SECTION 8.

01 CONCRETE CURBS, GUTTERS, SIDEWALKS AND PAVED

MEDIANS

8.01.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing materials and constructing concrete curbs,
gutters, curb-and-gutter combinations and concrete paving to sidewalks and medians using
in situ concrete construction or precast concrete units, as and where shown on the
Drawings.

8.01.2 MATERIALS AND PRECAST MANUFACTURE

1. Concrete

1.1 Portland cement concrete shall be Class 25 for all in situ and precast concrete,
except base course and backing concrete which shall be Class 20. All concrete shall
conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.0 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and
Testing" and shall be produced by an approved commercia1 ready-mix plant.

2. Mortar

2.1 Mortar shall consists of cement and fine aggregate having the same proportions as
used in the concrete construction and shall conform with and relevant requirements of
section 5.01 - "Concrete and concrete Mixes and Testing".

3. Reinforcement

3.1 Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel
Reinforcement and fixing".

4. Precast Concrete Units

4.1 All precast units shall be manufactured to the dimensions shown on the
Drawing. Manufacturing tolerances shall be 3 mm in any one dimension or as
specified in Jordan standard specification (JS) NO. 479. End and edge faces shall
be perpendicular to the base.

4.2 Each precast curb or gutter unit shall normally be 0.5 m in length and this length
shall be reduced to 0.25 m or as directed, where units are to be installed along curves of less
than 10 m radius.

4.3 For horizontal curves of radius less than 10 curb and gutter units shall be
manufactured to the radius shown and in such circumstances where straight elements or
portions of straight elements shall not be used. Bull noses and curved faces shall be of
constant radius with a smooth change from radius to plain face.

4.4 Unless shown otherwise on the Drawings, precast concrete tiles (paving slabs) shall
be 400 mm by 400 mm by 40 mm thickness with 5 mm edge bevel. The tile face shall be
grooved in squares of a size agreed by the Engineer a appropriate to the tile dimensions.
Coloring of the top layer, where required, shall be achieved using mineral oxides.

4.5 Surfaces of precast units that will be exposed to view after installation shall be true
and even, with a dense finish of uniform texture and color, free from cracks, holes, fins,
staining or other blemishes or defects. Units failing to meet these requirements will be
rejected. Surfaces that will not be exposed to view after installation shall have all fins and
irregular projections removed and all cavities, minor honeycombing and other defects made
good with mortar after the units have been saturated with water for at least 3 hours.

4.6 Precast units shall be cast upside down in approved steel molds under conditions of
controlled temperature and humidity. The units shall be steam cured or any other method
approved by the Engineer until the concrete attains the full specified 28-day strength.

4.7 The Contractor shall submit for approval, samples of each of the proposed units
together with the manufacturer's certificates and details of the method of manufacture and
materials to be used. The Engineer's approval of the samples will not be considered final
and the Engineer may reject any precast units delivered to the site which do not meet the
required standards.

4.8 The precast concrete curbs shall be tested in accordance with the Jordan
standard specification (JS) NO. 479.

5. Preformed Expansion Joint Filler

5.1 Preformed expansion Joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 33.

6. Epoxy Adhesive

6.1 Epoxy adhesive (for use in attaching precast units to existing concrete pavement
surfaces) shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 8.12 - "Pavement Markings
for Traffic".

7. Ducts

7.1 Ducts (if required under sidewalks or medians) shall consist of UPVC plastic pipe
conforming to ASTM D 2750, Type II. If jacking is required, duct shall be approved
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galvanized steel tube.

8. Bedding

8.1 Bedding material shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 3.02 -
"Granular Sub-base Courses" for Class A or Class B granular material.

8.01.3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

1. Cast in Situ Curbs and Gutters

1.1 The sub grade shall be excavated to the grades and sections shown on the Drawings,
if the section is not indicated; the width to be excavated shall be 300 mm each side of the
outside edges of the curb or gutter. The sub grade shall be of approved uniform density.
The sub grade foundation shall be excavated to a minimum depth of 150 mm and the
material replaced with bedding material which shall be compacted to at least 95%
AASHTO T180 maximum density. All foundations shall be rolled or compacted to provide
a smooth surface and shall be approved before placing concrete.

1.2 For stationary side form construction, forms for curb or gutter shall be of approved
steel type. All forms shall be sufficiently strong and rigid and securely staked and braced to
obtain a finished product correct to the dimensions, lines and grades required. Forms shall
be cleaned and oiled before each use. Forms may be removed as soon as practicable after
concreting, provided no damage results to the curb or gutter and in any case not until 24
hours after completion of concreting.

1.3 for slip – form construction, curb or gutter may be constructed by use of approved
slip-form or extrusion equipment. The completed curb or gutter shall be true to shape,
grade, and line, and the concrete shall be dense and of the required surface texture.

1.4 Concrete shall be placed upon the previously prepared and moistened sub grade and
shall be consolidated with an approved type internal vibrator. The surface shall be shaped
by use of a steel screed to produce the section shown on the Drawings. The edges shall be
rounded with edger to form the required radius, which if not shown on the Drawings shall
be 5 mm.

1.5 Contraction and construction joints of the required types shall be constructed at the
intervals and locations shown on the Drawings. Adjacent to flexible base or surface
courses, weaker plane contraction joints in curbs gutters may be constructed by sawing
through the curb to a depth of not less than 30 mm below the surface of the gutter, or they
may be formed by insert a suitable removable metal template in the fresh concrete, or by
other approved methods. Sealing of the joints will not be required unless shown on the
Drawings.

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1.6 Exposed surfaces shall be finished full width with a trowel and edger. The top face
of curbs or gutters shall receive a light brush finish. Forms for the roadway face of
curbs and the top surface of gutters shall be removed 24 hours after concrete has been
placed and finishing of the surfaces shall be carried out, provided the alignment tolerances
and other requirements have been met.

1.7 Tolerances on tangent sections of curb and gutter shall be tested using a 4 m
straightedge. The finished face on concrete shall not deviate from the straightedge between
any 2 contact points by more than 5 mm. Curved sections shall be true to the specified
radius plus or minus 5 mm and all joints shall be flush and neat in appearance.

1.8 All fins and Irregular projections shall be removed and cavities produced by form
ties and all other small holes, honeycomb spots, broken corners or edges and other defects
shall be rectified. After saturating with water for a period of not less than 3 hours, the
surfaces shall be carefully pointed and made true with mortar. All construction and
expansion joints shall be left carefully tooled and free of all mortar and concrete. Joint filler
shall be left exposed for its full length with clean and true edges. The resulting surfaces
shall be true and uniform.

1.9 A rubbed finish shall then be carried out to surfaces which will be exposed to view
after completion of construction. Before rubbing, the concrete shall be kept saturated with
water for at least 3 hours. Sufficient time shall have elapsed before the wetting down to
allow the mortar used in the pointing of holes and defects to set. Surfaces shall be rubbed
with a medium carborundum stone, using mortar on its face. Rubbing sand remove all
remaining form marks, projections and irregularities, and result in a uniform surface. The
final finish shall involve rubbing with a fine carborundum stone and water until the entire
surface is of a smooth texture and uniform color. After the surface has dried, loose powder
shall be removed and the surface shall be left clean and free from unacceptable flaws or
imperfections.

1.10 Curbs as gutters shall be moist cured until stripped and finished, and then membrane
cured in accordance with the relevant requirements of Section 5.02 - "Concrete Handling,
Placing and Curing". Curing compound shall be applied immediately following completion
of rubbed finish.

1.11 The area adjacent to completed and accepted curbs and gutters shall be backfilled
with approved material to the top edges of the curbs or gutters or to the elevations shown
on the Drawings. Backfill shall be placed and compacted to 95% AASHTO T180
maximum density.

2. Precast Curbs and Gutters

2.1 Sub grade for the concrete base shall be constructed as for in situ curbs and gutters.

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2.2 Forms for the concrete base shall be approved wood or steel. All forms shall be
sufficiently strong and rigid and securely staked and braced to obtain a finished product
correct to the dimensions, lines and grade required. Forms shall be cleaned and oiled before
each use. If approved, forms for the concrete base may be emitted and the concrete placed
directly against undisturbed excavated feces.

2.3 Base course concrete shall be placed; compacted and shaped to the sections Shown
on the Drawings, Concrete shall be compacted with an approved internal type vibrator or if
approved by hand studding and tamping. Edges shall be rounded if necessary by the use of
wood molding or by the use of an edger as applicable. The concrete base shall be finished
to a true and even surface with a wood float. Concrete shall be membrane or water cured
for at least 7 days before precast units are placed thereon.

2.4 Precast units shall be soaked in water immediately before installations. Units shall
be set accurately in position in mortar on the concrete base. Joints between precast units
shall not be mortared unless otherwise shown on the Drawings. Units shall be closely
spaced and every 10 m run shall be provided with an expansion joint.

2.5 Where curbs or gutters are installed on existing concrete pavement and using epoxy
resin adhesive, the installation procedures shall conform to those pacified for raised
pavement markers in Session 8.12 - Pavement Markings for traffic.

2.6 After curbs have been installed steel forms steel forms shall be erected and concrete
backing, if required, shall be placed as shown on the Drawings. Pavement courses shall not
be laid against curbs until the concrete backing has membrane or water cured for at least 14
days.

2.7 The tolerances on alignment of completed precast unites shall be as specified for in
situ concrete construction.

2.8 Backfilling shall be carried out as specified for in situ curbs and gutters.

3. In Situ Concrete Paving

3.1 Excavation shall be carried out to the required depth and to a width that will permit
the installation and bracing of the forms. The foundation shall be shaped and compacted to
an even surface conforming to the sections shown on the Drawings. All soft and yielding
material shall be removed and replaced with approved material.

3.2 Bedding material shall be placed in layers not exceeding 100 mm in depth and each
layer shall be compacted to 95% AASHTO T180 maximum density. The total bedding
course thickness shall be as shown on the Drawings, or if not shown, 100 mm minimum
thickness.

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3.3 Forms shall be of steel, wood, or other approved material and shall extend for the
full depth of the concrete. All forms shall be straight, from, Warp, and of sufficient strength
to resist the pressure of the concrete without displacement. Bracing and staking of forms
shall be such that the forms remain in both horizontal and vertical alignment until their
removal. All forms shall be cleaned and oiled before concrete is placed.

3.4 The foundation shall be thoroughly moistened immediately prior to the placing
concrete. Concrete shall be deposited in one course in such a manner as to prevent
segregation and shall be consolidated by vibrators. The surface shall be finished with a
wooden float and light brooming. No plastering of the surface will be permitted. All outside
edges of the concrete tiles and all joint shall be edged with a 5 mm radius edging tools.

3.5 Forms may be removed only when there is no risk of damage to the concrete and in
any case not until at least 24 hours after completion of concreting.

.3.6 The smoothness of paved areas shall be tested using a 4 m straight The finished
surface of concrete shall not deviate from the straighter between any two contact points by
more than 5 mm. Sections of defect paving shall be removed and replaced as directed, at
the Contractor's expense.

3.7 Expansion joints shall be of the dimensions specified and shall be filled with
approved, remolded expansion joint filler. The area being paved shall be divided into
sections by weakened plane joints formed by a jointing tool other acceptable means is
directed. These joints shall extend into the concrete 0.20 to 0.25 times the depth and shall
be approximately 3 mm wide. Joints shall match as nearly as possible adjacent joints in
curb or pavement weakened plane joints may be sawn in lieu of forming with a jointing
tool.

3.8 construction joints shall be formed around all appurtenances such manholes, utility
poles, etc., extending into end through the side-walk median. Remolded expansion joint
filler of 10 mm thickness shall be installing in these joints. Expansion joint filler of the
thickness indicated shall install between concrete construction and any adjacent fixed
structures such as buildings or bridges, etc. The expansion joint material shall extend for
the full depth of the concrete.

3.9 Concrete shall be cured by membrane curing in accordance with the requirements of
Section 5.02 "Concrete Handling, Placing and Curing".

4. Precast Concrete Tiles (Paving Slabs)

4.1 Excavation and the placing of bedding material shall be as specified for in situ
concrete paving. The surface of the completed bedding shall be dampened and base
course concrete shall be placed and finished to the thickness as shown on the Drawings or if
not shown, 40 mm minimum thickness.
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4.2 The base course concrete shall be water or membrane cured as specific for in situ
concrete paving, for not less than 7 days before placing precast tiles.

4.3 Concrete tiles shall conform to the requirements of JS/45.

4.4 Immediately prior to tile lying, the concrete base course shall be dampened and the
concrete tiles shall be immersed in water. Tiles shall then be laid true to line and grade on a
10 mm to 20 mm thickness of mortar. Joints shall be 3 mm wide.

4.5 The tolerance on smoothness of precast concrete tiled areas and removal and
replacement of defective tiling shall be as specified for in situ concrete paving.

4.6 Tiles shall be cleaned 24 to 36 hours after lying and joints shall be mortared using, if
approved, a plasticizer in the mortar to improve workability and to enable the mortar to be
readily smoothed and finished. As soon as the mortar has partially set; all mortar material
shall be raked from the top 3 mm depth of the joint, using a grooving tool to produce a
smooth circular section.

4.7 When the mortar is sufficiently set, the surface shall be sprinkled with water and
covered with plastic or nylon sheets during the curing period. The sheets shall be left in
place until final hardening of the mortar, or as directed. All foreign matter, wood, concrete,
mortar lumps, etc., shall then be removed and the surface cleaned of staining, discoloration
and other blemishes.

4.8 In Cases where tiles are required to be cut at the boundaries of tiled areas, or due to
the presence of obstacles, poles, hydrants, etc., or in the construction of the driveways or
side roads, the Contractor shall cut the tiles or substitute in situ concrete of at least the same
quality as the tile concrete. The Engineer will decide, after trials, on the method to be
adopted. Cutting of tiles or substitution of in situ concrete shall be kept to a minimum. The
Contractor shall complete the areas using uncut precast tiles to the maximum extent
practicable.

4.9 The method of construction and sequence of operations, for areas constructed using
precast tiles shall be the same as for areas constructed using, in situ concrete. The
Contractor shall ensure that the final appearance of such surfaces, regardless of the method
of constructions is substantially the same for both types of construction.

4.10 Where a sidewalk crosses the entrance to a shop or a house, etc, which is higher than
the sidewalk, the Contractor shall construct steps formed by a curb and a complete or
partial tile. Steps shall be backfilled with concrete of the same quality as specified for
concrete base coarse.

4.11 Steps shall be constructed wherever the difference in elevation between the entrance
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and the sidewalk is more than 250 mm. The Contractor shall submit for approvals prior to
commencing any sidewalk construction; a list of locations where steps will be required,
together with design details for their construed.

8.01.4 MEASUREMENT

1. In Situ Concrete Curb, In Situ Concrete Gutter, In Situ Concrete Curb - and - Gutter,
Precast Concrete Curb, Precast Concrete Gutter and Precast Concrete Curb - and-Gutter,
shall be measured by lin.m of each type furnished, constructed or installed, completed, and
accepted. Measurements shall be of the front face of concrete curb of the flow line of gutter
as appropriate, and shall include measurement of concrete curbs required for steps.

2. In Situ Concrete Paving and Precast Concrete Tiling shall be measured be sq.m of
each type furnished, constructed or installed, completed, and accepted. Measurements shall
be of the surface area and no deduction shall be made for minor obstructions such as
manholes, poles or similar small unpaved or untilled areas.

3. Concrete Tiled Steps shall be measured by sq.m furnished, constructed or installed,

completed, and accepted. Measurements shall be of the horizontal projection of the steps.

4. Excavation, backfilling, concrete for blinding bedding and backing for concrete curb
, base course, concrete backing, concrete for sidewalks, concrete for paved medians ,
construction in and around obstacles, poles manholes, flower beds, cutting and shaping of
tiles on curves, jointing, and finishing at walls and fences, etc. Shall not be measured for
direct payment but shall be considered as subsidiary Works, the costs of which will be
deemed to be included in the Contract prices for the Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) In Situ Concrete Curb

(Each type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(2) Precast Concrete Curb

(Each type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(3) In Situ Concrete Gutter

(Each type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(4) Precast concrete Gutter

(Each type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(5) In Situ Concrete Curb - and - Gutter

(Each type) Linear meter (lin.m)
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(6) In Situ Concrete Paving Square meter (sq.m)

(7) Precast Concrete Tiling Linear meter (lin.m)

(8) Concrete Tiled Steps Linear meter (lin.m)

SECTION 8.02 PIASTERWORK AND TILING

8.02.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing materials and plastering of walls and
ceilings; ceramic tiling or granolith application to wails; floor tiling using unglazed ceramic
or mosaic tiles; marble facing; construction of mosaic pavement, and protection and
rendering of steps; all as and where shown on the Drawings.

2. Plasterwork and tiling Works have general application to pedestrian underpasses,

office buildings, residential buildings, pump houses, etc.

3. All work under this section shall be in accordance with the relevant sections of the
Jordanian Specifications (General Technical Specifications for Building), including JS/375,
JS/376, JS/377.

8.02.2 MEASUREMENT

1. The quantities of the various items completed and accepted, measured as prescribed
in the appropriate Sections of these Specifications.

2. Where Pay Items for any items are not provided in the Bills of Quantities, the Works
prescribed in respect of such items shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be
considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the
Contract prices for Pay items.

SECTION 8.03 DITCH LININGS, ENERGY DISSIPATORS AND SLOPE

DRAINS

8.03.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of the furnishing of materials and ditch lining, energy
dissipaters and slope drains including drainage chutes and waterways, as shown on the
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Drawings.

8.03.2 MATERIALS

1. Concrete

1.1 Concrete for drainage chutes, ditch linings and energy dissipaters shall be Class 25
and as specified in Section 5.01 "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

.2. Reinforcement

2.1 Reinforcing steel and steel mesh shall be as specified in Section 5.03 "Steel
Reinforcement and Fixing".

3. Bituminous Mixture

3.1 Bituminous mixture for bituminous waterways on embankment slopes shall conform
to the requirements of Section 4.05 "Bituminous Binder and Wearing Course" or an
equivalent approved mixture. Additional bitumen may be required by the Engineer to
reduce oxidation, in which case the specified stability requirements will be amended.

