1stst IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

1 IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

Comparative analysis of DC-DC converter

topologies for fuel cell based application
Subhransu Padhee, Umesh Chandra Pati and Kamalakanta Mahapatra
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela, Odisha, India
Email: subhransupadhee@gmail.com, ucpati@nitrkl.ac.in, kkm@nitrkl.ac.in

Abstract—Power electronic converters play an important role Load

in integrating renewable energy sources in to the electrical grid.

A power conditioning unit (PCU) which comprises of different
Power Conditioning
Hydrogen
power electronic converters is essential to process the power of Supply
Unit

renewable energy sources and make it useable for stand-alone or

grid-tied application. DC-DC converters are used in the primary
stage of PCU to step up the voltage of renewable energy source Hydrogen

to a desired level and also to improve the conversion efficiency. Fuel Cell Cooling
Humidifier
In this paper, a comprehensive analysis is carried out to provide Stack System

details about different non-isolated, isolated and soft switched M

converters used in PCU. The performance of these converters are Motor Condenser
Compressor
analyzed according to their conversion efficiency and number of Air+Water Air

components. Water

Keywords: DC-DC converter, topology, classification
I. I NTRODUCTION
Fuel cell which converts chemical energy to electrical
energy is one of the renewable energy sources which is being
widely used in modern times in variety of fields. The schematic
diagram of fuel cell based system is shown in Fig. 1. The
electric power delivered by the fuel cell has to be regulated
and inverted to make it useful for stand-alone or grid-tied
application. The said operation is carried out with the help
of a power conditioning unit (PCU). Design of PCU is critical
as it requires proper selection of power converter topology and
adequate control strategy. To make the distributed generation
scheme sustainable and economical, the PCU should be of
lower cost, higher efficiency and reliable. A comprehensive
review of different converter and inverter topologies used in
the PCU of fuel cell based distributed generation system is
reported in [1]–[5]. A review of different non-isolated DC-
DC converter topologies used in the PCU of photovoltaic or
fuel cell is documented in [6]–[9].
This paper evaluates the performance of various DC-DC
converter topologies used in fuel cell PCU. A systematic
classification of DC-DC converter topologies are provided.
The classification of converter topology is based on the ability
of the converter to provide wide conversion ratio, ability
to provide isolation and soft switching criteria. Both non-
isolated and isolated converter topologies with and without
wide conversion ratio are studied and salient features of
the topologies are highlighted. To reduce the conduction
and switching loss of the above mentioned classical PWM
topologies, soft switching is used where the soft switching
concept effectively reduces the switching as well as conduction
Fig. 1: Schematic diagram of fuel cell system
losses which eventually increases the efficiency of the system.
Different soft switched and resonant converter topologies for
fuel cell based application are discussed.
The manuscript is organized as follows. Section II provides
an overall analysis of different high gain converter topology
based on the ability of wide conversion ratio. Section III
provides a review of different isolated full bridge converter.
Section IV illustrates different soft switched converter and
section V presents different resonant converter used in fuel
cell based application. Section VI provides the concluding
remarks.
II. H IGH G AIN C ONVERTER T OPOLOGY
According to the type of isolation required, DC-DC con-
verter can be categorized into two categories i.e. non-isolated
(transformerless) converter and isolated converter. Isolated
converter posses a high frequency transformer which is used to
provide a higher conversion ratio. According to the switching
loss scenario, DC-DC converter can be classified as hard
switching converter and soft switching converter. To make
the distributed generation system reliable, front end DC-DC
converter should operate at a wide range of input and output
voltages which means the converter should operate at mini-
mum desirable duty cycle to maximum desirable duty cycle.
The minimum and maximum conversion ratio of classical
converter are limited by practical constraints. Degradation of
efficiency is noted in classical converter when maximum duty
cycle is encountered. One of the earliest work of designing
wide conversion ratio switched mode power converter can be

978-1-4673-8587-9/16/$31.00 ©2016 IEEE [1]

978-1-4673-6540-6/15/$31.00 2016 IEEE
 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

found in [10]. Systematic classification of non-isolated DC-DC 25

converter with respect to its ability to handle wide conversion
Boost
rate is reported in [11]. Buck−Boost, Cuk, SEPIC
20

