need of IH system is high-frequency alternating current (a)
which when flow through IH coil generates an
electromagnetic field. Due to this high-frequency
electromagnetic field, eddy and hysteresis current starts to Rc Rlp
Req
HF Current

flow in the object which is to be heated [18]. This HF

oscillating current generates heat as i2R losses in the object to Lc Zeq Ceq
be heated. To create HF current, first alternating current Leq
(works at 50 Hz) needs to convert into DC supply. This DC
supply is given to the FBPRI to convert it into an HF
oscillating current. But before giving DC supply to the FBPRI, (b)
non smoothened inductor (Ls) and capacitor (Cf) has been used Fig. 3. Electrical equivalent of IH coil and its load (a) Approximate circuit
which create ripple content DC supply and also prevent from and (b) Exact equivalent circuit.
the high-frequency component which is generated at the load
side. All these processes are shown in the block diagram (Fig. § N1 ·
2

2). R eq Rc  Rl
p
, Where Rl
p
Rl ¨
¨ N
¸
¸
(1)
© 2 ¹

III. INDUCTION HEATING LOAD MODELLING AND CALCULATION and L eq | L

OF SWITCHING FREQUENCY
A. IH Load Modelling
For analyzing the electrical behavior of FBPRI for
induction heating application, the electrical equivalent circuit
of IH coil is needed. The electrical equivalent of IH coil and
its load can be modeled as a transformer with the assumption
of many turns in primary and only one turn in secondary i.e.
short-circuited [18]. The IH coil and its electrical equivalent
circuits are shown in figure 3. In Fig. 3, let Rc be the coil
resistance, Lp be the coil inductance, Rlp is load resistance
referred in the primary side of the transformer and Rl is the
load resistance. This load resistance can be transferred to the
c
(2)
The representation of the exact equivalent circuit is
represented is shown in Fig. 3. Ceq is the resonating capacitor
which is connected in parallel to create a resonant condition (it
can also be connected in series with the Req and Leq) [19].
B. Calculation of Switching Frequency
For proper operation of FBPRI, as shown in Fig. 1, the
switching frequency (fs) must be having near the resonant
frequency of the IH load i.e. resonant tank. Fig. 3(b) shows the
equivalent circuit which is used for switching frequency
calculation. In this figure, equivalent impedance (Zeq) is
calculated in frequency domain i.e. Z(S) or Z(jω).

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 1 R eq  j Z L eq
R eq  j Z L eq u 
j Z C eq j Z C eq PDM Pulse
Z ( jZ ) (3) (M1,M2)
1 j Z C eq ( R eq  j Z L eq )  1
R eq  j Z L eq  t
j Z C eq j Z C eq
PDM Pulse
R eq  j Z L eq (M3,M4)
Z ( jw )
2
(4) t
j Z C eq  Z L eq C eq  1
Output
Voltage(Vo)
2 t
R eq  j Z L eq (1  Z L eq C eq  j Z C eq R eq )
Z ( jw ) u (5)
2 2
1  Z L eq C eq  j Z C eq R eq (1  Z L eq C eq  j Z C eq R eq )

Ton
Tpdm

On some algebraic manipulation, we get

(a)
2 2 2
R eq  R eq Z L eq C eq  Z L eq C eq R eq  j (  Z C eq R eq  Z L eq  Z L eq C eq
3 2
(6) Ie
Z ( jw )
2
(1  Z L eq C eq )
2 2
 Z C eq R
2 2 I0
Im
To create resonance condition, imaginary part should equate to
zero
2 3 2
t
?  Z C eq R eq  Z L eq  Z L eq C eq 0 (7) Ton
Io
2 2 2 Tpdm
Ÿ Z (  C eq R eq  L eq  Z L eq C eq ) 0
(b)
Fig. 4. The waveform of (a) PDM pulse and its output voltage and (b) output
2
L eq  C eq R current with PDM control.
Ÿ Z (8)
2
L eq C eq From the current waveform, it can be said that the current
envelope shows first order response. So the current envelope
2 is analyses as
1 L eq  C eq R eq
? f (9)
2S 2
L C eq § T on · 
t
¨ ¸
i E (t ) I m ¨1  e W ¸  Ie
W ( 0 d t d T on ) (11)
Now on putting the values of Req=1Ω, Leq=57.1μH, and ¨ ¸
© ¹
Ceq=0.2μF, fs can be found as
t  T on