4. Riprap

4.1 Riprap for use with concrete drainage chutes for cut slopes, over side drains and
bituminous waterways for embankment, shall be of the type shown on the Drawings and as
specified in Section 8.05 - "Slope Protection and Stabilization".

5. Galvanized Sheet Metal

5.1 Galvanized sheet metal used for override drain flumes shall be fabricated from 2 mm
thick corrugated sheet metal and the tapered inlet assembly shall be fabricated from 2 mm
thick smooth sheet metal.

6. Anchor Stakes

6.1 Anchor stakes used to attach override drains to the slope shall consist of 38 mm
galvanized steel pipe.

7. Stone

7.1 Stone for mortared stone ditch lining or grouted stone energy dissipaters shall be
hard, durable and from an approved source. The stone shall be quarried or fractured in
generally rectangular shapes suitable for laying in the required configurations.

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8. Mortar
8.1 Mortar for mortared ditch linings or energy dissipaters shall conform with the
relevant requirements of Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

9. Bedding Course

9.1 Bedding course material shall conform to the requirements of Section 3.02 -
"Granular Sub-base Courses".

8.03.3 CONSTRUCTION

1. Excavation

1.1 The sub grade for ditch linings, energy dissipaters and slope drains shall be
excavated to a smooth surface parallel to the proposed finished surface and to a depth
sufficient for the full thickness of the lining, dissipaters or slope drains, Soft, unstable sub
grade material shall be removed and replaced with suitable approved materials. The sub
grade shall be compacted to 95% AASHTO T180 maximum density.

2. Concrete Ditch Linings, Concrete Energy

Dissipaters and Concrete Cut Slope Drains

2.1 Bedding: The bedding course shall be placed to the minimum specified dimensions
in layers not exceeding 150 mm compacted depth and compacted to 95% AASHTO T180
maximum density.

2.2 Forms: Forms for concrete ditch linings, concrete energy dissipaters and cut slope
drains shall be full typical section depth constructed of metal, wood, or other suitable
material. All forms shall be free from warp, and of sufficient strength to resist the pressure
of wet concrete without displacement. Forms shall be securely staked, and supported firmly
to the required line and grade.

2.3 Reinforcing: Concrete shall be reinforced if required, with steel reinforcement or

steel mesh, as shown on the Drawings.

2.4 Concreting: Concrete (including ready-mix concrete) shall be handled, placed and
cured as specified in Section 5.02 - "Concrete, Handling, Placing and Curing". Placing of
concrete for ditch linings and slope drains shall begin at the lower end of the portion of the
ditch to be lined or slope to be drained and progress toward the upper end. Surfaces shall be
finished with a wood float. Membrane curing shall be adopted unless otherwise approved.

3. Mortared Riprap Ditch Linings and Energy

Dissipations

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3.1 Mortared riprap ditch linings and energy Dissipaters shall be constructed as
specified in Section 8.05 - "Slope Protection -and; Stabilization".

4. Bituminous Linings to Waterways and Slope

Drains

4.1 Bedding: The bedding course shall be placed to the minimum specified dimensions
in layers not exceeding 150 mm compacted depth and compacted to 95% AASHTO T180
maximum density.

4.2 Formwork: Where required, forms of an approved type shall be furnished and staked
securely in position to correct line and grade. Alternative approved equipment and methods
may also be used.

4.3 Placing Bituminous Mix: The mix shall be placed on the prepared bed when the bed
is sufficiently dry and weather conditions are suitable. The mix shall be placed in one or
more courses of uniform thickness as shown on the Drawings. Each course shall be
smoothed by raking or screening and shall be thoroughly compacted by rolling with a hand-
operated roller weighing less than 150 kg, or with a small power roller of an approved type.
Areas that cannot be reached with rollers may be compacted using heavy hand tampers.
After compaction, the surfacing shall be of the nominal thickness and cross section shown
on the Drawings, shall be smooth and even and of a dense, uniform texture.

5. Metal Slope Drains

5.1 Corrugated metal inlet assemblies, flumes and other appurtenances, shall be installed
at the locations shown on the Drawings and in accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations.

6. Backfilling and Finishing

6.1 Backfilling for all ditch linings, energy dissipaters and slope drains
shall proceed immediately after placement or curing using suitable material
compacted to 95%. AASHTO T180 maximum density. The adjacent slope and shoulders
shall also be shaped and compacted to the required cross section and finished in a neat and
tidy manner.

8.03.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Ditch Lining shall be measured by sq.m furnished, constructed, completed and

accepted. Measurements shall be of the (top) surface area as shown on the Drawings.

2. Unless otherwise specified. Energy Dissipaters, Embankment Drains and Cut Slope
Drains shall be measured by lin, m furnished, constructed and accepted. Energy dissipaters
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shall be measured perpendicular to the ditch centerline along the top surface of the
upstream edge as shown on the Drawings. Embankment Drains and Cut Slope Drains shall
be measured along the centerline of the drains based on the lengths shown on the Drawings.

3. Loose Riprap or Mortared Riprap required at the outlet ends of ditches and slope
drains shall be measured separately as specified in Section 8.05 - "slope Protection and
Stabilization".

4. Excavation, backfilling, bedding and other incidentals, shall not be measured for
direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the cost of which will be
deemed to be included in the Contract prices for Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Ditch Lining

(Each material type) Square meter (sq.m)

(2) Energy Dissipaters

(Each material type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(3) Embankment Slope Drains

(Each material type) Linear meter (lin.m)

(4) Cut Slope Drains

(Each mistrial type) Linear meter (lin.m)

SECTION 8.04: PIPE UNDERDRAINS

8.04.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing and installing pipe under drains as and
where shown on the Drawings, including jointing, connections to other pipes and drainage
structures and backfilling.

8.04.2 MATERIALS

1. Pipes

1.1 Type 1 under drain shall be perforated plastic pipe conforming to ASTM D 3033 or
ASTM D 3034 for polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or ASTM D 2751 for acrylonitrile -butadiene-
styrene (ABS).

1.2 Type 2 under drain shall be bituminous coated, galvanized, corrugated perforated
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steel pipe conforming to AASHTO M 36-Type III, and AASHTO M 190-Type A. Coupling
hands shall be fully coated.

1.3 Type 3 under drain shall be perforated concrete pipe conforming to AASHTO M
175M (metric).

1.4 All underarms shall consist of perforated pipe except sections designated as non-
perforated by the Engineer. Perforated pipe may be used for non-perforated sections
provided the perforations are sealed in an approved manner and provided the pipe is
installed with the perforations on top. Perforations may be circular holes or slots. Different
filter requirements shall apply to each type of perforation.

1.5 Type 1 circular perforations shall be between 5 mm and 10 mm in diameter arranged

symmetrically in a minimum of 4 rows parallel to the axis of the pipe. All rows shall be in
the lower half of the pipe but no row shall be closer than 36 degrees to the invert.
Perforations in each row shall be a maximum of 100 mm center to center.

1.6 Type 1 pipe slotted perforations shall be between 1.5 mm and 3 mm in width, and
between 25 mm and 40 mm in length measured on the inside of the pipe. Perforations shall
be in 2 rows parallel to the axis of the pipes on each side of the invert. Each row shall be
approximate by 45 degrees from the invert. Perforations shall be spaced between 20 and 30
times the average slot width along, each row.

1.7 Type 2 pipe circular or slotted perforations shall conform or AASHTO M 36M
(metric)-Class 1 (circular holes between 4.8 mm and 9.5 mm diameter) or Class 3 (slots
between 1.5 mm and 3.5 mm on width, and between 18.5 mm and 31.5 mm in
length). Perforations shall be cut before bituminous coating.

1.8 Type 3 concrete pipe circular or slotted perforations shall confound to AASHTO M
175M (metric).

2. Backfill Filter Material

2.1 Backfill filter material for perforated pipe under drains shall conform to the
appropriate Class of aggregate as shown on the Drawings or selected by the Engineer.
Gradations shall be as follows:

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 FLTER MATERIAL
% by weight passing

Sieve Size Class Class Class Class Class

F1 F2 F3 F4 F5

63 mm (2.5 in) 100

50 mm (2 in) 95-100 100
37.5 mm (1.5 in) 95-100
25.0 mm (1 in.) 35-70 100
19.0 mm (3/4 in) 35-70 90-100 100
12.5 mm (1/2 in) 10-30 90-100
9.5 mm (3/8 in) 10-30 20-55 40-70 100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 0-5 0-5 0-10 0-15 95-100
2.36 mm (No 8) 0-5 0-5
1.18 mm (No 16) 45-80
0.30 mm (No 50) 10-30
0.15 mm (No 100) 2-10
0.075 mm (No 200) 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-1 0-4

2.2 Construction fabric shall be used to enclose the filter materials, if coarse aggregate
filter material is installed in trenches excavated in or backfilled with AASHTO M145: A-3,
A-4, A-5, A-6, or A-7 soils. Fabric shall be Type I a specified in Section 8-05 - "Slope
Protection and Stabilization" and shall have permeability, at 100 mm head, equal to or
higher than a standard 0.150 mm (No. 100) sieve.

8.04.3 CONSTRUCTION

1. Perforated Pipe under drains

1.1 Trenches for perforated under drains shall be excavated to a width equal to the
outside diameter of the pipe plus 300 mm, and to a depth approximately 100 mm below the
grade established for the flow line of the pipe.

1.2 If construction fabric is required, it shall be of sufficient width to accommodate the

periphery of the granular filter material section plus a minimum 300 mm lap. The fabric
shall be placed in the trench before any filter material is placed and with the center of the
fabric in the bottom of the French. After installation of the bedding, the pipe, and the
remainder of the filter material, the fabric shall be lapped at the top and the installation,
backfilled.

1.3 A minimum 100 mm bedding layer of granular filter material shall be backfilled and
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compacted in the bottom of the trench for its full width and length. Pipe of the size shown
on the Drawings shall be embedded firmly in the bedding material with perforations down
and the pipe sections properly jointed with appropriate coupling bands or joint filler. The
upstream ends of pipe lines shall be closed with suitable plugs to prevent entry of soil or
other foreign material.

1.4 After approval of the pipe installation, granular material shall be backfilled to
a minimum height of 300 mm above the top of pipe. The remainder of the trench shall then
be backfilled in accordance with the relevant requirements of Section 2.09 - "Excavation
and Backfill for Structures".

2. Non- Perforated Pipe under drains

2.1 Trenches for non-perforated pipes at connections and outlets, shall he excavated to
the same width and depth required for perforated underdrairns.

2.2 Pipe shall be laid in the trench with all ends firmly jointed in a proper manner. After
approval of the pipe installation, the trench shall be backfilled in accordance with the
requirements of Section 2.09 - "Excavation and Backfill for Structures". Granular backfill
filter material shall not be used backfilling non-perforated pipes unless shown otherwise on
the Drawings.

8.04.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Perforated Pipe Under drains and Non-Perforated Pipe Under drains shall be
measured by the lin.m. of each type and size furnished, installed, backfilled, completed, and
accepted.

2. Unless shown as Pay Items in the Bills of Quantities, excavation, backfilling with
filter material or other backfill material; pipe jointing and connections to drainage
structures, ands construction fabric, shall not be measured for direct payment but shall be
considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the
Contract prices for Pay items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Perforated Pipe Under drains linear meter (lin.m) (each size)

(2) Non-Perforated Pipe

Under drains linear meter (lin.m)
(Each size)

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SECTION 8.05: SLOPE PROTECTION AND STABILIZATION

8.05.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of the furnishing of materials and construction of riprap
slope protection and riprap headwalls; reinforced concrete slope protection; paving tile
protection; and stabilization of rock slopes by grouting; rock bolting, rock anchors, wire,
netting and gabion protection.

8.05.2 MATERIALS

1. Stone for Riprap

1.1 Stone for loose, grouted and mortared stone riprap shall consist of field stones
furnished in broad flat shapes to the maximum extent practicable. All stone shall be hard,
sound, durable, and highly resistant to weathering and shall be suitable as protection
material for the extended purpose.

1.2 Samples of the stone material proposed for use in the works shall be submitted to the
Engineer for approval prior to its use in the Work. Each stone shall weigh between 20 and
70 kg and at least 60% shall weigh more than 45 kg.

1.3 The minimum apparent specific gravity shall be 2.5 and the maximum absorption
shall be 6% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T85-85. The tested shall have an
abrasion loss not greater than 45% when tested in accordance with AASHTO T96 for small
size aggregate or ASTM C535 for large size aggregate.

1.4 The weight of stone for the various classes of riprap shall be as follows:

Weight of Stone (kilograms) % of Total weight

Smaller than
Class A Class B Class C Class D Size Shown

50 200 1000 5000 95-100

20 100 500 2000 50-100
5 20 100 500 0-50
1 5 20 100 0-10

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1.5 riprap for Wire Fabric Enclosed Riprap and for gabions shall be Class A.

1.6 Stone for loose Stone riprap shall quarry, fractured, or otherwise predominantly
angular. Stone for other riprap and gabions may be rounded (boulders) or regular.

2. Mortar

2.1 Mortar for grouted and mortared stone riprap shall consist of 1:3 cement: sand
Mortar by volume. Water added shall be the least amount which will yield a mix of suitable
consistency to ensure proper mortaring of riprap. Sand and cement shall conform to the
relevant requirements of Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

3. Concrete

3.1 Concrete for reinforced concrete slope protection shall be Class 25 as specified in
Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

3.2 Concrete for Sacked Concrete Revetments shall be Class 20 as specified in Section
5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

4. Concrete Paving Tiles (Slabs)

4.1 Precast paving tiles (slabs) used for slope protection shall be manufactured as
specified in Section 8.01 - "Concrete Curbs, Gutters, Sidewalks end Paved Medians".

5. Cement Grout

5.1 Grout for use in rock grouting of slopes, rock bolting and rock anchors, shall
normally consist of mixture of cement and water only. Fine sand aggregate passing No. 16
sieve may be added, if approved, for grouting of large holes; etc.

5.2 Admixtures and filler may be used only if approved. Chlorides shall not be used.

5.3 Cement, sand and water shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.01 -
"Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing". Sulfate resisting and rapid harder cements
shall be used only if specified and approved.

5.4 Cement grout used in conjunction with Perform type rock bolts shall be cement:
sand mortar having water: cement ratio of not more than 0.3 at the time of installation. The
Contractor shall prepare sufficient number of tubes in advance of the installation to enable
him to comply with this requirement.

5.5 The Compressive strength of 100 mm cubes made of grout shall be not less then 170
Kg/sq.cm at 7 days. Cubes shall be cured in a moist atmosphere for the first 24 hours and
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subsequently under water.

5.6 Grout mixes shall have good fluidity and low sedimentation or bleeding in the
plastic state, and durability and density with low shrinkage in the hardened state, in order to
bond with the side of boreholes and to provide protection for bolts and anchors, etc. Mix
proportions shall be as specified for the various applications of grout, and grouting trials
shall be undertaken if directed.

5.7 All materials shall be proportioned by weight.

6. Joint Filler

6.1 Preformed Joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 33: "Preformed Expansion Joint
Filler for Concrete". Hot-poured joint filler shall conform to AASHTO M 282: "Joint
Sealants; Hot Poured, Elastomeric Type, for Portland Cement Concrete Pavements".

7. Reinforcement

7.1 Reinforcement for reinforced concrete slope protection and elsewhere if required,
shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel Reinforcement and Fixing".

8. Sacks

8.1 Sacks for sacked concrete revetments shall be of minimum 200 gm/sq.m burlap.
Sack dimensions shall be approximately 0.6 m by 0.9 m measured when empty. Relatively
clean reclaimed sacks may be used if approved.

9. Wire Mesh for Slope Protection

9.1 Wire mesh (netting) for slope protection; shall consist of galvanized steel chain-
smoke fabric conforming to ASTM A392: "Zinc Coated Steel Chain-Link Fence Fabric".
The minimum wire diameter shall be 4.8 mm (No.6 AWG).

9.2 Wire for splicing wire mesh sheets shall have a diameter matching that of the wire
mesh and shall consist of galvanized steel structural wire conforming to ASTM A603:
"Zinc Coated Steel Structural Wire Rope".

10. Wire Fabric for Riprap Enclosure

10.1 Wire fabric shall conform to the requirements of ASTM A116: ''Galvanized Steel
woven Wire Fence Fabric" Class 2, minimum 4 mm diameter (No.8 AWG). Tie wires
shall conform to ASTM A641: "Galvanized Carbon Steel Wire", Class 3, soft or medium
temper, minimum 4 mm diameter.

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11. Construction Fabric

11.1 Construction fabric shall be permeable woven or bonded no woven polypropylene or

nylon fabric. Fabric shall be heat resistant if required during the installation process.
Ultraviolet resistance is required for any materials specified for an installation exposed to
sunlight. Minimum requirements shall be as follows:

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3

Min. weight (gm/sq.m) 100 150 200

Min. tensile strength (kg/sq.cm in

Weaker direction) 100 150 200

Min. bursting strength (kg) 80 100 120

12. Gabions

12.1 Gabions shall consist of approved type galvanized steel wire mesh baskets (or other
approved types such as heavy duty plastic mesh) filled with select riprap before installation.

12.2 Galvanized steel wire mesh shall conform to ASTM A390 Class 3, or equivalent and
with the requirements shown on the Drawings. The wire mish shall be twisted to form
hexagonal or rectangular openings of uniform size. The maximum nominal opening size
shall be 100 mm. Mesh shall be constructed so as to resist pulling apart at any of the twists
or connections forming the mesh when a single wire strand in a section is cut.

12.3 Baskets shall be furnished in one or more sizes which can be assembled to provide
the minimum dimensions, stability, and structural integrity of the installation specified.
Sizes of gabion baskets will normally be 2 m long by 1 m wide by 0.5 m to 1 m high. Non-
standard sizes shall be provided to suit the particular installation, as shown on the
Drawings.