Voltage Conversion Ratio

FIBC
A. Non isolated step up converter without wide conversion 3−level Boost

ratio 15

Boost converter is used to step up the the magnitude

of unregulated input DC voltage. Though theoretically, the 10

conversion ratio of the said converter is infinite, but in practical

scenario, the conversion ratio is limited to 4 to 5 times 5

due to different parasitic elements in the passive component

and controller limitation [12]. The transfer function of boost 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
converter exhibits non-minimum phase behavior and has slow Duty Cycle
dynamic response due to the presence of right half plane zero
(RHPZ). To counter the negative effects of RHPZ, structural Fig. 2: Voltage gain and duty ratio of conventional converters
changes are made in the boost converter and a new converter
topology known as tri-state boost converter is proposed in
converter [16]. In cascaded boost converter, boost converter
[13]. Offline power supplies include an input bridge rectifier
are connected in series mode which increases the voltage con-
and an input filter capacitor. This configuration results in
version ratio of the converter. Though the voltage conversion
harmonic distortion on the line and also results in excessive
ratio is increased, cascaded boost converter has more number
peak input current which eventually degrades the power factor.
of components which increases the cost and the design of
Buck-Boost converter, Single-Ended Primary Inductor con-
controller is difficult. The reverse recovery problem of diode
verter (SEPIC) and Cuk converter are ideal power converter
of second stage of the converter results in instability in the
topologies used for power factor correction (PFC) or power
converter. Single switch quadratic boost converter is a modified
factor pre-regulator (PFP) technique.
cascaded boost converter which posses one switch instead of
One of the alternative to improve the gain of the front end
2 switches. Quadratic boost converter performs better than
DC-DC converter is to use either interleaved variants of boost
cascaded boost converter in terms of efficiency and stability
converter. Interleaved boost converter and floating interleaved
[17].
boost converter [14] are some of the well-known non-isolated
There are basically two ways of increasing the voltage gain
high gain converters. But the major limitation of interleaved
of a converter i.e with the use of inductor and with the use
variant of boost converter is the loss of efficiency due to
of capacitor. Coupled inductor can be used as a transformer
complicated controller design. Three level boost converter is
by properly adjusting the turns ratio of the primary and
able to provide double the conversion ratio than the boost
secondary winding to step up the gain. But the efficiency of
converter. In three level boost converter, the size of the
such converter can be degraded by the losses due to leakage
inductor is reduced which makes the converter compact in
inductance [18]. Flyback converter with coupled inductor
size and weight [15]. Fig. 2 presents the plot between voltage
provides a significantly high voltage gain but the efficiency
gain and duty ratio of different conventional converters. Table
is poor due to the presence of leakage inductance. In switched
I illustrates a comparative analysis of different non-isolated
capacitor based converter, the voltage gain of the converter is
converter topologies. The comparative analysis is based upon
increased with the help of capacitor. The converter operates at
two distinct criteria i.e voltage gain and number of compo-
a low duty cycle and has higher number of active switches.
nents.
Boost converter integrated with switched capacitor technique
TABLE I: Comparison of different non-isolated converter is proposed in [19]. A modified boost type switched inductor
topologies technique is proposed in [20]. Some modifications to the
Topology Voltage Gain MOSFET Diode Inductor
existing switched inductor based converter is proposed in [21].
Boost converter 1
1 1 1 Voltage lift technique and voltage multiplier technique using
1−D
Buck-Boost converter −D
1−D
1 1 1 capacitor-diode technique can increase the voltage substan-
Cuk converter D
1−D
1 1 2 tially. The main switch of the converter suffers from transient
SEPIC D
1−D
1 1 2 current which results in conduction loss [22]. These converter
1
2-ph IBC 1−D
2 2 2 have structural complexity so the cost of the converter is also
1+D
2-ph FIBC 1−D
4 4 4 high.
2
3-level Boost 1−D
2 2 1
C. Isolated step up converter with wide conversion ratio
Forward converter, half bridge converter and push pull
B. Non isolated step up converter with wide conversion ratio converter are the classical isolated converter topologies which
One of the alternative to improve the voltage conversion use high frequency transformer for voltage step up up or
ratio of classical boost converter is the use of cascaded boost step down. Push-pull converter is widely used as a isolated

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

converter but the main disadvantage of isolated converters are 40

transformer saturation. Transformer saturation is the result of Boost converter
Reboost converter: n=1
asymmetrical and unequal winding of center tap transformer. 35
Reboost converter: n=2

Voltage Conversion Ratio

Half bridge converter requires large DC-link capacitor to avoid 30
Reboost converter: n=3

transformer saturation which increases the cost of the con- 25

verter. Full bridge converter is ideal for high power application
20
because of low device rating and lower current and voltage
stress. Apart from the classical isolated converter, researchers 15

have developed other isolated converter topologies. Reboost 10

converter illustrated in Fig. 3(a) is a major improvement from
5
standard flyback converter where peak voltage stress on the
main device can be managed efficiently. Fig. 4 presents the 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
conversion ratio of reboost converter. Fig. 3(b) shows the Duty Cycle
circuit diagram of recharge boost converter and Fig. 5 presents
Fig. 4: Voltage gain of reboost converter
the conversion ratio of recharge boost converter. Fig. 3(c)
shows the circuit diagram of charge pump reboost converter
proposed by [23] which is the combination of charge pump 60
Boost converter
circuit and reboost converter. The features of the said converter Re charge boost converter: n=1
Re charge boost converter: n=2
are reduction of transformer and device voltage and current 50
Re charge boost converter: n=3

