1
A Buck-Boost Converter Based Multi-Input
DC-DC/AC Converter
Neng Zhang, Danny Sutanto and Kashem M. Muttaqi
School of electrical, computer and telecommunications engineering, University of Wollongong, New
South Wales, Australia
Abstract-- The buck-boost inverter can be easily used to
construct a multi-input converter due to its inherent symmetrical
and extendable differential structure. This paper proposed a
multi-input converter derived from the buck-boost inverter to
interface different input sources. When two pure DC voltages are
chosen as the references for the two output capacitor voltages,
the proposed converter will operate in DC-DC mode. When two
dc-biased sinusoidal voltages with 180o phase shift are chosen as
the references, the proposed converter will operate in DC-AC
mode. Compared to the boost inverter based multi-input
converters, an advantage is that the output voltages of the
capacitors are not limited to be larger than the input voltages. A
control strategy based on the average model of the circuit is
proposed for the proposed converter. Single current control
loops are designed for the buck-boost converters that used for
interfacing the input sources and controlling the input power.
Voltage-current double control loops are designed for the buck-
boost converters that used for forming the buck-boost inverter
and interfacing the energy storage system. The proposed control
strategy can deal well with the varying operating points and the
disturbances of the input voltage and load conditions. Simulation
results are worked out to verify the effectiveness and validity of
the proposed converter and its control strategy.
Index Terms-- Buck-boost inverter, Energy storage system,
Multi-input converter, Renewable energy generation system
I. INTRODUCTION
E LECTRICITY generated from the renewable energy
needs to be regulated using power conversion techniques
to stably supply AC or DC loads. Due to the inherent
intermittent of renewable energy, the power extracted from the
renewable sources is varying, which can result in the
imbalance between the input power and the output power.
Combining several input sources together to help each other
and using an energy storage system is an efficient method to
address this issue. To achieve this, a converter with multiple
inputs needs to be designed to improve the stability and
quality of the power extracted from renewable energy sources
[1-3].
A multi-input converter that is capable of providing both
DC and AC electricity is a good candidate in practical
applications since the load can be either DC or AC load.
Although a lot of multi-input DC-DC converter and some
multi-input DC-AC converter have been proposed in the
literatures [4-8], very few papers have reported on multi-input
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DC-DC/AC converters. A boost inverter based single-stage
multi-input DC-DC/AC converter has been proposed and
analyzed in [9], however, the voltage stresses of the two
output capacitors are required to be higher than the input
voltages to ensure the boost inverter and the boost converters
included in the proposed converter operating properly due to
the characteristic of the boost converter. In order to address
this issue, a converter that can generate an output voltage that
is independent of the input voltage is required.
In this paper, a buck-boost inverter, which is proposed in
[10] and constructed by connecting two buck-boost converter
in series, based multi input DC-DC/AC converter is proposed
to solve the aforementioned issues. The difficulty to
implement the proposed converter is the design of the control
strategy when the converter operates in DC-AC mode. When
the proposed converter operates in DC-DC mode, the
operating point is fixed, therefore, the small-signal model
based control methods can be applied easily. However, when
the proposed converter operates in DC-AC mode, the
operating point is varying in a large range, therefore the small-
signal model based control strategy may not perform well.
Since the proposed converter is derived from the buck-
boost inverter, the control method proposed for differential
connected inverters such as boost inverter and buck-boost
inverter can be applied as the basic control concept for the
proposed converter.
There have been several control methods studied in the
literatures [11-16] to control the boost and buck-boost
inverters. Among these control concepts, the double-loop
control strategy proposed in [11-12] is proven to be the most
appropriate one to ensure the buck-boost inverter and boost
inverter operate well within a wide range of operating points
and under serious transient conditions and has been used in
the boost inverter based fuel cell systems [17-20]. In the
double loop controller, there is an outer loop (voltage loop)
used for the control of the capacitor voltage and an inner loop
(current loop) used to control the inductor current. Each loop
has its own compensation to deal with the varying operating
point and internal and external disturbances. Also, since the
control method is based on the averaged continuous time
model of the boost converter instead of the state-space
average model, the boost converter can operate reliably in a
large output voltage range including some special conditions
such as supplying nonlinear loads, abrupt load variation, and
transient short-circuit situations. Therefore, this paper
proposes a new control method based on the double-loop

concept to control the proposed buck-boost inverter based
multi-input DC-DC/AC converter. In the proposed control
system, single current loops are designed for the buck-boost
converters that used to interface the input sources and voltage-
current double control loops are designed for the buck-boost
inverter that used to integrate the energy storage system,
which is a battery in this research. With the proposed control
strategy, the proposed converter can achieve high reliability
both in DC/DC and DC/AC mode.