12.4 Baskets shall be fabricated in such a manner that the sides, ends, lid, and diaphragms
can be assembled on Site into rectangular baskets of the specified sizes. Gabion baskets
shall be of single unit construction. Long gabion assembled with diaphragms between
adjacent baskets, for use as foundation mattresses etc., may not require lids.

12.5 Base, lid, ends and sides shall be either woven into a single unit or one edge of
these members connected to the base section of the gabion in such a manner that
strength and flexibility at the point of connection is at least equal to that of the mesh.

12.6 All perimeter edges of the mesh forming the basket shall be security clip bound or
selvedge so that the joints formed by tying the selvedges have at least the same strength as
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the body of the mesh.

12.7 Perimeter (edge), tie, and connection wires shall conform to ASTM A641, Class 3,
Medium Temper, and the minimum diameters shown on the Drawings.

12.8 Riprap material for filling of gabion baskets shall consist of rocks conforming to
Riprap Class A size, clean, strong, durable and highly resistant to weathering. Dimensions
shall range from 200 mm to approximately 125 mm diameters. Not more than 5% shall be
smaller than 100mm.

12. Rock Bolts Generally

12.1 All bolts, required to provide support excavated, or natural rock faces, shall be 25
mm diameter deformed high tensile steel bars conforming with the relevant requirements of
Section 5.03 - "Steel Reinforcement and Fixing'".

12.2 One end of the bolts shall be threaded for a tensioning locking nut, sufficient to
ensure that a 10 to 50 mm thread length extend beyond the locking nut. The thread on the
bolt shall be ISO metric coarse series to BS 4190. The cover plate shall be flat mild steel
plate 150 by 150 by 8 mm thick with free fit holes. Nuts shall conform to SS 490 and
washers shall conform to BS 4320.

12.3 Rock bolts may consist of intentioned dowel bar or resin-anchored rock bolt or
mechanically anchored rock bolt.

13. Intentioned Dowel bar Rock Bolts

13.1 The steel bar is anchored along the full length of the hole with a cement grout. The
bar is not initially tensioned.

13.2 The steel bar is inserted in perforated steel tubes filled with cement grout (i.e. the
"Perfo" patented method).

14. Resin- Anchored Rock Bolts

14.1 The point resin anchor is formed using a cartridge system. The remaining length of
the bolt is grouted with cement if required by the engineer. The grout may be injected
after the installation of the bolt and anchor, or the resin and cement grout may be placed in
the hole and the bar pushed through the cement grout into the resin.

15. Mechanically Anchored Rock Bolts

15.1 These shall be of the expansion shell type and full details of the type of bolt and
anchorage to be used shall be submitted for approval prior to installation. If approved,
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mechanical anchorage bolts shall be used in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions as approved or modified by the Engineer who may require mechanically
anchored rock bolts to be cement grouted.

15.2 If the Engineer so directs, rock bolts shall be de-bonded along the length of bar
which is not required for anchorage purposes by means of a suitable plastic sheath
preventing the formation of a bond between the grout and the bar.

15.3 If intentioned dowel bars are used, all voids shall be completely filled with grout.

15.4 If resin-anchored rock bolts are used, tests shall be carried out to ensure that the
resin is not adversely affected by the cement grout.

16. Rock Anchors

16.1 Rock anchors required to provide support for excavated or natural rock, faces, and at
tunnel portals, shall consist of steel tendons in excess of 10 m in length and shall conform
to AASHTO M204: "Uncoated Stress Relieved Wire for prestressed Concrete".

16.2 Protective wrappings for tendons shall be chemically neutral and adequate for the
purpose intended.

8.5.3 CONSTRUCTION

1. Preparation of Slopes

1.1 The surfaces upon which riprap and other slope protection works are to be placed
shall be excavated and compacted to the required grades and lines and a footing trench
where specified shall be excavated along the toe of the slopes, all as shown on the
Drawings or as directed. All footing trenches and prepared areas shall be approved prior to
placement of riprap or concrete. Sup grade or base shall be firm or compacted as directed.

2. Loose Stone Riprap

2.1 Stones shall be placed so as to minimize the voids. Larger stones shall be placed in
the footing trench and on the lower levels of the slope.

2.2 The loose riprap shall be placed by dumping and spreading in layers using a
mechanical device or other approved methods in order to secure a stable mass.

2.3 After completion and approval of the riprap placemats, the surface voids of the
riprap in the footing trench and on the lower portions of the slope shall be filled with
excavated material and dressed to the satisfaction of the Engineer.

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3. Mortared Stone Riprap

3.1 Stones shall be placed so as to minimize voids larger stones shall be placed on the
lower levels of the slope.

3.2 Riprap shall be placed in the same manner as for loose riprap. The surfaces of the
stones shall be cleaned of all adhering dirt and clay before placing any mortar.

3.3 The spaces between the stones shall be filled with concrete mortar which shall be
vibrated, spaded, and ridded into place until the voids are completely filled to a minimum
depth of 500 mm from the face of the riprap. Excess material and spillage shall be from the
front face of the riprap before hardening.

3.4 The exposed mortar shall immediately after completion of each section of riprap, be
cured using clear curing compound in accordance with the relevant requirements of Section
5.02 - "Concrete Handling, Placing and Curing". Alternatively; if approved, the mortared
riprap shall be protected from the sun and kept moist for at least 3 days after completion of
mortar placement.

4 Grouted Stone Riprap

4.1 The surfaces (foundations) upon which grouted riprap is to be placed

shall be excavated, formed, and compacted to the required lines, grades, and section as
shown on the drawings or as directed.

4.2 Excavation and preparing for paved ditches shall be performed in a Manner so as to
anchor the structure into the sides of the sides of the Ditches and protected slops to prevent
seepage and scour. Unless otherwise specified, each another shall extend about 60cm into
the natural ground and shall be backfilled and tamped after completion. Surplus excavation
shall be disposed.

4.3 Stones shall be class B specified in sub-section – "8.05.2 Materials", and shall be
cleaned of all adhering dirt and clay before being placed .stones shall first be laid into a
layer of soft moist concrete composition of class "210/25". Unless otherwise indicated, the
concrete layer thickness shall not be less than 75mm.

4.4 The successive layers of stone masonry shall be laid in cement mortar stone be
placed by hand, laid with close, broken joints, and the stones so selected that they are
firmly bedded against adjoining stones.

4.5 The larger stone shall be placed in the lower courses. Interslices between stones may
be chinked with sepals or selected small stones firmly rammed into place, but voids
between large and small stones or sepals shall be filled with mortar as the work progress.
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The mortar shall be vibrated, spaded, and rodded into place until the voids are completely
filled. Excess material and spillage shall be cleaned from the front face of the riprap before
hardening.The finished work shall present uniform tight surfaces.

4.6 The exposed mortar shall, immediately after completion of each section of riprap,
be cured using clear curing compound in accordance with the relevant requirements of
section 5.02 – "Concrete handing, placing and curing".
Alternatively, if approved, the mortared riprap shall be protected from the sun and kept
moist for at least 3 days after completion of mortar placement.

5. Sacked Concrete Revetment

5.1 The sacks shall be filled with concrete loosely placed so as to leave room for tying
and sewing. Approximately 0,035 cu.m of concrete shall be placed in each sack the sacks
shall be closed by sewing, tied with strong twine. Immediately after closing, the sacks shall
be placed and trampled lightly to cause them to conform to the earth surface and the
adjacent sacks already in place.

5.2 After the slopes have been properly prepared and approve, the sacked concrete
riprap shall be placed. The sacks shall be laid in accordance with the details shown on the
Drawings. All dirt and debris shall be removed from the top of the sacks before the next
course is laid. Sacks shall be placed so that the tied ends will not be adjacent to one another.
Not more than 6 courses at sacks shall be placed in any tier until initial set in the first
course of any such tier has taken place.

5.3 In placing sacks that are filled with concrete, care in shaping the sacks shall be
exercised in order that the minimum dimensions shown on the Drawings shall be obtained,
and the finished sacked concrete revetment will have minima voids.

6. Reinforced Concrete Slope Protection

6.1 Reinforced concrete slope protection shall be constructed at the locations shown on
the Drawings. Placing, finishing and curing of concrete shall conform to all relevant
requirements of Section 5.05 - "Concrete Pavement", except that only hand finishing
methods will be required.

6.2 The Contractor may, if approved; substitute reinforced concrete slops protection for
Loose Stone Riprap, Grouted Stone Riprap or Sacked Concrete Riprap at no additional
expense to the Employer.

6.3 After the slopes have been properly prepared and approved, the Contractor shall
furnish screed rails or other grade-indicating devices to control the minimum depth of
concrete and uniformity of the top surface.
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6.4 Reinforcing steel shall be cut and fixed in accordance with the requirements of
Section 5.03 - "Steel Reinforcement and Fixing".

6.5 Joints shall be laid out or referenced accurately. Construction joints shall be used at
designated contraction joints, except that expansion types shall be used wherever
constructed more than 5 m from a free edge or another expansion joint.

6.6 The Contractor may select a uniform floated or boomed finish of approved type.
Joint blackouts for poured Joint filler may be formed inserted in the fresh concrete.

6.7 Concrete shall be cured using membrane or water curing.

7. Paving Tile Slope Protection

7.1 Embankment slopes where precast tiles are to be laid shall first be rolled, close to
any structures, to prevent possible damage; a hand rammer shall be used. Otherwise use of
a mechanical roller shall be permitted. The mass of the roller shall be as set out in Table 2.4
in Part 2: "Earthworks".

7.2 Embankment slopes at bridge abutments and elsewhere as shows on the Drawings
shall be trimmed to proper line and grade. A base course of Class 15 concrete, as specified
in Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing", shall be placed over the full
area of surface to be paved, to a minimum depth of 50 mm. Precast tiles shall then be laid
to the lines and levels shown on the Drawings, on a bedding of 20 mm thick, 1:3 cement:
sand mortar and joints shall be properly aligned and finished, all as specified in Section
8.01 - "Concrete Curbs, Gutters, Sidewalks and Paved Medians".

8. Wire Mesh Slope Protection

8.1 Wire mesh slope protection shall be installed in accordance with the typical details
and at the locations as shown on the Drawings.

9. Wire Fabric Enclosed Riprap

9.1 Riprap enclosed with wire fabric shall be constructed in accordance with the typical
details and at the locations, as shown on the Drawings. Riprap shall be placed and finished
as specified for loose stone riprap.

10 Construction Fabric

10.1 Construction fabric shall be installed, when required, in accordance with the typical
details shown on the Drawings. Type 3 Construction Fabric shall be used adjacent to Class
C or Class D Riprap, or adjacent to Reinforced Concrete Slope Protection.
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10.2 Fabric shall be placed on approved surfaces only. Fabric shall be placed loosely and
lapped such that, after riprap placement, there are no significant punctures and final laps at
joints are at least 1 m in width. Fabric may be held in place using pins or other devices.

10.3 Riprap constructed on construction fabric may be placed or dumped. If dumping

causes damage to the fabric, the Contractor shall use placement procedures to preclude such
damage, and shall replace any damaged fabric at his own expense.

11. Gabions

11.1 Each gabion basket shall be assembled by binding together all Vertical l5 loges
with wire ties to approximately 150 mm spacing or by use of a continuous piece of
connecting wire stitched around the vertical edges with a coil every 100 mm.

11.2 Empty gabion units shall be installed to line and grade as shown on the Drawings.
Wire ties or connecting wire shall be used to Join the units together is the same manner as
described for assembling. Internal tie wires shall be uniformly spaced and securely fastened
in each cell of the structure. A strain fence stretcher, chain fall, or iron rod may be used to
stretch the wire baskets and hold alignment.

11.3 The gabions shall be filled with riprap as specified, placed by hand or machine to
assure alignment and avoid bulges with minimum voids. Alternate placing of rock and
connection wires shall be performed until the gabion is filled. After filing with riprap, the
lid shall be bent over until it meets the sides and edges, and shall be secured to the sides,
ends, and diaphragms with wire ties or connecting wire in the manner described for
assembling.

11. GABIONS

11.1 Gabions shall be supplied in various length and height. The length of all units
shall be1,2,3,4,5 or 6 meters, width 1.0, 1.5, or 2.0 meters, and height 0.5 or 1.0 meter. All
subjected to a tolerance limit of ± 5% of manufacture's stated size.

11.2 All gabions units shall consist of double twisted, hexagonal mesh of soft annealed
hot dip zinc- coated wire meeting the following international specification: BS 1052/ 1980
and BS 443/1982. The wire shall be 3 mm minimum diameter or as specified in special
specification. The mesh shall be fabricated in such manner as to be non-raveling. Non-
raveling is defined as the ability to resist puling apart at any of the twists of connections
forming the mesh when a single wire stand in a section is cut. The maximum nominal
opening size shall be 100mm.

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11.3 Rock used in gabions shall be sound and durable from a source approved by the
Engineer. The rock shall have apparent specific gravity not less than 2.5 according to
ASTM C 127 or AASHTO T-85 and absorption not more than 6 % as determined by
ASTM C 127 or AASHTO T-85. The Los Angeles Abrasion value not greater than 45 %
according to ASTM C535. Rock shall be from 10 to 30 cm. The rock shall be reasonably
well graded between the limiting sizes.

11.4 Excavation required for the placement of gabions shall be made in accordance with
that dimensions as shown in the drawings, or as directed by the Engineer. Gabions shall be
constructed in units to the dimensions indicated on the drawings.

11.5 Excavation, backfilling, preparations, compaction etc. shall be in accordance with

Section 2.09 (Excavation and backfilling for structure) or as directed by the Engineer.

11.6 Gabions shall be fabricated in such a manner that the sides, ends, lid, and
diaphragms can be assembled at the construction base. Lid ends and sides shall be either
woven into single unit or one edge of these members connected to the base section of the
gabions in such manner that strength and flexibility at the point of connection is at least
equal to that of the mesh.

11.7 Where the length of gabion exceed in horizontal width by more than 0.5m, the
gabion shall be divided by diaphragms, of the same mesh and gauge as the body of the
gabions, into cells the length of which does not exceed horizontal width. The gabions shall
be furnished with the necessary diaphragms secured in proper position on the base in such a
manner that no additional tying at this junction will be necessary.

11.8 All perimeter edges of the mesh forming the gabion shall be securely clip bound or
selvedge so that the joints formed by tying the selvedges have at least the same strength as
the body of the mesh.

11.9 Salvaged wire used through all edges (perimeter wire) shall not be less than 3.75
mm diameter (U.S. wire gauge No. 9) and shall meet the same specifications as the wire
mesh.

11.10 Tie and connection wire shall be supplied in sufficient quantity to securely fasten
all edges of the gabions and diaphragms and to provide for four cross connecting wires in
each cell whose height is 1/3 or 1/2 the width of the gabion, and 8 connecting wires in each
end cell whose height equal the width of the gabion, the wire shall meet the same
specifications as for wire used in the mesh except that it may not be more than 2 gauges
smaller.

11.11 Gabions shall be installed according to the manufacturer's recommendation. The

gabions shall be placed on a smooth foundation. Final line in grade shall be approved by
the Engineer.
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11.12 Each gabion basket shall be assembled by binding together all Vertical edges with
wire ties to approximately 150 mm spacing or a continuous piece of connecting wire
stitched around the vertical edges with a coil every 100 mm. Empty gabion units shall be
set to line and grade as shown on the plans or as directed by the Engineer, wire ties or
connections wire shall be used to Join the units together is the same manner as described
for assembly. Internal tie wires shall be uniformly spaced and securely fastened in each cell
of the structure. A strain fence stretcher, chain fall, or iron rod may be used to stretch the
wire baskets and hold alignment.

11.13 The gabions shall be filled with stone carefully placed by hand or machine to
assure alignment and avoid bulges with minimum voids. Alternate placing of rock and
connection wires shall be performed until the gabion is filled. After gabions have been
filled, the lid shall be bent over until it meets the sides and edges. The lid shall then be
secured to the sides, ends and diaphragms with wire ties or connecting wire in the manner
described for assembly.

12. Rack Grouting

12.1 Rack grouting is the injections under pressure of grout to consolidate areas of
fractured rock Grouting shall normally proceed from the bottom of the rock slope upwards.

12.2 Details of method to be adopted and materials to be used shall be submitted for
approval before proceeding with any pressure grouting. The Contractor shall ensure that,
at all tires, grouting Works are under the direct control of skilled and experienced
operatives. The Engineer may vary the methods, materials and grouting pressures if, in his
opinion, the conditions cuts a change of technique. All holes to be grouted shall be
numbered as directed and grouting operations shall take place in the following order:

12.2.1 Drilling of Holes

12.2.2 Washing of Holes
12.2.3 Water Testing
12.2.4 Pressure Grouting

12.3 The hole spacing shall normally be 1.6 m to 5.0 m with additional holes a required to
intersect individual weaker areas. Hole depth shall be limited to the range 3 - 10 m and hole
diameter shall be within the range 38-78 mm, drilled with either rotary or rotary-percussive
drilling equipment. Water shall be used as the flushing medium, with a flow of not less than
15 ltr/min.

12.4 Holes shall be jetted using a water flow not less than 15 ltr/min, under
such pressure as may be directed. The injection of water shall be followed
be injection of air under pressure, these operations alternating until air bubbles appear at
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an adjacent hole. All other holes shall be capped and water forced under pressure into the
first, hole, until unwanted material from fissures washes out from the uncapped hole. This
process shall continue until no more fine material is removed, or until directed. The outlet
hole shall then be capped and the other holes opened. The sequence shall be repeated until
connections between all holes have been established and all fine material removed. After
washing, all holes shall be capped.

12.5 Holes shall be water tested in stages or as the Engineer may require. For stage
testing, a twin packer and nozzle pipe system shall be used. Water testing equipment shall
be capable of ensuring steady pressures and a delivery of water of 100 ltr/min at the
required pressure. The equipment shall include all necessary sticks, gauges and water
meters. Water shall be pumped at the proposed grouting pressure into the hole to be tested
and the flow measured for 5 or 10 minutes as directed. The Contractor shall keep e record
of the water flow expressed in ltr/min for each stage tested. Additional testing may be
required as the grouting operation proceeds.