Voltage Conversion Ratio

stress and recovery of energy through leakage inductance. Fig.
40
6 illustrates the conversion ratio of the said converter. Table II
illustrates a comparative analysis of different isolated converter
30
topologies discussed above.
20

L1 L2
D1 10
Vdc
C1 R
Co
D2 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
C2 Duty Cycle
S

(a)
Fig. 5: Voltage gain of recharge boost converters
L1 L2
C2 D1

Vdc 50
Boost converter
C1 R
D3 Co 45 Charge pump Reboost converter: n=1
D2
Charge pump reboost converter: n=2
C3 40 Charge pump reboost converter: n=3
Voltage Conversion Ratio

S
35

(b) 30
C2
25
L1
L2 D1
20
D3
Vdc
C1 R 15
Co
D2
10
S C3
5

(c) 0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Duty Cycle
Fig. 3: (a) Re-boost converter (b) Recharge boost converter (c)
Charge Pump Reboost converter Fig. 6: Voltage gain of charge pump reboost converter

III. I SOLATED F ULL B RIDGE T OPOLOGIES

A. Voltage fed converter
For a basic isolated full-bridge converter, there can be
numerous type of output configurations such as diode bridge,
center-tapped transformer with two diodes or voltage doubler
configuration. Conventional full bridge converter is shown in
Fig. 7. The primary limitation of voltage fed converter is that
the secondary side rectifier suffers from leakage inductance
issue which increases the diode breakdown voltage. For this
reason, diode snubber circuit is required. The voltage fed
converter doesn’t provide voltage boosting concept and a large
turns ratio is required.
To overcome the limitations of voltage fed full bridge
converter, phase shifted full bridge ZVS converter is used. The
main advantage of phase shifted full bridge ZVS is that the
primary switches has the capability of getting turned on in zero

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)

TABLE II: Comparison of different isolated converter topol-

ogy S1 S4 D1 C1
Topology Voltage Gain MOSFET Diode Inductor Transformer Lk
Ns
Forward converter DN 1 3 1 1 1:n c
p
a
Flyback converter Ns D
1 1 – 1 Co
Np 1−D
Re boost converter 1+nD
1 1 – 1 Cin b d
1−D
Recharge boost converter 2+n
1 1 – 1 Vdc
1−D
2+nD
Charge pump reboost converter 1−D
1 1 – 1
Push-pull converter DN Ns
2 2 1 2 S3 S2 D2 C2
p
Ns
Half bridge converter DN 2 2 1 1
p
Ns
Full bridge converter 2D N 4 2 1 1
p

L Fig. 9: Voltage fed full bridge converter with a voltage doubler

S1 S4 D1 D3
Lk
output
1:n c
a R
Co
Cin b d
Vdc
the filter inductor is on the primary side. There is no output
inductor and the converter doesn’t suffer from transformer flux
S3 S2 D2 D4
imbalance. Some typical examples of current fed converter
topologies are current fed full bridge converter and current
fed push pull converter.

Fig. 7: Voltage fed full bridge converter L

S1 S4 D1 D3

voltage which makes it a soft switched converter. But the large
circulating current can cause losses despite ZVS. To overcome
the duty cycle loss, phase shift PWM full bridge converter
with auxiliary saturable resonant inductor is used. The circuit
diagram of the said topology is illustrated in Fig. 8. The phase-
shifted PWM converter can be realized with a voltage doubler
secondary as in the study by [24]. The advantage of voltage
doubler configuration in phase shifted PWM is lower voltage
rating of rectifier diode and low conduction loss. The circuit
diagram of voltage fed full bridge converter with a voltage
doubler output is presented in Fig. 9.
S1 S4
Cin
Vdc
S3 S2
Fig. 8: Phase shift PWM full bridge converter with auxiliary
saturable resonant inductor
B. Current fed converter
Current fed full bridge boost converter is one of the favorite
among the power electronics designer when it comes to
providing a larger conversion ratio. This converter can be
implemented either with zero voltage switching [25] or zero
current switching [26]. The circuit diagram of current fed full
bridge boost converter is shown in Fig. 10. In such converter
Lk
c
R
Vdc
a Co
b d
D2 D4
S3 S2
Fig. 10: Current fed full bridge boost converter
IV. S OFT S WITCHED C ONVERTER
The switches of PWM converters has to withstand high
voltage and high current which results in high switching loss
and voltage stress on the devices. The high loss and stress
D1
severely affects the efficiency of the converter. One of the
alternative to expunge the heavy switching loss is the use
di
C of snubber circuit so that dt and dv
dt rating of the power
devices are reduced. There are numerous way of achieving
D2 soft switching and one of the widely used technique is the
use of auxiliary circuit [27]–[30]. The soft switched converter
usually differ from high current as well as voltage stress for
the active switch. Therefore in [29], authors have proposed a
ZC-ZVS commutation cell which can provide soft switching
to active switches as well as passive switches.
Fig. 11 presents the circuit diagram of boost converter with
an auxiliary circuit where the main objective of auxiliary cir-
cuit is to induce zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) in the converter.
V. R ESONANT C ONVERTER
Resonant type converter is a class of converter in which the
topology constitutes of at least one resonant tank circuit. The
resonant tank circuit comprises of combination of inductor and