f | 47 kHz (10) i E (t ) i1 ( T on ) e W ( T on d t d T pdm ) (12)
The frequency obtained in the equation (10) is the resonant
T on
frequency of the resonant load tank. So to minimize the 
W
switching losses with ensuring ZVS condition and maximizes 1 e
I Im (13)
power transfer to the load tank, FBPRI should be work at this T pdm

resonant frequency. So it can be said that this resonant W
1 e
frequency will be the switching frequency (fs) for the FBPRI.
Where Im is the maximum current, Ton is the ON period of
IV. PULSE DENSITY MODULATION TECHNIQUE the switch, I is the initial value of the envelope current iE(t),
Tpdm is the total time period of the PDM and W is the time
This technique is implemented by maintaining the
2 L eq
switching frequency (fs) constant and output power is constant which is equal to .
controlled by controlling the duty cycle of PDM (Dpdm) [20]. R eq
This switching frequency should be selected somehow more
or less than load resonant frequency to minimize the switching The output power for the IH load is controlled by adjusting
losses. By using this technique, HF resonant inverter inject the Ton and Tpdm. Duty cycle and average output power can
current to IH load for an integral number of complete cycle represent as
(i.e. on period) and the slaked for a few further number of
T on
complete cycle (i.e. off period) as shown in Fig. 4(a). Fig. 4(b) D pdm (14)
show the waveform of output current (Io). T pdm

Po D pdm P rated (15)

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 V. ANALYSIS OF SIMULATION MODEL AND ITS RESULTS
The simulation model of FBPRI for IH application using
PDM technique is shown in Fig. 5. The parameters which are
used for the simulation is listed as Vin=230V, 50Hz, fs=47
kHz, Req=1Ω, Leq=57.1μH, and Ceq=0.2μF. Non smoothened
inductor (Ls) and capacitor (Cf) is taken as 25μH and 5μF. The
pulses for the switches of FBPRI are generated using PDM
controller which is shown in the simulation model. For
designing of FBPRI, MOSFETs have been used. Various
simulated results of voltage, current and PDM pulses have
been taken which validate the proposed technique. Fig. 6 show (a)
the waveform of DC link voltage (VD) having r.m.s value
172.16V. Fig. 7(a) and (b) are showing the waveforms of the
output voltage and current across IH load. The r.m.s value of
these output voltage and current are 121.66V, 6.99A. So
output power can be calculated as:

Pout=Vo*Io=121.66*6.99=850.40W

Here cosø (power factor) is taken as a unity because this

converter works approximately equal to the resonant (b)
frequency. Fig. 8 shows the pulses for the switches of FBPRI Fig. 7. Simulated waveforms of (a) Output voltage and (b) Output current
which has been generated through PDM controller. across IH load.

Fig. 8. PDM pulses generated through PDM controller.

Fig. 5. PSIM simulation model of proposed FBPRI using PDM technique.
VI. CONCLUSION
In this paper, a classical induction IH system has been
designed with FBPRI using PDM technique and this has been
successfully validated through powerful simulation tool using
PSIM. The detailed study of PDM technique has been also
done which shows output power can be controlled by varying
duty cycle of PDM. The main advantage of this technique is
that it always maintains soft switching condition irrespective
of load variation. The proposed FBPRI works at a frequency
of 47 KHz which is approximately equal to the resonant
frequency. Owing to this, proposed converter transfer
maximum amount of power to the IH load.

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