12.6 All grout mixes shall be prepared using high speed; high shearing action mixers to
ensure uniform consistency. Where it is desired to store mixed grout for short periods,
prior to pumping, only purpose made agitator tanks shall be used. Where clay or betonies
are incorporated in the grout, separate mixing tanks shall be provided in which the
bentonite- water mix can be prepared and kept agitated until required.

12.7 Ram type pressure pumps shall be used for grouting. Precise control of pump
pressure and delivery over the whole range of pressures and volumes are required. Valves
shall be readily accessible for ease of maintenance. All hoses and piping should be of small
diameter to ensure high velocity flow without segregation. Injection may be carried out by
either the single line or circulating system. Each borehole shall be provided with a short
standpipe threaded at its outer end to accept a manifold with a pressure gauge, relief valve
and valve enabling delivery from the pump to be cut off from the hole. Pressure gauges
shall also be provided at pumps.

12.8 Once grouting has commenced, it shall be continued without interruption until
completion. Grouting shall commence with a mix of 8:1 water: solids ratio. The mix shall
be thickened progressively until pressure begins to build up. Should the pressure build up
too quirky, the mix may be thinned again. The final injection shall utilize a 1.5:1 mix. If
there is no pressure build up with a 1.5:1 mix, then sand may be mixed with the grout,
provided that the sand: cement ratio does not exceed 2:1 by weight. When the desired
pumping pressure is achieved, with extremely low grout flows, final injection shall take
place with a neat 1:1 cement mix.

12.9 Grouting can be considered complete when the absorption of grout at the required
pressure is less than 2 ltr/min over a period of 10 minutes.

12.10 Grouting shall proceed with caution until experience of the ground conditions has
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been gained. Thereafter, if conditions allow, injection shall proceed at high pressure to
achieve maximum flow from the start of injection. Grout pressure, as measured at the
mouth of the hole, shall correspond to 0.4 bar/m depth of hole for those areas where the
strata to be treated have no structures in the vicinity. In the vicinity of structures the
pressure shall be 0.25 bar/m depth, Uplift gages shall be installed and continuously
monitored as grouting proceeds.

12.11 If the required grouting pressure is not attained using a sand-cement mix, grouting
shall be suspended and the hole washed. After several hours, grouting may proceed again
using the sand-cement mix until the desired pressure is achieved. Should there be any
group's communication between two holes, they shall be grouted concurrently or the initial
hole grouted whilst the second hole is capped. Should it be necessary to interrupt an
injection before it is complete, the hole shall be washed using not less than 500 ltr of clean
water.

12.12 After grout consumption has reached the limits previously specified, the Engineer
will require additional holes to be core drilled. The diameter of the retrieved grouted rock
cores shall not be less than 50 mm. Three samples for each 3 m of core shall be taken and
unconfined compression tests shall be carried out on each core sample. The mean strength
of each group of cores shall not be less than 3 MN/sq.m. If this value is not reached then
additional grouting of the rock shall be performed until further tests indicate that the
strength of grouted rock cores achieves 3 MN/sq.m. For every 8 treatment holes or at the
Engineer's discretion, at least one hole shall be cored and the cores tested as outlined above.
In the core drilled hole be Engineer may require a water test to be carried out.

12.13 Complete details of drain, water testing and grouting operations including pressure
mixes and grout takes, shall be recorded on daily progress sheets. a graphical record of such
results shall be compiled and copies of all progress sheets and records shall be submitted
promptly for approval.

13. Rock Bolting Procedures

13.1 After driving holes of the required diameter and depth, and after inspection and
approval of the holes and their locations, rock bolts shall be installed and anchored by
various approved means as described below, depending upon the type of rock bolts being
installed.

13.2 Grouting Equipment shall be of a type capable of producing a grout of colloidal

consistency by means of high local turbulence while imparting only a slow motion to the
body of the grout The injection equipment shall be capable of continuous operation with
little variation of pressure and shall include a system for re-circulating the grout while
actual grouting is not in progress. Compressed air shall only be used if approved.
Equipment shall have a delivery pressure not exceeding 1 MN/sq.m. all baffles to the
pump shall be fitted with 1.2 mm sieve strainers. All equipment and piping, shall be
8-29
thoroughly washed with clean water after every series of operations and more frequently if
directed, Intervals between washings shall not exceed 3 hours.

13.3 Mixing of grout shall proceed by water being added to the mixer first, followed by
the cement. When these are thoroughly mixed any admixture or sand shall be added.
Mixing shall continue for at least 2 minutes until a uniform consistency is obtained. The
water: cement ratio of the mix shall not exceed 0.45 by weight. Mixing by hand will not be
permitted.

13.4 Grout shall be injected continuously and in such manner as to avoid causing
segregation of the grout. The method of injection shall ensure complete filling of the
boreholes and complete immersion of the bolt in the grout, the volume of the spaces to be
filled by the injected grout shall be compared with the quantity of grout injected. Grout
shall be allowed to flow from the free end of the borehole until its consistency is equivalent
to that of the grout injected. The opening shall then be firmly closed; injection tubes shall
be sealed off under pressure until the grout has set.

13.5 The compressive strength of 100 mm cubes made from the grout shall exceed 17
MN/sq.m at 7 days. Cubes shall be cured in a moist atmosphere for the first 24 hours and
subsequently in water.

13.6 Polyester resin gel and cure times shall be suited to the working temperature and
method of instigation of the bolt. The main resin and filler content shall be enclosed in an
outer sheath or skin and the catalyst shall be enclosed in a separate container within the
main sheath. The resin and catalyst shall be mixed by rotating the bolt by means of a
power tool for such time and at such speed as will ensure the thorough intermixing of the
two constituents. The viscosity of the resin shall be such that, complete disintegration of the
resin sheath is achieved and the pieces of sheath material do not have a detrimental effect
on the final strength of the anchorage.

13.7 Expansion shells for mechanical anchorage shall be of an approved type

and shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions as
approved or modified by the Engineer. Where such bolts are used in close proximity
to a rock face where blasting is taking place, the security of the anchorages shall be
checked after blasting and the bolts re-tightened or replaced, if necessary new hole.

13.8 Each hole shall be drilled straight and each bar shall lie centrally in the hole and not
be in contact with the rock. The diameter shall be 10 mm greater than the bolt diameter if
grouted with cement. For resin anchored bolts, the hole size shall be determined according
to the anchorage or cartridge size and a accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations. Allowance shall be flat for the hole size to be slightly greater than the
bit size. Tolerance on the diameter of hole shall be plus or minus 2 mm. The hole shall be
thoroughly flushed and cleaned after drilling.

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13.9. The rock surface around each hole shall be trimmed flat in a plane normal to the axis
of the rock bolt to ensure an even bearing surface for the cover plate. Where this is not
possible, a conical aligning seating shall be used. Epoxy mortar packing between the
bearing plate and rock shall be used where directed.

13.10 Anchored rock bolts shall be tensioned by either applying a specified torque to the
nut or by using a hydraulic jack. The Engineer shall instruct the Contractor as to which
method is to be used in particular cases.

13.11 Where the torque method of tensioning is used, The required tension shall to agreed
by the Engineer and tests shall be carried out to establish the applied torque required to
achieve this load. Care shall be taken to ensure that the threads on the bar and nut are
clean and free from obstructions.

13.12 Where tension is to be applied by hydraulic jack, the Engineer may require tests to
establish the jack gauge calibration. In calculating the initial load to be applied, loss of
tension due to the transfer of load to the locking nut and washer shall be allowed for.

13.13 Permanent load measuring instruments shall be incorporated in selected rod bolts as
directed and the tension in these bolts shall be monitored. Monitory shall be carried out at
hourly intervals for the first 4 hours, then at 4 hours intervals up to the first 24 hours, then
at daily intervals up to 20 days after tensioning or at such other times as may be directed.

13.14 Where the Engineer directs that the lengths or part of the length of a rock bolt shall
be depended from the sounding grout this depending shall be achieve by means of a plastic
sheath closely fitting around the steel bolt.

13.15 All relevant data shall be recorded and presented in an approved form. The Engineer
is not satisfied that the anchorage of the bolt is adequate; Contractor shall take approved
remedial measures to ensure adequate anchorage.

14. Pull out Tests for Anchored Bolts

14.1 Before commencement of any section of Works requiring rock bolts, pull out trials
shall be carried out at the Contractor's expense, in measure the ultimate load carrying
capacity of all types of bolts which will be used.

14.2 Trials shall be carried out in rock of a similar nature to that in which the rock bolts
will be used. The deformation of rock bolts and the load shall be continually monitored
until failure. A minimum of 4 tests on each type of bolt to be used shall be performed.
Details of proposed procedures shall be submitted for approval before commencement of
the trials. The anchorage must be capable of carrying twice the specified working load.

14.3 These tests will be used to assess the suitability of proposed anchorage systems in
8-31
the particular location where the bolts are to be used. Where rock conditions change, such
that anchorage characteristics are affected, further trials shall be carried out as directed.
14.4 During construction approximately 5% of all bolt types shall be tested to twice the
specified working load. Where; in the opinion of the Engineer, significant failures occur,
the Contractor shall carry out further tests if so directed and shall take approved remedial
measures as directed.

15. Pull out Test for Untensioned Bolts

15.1 The efficiency of grouting shall be checked by pulling out the bolts after such time
as will ensure that the cement grout or mortar remains bonded to the bolt when the bolt is
withdrawn from its hole, A total of 10% of all untensioned bolts shall be tested in this way.
The grouted boreholes shall then be cleaned out and bolts free from hardened grout
reinstalled to the Engineer's satisfaction.

15.2 If in the Engineer's opinion, an unacceptably high percentage of the initial 10%
selections of bolts are not fully grouted along their length, the Engineer will require further
tests to be carried out.

16. Rock Anchoring Requirements

16.1 Care shall be taking to avoid mechanically damaging, work hardening or

heating tendons while handling. All tendons shall be stored clear of the
ground and protected from the weather; from any other materials and from
splashes from the cutting operation of an oxy-acetylene torch, or arc-welding processes
in the vicinity. In no circumstances shall tendons after manufacture be subjected to any
welding operation, or on Site heat treatment or metallic coating such as galvanizing.

16.2 When tendons have been stored on Site for a prolonged period, the Engineer may
require tests to show that the quality of the tendons has not been significantly impaired by
corrosion, stress-corrosion, and loss of cross-sectional area or changes in any other
mechanical characteristics.

16.3 All tendons shall be free from loose mill scale, loose rust, oil, paint, grease, soap or
other lubricants, or other harmful matter at the time of incorporation in the rock anchor.
Cleaning of tendons shall be carried out either by wire brushing or by passing through a
pressure box containing carborundum powder. Solvent solutions shall not be used for
cleaning without approval.

16.4 Low relaxation and normal relaxation wire shall be in sufficiently large diameter
coils to ensure that the wire pays off straight. In cases where, in the opinion of the
Engineer, straight as-drawn wire is not essential, wire in small diameter coils corresponding
to the diameter of the blocks in the drawing machining may be used.

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16.5 Prestressing strand, however manufactured, shall be in sufficiently large diameter
coils to ensure that the strand pays off straight.
16.6 Prestressing bars as delivered shall be straight. Any small adjustments for
straightness necessary on Site shall be made by hard under the supervision of the Engineer.
Bars bent in the threaded portion will be rejected. Any straightening of bars shall be
carried out cold.

16.7 All cutting to length and trimming of ends shall be by high speed abrasive cutting
wheel, friction saw or any other mechanical method approved by the Engineer. In rock
anchor systems, the omitting action shall be not less than on diameter from the anchor, and
the heating effect on the tendon shall be kept to a minimum.

16.8 The tendon or tendons shall be accurately located and maintained in positions.
Spacers are to be used to keep the tendons in their correct position in the borehole.

16.9 The tendon or tendons shall terminate at the back of the hole in the rock secured in a
ribbed steel cylindrical anchorage block or be grouted into place over the anchorage length
defined for the working load required. The end of the borehole shall be filled with a
polyester resin or cement mortar. The length of anchorage shall be sufficient to take the
load on the tendons with a factor safety of 2; the remaining length of tendon, (the free
length) shall be encased in a corrosion-protected grease-packed, plastic debating sheet.

17. Tensioning Tendons

17.1 All Wires or strands stressed in one operation shall be taken, where possible, from
the same parcel. Each cable shall be tagged with its number and the coil number or
numbers of the steel used. Cables shall not be kinked or twisted, and individual wires and
strands shall be readily identifiable at the end of the member. No strand that becomes
unraveled shall be used.

17.2 A tendon when tensioned contains a considerable amount of stored energy, which in
the event of any failure of the tendon, anchorage or jack may be released violently The
Contractor shall ensure that adequate precautions are taken during and after tensioning to
safeguard persons from injury and equipment from damage which may be caused by the
sudden release of this energy.

17.3 Hydraulic jacks are to be used for tensioning tendons. The tensioning apparatus
shall meet the following general requirements:

17.3.1 The means of attachment of the tendon to the jack shall be safe and
secure.

17.3.2 Where two or more wires or strands are stressed simultaneously, care
shall be taken that they are of approximately equal lengths between anchorage
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points at the datum of load and extension measurement. The degree of variation
shall be small compared with the expected extension.

17.3.3 Tensioning shall be such that a controlled total force is imposed

gradually and no dangerous secondary stresses are induced in the tendons,
anchorage or concrete.

17.3.4 The force in the tendons during tensioning shall be measured by direct
reading load cells or obtained indirectly from gauges fitted in the hydraulic
system to determine the pressure in the jacks. Facilities shall be provided for the
measurement of the extension of the tendon and of any movement of the tendon
in the gripping devices. The load-measuring device shall be calibrated to
accuracy within plus or minus 2% and checked at frequent intervals agreed with
the Engineer. Elongation of the tendon shall be measured to accuracy within
22% or 2 mm, whichever is more accurate.

17.3.5 Complete records shall be kept on all tensioning operations, including

the measured extensions, pressure-gauge, or load-cell readings and the amount
of pull-in at each anchorage.

17.3.6 Anchorage of the tendons at the rock face end of the borehole shall
conform to BS 4447.

17.3.7 The form of anchorage system shall facilitate the even distribute of
stress in the concrete bearing pad.

17.3.8 Split wedge and barrel-type anchors shall be of such material and
construction that, under the loads imposed during the tensioning operation the
strain in the barrel will not allow such movement of the wedges to reach the
limit of their travel before causing sufficient lateral force to grip the tendon, or
before the limit of travel of the wedges causes an excessive force in the tendon.

17.3.9 If proprietary forms of anchorage are used, the anchoring procedure

shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions recommendations
and as approved by the Engineer.

17.3.10 All bearing surfaces of the anchorages of whatever form shall be clean
prior to the tensioning operations.

17.3.11 Any allowance for draw-in of the tendon during anchoring shall be in
accordance with the Engineer's instruction and the actual slip occurring shall be
recorded for each individual anchoring.

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 17.3.12 After tendons have been anchored; the force exerted by the tensioning
apparatus shall be decreased gradually and steadily so as to avoid shock to the
tendon or the anchorage.

17.3.13 Provision shall be made for the protection of anchorages against

corrosion.

18. Grouting for Rock Anchors

18.1 The space in the borehole around the tendons shall be grouted with a cement grout
such that the void shall be completely filled.

18.2 Grouting shall be carried out as soon as practicable after the tendons have been
stressed.

18.3 Grouting procedures, injection of grant and strength of grout shall be as specified for
Rock Bolting.

19. Testing of Rock Anchors

19.1 Before commencement of any part of the permanent anchorage works, two trial
anchors shall be installed and tested to ensure that they can carry the specified load with a
factor safety of 2.

19.2 Load/elongation curves shall be plotted and interpreted by the Contractor and
presented with all relevant data in a form approved by the Engineer.

19.3 If either of the trial tests show that the anchor has a factor safety of less than 2, then
the anchorage length and formation shall be modified and two further tests shall be carried
out.

19.4 All such trial tests and retests shall be at the Contractor's expense.

8.05.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Loose Stone Riprap, Mortared Stone Riprap; Wire Fabric Enclosed Riprap, Sacked
Concrete Revetment, Reinforced Concrete Slope Protection and Gabions for Slope
Protection, shall be measured by cu.m furnished, installed, completed and accepted.
Dimensions shall be as shown on The Drawings.

2. Paving Tile Slope Protection shall be measured by sq.m furnished; and including all
necessary bases course and bedding, completed, and accepted.

3. Wire Mesh Slope Protection and Construction Fabric shall be measured by sq.m
8-35
furnished, installed, completed, and accepted.

4. Rock Grouting of Slopes shall be measured by kg of grouting materials furnished.

Injected, completed, and accepted.

5. Bore Holes for rock grouting of slopes, shall be measured by the lin.m drills, cleaned
out, completed, and accepted.

6. Rack Bolts shall be measured by lin.m of each length category furnished, installed
including borehole drilling, grouted, depended if required, completed, and accepted.

7. Rock Anchors shall be measured by lin.m of all anchors of each specified capacity,
furnished, installed, tensioned, completed, and accepted.

8. Excavation, backfilling, slope surface preparation, reinforcement and

Joints of concrete, wire fabric for enclosing riprap, jetting of fractured rock, water
testing of boreholes, depending of rack bolts, trial belts and trial rock anchors
testing and monitoring of rock bolts, and rock anchors, grouting of rock belts
and rock anchors and other ancillary items shall not be measured for direct payment
but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be
included in the Contract prices for Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Modular Retaining Wall Square meter (sq.m)

(2) Grouted Stone Riprap Square meter (sq.m)
(3) Pipe under drains linear meter (lin.m).
(4) Wire Fabric Enclosed Riprap Cubic meter (cu.m)
(5) Sacked Concrete Revetment Cubic meter (cu.m)
(6) Reinforced Concrete Slope Cubic meter (cu.m)
Protection
(7) Gabions for Slope Protection Cubic meter (cu.m)
(8) Paving Tile Slope Protection Square meter (sq.m)
(9) Wire Mesh Slope Protection Square meter (sq.m)
(10) Construction Fabric
(Each type) Square meter (sq.m)

SECTION 8.06: MODULAR RETAINING WALI.S

8.06.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing and installing crib walls, bin walls concrete
panel walls, or other precast or prefabricated modular retaining wall systems as shown on
8-36
the Drawings.