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 1st IEEE International Conference on Power Electronics, Intelligent Control and Energy Systems (ICPEICES-2016)
L1
Do
Lr D1
R Lm
Vdc Co
Cr
S1
D2
S2
Fig. 11: Boost converter with auxiliary circuit with ZVS
feature
capacitor. Some of the most popular resonant converter topolo-
gies are series resonant converter (SRC), parallel resonant
converter (PRC), series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC) and
LLC resonant converter. Resonant converter can be operated
either in fixed frequency mode or in variable frequency mode.
The fixed frequency mode operation is preferred because in
variable frequency mode the design of control circuit and filter
components posses a significant challenge.
One of the main limitation of resonant converter topologies
are the increased amount of stress on the semiconductor
switches and larger inductance value for ZVS operation. To
negate the effect of high circulating current in the resonant
converter, quasi resonant converter is used but the major
limitation of quasi resonant converter is limited switching
frequency. So multi resonant converter is used. Multi resonant
converter can operate from full load to no load condition with
wide input variation. The major limitation of multi resonant
converter is higher circulating current due to constant reso-
nance of resonance circuit. A comprehensive analysis of merits
and demerits of resonant, quasi resonant and multi resonant
converter can be found in [31]. Three major categories of
resonant converter configurations are widely used for fuel
cell applications. Voltage fed resonant converter, current fed
resonant converter and fixed frequency resonant transition
ZVS PWM converter. The semiconductor rating of current
fed resonant converter are much higher than the rest of the
topologies which makes it bulkier and costly. A comparative
analysis of eight different fixed frequency resonant converter
for fuel cell based application is reported in [32], [33].
A. Boost-LLC Converter
For fuel cell based application, two stage DC-DC converter
topologies are studied which combines boost converter as
well as LLC resonant converter. The main advantage of such
topology is higher conversion ratio where boost converter op-
erates in hard switching mode where LLC resonant converter
operates in soft switching mode. The converter control is
simple and the regulated voltage at the DC-link can be up
to 400V DC [34]–[36].
In Ref. [37], the authors have designed a plug-in electric
vehicle (PEV) charger which constitutes an interleaved boost
PFC followed by a multi resonant full bridge LLC converter.
The multi resonant LLC converter has the ability to provide
[5]
Lin
D D1 D2
S2
R
Cf
Vdc Cb
Cr
S1
Lr
D4 D3
S3
Fig. 12: Boost LLC converter
ZVS over a wide load range and provides good voltage regu-
lation even at light load condition. The resonant converter is
controlled using pulse frequency modulation (PFM) technique.
In the above mentioned power converter topology the boost
converter is controlled in hard switching mode where ZVS and
ZCS is achieved for LLC converter. In Ref. [38], the authors
provided the design details of two-phase interleaved boost
integrated LLC converter which can handle a wide input range.
The main advantage of the proposed topology is reduction of
current ripple, soft switching for primary switches as well as
secondary rectifier and fixed frequency operation where the
switching loss is less than the resonant frequency. The fixed
frequency operation reduces the size of magnetics making the
system compact and cost effective in nature.
VI. C ONCLUSIONS
This paper provides a systematic classification of different
DC-DC converter topologies used in PCU for a renewable
energy source (fuel cell). Reduction of the PCU cost, increase
in fuel cell life cycle, reliability and efficiency are some of the
major challenges faced by the power electronics designer while
designing a PCU. Therefore, this paper provides classification
of DC-DC converter on the basis of conversion ratio as well as
component count. Wide categories of converter such as non-
isolated, isolated and soft switched converters are analyzed
and a critical analysis is provided.
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