The remainder of this paper is structured as follows. In
Section II, the operating principle of the converter is analyzed.
Section III describes the proposed control strategy in detail.
The design of the component parameters are given in Section
IV. Simulation results using Matlab/Simulink are given in
Section V to evaluate the effectiveness and validity of the
proposed converter and control strategy. Finally, Section VI
concludes the paper.
II. CONFIGURATION AND MODELLING OF THE CONVERTER
Fig. 1 shows the configuration of the proposed buck-boost
inverter based multi-input DC-DC/AC converter. It has three
inputs; the first two inputs are connected to the unidirectional
buck-boost converter on the left side in parallel with the
output capacitor C1, buck-boost1 as shown in Fig.1, and
another one unidirectional buck-boost converter on the right
side in parallel with the output capacitor C2, buck-boost2 as
shown in Fig. 1. These two input ports are used to interface
renewable sources such as PV panels or fuel cells. The buck-
boost inverter is formed by two bidirectional buck-boost
converters in the center connected in series and sharing the
third input port that used to connect the energy storage system,
which represents the battery in this research.
Fig. 1. The configuration of the proposed converter
The switches in the unidirectional buck-boost converters
are controlled to manage the input power of the accordingly
input sources and the switches in the bidirectional buck-boost
converters are controlled to produce the desired output voltage
and charge or discharge the battery to balance the difference
of the power between the input source and the load demand.
Due to the differential structure, the proposed converter
can operate in both DC-DC and DC-AC mode, which is
described as following.
The output of the converter is generated by the voltage
difference of the voltages of the two output capacitors, Vo1 and
Vo2, as shown in the equation (1).
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2
Vo = Vo1 − Vo 2 (1)
When both the Vo1 and Vo2 are constant DC values, the
output voltage of the converter is a constant DC voltage,
which means that the converter operates in DC-DC mode.
When Vo1 and Vo2 are designed as DC biased sinusoidal values
with 180o degree phase shift, as shown in equations (2) - (4),
the output voltage of the converter will be a purely sinusoidal
waveform, which means that the converter operates in DC-AC
mode.
1
Vo1 = Vdc + Vm sin(2πft ) (2)
2
1
Vo 2 = Vdc + Vm sin(2πft − π ) (3)
2
Vo = Vo1 − Vo 2 = Vm sin( 2πft ) (4)
Where Vo is the output voltage of the proposed converter,
Vdc is the biased DC value, Vm and f are the amplitude and
frequency of the output voltage of the converter, separately.
Since the average continuous time model can be used to
describe the dynamic behavior of the power electronics circuit
up to the frequency below the switching frequency, typically
below half the switching frequency [11-12], it is used to
model the proposed converter.
As the converter is symmetrical, the model of the left side
converters is exactly the same as that of the right side,
therefore only the modelling of the left side converters is
analyzed in this paper. The equations of the buck-boost1 and
the left side of the buck-boost inverter are derived as
following:
v L1 = v1d − (1 − d1 )vo1 (5)
v L 3 = vb d − (1 − d 3 )vo1 (6)
iC1 + io = (1 − d1 )i L1 + (1 − d 3 )i L 3 (7)
Where v1 and vb are the voltages of the input sources V1
and the battery Vb; vo1 and iC1 are the voltage and current of
the output capacitor C1; vL1 and vL3 are the voltages of the
inductors L1 and L3; iL1 and iL3 are the currents of L1 and L3; io
is the current flowing through the load; d1 and d3 are the duty
cycles of the switches S1 and S3. It should be mentioned that
the switches S3 and S5 are operating complementary.
The differential equation of the inductor and capacitor are
given as below:
di
vL = L L (8)
dt
dv
iC = C C (9)
dt
Where L is the inductance of the inductor and C is the
capacitance of the capacitor, iL and iC are the currents of the
inductor and the capacitor, vL and vC are the voltages of the
inductor and the capacitor, respectively.
Equations (5) and (8) are used to design the controller for
the buck-boost1 buck-boost converter, while equations (6) – (9)
can be used to design the controller for controlling the voltage
of the capacitor C1, which is the output voltage of the left side
of the buck-boost inverter. The details of the design of the
controllers are going to be explained in the next section. It

should be claimed that only the continuous conduction mode
(CCM) is analyzed in this research since the buck-boost
inverter is bidirectional and the inductors are always operating
under the CCM. The DCM operation of the buck-boost
converters will be analyzed in the future study.