8.06.2 MATERIALS

1. Concrete

1.1 Concrete for precast concrete modules shall conform to Class 50 and concrete for
footings shall conform to Class 20, as specified in Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete
Mixes and Testing".

2. Reinforcement

2.1 Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel
Reinforcement and Fixing".

3. Steel Components

3.1 Steel components and hardware shall conform to the requirements shown on the
Drawings. All components shall he galvanized in conformity with ASTM A 123 (for iron
and Steel Products) or A 153 (for Iron and Steel Hardware) as appropriate.

4. Construction Fabric

4.1 Construction fabric shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 8.05 -
"Slope Protection and Stabilization".

8.06.3 CONSTRUCTION

1. Working Drawings

1.1 Prior to fabrication of modules, the Contractor shall prepare and submit to approval,
detailed working drawings of each wall section based on the outline details shown on the
Drawings and details of surveys conducted by the Contractor which confirm the dimensions
of the proposed design.

2. Foundations

2.1 The foundation for each section of wall shall be excavated, leveled,
and compacted to at least 95% AASHTO T180 maximum density. If required
by the Engineer, the foundation shall be sub excavated and replaced with compacted
AASHTO M145 Class A-l-a or A-l-b material or, if required with a concrete footing.

3. Pipe Under drains

8-37
3.1 Where pipe under drains are shown on the Drawings or detailed on the working
drawings, all such pipe work shall conform to the requirements of Section 8.04 - "Pipe
Under drains.
4. Concrete Modules

4.1 Concrete modules shall be precast in accordance with the requirements of Section
5.06 - "Reinforced Concrete Structures". Modules shall not be placed in the structure until
they have attained 100% of their specified strength.

4.2 Modules, including all required hardware and miscellaneous components, shall be
set in the structure in accordance with approved working drawings. Deflections due to
backfilling shall be anticipated in setting the modules. After backfilling; the face of the wall
shall not deviate from the theoretical design plane by more than 0.5% of the height of the
wall at that point, Temporary wedges or clamps shall be used to hold modules in place
during construction and backfill. Open joints shall be masked on the inside of the wall
using 300 mm wide strips of construction fabric fastened to the way with an approved
adhesive.

5. Backfill

5.1 As construction progresses, the modular wall shall be backfilled in maximum 150
mm compacted lifts using AASHTO M145 Class A-l-a or A-1-b soil. Backfill material may
also contain not more than 50% rock fragments and boulders passing the 150 mm sieve
with not less than 50% passing the 75 mm sieve. Backfill shall be compacted to 95%
AASHTO T180 maximum density.

8.06.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Modular Retaining Wall shall be measured by the sq.m furnished, erected, completed,
and accepted. Measurements shall be of nominal dimensions of the front face of each
section of wall as shown on the detailed drawings.

2. Foundation excavation below the original ground elevation and backfill shall be
measured in accordance with Section 2.09- "Excavation and Backfill for Structures".

3. Pipe under drawn shall be measured as prescribed in Section 8.0 - "type under
drains".

4. Concrete footings, construction fabric, and miscellaneous hardware and components

required for the particular modular type, shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall
be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be incited in the
Contract prices for Pay items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

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(1) Modular Retaining Wall Square meter (sq.m)
(2) Grouted Stone Riprap Square meter (sq.m)
(3) Pipe Under drains linear meter (lin.m)
SECTION 8.07: REINFORCED EARTH STRUCTURES

8.07.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing all materials including precast concrete
facing panels and reinforcing strips or grids, constructing, erecting and finishing reinforced
earth structures, including excavation and backfiring.

2. Systems for construction of reinforced earth structures may involve the use of steel
reinforcing strips and tie strips, or alternatively the use of reinforcing plastic (polymer)
grids. In both cases the systems are protected by Patent Rights and the Contractor shall be
responsible for making his own arrangements to secure the supplies and services needed in
respect of the system proposed for use m the Works from the patentee or his licensees
through suitable Legal Agreement. A full copy of such Agreement shall be submitted to
the Engineer.

8.07.2 MATERIALS

1. Concrete and Reinforcement

1.1 All concrete used in concrete facings and elsewhere shall conform to the
requirements of Section 5.01 - "Concrete and concrete Mixes and Testing".

1.2 Concrete for the facing panels shall conform to Class 25 unless otherwise shown on
the Drawings.

1.3 Steel reinforcement shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel
Reinforcement and Fixing".

2. Precast Concrete Facing Panels

2.1 Casting: All reinforcing steel and inserts, including connection hardware, PVC
tubes, tie strips, lifting and handing devices, etc., shall be set in place to the dimensions and
tolerances shown on the Drawings. Panels shall be cast on a flat level area with the exposed
face cast against a correctly dimension and approved form. Each panel shall be identified
by lightly marking in tile fresh concrete on the rear face the date of casting, panel type and
any other information required by the Engineer.

2.2 Curing: Panels shall be cured in accordance with the requirements of Section 5.02-
"Concrete Handling Placing and Curing" and shall continue as necessary beyond 7 days
until the concrete develops the specified compressive strength.
8-39
2.3 Removal of Forms: Forms shall remain in place until they can be removed without
damaging the panels in any way.

2.4 Concrete Finish: the front face of each panel shall have the finish as specified in the
plans or Special Specifications, or as approved by the Engineer.

2.5 Test Panels: The Contractor shall construct and submit at least 3 test panels. The
materials, including formwork, used in construction of all test panels shall be as for those
proposed for use in the Works. The test panel finish shall be approved by the Engineer prior
to production of any panes for incorporation in the Works. The rear face of each panel shall
have a dense, rough texture without honeycombed areas. The approved panels shall remain
available on Site throughout, the duration of the Contract.

2.6 Tolerances: Thickness shall be within 15 mm or the specified value. Length and
breadth of panels shall be within 5 mm of the specified values. Diagonal measurements
shall not differ by more than 10 mm. The front face shall have a tolerance in any direction
of 5 mm measured by a 1.5 m long straightedge.

2.7 Testing Generally: Sampling and testing for compressive strength shall conform to
Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing" and Section 1.05 - "Control of
Materials and Standards for Sampling and Testing".

2.8 Additional Compressive Tests: An additional 4 specimens shall be field cured in the
same manner as the concrete facing panels. Compression tests on these specimens shall be
used to determine the length of curing time required and acceptability. Panels will be
accepted after 7 days, provided the compressive strength of field cured cylinders exceeds
65% of the required 28- day strength. Panels with defects that indicate imperfect molding,
honeycombing or open texture concrete, or those do not correspond with the quality of the
approved test panel will be rejected.

2.9 Handling, Storage, and Transporting: All units shall be handled, stored and
transported in such a manner as to eliminate the danger of chipping, cracking, fracture and
excessive bending stresses. Units in transport or in storage shall be supported on firm
blockings located adjacent to the tie strips, connected pins and tie strips shall be protected
from bending and damage at all times.

3. Steel Reinforcing Strips and Tie Strips

3.1 General: Shapes and dimensions of these elements shall conform to the dimensions
and tolerances shown on the Drawings and shall be shown on the Contractor's working
drawings which shall be submitted for approval. Reinforcing strips shall be hot rolled form
bars to the required shape and dimensions. Their physical and mechanical properties shall
conform to AASHTO M 183, except as modified hereunder. Tie strips shall be shop
8-40
fabricated rolled seal conforming to ASTM A570, Grade 33, except as modified hereunder.
Reinforcing strips and tie scraps shall be hot dip galvanized to conform to AASHTO M
111, except as modified hereunder. Holes for bolts shall be punched. All required cutting,
bending, and hole punching shall be performed prior to galvanizing.

3.2 Physical and Mechanical Properties: Reinforcing strips and tie strips shall have a
minimum yield point of 2,400 kg/sq,cm (235 MN/sq.m); minimum tensile strength of 3,700
– 4,500 kg/sq.cm (363-441 MN/sq.m); 0.06% maximum phosphorus; and 0.05% maximum
sulfur The weight of zinc coating shall be not less than 500 gm/sq.m.

3.3 Fasteners: Bolts and nuts shall have hexagonal heads and conform to AASHTO M
164, Type 2, except as modified hereunder. Bolts shall be 12 mm in diameter, 30 mm in
length with 20 mm of thread length. Fasteners shall be hot dip galvanized to AASHTO M
232, Class C. Bolts shall have a minimum yield point of 6,400 kg/sq.cm (627 MN/sq.m);
minimum tensile strength of 8,000 kg/sq.cm (784 MN/sq.m); and minimum elongation of
12%.

3.4 Joint Filler: Filler for vertical Joints between panels shall be flexible, open cell
polyurethane foam. Filler for horizontal joints shall be approved, resin-bonded cork strips
conforming to ASTM D 1752, Type II. Joint covers, if specified, shall be Type 1, non-
woven construction fabric conforming to the relevant requirements of Section 8.05 - "Slope
Protection and Stabilization".

4. Reinforcing (Polymer) Grids

4.1 General: Shapes and dimensions of these elements shall conform to the
dimensionless and tolerances shown on the Drawings.

4.2 Manufacture: Grid reinforcing elements shall be manufactured be stretching a

punched polyethylene sheet in one direction under controlled conditions to produce a high
tensile strength orientated structure.

4.3 Mechanical Properties: The grid shall have short term strength of not less than 79
kN/m width, determined from tensile testing at 20 degrees C under a constant rate of
extension of 50 mm/minute. For each batch one reinforcing material delivered to Site, or
at such other times as may be required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall submit a test
certificate from as approved independent testing laboratory confirming that the required
strength characteristics have been met The 120 year characteristic strength shall be not less
than 29 kN/m width.

4.4 Physical Properties: The weight of grid shall not be less than 0.85 kg/sq.m. It shall
be immune to attack from ultra-violet light for a minimum period of 3 years and shall be
Immune to attack from all chemicals naturally found in soils and to biological attack from
micro-organisms. The Contractor shall furnish the Engineer with the manufacturer's
8-41
warranty to this effect. The minimum roll width shall be 1 m, Methods of joining
reinforcing material shall be approved and accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.

4.5 Upon manufacture, the reinforcing elements shall be placed in approved wrapping
material which shall prevent ultra-violet light from reaching the reinforcing elements. The
reinforcing elements shall be identified with their date of manufacture. Upon delivery to
Site the Contractor shall provide the Engineer with copies of the manufacturer's certificates
clearly stating the dates of manufacture of the reinforcing elements. No reinforcing
elements shall be incorporated into the Works if at the time of proposed incorporation the
elements are more than three years old.

4.6 Alternative Grid Types: Alternative types of reinforcing grids may be submitted, for
approval. The following derails shall be provided:

4.6.1 The coefficient of friction between the reinforcing material and the fill

4.6.2 An evaluation of the long term and short term tensile properties of
reinforcement

4.6.3 Resistance to mechanical damage

4.6.4 Load/strain characteristics

4.6.5 Resistance to abrasion

4.6.6 Resistance to ultra-violet light

4.6.7 Effects of temperature

4.6.8 Connections between facing panels and reinforcing material and

between one section of reinforcing material and another

4.6.9 Site damage trials

4.6.10 Any special fill properties required, including grading limits, angle of
internal friction and cohesive strength

4.6.11 Methods of tightening the reinforcement before placing fill

4.6.12 Proposed sequence of placing fill

4.6.13 Estimate of movement of panels during construction

4.6.14 Tolerance on the finished line of the wall

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 4.6.15 Assessment of the durability of reinforcement with respect to chemical
and biological attack and design life

4.6.16 Any other information, required by the Engineer

5. Fasteners

5.1 The Contractor shall submit for approval the following details for all types of
fasteners proposed for use in the Works:

5.1.1 Materials used and national standards under which they are manufactured

5.1.2 Long term and short term tensile and shear properties of the materials

5.1.3 Resistance to mechanical damage

5.1.4 Load/strain characteristics

5.1.5 Resistance to abrasion

5.1.6 Resistance to ultra-violet light

5.1.7 Effects of temperature

5.1.8 Proposed method of installation

5.1.9 Assessment of material's durability With respect to chemical and biological

attack and design life

5.1.10 Any other information required by the Engineer

6. Backfill for Steel Reinforcing Strip System

6.1 Backfill material shall conform to the following gradation;

Sieve Size % Passing

250 mm (10 in.) 100

100 mm (4 in) 100-75
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-5

6.2 The Contractor may request that the acceptance limits be increased for material not
8-43
meeting the requirement for % passing a 0.075 mm sieve provided an analysis is submitted,
showing that the material passing the 0.075 mm sieve is less than 10% smaller than 0.015
mm, or alternatively that the material is less than 20% smaller than 0.015 mm and the angle
of internal friction as determined by ASTM D 2850 is 25 degrees minimum.

6.3 Backfill shall not contain chalk, material from swamps, marshes or bogs, or other
deleterious materials which, in the opinion of the Engineer, would result in the structure
becoming unfit for its intended use.

6.4 Materials shall have a minimum resistively when measured in accordance with
ASTM G 57 of 5,000 ohm-cm.

6.5 Materials having a resistively less than the above but greater than 1,000 ohm-cm
may be acceptable provided that the pH value of the material measured in water extracted
from a water-soil mixture is between 5 and 10 when tested in accordance with ASTM G 51,
and that the water extracted from the water-soil mixture has a chloride content of less than
200 ppm and a sulfates content of less than 1,000 ppm when tested in accordance with
AASHTO T25

6.6 The total sulfide content of the fill shall be less than 0.3 gm/kg.

6.7 Organic matter content (difference between total carbon content and mineral carbon
content) shall not be greater than 100 ppm.

6.8 If required by the Engineer, the Contractor shall carry out a test for Biochemical
Oxygen Demand BOD). The BOD value shall not exceed 0.004 gm/ltr.

7. Backfill for Reinforcing Polymer Grid System

7.1 General: Backfill shall not contain chalk, unborn colliery shale, pulverized
full ash , material from swamps , marshes or bogs , organic or other materials
which, in the opinion of the Engineer, would result in the structure becoming unfit for its
intended use.

7.2 Frictional Fill: This material shall contain a maximum of 10% passing the 0.075 mm
(No.200) sieve.

7.3 Cohesive Frictional Fill: This material shall contain more than 10% passing the
0.075 mm (No.200) sieve.

7.4 Gradation Requirements: Backfield material shall conform to the following

gradations:

Sieve Size % by weight Passing Max % by weight passing

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 (Frictional Fill) (Cohesive fill)

125 mm. (5 in.) 100 100

90 mm (3-1/2 in.) 83-100 85
9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 25-100 25
0.600 mm (No. 30) 10-65 10
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-10 10

7.5 Liquid and Plastic Limits: Cohesive frictional fill passing the 0.425 mm (No.40)
sieve shall have a liquid limit (L.L.) not exceeding 45% and a plasticity index (P.I.) not
exceeding 20%.

7.6 Selected Filter Material for Drainage Layers: Filter backfill Material shall conform
to the relevant requirements of Section 2.09-excavation and Backfill for Structures".

8. Alterative Facing Panels and Reinforcing

Elements

8.1 Materials for use as facing units or as reinforcing elements other Than those detailed
above, may be submitted for approval. Full details shall be given in respect of their
mechanical, physical, chemical, electro-chemical and other properties together with any
other information relating to these required, by the Engineer. It shall be demonstrated to
the satisfaction of the Engineer the use of these alternative materials in the Works would
not result in the Works becoming unfit for their intended use.

8.2 Where alternative materials for the reinforcing elements are proposed (other than
galvanized steel or polymer grid) the properties of backfill material reinforcing elements
and test shall be as described in the British Department of Transport Memorandum No. BE
3/78, unless otherwise approved.

8.3 Where metal connections are proposed in association with reinforcing polymer
grids, the properties and testing of such connections shall also be as described in
Memorandum BE 3/78

8.07.3 CONSTRUCTION

1. Excavation

1.1 Excavation Works shall be carried out in conformity with the requirements of
Section 2.09 - "Excavation and Backfill for Structures", Limits and construction stages
shall be as shown on the Drawings.

2. Foundation Preparation

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2.1 The foundation shall be graded level for a width equal to or exceeding the length of
reinforcing strips, or as shown on the Drawings. Prior to wall construction, the foundation
shall be fully compacted with a smooth wheel vibratory roller and shall meet the
requirements of Type 95 compaction as specified in Section 2.06 - "Embankment
Construction". Any foundation soils found to be unsuitable shall be removed and replaced
in accordance with the procedures in Section 2.09 – Excavation and Backfill for
Structures".

2.2 Where shown on the Drawings or directed by the Engineer, a concrete leveling pad
shall be placed beneath the concrete facing panels.

3. Erection

3.1 Facing panels shall be erected to the lines and levels as shown on the Drawings.
Panels shall be placed in successive horizontal lifts in the sequence shown on the Drawings,
as backfilling proceeds.

3.2 Panels shall be maintained in position by means of temporary wooden wedges

placed in the joint at the junction of the 2 adjacent panels on the external side of the wall.
Wedges shall be kept in place for the 3 top rows of panels during construction. As
construction proceeds and a fourth row is erected, the lowest row of wedges shall be
removed. This procedure shall be repeated as the wall is erected.

3.3 Vertical and horizontal alignment tolerance shall not exceed 25 mm when measured
with a 3 m straightedge. The maximum offset in any panel joint shall be 25 mm.

4. Placement of Backfill for Steel Reinforcing

System

4.1 Backfill placement shall follow closely behind erection of each lift of panels. At each
reinforcing strip level, backfill shall be roughly leveled before placing and bolting the
strips. Reinforcing strips shall be placed normally to the face of the wall or as shown on
the Drawings. The layer thickness shall not exceed 0.4 m and the Contractor shall decrease
this thickness if necessary to obtain the specified density.

4.2 At the end of each day's operations, the Contractor shall shape the last level of
backfill to permit runoff of rainwater away from the wall face. Backfill outside roadway
embankment areas shall be compacted to at least 90% AASHTO T180 maximum density.
Backfill within roadway embankment areas shall be compacted to 95% AASHTO T180
maximum density except for backfill in sub grade zones which shall be compacted to 100%
AASHTO T180 maximum density.

4.3 Backfield compaction shall be accomplished without disturbance or distortion of

reinforcing strips and panels. Compaction of the 1 m wide strip adjacent to the back of the
8-46
wall facing panels shall be achieved by use of an approved manually operated vibrating
compactor.

5. Placement of Backfill for Reinforcing Grid

System

5.1 Placement of fill shall follow closely beamed erection of each lift of facing panels,
Fill shall be placed, spread, leveled and compacted in horizontal layers of thickness
appropriate to the compaction part used but in any event not exceeding 400 mm.

5.2 Placing and compaction shall be carried out to that all layers of reinforcing grid will
be fixed at the required levels on top of compacted fill. Reinforcing layers shall be placed at
the levels and alignments shown on the Drawings.

5.3 The reinforcing player grid and connections shall be handled and installed
accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and recommendations, copies of
which shall be sublimed to the Engineer before commencement of these Works.

5.4 Placing, spreading, leveling and compacting backfill shall proceed in a direction
parallel to the facing panels, unless otherwise approved by the Engineer, and shall be
executed in stages to alternate with the placing and fixing of the reinforcing layers and
the facing panels. Reinforcing layers and the facing shall not be damaged or displaced
during backfilling operations.

5.5 Backfilling operations shall be so organized that machines or vehicles do not pass
over the reinforcing elements. All construction equipment weighing more than 1,000 kg
and all vehicles shall be kept at least 2 m away from the facing at all times.

5.6 Backfilling within 2 m of the face of the wall shall be compacted by means of
approved vibrating equipment, consisting of a fibro-tamper, or vibrating plate compactor
weighing 1000 kg, or a vibrating roller weighing not more than 1000 kg and not more than
13 kg/cm width of drum.

5.7 The rear of the wall shall be adequately supported by temporary shoring unless the
Works are phased to ensure that placement of backfill material follows closely behind
erection of the panels.

5.8 Backfill outside roadway embankment areas shall be compacted to 90% AASHTG
T180 maximum density. Backfill within roadway embankment areas shall be compacted
to 95% AASHTO T180 maximums density, except for backfill in sub grade zones which
shall be compacted to 100% AASHTO T180 maximum density. Compaction shall be
accomplished without disturbance to, or distortion of face panels or reinforcing layers.

5.9 The reinforcing grid shall not contain any clits, kinks, twists, blisters or other defects
8-47
which, in the opinion of the Engineer, would render it unsuitable for its intended use.

5.10 At the end of each day's operations, the Contractor shall shape the last level of
backfill to permit runoff of rainwater away from the wall face.

8.07.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Facing Panels shall be measured by the sq.m furnished, erected, completed, and
accepted. Measurements shall be of the front face area as shown on the Drawings,

2. Steel Reinforcing Strips shall be measured by the lin. m of each class and width
furnished, installed with all necessary fastenings, completed, and accepted. Measurements
shall be of lengths shown on the Drawings for each type of strip ("smooth" or "high
friction") and for each width (40 mm or 60 mm).

3. Excavation shall be measured by cu.m. of material excavated, carted away and,

disposed of, as specified in Section 2.09 - "Excavation and Backfill For Structures".
Measurements shall be of dimensions shown on The Drawings.

4. Backfilling shall be measured, by cu.m. of approved selected materials furnished,

placed, backfilled, compacted, completed and accepted. Measurements shall be of
dimensions shown on the Drawings,

5. Furnishing and installation of concrete leveling pads, capping units, joint filler,
drainage materials within the earth structure, and ancillary items shall not be measured for
direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be
deemed to be included in the Contract prices for Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Facing Panels Square meter (sq.m)

(2) Steel Reinforcing Strips Linear meter (lin.m)
(Each type)
(3) Excavation Cubic meter (cu.m)
(4) Backfilling Cubic meter (cu.m)

SECTION 8.08: PNEUMATICALLY APPLIED CONCRETE AND MORTAR

8.08.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing and spraying concrete or mortar by

pneumatic means, for cladding of slopes, lining of ditches channels and tunnels, and
elsewhere as shown on the Drawings.
8-48
2. For the purposes of these Specifications, the term "shot Crete" shall mean
pneumatically applied (sprayed) concrete or mortar.

3. Shot Crete shall be produced by the dry process in which a dry mixture of aggregate,
admixture, and Portland cement is sprayed by approved, suitable equipment which shall
add water immediately before the mixture is discharged from the nozzle.

4. The Contractor may submit a proposal to adopt the "wet" process whereby all
materials including water are mixed before entering the delivery hose. Any such proposal
shall be fully documented and include details of the proposed equipment, experience of
workmen and previous projects undertaken using the "wet" process.

5. Materials, equipment and application procedures shall generally conform to the latest
revision of ACI 506-66 - "Recommended Practice for Concreting" unless otherwise
specified hereunder.

8.08.2 MATERIALS

1. Portland cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and mixing water shall conform to
the requirements of Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing". The
mixture of coarse and fine aggregate for applications up to 250 mm in thickness and
applications exceeding 250 mm in thickness shall conform to the following gradation
requirements:

Thickness of Application

Up to 250mm Exceeding 250 mm

Standard Sieve Size % Passing by Wight % Passing by Wight

12.5 mm (1/2 in.) 100

9.5 mm (3/8 in.) 100 90-100
4.75 mm (No. 4) 95-100 65-82
2.36 mm (No. 8) 80-95 45-68
1.18 mm (No. 16) 45-80 30-53
0.600mm (No. 30) 30-60 20-38
0.300mm (No. 50) 10-30 7-22
0.150 mm (No. 100) 2-10 2-10
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-3 0-3

2. Admixtures when included in the approved mix shall conform to AASHTO M 194,
Type C, and this shall be duly certified by the manufacturer. Admixtures shall be utilized to
accelerate the initial setting time of the shot Crete and to achieve high early strengths for
both materials Admixtures shall not be used for the final layer.
8-49
3. The mix shall meet the following requirements:

3.1 Minimum 28-day compressive strength: 210 kg/sq.cm

3.2 Cement content per cu.m. of Aggregate: Not less than 7.3 sacks (375 kg)

3.3 Admixture for set acceleration: Not to exceed 3% of the mass cement

3.4 Water: cement ratio: The minimum for workability depending upon the
equipment being used.

4. Reinforcement where required, shall be as shown on the Drawings all shall conform
to all requirements of Section 3.03 - "Steel Reinforcement a Fixing".

5. Prior to proceeding with these Works, the Contractor shall prepare test
panels for approval, using the proposed materials, mix design and equipment
. Each test panel shall be approximately 750 mm square, using plywood or
other material for the back form against which the shotcrefce is to be sprayed. The
thickness of sprayed material shall be a minimum of 75 mm or the thickness that is to be
used in the structure, whichever is greater.

6. After curing the test panels, cores shall be taken for compression testing at 7 and 28
day. The cores shall be at 75 mm in diameter and shall be measured and tested accordance
with AASHTO T22. In addition to compression testing, the cores shall be carefully
examined visually for soundness or evidence of iron uniformity in the consistency of the
concrete or mortar.

8.08.3 EQUIPMENT

1. Batching and fixing Equipment

1.1 Weight: batching is required except that water will be regulated at the nozzle.

1.2 Mixing equipment shall be capable of thoroughly mixing the specified materials in
sufficient quantities to maintain continuous spraying.

2. Delivery Equipment

2.1 The applicator or gun shall be a pneumatic feed type which adds water at the nozzle
to the premixed cement-aggregate mixture using a water ring providing a uniform conical
discharge.

2.2 The water pressure at the gun shall be 50% to 100% higher than the operating air
8-50
pressure in order that water pressure at the nozzle remains higher than the air pressure.

3. Air Supply

3.1 The air compressor shall be capable of maintaining a supply of clean air adequate for
maintaining sufficient nozzle velocity for all parts of the Works and for the simultaneous
operation of a blow pipe for clearing away the rebound. The air supply required is
normality in the range of 8 - 20 cu-m/min at operating pressures of 30-50 kg/sq.cm.

4. Standby Equipment

4.1 Standby equipment in proper working order and of the same types as being used
shall be available to ensure a continuous operation. The duty equipment and standby
equipment shall be used alternately, such that the hours in service are roughly equal for
both sets of equipment.

8.08.4 SPECIALIST WORKMEN

1. The Contractor shall verify, with supporting documents, that the foreman nozzle
man and delivery equipment operator have each carried out satisfactory work in similar
capacities elsewhere, for a sufficient time to be fully qualified to perform their duties.

2. The foreman shall have experience, including not less than two years as a nozzle
man, unless otherwise approved.

3. The nozzle man shall have served at least six months apprenticeship on similar
applications and shall demonstrate during the trial mix tests his ability to perform the
Works.

8.08.5 APPLICATION

1. Preparation of Surface

1.1 The surface on which the shot Crete is to be applied shall be grade sufficiently to
ensure that there are no projections which would diminish the thickness of the applied
material. The surface, and reinforcement (if any) fixed as specified, shall be cleaned of all
loose or foreign matter.

2. Application Procedures

2.1 Concreting shall not take place at low ambient temperatures in the region of 0
degrees C.

2.2 Cement, aggregate and dry admixture shall be thoroughly mixed. the aggregate shall
8-51
have a moisture content between 3% end 6% when intrude into the mixer. If liquid
admixture is used, it shall be added to the water supplied to the nozzle. Any mixture
remaining in the distribution system more than 45 minutes after initial mixing of cement
and aggregate shall be discarded.

2.3 The materials shall be sprayed to form layers of the thickness as shown on the
Drawings. Layer thickness shall be governed by the requirement that shot Crete shall not
sag.

2.4 Each layer shall take up its initial set and laitance and rebound material removed
before the succeeding layer is sprayed The time between succeed layers shall not exceed 24
hours. All surfaces shall be dampened before application and the material shall not be
applied to a surface on which free water exists.

2.5 The material shall emerge from the nozzle in a steady, uninterrupted flow. Where
the flow becomes intermittent for any cause; the nozzle shall be diverted from the spraying
area until the flow again becomes constant.

2.6 The nozzle shall be held at a distance of 0.6-1.5 m and generally 1 m from the
surface to be treated, and positioned so that the stream of material shall impinge
approximately at right angles on to the surface being covered. Any portion of the in situ
material which sags, is soft, contains sand pockets, or shows other evidence of being
defective in the opinion of the Engineer, shall be cut out and the area respired.

2.7 Because of the velocity at impact, a portion of the mixture will "rebound" the
surface onto which it is sprayed. All "rebound" materials shall be cleared immediately
from the surface being treated and shall not be reincorporated into the Works or reused. The
mix design shall be adjusted when "rebound'' exceeds 30% on vertical surfaces and 50% on
overhead Works.

2.8 Construction joints shall be tapered to a thin edge over a width of approximately 300
mm. Square construction joints shall be avoided. After the surface has taken its initial set
(crumbling slightly when cut), the surface may require a broom finish to secure a uniform
surface texturing. This shall be carried out as directed.

2.9 Weep holes, 70 mm in diameter shall be provided throughout the mat at 6 m centers
unless otherwise shown on the Drawings.

2.10 Curing and protection shall be in accordance with the relevant requirements of
Section 5.02-"Concrete Handling, Placing and Curing". The surface shall be protected from
freezing temperatures for at least 7 days.

8.08.6 TESTING

8-52
I During the Works, test panels as described for preliminary testing shall be made on
a daily basis and shall represent each application crew, change in mix design, or change in
procedure. After curing along with and in the same manner as the structure, the panels shall
be cored in the same manner as described for preliminary testing and shall be tested in
accordance with AASHTO T22.

2. In addition to testing of cores from the test panels, the concrete or

mortar in the structure shall be checked for soundness by tapping the cured
surface with a hammer. If the materials are sprayed in layers with a 24-hour
maximum period of curing between layers each layer shall be tapped. All
unbounded material, as evidenced by a dull or drum like sound when tapped, shall be cut
out, and replaced.

3. Should cores from any of the test panels fail to meet strength requirements, the
materials in the structure itself shall be cored, taking at least 4 cores for each 100 sq.m
represented by the failed test panel, if the overlap strength of these cores meets strength
requirements and no single core is less than 75% of design strength, the materials shall be
accepted; otherwise the materials in the structure shall be cut out and replaced.

8.08.7 MEASUREMENT

1. Shot Crete (concrete or mortar) shall be measured by the cu.m furnished, applied,
completed and accepted. The area and thickness shall be computed from the Drawing
dimensions unless otherwise approved.

2. Reinforcement, anchorages, weep holes, test panels and testing shall not be
measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of
which will be deemed to be included in the Contract prices for the Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Shot Crete (concrete) Cubic meter (cu.m)

(2) Shot Crete (mortar) Cubic meter (cu.m)

SECTION 8.09: PAINTING OF STRUCTURES

8.09.1 SCOPE

1. These Works consist of furnishing and preparing paints of various types, and
painting methods and procedures for their application to various types of structures.

8.09.2 MATERIAL

8-53
1. General

1.1 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, paints furnished shall be composed of
materials conforming to the relevant requirements herein. The term "paint" shall be deemed
to include enamels, paints and primers.

1.2 Finish paint for factory-primed items shall be of a type compatible with the primer.
Primers for unprimed items shall be as recommended by the manufacturer for use with the
finish paint.

2. Paint Condition

2.1 Paints shall be factory-mixed or in paste form. The fluxing of a dry pigment and a
vehicle by the Contractor will not be permitted, unless approved.

2.2 Mixed paints shall be easily mixed with a paddle to a smooth and homogeneous
condition. Mixed paints or pastes which have hardened, thickened or otherwise deteriorated
during storage or shipment will not be accepted.

3. Pigments

3.1 Pigment shall be deemed to be that portion of the paint that is not soluble in the
vehicle. All pigments shall be finely ground to a smooth uniform consistency.

4. Thinners

4.1 Thinners which are specified as thinners for a particular type of paint shall mix
readily with that type of paint.

5. Tinting

5.1 When paint is tinted, the tinting material shall be thoroughly mixed into the paint to
form an even, uniform shade.

6 Covering Qualities

6.1 All mixed paint shall have satisfactory protective and covering qualities. Mixed
paint shall not run, streak, break or sag when brushed on a clean 150 mm by 250 mm
vertical glass panel.

6.2 The paint shall dry to a smooth, uniform finish, free from roughness, grit,
unevenness and other surface imperfections.

7. Containers
8-54
7.1 Paint containers shall be sufficiently strong and durable to withstand shipment and
normal handling procedures without damage. Paint containers shall be equipped with
airtight lids.

8. Delivery

8.1 All paint shall be delivered to the Site in the original manufacturer's metal containers
with labels indicating type, color, quantity, gross and tare and paint ingredient proportions.

9. Pigments and Pastes

9.1 When specified in mixed paints, pigments and pastes shall conform to the following
ASTM specifications:

Pigment / Paste Specification

Zinc Oxide ASTM D 79

White Lead, Basic Carbonate ASTM D 81
White Lead, Basic Sulfate ASTM D 82
Red Lead, 97% Grade ASTM D 83
Iron Oxide, Class II Type A ASTM D 84
Lampblack ASTM D 209
Chrome Oxide Green ASTM D 263
Titanium Dioxide, Type I ASTM D 476
Carbon Black ASTM D 561
Magnesium Silicate Pigment ASTM D 605
Aluminum Pigments, Type II
Class B (coarse particles
may be 2% max) ASTM D 962
Copper Phthalocyanine Blue ASTM D 963
Basic Lead Silicon-Chromate ASTM D 1648
Copper Phthalocyanine Green ASTM D 3021

Siliceous Red Iron Oxide Specification:

Total iron oxide, (calculated as

Fe2O3) 85% min
Coarse particles, on 0.045 mm
(No 325) sieve 1.0% max
Calcium oxide 0.5% max
Moisture and other volatile
material 2% max
Water soluble matter 1.5% max.
8-55
 Oil absorption 16% min
Siliceous matter balance
Organic colors none
10. Paint Oils, Thinners and Driers

10.1 When specified in mixed paints or vehicles, the following paint liquids shall
conform to the following specifications:

Oils/Thinners/Driers Specification

Turpentine, Steam Distilled ASTM D 13

Pine Oil, Type 1 FSS LLL-P-400
Raw Linseed Oil ASTM D 234
Mineral Spirits ASTM D 235
Mineral Spirits, Grade 1 and
Grade 2 FSS TT-T-291
Boiled Linseed Oil, Type 1 ASTM D 260
Driers, Liquid Paint, Class B ASTM D 600
Alkyd Resin Solutions,
Type I, II and III FSS TT-R-266

11. Paint No. 1: Red Lead Paint

11.1 Description: Rapid-dry red lead paint shall consist only of lead pigment, iron oxide
pigments, magnesium silicate pigment, raw linseed oil, linseed oil, modified alkyd resin,
thinner and driers. The paint shall contain not more than 0.4% aluminum stearate to
produce loose suspension of the pigment during storage.

11.2 Paint Composition: Rapid-dry red lead paint shall conform to the following
composition:

Constituent % by weight

Pigment 66% min

Vehicle 34% max
Non-volatile material in vehicle 56% min
Ophthalmic anhydride based on
Vehicle solids 15% min
Water 0.5% max

11.3 Pigment Composition: The extracted pigment shall conform to the following
composition:

Constituent % by weight
8-56
 True red lead 62.5% min
Ferric oxide 12.5% min
Siliceous matter and other
oxides of lead remainder

11.4 Weight per Liter: Red lead paint shall weigh not less than 2 kg/liter.

11.5 Coarse Particles: Coarse particles and skins retained on 0.045 mm (No. 325) sieve
shall not exceed 1 % by weight based on pigment.