III. CONTROL METHOD
The aim of the control system is to produce the desired
output voltage and to manage the power among the input
sources, the battery and the load demand. The buck-boost
inverter is used to control the voltages of the capacitors by
regulating the duty cycles of switches S3-6 using the capacitor
voltage and inductor current as the control variables, and the
buck-boost converters are used to control the power
distribution by regulating the duty cycle of the accordingly
switch using the inductor current as the control variable.
With the benefit of the inherently decoupled structure, the
buck-boost converters and the buck-boost inverter of the
proposed converter can be controlled separately. The control
strategy is described as follows.
A. Control of the Buck-Boost Converters
The main aim of the controller for the buck-boost
converters is to manage the input power supplied by the input
sources. As the voltage of the input source is determined by
the source itself, therefore only the input current can be
controlled to control the input power. Once the inductor
current is well controlled to track the designed references, the
input current of the buck-boost converter can be controlled
and then the desired input power will be generated. Therefore,
only one current control loop is required in the control
systems of the buck-boost converters. As the control concept
for the entire buck-boost converters are exactly the same, only
the control method for the buck-boost1 buck-boost converter
is described in detail as follows.
From equation (5), the expression of the duty cycle can be
derived as:
vo1 + v L1 _ ref
d1 = (10)
vo1 + v1
Where vL1_ref is the voltage reference for the voltage of the
inductor and can be approximately calculated by
compensating the error between the measured current and
designed reference current of the inductor using a
compensator, which is selected as a traditional PI compensator
in this paper. After processing the calculations in the equation
(10), the result is compared with a triangle carrier waveform
and the driving signal for the switch 1 is generated. The block
diagram for the control method is shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the control method for the boost converters
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B. Control of the Boost Inverter
Concerning the control of the buck-boost inverter, the aim
is to control the voltage of the capacitors and balance the
power difference between the input sources and the load.
Therefore, a voltage control loop and a current control loop
are required in the control system. Equation (7) is used to
design the voltage control loop, which is controlled to track
the designed references of the voltage of the capacitors and
equation (6) is used to design the current control loop, which
is used to track the references of the inductor currents that
generated by the voltage control loop. In order to analyze and
design the two control loops separately to simplify the
calculation, the dynamics of the two control loops can be well
decoupled by setting the response time of one of the two
control loops relatively larger than that of the other control
loop.
For the current control loop, which is implemented to
calculate the duty cycles for the switches, the expression of
the duty cycle can be derived from the equation (6) as:
vo1 + v L 3 _ ref
d3 = (11)
vo1 + vb
It can be seen that the equation (11) is similar to the
equation (10), the inductor voltage reference is generated by
compensating the error between the measured current and the
reference current, however, the generation of the inductor
reference current is different. The current reference of
inductor in the boost inverter is generated from the voltage
control loop, which is analyzed as follows.
Concerning the voltage control loop, it can be derived from
equation (7) that,
iC1 _ ref + io − (1 − d1 )i L1
i L 3 _ ref = (12)
1 − d3
Where, iL3_ref is the reference for the inductor L3 in the
buck-boost inverter, iC1_ref is the reference of the capacitor C1.
Equation (12) shows that iL3_ref depends on the currents of
the capacitor and the load, i.e. iC1 and io, the duty cycles of the
switches S1 and S3, and the currents of the inductors L1, i.e. iL1.
In order to control the voltage of the capacitor, the current of
the capacitor iC1 can be obtained by compensating the error
between the measured voltage and the voltage reference using
a compensator, which is selected as a PI compensator in this
research. The currents io and iL1 can be measured directly
using a current sensor, however, the duty cycles are generated
by the current loops, which can’t be utilized directly to avoid
causing the coupling between different control loops that
might make the system complicated and even unstable.