11.6 Consistency: Consistency shall not be less than 73 nor more than 86 Krebs Units
(K.U).

11.7 Condition in Container: The paint shall be thoroughly ground and mixed and shall
not be settled, caked or thickened to such a degree that it cannot be predisposed easily with
a paddle to a uniform and homogeneous state.

11.8 Skinning: Skinning shall be entirely absent from a sample that has been stored 48
hours in a dark place in a three quarters full tightly closed container.

11.9 Dilution Stability: The paint shall remain stable and uniform after reduction with
mineral spirits in the proportions by volume of 8 parts of paint to one part of mineral spirits.

11.10 Brushing Properties: The paint, after thorough mixing, shall have satisfactory
brushing and leveling properties and show no running or sagging tendencies when brushed
on a vertical steel surface.

11.11 Spraying Properties: The paint, when thinned as specified, shall spray satisfactorily,
show no tendencies to orange-peel, sag, creep or run, and shall show satisfactory
spraying properties in all other respects. The mineral spirits used as a reducer shall
conform to SS TT-T-281 Grade 1, and shall be tested and approved prior to use.

11.12 Drying Time: The paint shall set to touch not more than 4 hours and dry through in
not more than 16 hours when applied as in FSS Test Method, Standard Number 141, and
Method 4061.

11.13 Tinting: When used for the shop (prime) and second coat, sufficient black synthetic
or magnetite iron oxides shall be added to the second coat as a tinting agent for
identification of the coated surfaces.

12. Paint No 2: Basic Lead Silica-Chromate Primer

12.1 Description: This primer, which is suitable for use as a structural metal, shop or spot
8-57
primer, shall consist only of basic lead silica-chromate and red iron oxide 85%, linseed-
Soya oil modified alkyd resin, raw linseed oil, thinners and driers. The primer shall contain
not more than 0.7% pigment suspended agent. The alkyd resin shall conform to FSS TT-R-
266, Type III.

12.2 Paint Composition: The primer shall conform to the following:

Constituent % by weight

Pigment 57% min

Non-volatile material in vehicle 52% min
Ophthalmic anhydride based on
vehicle solids 15% min
Water 0-5% max

12.3 Pigment Composition: The extracted pigment shall conform to the following;

Constituent % by weight

Basic Lead Silica-Chrome 93.2% min

Ferric oxide 4.8% to 5.8%

12.4 Weight per Liter: The primer shall weigh not less than 1.6 kg/ltr.

12.5 Coarse Particles: Coarse particles and skins retained on 0.045 mm (No. 325) sieve
shall not exceed 1 % by weight based on pigment.

12.6 Consistency: Consistency shall be not less than 70 or more than 83 Krebs Units
(K.U.).

12.7 Flash Point: The flash point shall be not less than 30 degrees C when tested in
accordance with Federal Test Method, Standard Number 141, Method 4293 using Pen sky-
Martens Closed Cup Tester.

12.8 Condition in Container: The primer shall be thoroughly ground and mixer. It shall
not be settled, caked or thickened to such a degree that it cannot be predisposed easily with
a paddle to a uniform and homogenous state.

12.9 Skinning: Skinning shall be entirely absent from a sample that has been stored 48
hours in a dark place in a three quarters full, tightly closed container.

12.10 Dilution Stability: The primer shall remain stable and uniform after reduction with
mineral spirits in the proportions by volume of 8 parts of paint to one part of mineral spirits.

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12.11 Appearance: After a flow-out panel of the paint on a 100 mm by 300 mm near
vertical clean glass plate has dried at room temperature, it shall show no streaking or
separation.
12.12 Brushing Properties: The primer, after thorough mixing, shall have satisfactory
brushing and leveling properties and show no reunify or sagging tendencies when brushed
on a vertical steel surface in accordance with the manufacturer's specification.

12.13 Spraying Properties: The primer, when thinned as specified, shall spray
satisfactorily, show no tendency to orange-peel, sag, creep, or run, and shall show
satisfactory spraying properties in all other respects. The mineral spirits used as a reducer
shall conform to FSS TT-T-291, Grade 1, and shall be tested and approved prior to use.

12.14 drying Time: The primer shall dry to a smooth uniform surface, free from roughness,
grit, unevenness, and other surface imperfection. The paint shall set to touch in not more
than 4 hours and shall dry-through in not more than 16 hours when applied as in FSS Test
Method, Standard Number 141, Method 4061.

13, Paint No. 3: Zinc Dust- Zinc Oxide Primer

13.1 Description; Zinc dust-zinc oxide-phthalic alkyd resin primer. Type II, conforming
with FSS TT-P 641d Type l, shall be a ready-to-mix paint for use on galvanized metal
surfaces, with the zinc oxide mill-ground into the vehicle in one container, and the dry zinc
dust in a separate container. The zinc dust shall show an analysis of not less than 94%
metallic zinc by weight. The zinc oxide vehicle shall consist of zinc oxide and a vehicle
containing a long oil, linseed-modified alkyd resin of the air drying type, petroleum or
turpentine thinners, driers and anti-skinning agents.

13.2 Zinc Oxide Vehicle Composition: Zinc oxide vehicle shall conform to the following:

Constituent % 'by weight

Zinc oxide in the extracted

and ignited pigment 98% min
Non-volatile material in
the vehicle 43% mm
phthalic anhydride based on
vehicle solids 23% min
Resin or resin derivatives none

13.3 Zinc Oxide Condition in Container: The zinc oxide vehicle shall be thoroughly
ground and mixed. It shall not be settled, caked, or thickened to such a degree that it
cannot be predisposed easily with a paddle to a uniform and homogeneous state. It shall be
readily incorporated with the zinc dust to form a smooth uniform paint of good brushing
consistency.
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13.4 Primer Composition: Zinc dust-zinc oxide mixed primer shall conform to the
following when mixed in the proportions as submitted in the original containers:
Primer % by weight

Pigment 62% to 65%

Vehicle 35% to 38%
Water 0.3% max

Pigment % by weight

Metallic zinc 74% mm

Zinc oxides 18% min
Metallic zinc plus zinc oxide 97% min
Sulfide, sulfur none

13.5 Primer weight per Liter: The primer shall weigh not less than 1.8 kg/ltr.

13.6 Primer Coarse Particles: Coarse particles and skins retained on a 0.045 mm (No.
325) sieve shall not exceed 4% by weight based on pigment.

13.7 Primer Consistency: Consistency shall be not less than 67 or more than 86 Krebs
Units (K. LL).

13.8 Primer Dilution Stability: The mixed primer shall remain stable and uniform after
reduction with mineral spirits in the proportions by volume of 8 parts of paint to one part of
mineral spirits. After standing for 24 hours, there shall be no curdling or precipitation on
the vehicle.

13.9 Primer Flexibility: After air-drying for 18 hours, baking for 24 hours at 105 degrees
C, and cooling to 23 degrees C, a film of the mixed primer applied to a flat tin panel with a
0.05 mm Bird Film Applicator shall show no cracking after bending double over a 3 mm
mandrel. This test shall be conducted according to FSS Test Method Number 141, Method
2012.

13.10 Primer Adhesion: After air - drying for 18 hours, baking for 3 hours at 121 degrees
C, a film of the mixed primer brushed on a clean new galvanized iron panel, 7.5 cm by 15
cm, shall cut loose in the form of a ribbon without flaking or otherwise loosening from the
panel when tested with a knife blade.

13.11 Primer Brushing Properties: The mixed primer, after thorough mixing, shall have
satisfactory brushing and leveling properties and show no running or sagging tendencies
when brushed on a 300 mm by 600 mm vertical surface of smooth, clean, untreated
galvanized iron.
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13.12 Primer Spraying Properties: The mixed primer when thinned with not more than 1
part by volume of mineral spirits to 8 parts by volume of paint, shall spray satisfactorily,
show no tendency to orange-peel, sag, creep or nm, and shall show satisfactory spraying
properties in all other respects.

13.13 Primer Drying Time: The mixed primer shall set or touch in not less than 30 minutes
or more than 4 hours and dry-hard in not more than 18 hours when applied as in FSS Test
Method, Standard Number 141, Method 4061.

14. Paint No. 4: Aluminum Paint

14.1 Description: Aluminum paint shall be composed of aluminum paste and aluminum
vehicle and shall conform to AASHTO M 69, Type 1. The paste and vehicle shall be
delivered to the project unmixed and in separate containers.

14.2 Proportions: The mixed paint shall be prepared for use on the project by combining
the aluminum paste and aluminum vehicle m the proportions of 0.24 kg paste/ltr of vehicle.

14.3 Mixing: The paste and vehicle shall be thoroughly mixed before use. The quantity of
paint mixed shall not be greater than will be used within 24 hours after mixing.

15. Paint No. 5: Tinted Aluminum Paint

15.1 Description: Tinted aluminum paint shall consist of a mixture containing aluminum
pains that conforms with the requirements of Paint No.4 and Prussian blue paste or chrome
green paste conforming to ASTM D 212 or D 261.

15.2 Proportions: The paint shall be prepared by mixing of aluminum paint with between
30 gm and 45 gm of either Prussian blue paste or chrome green paste in oil or varnish.

16. Paint No. 6: Basic Lead Silicon-Chromate

Maroon Undercoat

16.1 Description; Maroon undercoat paint is intended for use as a field undercoat applied
to a previously primed surface, and shall result in complete coverage when applied at
normal spreading rates. It shall have good contrast with the primer coat and shall consist
only of basic lead silica-chromate, siliceous red iron oxide, raw linseed oil, linseed-Soya oil
modified alkyd resin, thinners, driers, and from 0.5% to 0.7% suspending agent, based on
the pigment, to ensure soft settlement of the pigment during storage. The alkyd resin shall
conform to FSS TT-R-266, Type III and the thinner to FSS TT-T-291, Grade 2.

16.2 Composition: The paint shall conform to the following:

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 Paint % by Weight

Pigment 59.5% min

Vehicle 40.5% max
Non-volatile material in
vehicle 52% min.

pathalic anhydride based on

vehicle solids 14.9% min
Water 0.5% max

Pigment % by Weight

Basic lead silica-chromate 66.5% mica

Siliceous red iron oxide 33% max

16.3 Weight per Liter: The paint shall weigh not less than 1.67 kg/ltr.

16.4 Coarse Particles; Coarse particles and skins retained on a 0.045 mm (No. 325) sieve
shall not exceed 1 % by weight based on pigment.

16.5 Consistency: Consistency shall be not less than 70 or more than 82 Krebs Units
(K.U.).

16.6 Condition in Container: The paint shall be thoroughly ground and mixed. It shall not
be settled, caked; or thickened to such a degree that it cannot be predisposed easily with a
paddle to a uniform and homogeneous state.

16.7 Skinning; Skinning shall be entirely absent from a sample that has been Stored 48
hours in a dark place in a three quarters full tightly closed container.

16.8 Dilution Stability: The paint shall remain stable and uniform after reduction with
mineral spirits in the proportions by volume of 8 parts of paint to one part of mineral spirits.

16.9 Brushing Properties: The paint, after thorough mixing, shall have satisfactory
brushing and leveling properties and show no running or sagging tendencies when brushed
on a vertical steel surface.

16.10 Spraying Properties: The paint, when thinned as specified, shall spray satisfactorily
show no tendency to orange-peel, sag, creep or run, and shall show satisfactory spraying
properties in all other respects. The mineral spirits used as a reducer shall conform to FSS
TT-T-291 Grade 1, and shall be Tested and approved prior to use.

16.11 Drying Time: The paint shall set to touch in no more than 4 hours and dry-through in
8-62
not more than 24 hours.

17. Paint No. 7: Basic Lead Silica-Chromate

Dark shying Coat

17.1 Description: Dark green finishing paint, intended for use as a final coat over a
properly primed and field-coated surface; shall consist only of basic lead silicon-chromate,
chromium oxide green, phthalocyanine green and/or phtnalocyanine blue, lampblack,
Soya oil modified alkyd resin raw linseed oil, thinkers, driers and from 0.6% to 0.7%
suspended agent, based on the pigment, to ensure soft settlement of the pigment during
storage. The alkyd resin solution shall conform with FSS TT-R-266, Type I, and the
thinner shall conform with FSS TT-T-291; Grade 2.

17.2 Composition: The paint shall conform to the following:

Paint % by Weight

Pigment 41% min

Vehicle 59% max
Non- Volatile material in
vehicle 53% min
Ophthalmic anhydride based
on vehicle solids 20.5% max
Water 0.5% max

Pigment % by weight

Basic lead silica - chromate: 86% min

Chromium oxide green 9% min.

17.3 Weight per Liter: The paint shall weigh not less than 1.33 kg/ltr.

17.4 Coarse Particles: Coarse particles and skins retained on a 0.045 mm (No. 325) sieve
shall not exceed 1 % by weight based on pigment.

17.5 Consistency: Consistency shall be not less than 72 or more than Krebs Units (K.U.).

17.6 Color: The paint color shall be as approved. The Contractor shall submit for
approval, color chips of the paint proposed for use in the Works.

17.7 Condition in Container: The paint shall be thoroughly ground and mixed. It shall not
be settled, caked or thickened to such a degree that it cannot be predisposed easily with a
paddle to a uniform and homogeneous state.

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17.8 Skinning shall be entirely absent from a sample that has 48 hours in a dark place in a
three quarters full airtight container.

17.9 Dilution Stability: The paint shall remain stable and uniform after reduction with
mineral spirits in the proportions by volume of 8 parts of paint to one part of mineral spirits.

17.10 Brushing Properties: The paint, after thorough mixing, shall have satisfactory
brushing and leveling properties, and show no running or sagging tendencies when brushed
on a vertical steel surface.

17.11 Spraying Properties: The paint, when thinned, shall spray satisfactorily,
show no tendency to orange-peel, sag, creep or run and shall show satisfactory spraying
properties in all other respects. The mineral spirits used as a reducer shall conform to FSS
TT-T-291 Grade 1, and shall be tested and approved prior to use.

17.12 Drying Time: The paint shall set to touch in not less than 20 minutes or more than 4
hours and dry-through in not more than 24 hours.

18. Paint No. 8: Zinc Dust Paint

18.1 Description: Zinc-dust paint shall be a ready-mixed, high zinc dust contains paint
suitable for repairing damaged spelter coating on galvanized steel.

18.2 Requirements: The paint shall conform to all the relevant requirements of U.S.
Military Specification MIL-P-21035 (Ships), Paint, High Zinc Dust Content, Galvanizing
Repair, dated August 23, 1957, with the following additions and exceptions:

18.2.1 The paint shall be supplied ready-mixed. Material supplied in two

compartment cans to be mixed on the job will not be accepted.

18.2.2 Pigment content expressed as a weight percentage of total non volatile

content may a minimum of 92%.

18.2.3 Percentage of metallic zinc by analysis in to augment may be s minimum of

94%.

19. Paint No. 9: Enamel

19.1 Description: Gloss enamel paint shall be high grade synthetic-type gloss enamel for
use on exterior and interior metal. It shall be highly weather resistant and characterized by
easy brushing, good color and gloss retention, good drying and flexibility, with freedom
from after-lack.

19.2 Requirements; The paint shall conform with Federal Specification TT-E- 489, Class
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A, Air Drying, It may be thinned with thinner conforming with Federal Specification TT-
T-291E, Type II, Grade A (Mineral Spirits).

8.09.3 SAMPLING AND TESTING

1. All paint materials shall be accompanied by the manufacture Certificate of

Guarantee stating the quantity of paint in the shipment and shall identify the paint by order
number, project location, and destination. Materials not accompanied by a Certificate of
Guarantee will be sampled on Site and samples tested in an approved independent
laboratory.

2. The Engineer may resample and retest any previously approved materials used
during progress of the Works. Any such paint found not to conform to the specifications
will be rejected.

3. Materials and paints shall be analyzed or tested by the methods specified in ASTM,
AASHTO, or FSS Test Method Standard No. 141.

4. No paint or paint materials shall be used which have not been approved. Paint or
paint materials for which samples and/or Certificates of Guarantee of the same paint or
paint materials have previously been approved, may be used if the additional shipments are
accompanied by the manufacturer's guarantee that the product is equal in all respects to the
previously approved materials.

8.09.4 APPLICATION

1. Protection Measures

1.1 Prior to commencing of painting Works the Contractor shall provide adequate,
approved type protection for pedestrians, vehicles and other traffic upon, under, or in the
vicinity of the structures to be painted, and for all parts of the structures and other nearby
construction, against disfigurement or staining by spatters, splashes or spillage of paint or
of paint materials.

2. Application Procedures

2.1 Painting shall be carried out in a neat and workmanlike manner. The painting of
metal and metal structures shall include prior cleaning and preparation of the metal surfaces
and the application, protections and drying of all specified paint coatings. The coatings of
paint shall be smooth and uniform so that no excess paint will collect at any point.

2.2 Paint shall be applied only when the air temperature is at or above 5 degrees C. It
shall not be applied upon damp surfaces or upon metal containing frost, nor when the air is
misty or otherwise unsatisfactory for painting to proceed, in the judgment of the Engineer,
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2.3 Material painted under cover in damp or cold weather shall remain under cover until
dry or until weather conditions permit its exposure in the open. Painting in open yards or
upon erected structures shall not be undertaken when the metal has become sufficiently hot
to cause the paint to blister and produce a porous paint film.

2.4 When placing a new paint layer over an existing one, it should not cause the old
layer to react with any substance in the new paint.

2.5 When brushes are used, painting shall produce a uniform even coaling in close
contact with the metal, or with previously applied paint.

2.6 To secure a maximum thickness of paint film upon rivet heads, the edges of plates,
angles, or other rolled shapes, these areas shall be "striped" in advance of the general
painting, and shortly afterwards shall be given a second or "wash" coat when the general
coat is applied. The paint shall be well - worked into all joints and open spaces.