Fortunately, the terms (1-d1) and (1-d3) can be approximately
calculated by (v1/(vo1+v1)) and (vb/(vo1+vb)) respectively if the
energy of the inductor is small enough to be neglected. This
approximation has been proved to operate well and achieve
good performance in other power electronic converters [11-
12]. Therefore, equation (12) can be rewritten as:
iC1 _ ref + io − (v1iL1 ) (vo1 + v1 )
i L 5 _ ref = (13)
vb (vo1 + vb )
 4

The block diagram for implementing the control method of output and the battery are summarized as shown in Table III.
the buck-boost inverter is shown in Fig. 3. TABLE I PARAMETERS FOR THE PROPOSED TOPOLOGY USED IN THE
SIMULATION
Switching frequency 20 kHz
L1, L2 5 mH
L3, L4 300 µH
C1,C2 100 µF
Voltage of V1 50 V
Voltage of V2 60 V
Voltage of Vb 60 V

TABLE II REFERENCE CURRENTS FOR THE BOOST CONVERTER INDUCTORS

AND LOAD PARAMETERS
Inductor reference currents (A) Load (Ω)
Time intervals
L1 L2 R
0s – 0.2s 5 8 25
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the control method for the boost Inverter 0.2s – 0.4s 5 2 25
0.4s – 0.6s 5 2 50
IV. DESIGN OF THE PARAMETERS 0.6s – 0.8s 4 2 50
0.8s – 1.0s 8 2 50
A. Design of Inductors
1.0s – 1.2s 8 2 Disconnected
To calculate the inductance of the inductors of the buck-
1.2s – 1.4s 8 2 25
boost inverter, the following formulas are used [17].
Vin − Vin2 − 4 Ra (−Vo1 (t )).((Vo 2 (t ) − Vo1 (t )) / R) A. DC-DC Mode
iL (max) = (14)
2 Ra As explained in section II, two DC values are chosen as the
references for the voltages of the two capacitors to implement
(Vin − Ra iL (t )) ⋅ Δt
L= (15) the DC-DC operating mode. The references are set as: Vo1 =
ΔiL (t ) 160V, Vo2 = 60V in this operating mode, which results in the
Where iL(max) is the maximum current and ∆iL is the high output voltage as Vo = 100V. The simulation results are shown
frequency current ripple of the inductors, ∆t is the conduction in Figs. 4-6.
time of the switch, Ra is the equivalent series resistance of the TABLE III POWER RELATIONSHIPS IN DC-DC MODE
inductor and R is the load, Vin is the input voltage of the boost Time Input power Output power Battery Power
intervals (W) (W) (W)
inverter, which is the voltage of the battery in this paper, Vo1
0s – 0.2s 448 400 -48 (Charging)
and Vo2 are the voltage of the capacitors C1 and C2.
0.2s – 0.4s 232 400 168 (Discharging)
As for the inductors of the buck-boost converters, equation
0.4s – 0.6s 232 200 -32 (Charging)
(15) can be used to calculate the inductances. It should be
0.6s – 0.8s 200 200 0
noted is that Vin is the correspondingly input source.
0.8s – 1.0s 328 200 -128 (Charging)
B. Design of Capacitors 1.0s – 1.2s 328 0 -328 (Charging)
The voltages of the output capacitors are controlled to track 1.2s – 1.4s 328 400 72 (Discharging)
a desired DC or AC voltage. There is a high frequency voltage Fig. 4 (a) depicts the current waveforms of the inductors of
ripple over the output voltage, which can be expressed as: the buck-boost converters. It shows that the inductor currents
(V (t ) − Vo 2 (t )) ⋅ Δt are tracking the current references well. Fig. 4(b) gives the
ΔVC = o1 (16)
R ⋅C current waveforms of the inductors of the buck-boost inverter
From the formula (16), the capacitances of the capacitors and the current waveform of the battery.
can be calculated according to the design requirements.

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
To validate the performance of the proposed converter and
the control strategy operating in both DC-DC and DC-AC
modes, the Matlab/Simulink software is used for the
simulation work. The parameters of the components used in
the simulation are listed in Table I. In order to simulate
different operating scenarios, the reference currents of the
inductors of the buck-boost converters and the load are set to (a) (b)
Fig. 4. (a) Currents of the inductors of buck-boost converters in DC-DC mode,
have step changes as shown in Table II for both DC-DC and (b) Currents of the buck-boost inverter and the battery in DC-DC mode
DC-AC modes. According to the designed parameters in Fig. 5 shows the power of the input sources, the output
Table I and Table II, the power relationships among the input, load, and the battery. During the period 0 - 0.2 sec, the battery

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is storing the power difference between the input source and
the load as shown in Fig. 5, which results in the negative
current in the battery as shown in Fig. 4 (b). In this period,
the power of the left side of the proposed converter is larger
than the power of the right side of the converter; therefore the
current of the inductor L3 is positive and the current of the
inductor L4 is negative as shown in Fig. 4 (b). During the
period 0.2 - 0.4 sec, the reduction of the power from the input
source 2 leads to the reduction of the total input power and
results in the fact that the input power is less than the load
demand power. Therefore, the battery is discharged to assist
he input sources to supply the load, which results in a positive
current of the battery. At 0.4sec, the output power reduces
from 400W to 200W while the input power is unchanged at
232W, and then the battery starts to be charged again until
0.6sec, when the power of the input source 1 is reduced.
During the period 0.6-0.8sec, the input power is nearly equal
to the output power, and then the battery almost stops
charging. At 0.8sec, the current of the input source 1 is
increased to 8A, which result in that the input power is higher
than the output power. Therefore, the battery is charged again
until 1sec, when the load is disconnected from the converter.
During the load disconnecting period, 1-1.2sec, the output
power is 0 and the entire input power is stored in the battery.
During the period 1.2-1.4sec, the load is connected to
converter again and the output power is 400W, which is larger
than the input power, then the battery is discharged to supply
the load.
Fig. 5. Power of the input, output, and battery in DC-DC mode
Voltage (V)
Fig. 6. Voltages of the capacitors and output voltage in DC-DC mode
The voltage of the output capacitors and the output voltage
are shown in Fig.6. It can be seen that the voltages of the
capacitors C1 and C2 are regulated well at 160 V and 60 V
respectively, which produces a 100V voltage at the output.
Even during the load disconnecting period, 1-1.2s, the
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5
voltages of the output capacitors are well controlled.
B. DC-AC Mode
In this operating mode, the references for the output
capacitors are set as:
Vo1 = 108 + 50 2 sin(100πt ) (17)
Vo 2 = 108 − 50 2 sin(100πt ) (18)
Then, the output voltage is calculated as:
Vo = 100 2 sin(100πt ) (19)
The simulation results are shown in Figs. 7-9.
Fig. 7 (a) shows the current waveform of the inductors of
the buck-boost converters, it can be seen that the currents are
regulated well at their reference values. However, the currents
include second-order harmonics in this operating mode since
the elimination of the second-order harmonics has not been
considered in the control method.
Fig. 7(b) depicts the current of the inductors of the boost
inverter and the current of the battery. The waveforms show
that the current of the battery experiences a sinusoidal
waveform with a dc-biased value, which is related to the
operating mode of the battery (charging or discharging).
When the battery is charging, the dc-biased value is negative,
and the dc-biased value is positive when the battery is
discharging. When the input power is equal to the output
power, the dc-biased value is about zero.
(a) (b)
Fig. 7. (a) Currents of the inductors of buck-boost converters in DC-AC mode,
(b) Currents of the buck-boost inverter and the battery in DC-AC mode
(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 8. Voltages of the capacitors and output voltage in DC-AC mode

The voltages of the capacitors and the output voltage are
illustrated in Fig. 8. It shows that the voltages of the
capacitors are corresponding well with the reference values
and the output voltage is stable in all operating scenarios. The
voltage waveforms during transient process between cases
that the load connected and disconnected from the converter is
enlarged and shown in Fig. 8(b) and Fig. 8(c). Figs show that
the voltage of the capacitors and the output voltage can be
controlled well under the proposed control strategy.
Fig. 9 shows that the input power, output power, and the
battery power are corresponding well with the calculation
values under the proposed control method.
Fig. 9. Power of the input, output, and battery in DC-AC mode
VI. CONCLUSION
A new multi-input converter based on the buck-boost
inverter and the corresponding control method are proposed in
this paper. The proposed converter can operate in both DC-
DC mode and DC-AC mode. The proposed control method
controls the buck-boost inverter and the buck-boost converters
separately, which effectively simplify the design of the
controller and completely eliminates the decoupling procedure
that is normally required for multi-input multi-output systems.
All the control loops included in the proposed control method
have their own compensation that can improve the control
accuracy of the proposed converter. In addition, the proposed
control strategy can operate well with a large range of varying
operating points, which means that it can perform well in both
DC-DC and DC-AC modes. The proposed converter and the
control method are validated by the simulation results using
Matlab/Simulink. Simulation results show that the proposed
converter can manage the power among the input, the output,
and the energy storage system and produce the designed
output voltage well. With the proposed control method, the
proposed converter can be a good potential candidate for the
renewable energy generation systems.
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