2.7 Power spraying equipment shall apply the paint in a fine, even spray, without the
addition of thinner. Paint, when applied with spray equipment shall be followed
immediately by brushing, when necessary, to secure uniform coverage and to eliminate
wrinkling, blistering and air holes.

2.8 On all surfaces which are inaccessible for paint brushes, the paint shall logs applied
with sheepskin daubers specially constructed for the purpose.

2.9 All metal coated with paint which is not acceptable shall be thoroughly cleaned and
repainted at the Contractor's expense. If paint requires thinning is cool weather in order that
it shall spread more freely, this shall be achieved only by heating in hot water or on steam
radiators. Liquid shall not be added to nor removed from the paint.

3. Steelwork Painting Requirements

3.1 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, all new structural steel shall be given 3
coats of paint. The reference No. of the paints to be used for the shop and field coats shall
be as shown on the Drawings.

3.2 The first coat shall be applied immediately after shop fabrication is complete.
Immediately following the field riveting or bolting of members, the heads of field rivets,
bolts, and all abrasions of the shop coat due to handling at the shop, shipment, erection, and
all field erection marks shall be painted with one coat of primer as specified for shop coat
and permitted to become completely dry before field painting.

3.3 After the steel erection is complete and the touching up is thorough dry, it shall be
given a second and third coat of paint.
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3.4 All impure or unauthorized paint shall be completely removed, together with any
underlying coatings, from the steel surfaces concerned and to surfaces repainted at the
Contractor's expense.

3.5 Prime coats shall be at least 0.04 mm dry thickness and each intermediate, and
finishing coat shall be at least 0.03 mm dry thickness. Film thickness shall not be so great
that either the appearance or service life of the paint may be detrimentally affected.

4. Shop Painting

4.1 Surfaces shall be thoroughly cleaned of rust, loose mill scale, dirt, oil or grease, and
all other foreign substances. Unless cleaning is to be done by sandblasting, all weld areas
shall be neutralized with a proper chemical, after which they shall be thoroughly rinsed
with water. All cleaning shall conform to the relevant, requirements of AASHTO Standard
Specifications for Highway Bridges.

4.2 After shop fabrication, and after inspection by the Engineer, all surfaces not painted
before fabrication shall be given an approved shop coat of paint. Steel members shall not be
loaded for shipment until thoroughly dry. No painting shall be carried out after loading.

4.3 Structural steel which is to be welded shall not be painted before welding is
complete. If it is to be welded only in the fabricating shop and subsequently erected by
booking, it shall receive one coat of pains after shop welding is finished. Steel which is to
be field welded shall be given one coat of boiled linseed oil or other approved protective
coating after shop welding and shop fabrication have been completed.

4.4 Surfaces of metal to be in contact when erected shall not be painted Surfaces of field
connection gusset plates of trusses and areas of girders or plates where floor beam or
stringer connections are to come in contact shall not be painted.

4.5 With the exception of pins and pinholes in bearings, unless otherwise shown on the
Drawings, all surfaces whether machine finished or otherwise shall be given the regular
coat of shop paint, and those parts inaccessible after erection shall be given 2 coats of field
paint. Pins and pinholes shall be coated, as soon as practicable after being accepted, with a
hot mixture white laid, and tallow before removal from the shop.

4.6 The composition of paint used for coating of machine finished surface shall be 1.8
kg of pure tallow, 0.9 kg of pure white lead and 0.95 Itr of pure linseed oil.

4.7 Erection marks for field identification of members shall be painted upon previously
painted surfaces.

5. Field Painting
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5.1 When erection has been completed including all riveting, bolting, welding,
straightening of bent metal, etc., all adhering mat, scale, dirt, grease and other foreign
matter shall be removed as specified for shop cleaning.

5.2 After proper completion of field cleaning, the heads of field rivets and bolts, welded
surfaces and any surface where the shop coat of paint is missing or is defective and all
shipping and erection marks, shall be covered with one coat of the same type of paint used
in the shop and permitted to become completely dry before the first field coat is applied.

5.3 When the paint for touching up has become completely dry, the first and second
field coats may be applied. In no case shall a succeeding coat be applied until the previous
coat has dried through the full thickness of the paint film.

5.4 All small cracks and cavities which have not been sealed in a watertight manner by
the first coat shall be filled with a paste mixture of red lad and linseed oil before the second
coat is applied.

5.5 If traffic in the vicinity of painting operations may cause a dust problem, the
Contractor shall, at his own expense, remove the dust for the necessary distance on each
side of the structure and take any other precautions necessary to prevent dust: and dirt from
coming in contact with freshly painted surfaces or with surfaces before the paint is applied.

5.6 The Contractor shall ensure by approved means, that pedestrian, vehicular and other
traffic upon or underneath the structure and all portions of the superstructure and
substructure, are protected against damage or disfigurement by spatters or splashes of paint
or paint materials.

6. Field Painting of Bridge Railing (including

Hand Rails) and Guardrail

6.1 Bridge railing, including handrails, guardrails and support posts shall be painted
according to the material as follows:

6.1.1 Galvanized steel shall not usually be painted. Otherwise steelwork shall be
painted as specified herein, and the reference number of the paint and the number of
coats of shop paint and field paint shall be as specified in the Special Specifications
or as shown in the Drawings.

6.1.2 The portion of support posts made of aluminum to be set in concrete shall
first be painted with one coat of the Paint No. 3 to a level 20mm above the concrete
line. Otherwise, aluminum shall not be painted. Lacquer thinner shall be used to
remove stains from hand rails after erection.

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6.2 Galvanizing, where required, shall be undertaken in conformity with ASTM A123,
except that the thickness of zinc coating shall average not less than 0.17mm and shall
always exceed 0.15mm.

7. Repainting Existing Structures

7.1 Repainting shall include the removal of the rust, scale, existing paint, dirt, grease
and other foreign matter from the metal parts or portions of existing structure and the
application of paint thereto.

7.2 Unless otherwise provided, the steelwork after being cleaned to the satisfaction of
the Engineer shall be primed and given at least 2 costs of the specified paint.

7.3 Metal surfaces not in close contact with other metal surfaces or truss members,
concrete, stone masonry or other structure materials, shall be considered as exposed to
deterioration by rusting and shall be thoroughly cleaned and primed and given the number
of coats of designated paint or paints as shown on the Drawings.

7.4 The requirements and procedures for maintenance cleaning and painting shall be as
specified for shop and field painting.

8. Painting Steel Piling and Steel Pile Shells

8.1 Unless otherwise shown on she Drawings. Steel bearing piles steel sheet piles and
steel pile shells need not be painted if they are to be encased in concrete or other solid
waterproof materials from 0.6 m below the water line or ground line to the tops of the piles.

8.2 When steel bearing piles and steel pile shells are not to be encased, or when shown
on the Drawings, they shall be painted in accordance with the requirements specified for
steelwork. Then 2 field coats of paint, as specified for structural steel shall be applied to
each steel bearing pile, or steel pile shell which extends above the low water line or
finished ground line after driving.

9. Painting Steel Pile Enclosures and Tubular Steel Piers

9.1 The exterior surfaces of steel pile enclosures and tubular steel piers shall be painted
in accordance with the specified requirements for metal surfaces considered as exposed to
deterioration by rusting and for which painting requirements are shown on the Drawings.

8.9.5 MEASUREMENT

1. The work prescribe in this section shall not be measured for direct payment but shall
be considered as subsidiary works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the
contract prices for pay items.
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SECTION 8.10 MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC DETOURS

8.10.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of supplying all materials, constructing detour roads,
bridges and culverts where necessary; and installing, operating and maintaining all
required temporary lighting, signing, signals, pavement marking, barriers and other safety
measures; all for the proper maintenance of vehicular and pedestrian traffic through and
around the Site of the Works during the Contract Period.

2. Temporary Works shall conform to the general requirements of Section 1.04 -

"Temporary Works" and as specified herein.

8.10.2 MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION OF TRAFFIC

1. General Procedure

1.1 The Contractor shall ensure the free movement of vehicular and pedestrian traffic
and shall maintain all highways including temporary detours and accesses in a clear and
safe condition free from obstructions. Adequate access to the Site shall be maintained at
all times to ensure that traffic on existing roads is not impeded unnecessarily by traffic
turning into the Site.

1.2 In order to facilitate movement of traffic through or around construction and when
and wherever require by the Engineer, the Contractor shall furnish, erect and maintain
signs, traffic barricades and other facilities necessary for safe and efficient direction and
handling of traffic at specified locations in or around the Site.

1.3 The Contractor shall, if required, provide flashing signal eights by night and provide
sturdy barricades for the protection of workmen engaged on traffic control.

1.4 Where required by the Tender Documents or the Engineer, the Contractor shall
provide, erect, operate and maintain temporary traffic signals of the 3- color type. Signals
shall be capable of both automatic and manual operations as required. The timing device of
any automatic traffic signal shall be accurate to within plus or minus 2 seconds.

1.5 Manually operated "stop-go" signs may be used if approved by the Engineer.

1.6 Traffic signals when used, shall be sited on the nearside of the traveled way in
positions which shall be clearly visible to on-coming drivers for a distance consistent with
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safe stopping, in addition to the signals, appropriate "advance warning" signs shall be
provided and maintained in clean condition.

1.7 The Contractor shall whenever necessary provide flagmen at specified locations with
the sole task of directing traffic through or around the Site and shall provide and erect
within or near the Site any "warning" or "directional" signs the Engineer may require.

1.8 All barriers, traffic signs, signals and other such devices shall be erected, maintained
and removed when necessary, as directed by the Engineer.

2. One – Way Traffic Operation

2.1 Whenever it becomes necessary to operate one-way traffic along any stretch of road
in or around the Site, the Contractor shall, for the purpose of maintaining traffic, provide a
single traffic lane not less than 3.5 m wide and shall keep it open to traffic. The length of
such single lane shall not exceed 500 m. If construction work is proceeding at more than
one location, the Contractor shall carry out his work so as to cause minimum obstruction
and delay to traffic and shall be responsible for proper control of traffic using such single
lanes.

2.2 At locations where traffic is handled along single lane sections and whenever
required by the Engineer, movement of the Contractor's equipment from one part of the site
to another shall be in accordance with the traffic regulations and by agreement with the
concerned Authorities. Material spilt as a result of hauling operations along or across the
highway shall be removed forthwith by the Contractor, failing which the Engineer may
arrange for its removal by others, at the Contractor's expense.

3. Half Width Construction of Highway

3.1 Where, in the opinion of the Engineer, construction of a detour is inappropriate, new
construction may be limited to half the highway width at a time.

3.2 Details of half width stretches and the timing of construction of each shall be
included in the Contractor's Program for execution of the Works.

3.3 Half width construction shall be kept to the minimum length possible.

8.10.3 DETOUR CONSTRUCTION

1. The Contractor shall submit for approval, details of the layout, pavement
construction, drainages lighting, signing and marking of any detours which he proposes. He
shall give the Engineer at least 7 days notice of such proposals.

2. The standard of construction of each temporary detour shall be adequate in all

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respects for the class of traffic which will use it. Any utilities located below the detour
shall be properly protected. The width of any detour shall be not less than that of the
existing highway (including sidewalks) which it replaces unless otherwise provided for.
The minimum width shall be 7 m.

3. Detours shall be properly drained at all times.

4. The standard of lighting levels and uniformity for each detour shall be at least
equivalent to that existing on the highway which it replaces. In addition to lighting of
detours, the Contractor shall provide and maintain illumination of all temporary traffic
signs during the hours of darkness.

5. If required all detours shall be signed, marked and furnished with traffic signals
conforming to the requirements of the "European Rules Concerning Road Traffic, Signs
and Signals", or as otherwise shown on the Drawings, or as otherwise adopted by local
standards.

6. Any obstruction associated with detours, including ramps, variations of lane widths,
sitting of warning signs, etc., shall be marked by the use of cones, flashing beacon and
warning lamps, appropriate to the location concerned.

7. Detours shall be constructed in advance of the Works which interfere with the
existing highway or access and shall be regularly maintained in a condition acceptable to
the Engineer for as long as required.

8. Before any detour is opened, the Contractor shall obtain approval from the Engineer.
The diversion of traffic on the day on which the detour is initially put into operation shall
be carried out with the assistance and coordination of the Police Department.

8.10.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Works required for the construction of detours shown on the plans or ordered by the
Engineer will be measured and paid for in accordance with the applicable sections of the
specification, and the pay, items set for such works in the Bill of Quantities.

2. All addition labor, equipment materials and markings required explicitly or

implicitly by the control of traffic through the construction area will not be measured for
direct payment but shall be considered subsidiary to other items of work.

3. No separate measurement will be made for accessories, supports, connections,

maintenance, as necessary for the duration of the project

8-72
4. Should the character or magnitude of the contractor's operations result in the need
for additional devices, the Engineer may order the furnishing or such additional devices and
the Contractor shall provide the same without additional cost to the Employer.

5. Works required for the construction and removal of the detours inside and outside the
right of way (including all facilities furnished for temporary detours) but not listed in the
bill of quantities shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as
subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the Contract prices
for Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Unclassified excavation Cubic Meter

(2) Embankment construction Cubic Meter

(3) Drainage as defined

(4) Aggregate Base course Cubic Meter

(5) Prime coat Square Meter

(6) Bitumen Layer Square Meter

(6) Supply and Installation of Temporary single post Signs Number (No.)

(7) Dismantling and Reinstallation of Temporary

Single post Signs Number (No.)

(8) Supply and Installation of Temporary

Two- post information Signs Number (No.)

(9) Dismantling and Reinstallation of Temporary

Two- post information Signs Number (No.)

(10) Supply and Installation of Temporary

Traffic Barriers (Plastic NJB type, filled with water)
1.5m long; with reflective. Number (No.)

(11) Reinstallation of Temporary Traffic

Barriers (Plastic NJB type, filled with water)
1.5m long; with reflective. Number (No.)

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(12) Ceramic road studs for Temporary rumble
Strips at Traffic Detours. Number (No.)

(13) Supply and Installation of Flashing Arrow

Warning Signs, including Power Supply. Number (No.)

(14) Dismantling and Reinstallation of Flashing Arrow

Warning Signs, including Power Supply Number (No.)

(15) Supply and Installation of Lamps Delineating

Detour Edge, including Power Supply
and replacement of bulbs. Linear Meter (m)

(16) Dismantling and Reinstallation of Lamps

Delineating Detour Edge, including Power
Supply and replacement of bulbs. Linear Meter (m)

SECTION 8.11: HIGHWAY SIGNING

8.11.1 SCOPE.

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing and installing highway signs, post
assemblies and overhead sign gantry structures, including construction of All necessary
concrete and reinforced concrete foundations and including all sign panel lettering, as
shown on the Drawings.

2. All signs shall be lettered in both Arabic and English, unless otherwise specified.

3. Illumination of signs shall and as specified under Section 6.06 - "Illumination of

Traffic Signs".

8.11.2 MATERIALS

1. Concrete

1.1 Concrete for reinforced concrete footings shall be Class 25 concrete to support
single post signs shall be Class 15.

1.2 All concrete materials shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.01 -
"Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

2. Reinforcement

2.1 Reinforcing steel shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel
8-74
Reinforcement and Fixing".
3. Sign Supports

3.1 Steel for sign supports shall conform to ASTM A 53, Grade B, unless otherwise
shown on the Drawings.

4. Steel Channels

4.1 Steel channels shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.16 -
"Structural Steelwork and Metal Components".

5. Galvanizing

5.1 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, all steel supports shall be galvanized in
conformity with ASTM A 123. All bolts, nuts, and washers shall be galvanized in
conformity with ASTM A 153.

6. Paint

6.1 All paint materials shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 8.09 -
"Painting of Structures

7. Sign Materials

7.1 Aluminum alloy panels, sheets and miscellaneous hardware shall conform to ASTM
B209, B 211, or B221, as appropriate. All aluminum alloys shall have a minimum tensile
strength of 2,500 kg/sq.cm and minimum yield strength of 2,000 kg/sq.cm.

7.2 Extruded aluminum panels shall have a minimum thickness of 2.7 mm. Panels shall
normally be 30 cm nominal width, except when smaller widths are necessary to size a given
sign correctly.

7.3 Sheets for plain aluminum signs shall have a minimum thickness of 3 mm unless
otherwise specified.

7.4 Steel sheets shall conform to ASTM A366, minimum 1.5 mm thickness, unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings.

7.5 Stainless steel bolts; washers, and self-locking nuts shall conform to ASTM A276,
chromium-nickel grade with minimum yield strength of 2,000 kg/sq.cm.

7.6 Vulcanized Fiber Washers shall conform to ASTM D710, grey, commercial grade.

7.7 Hard rubber washers shall be as approved by the Engineer.

8-75
7.8 Nylon and/or neoprene washers, spacers, sleeves, etc. shall be as approved by the
Engineer.

8. Reflective Sheeting

8.1 Reflective sheeting shall be of the Engineering Grade, High intensity grade,
Prismatic or Florissant as specified in special specification.

8.2 Reflective sheeting shall consist of synthetic sheet resin or other approved
noncellulostic materials transparent plastic of the colors specified, and a retro-reflective
system (i.e. glass spheres). These spheres shall adhere to the synthetic sheet resin and be
embedded beneath a flexible transparent plastic film forming a smooth flat surface.

8.3 The reflective sheeting shall have a percolated pressure sensitive adhesive backing
or a precooked tack-free solvent or heat activated adhesive backing. The sheeting shall
adhere tightly to the prescribed surfaces when applied in accordance with the
manufacturer's recommendations. The percolated adhesive shall not require additional
adhesive coats on the reflective sheeting or application surface.

8.4 After 48 hours ageing at 24 degrees C from time of application, the per coated
adhesive shall be capable of withstanding 8 hours of soaking in water as 24 degrees C
without appreciable decrease in adhesion.

8.5 The pre coated adhesive shall have no staining effect reflective sheeting and shall be
mildew resistant. The protective liner for preventing contamination or premature adhesion
shall be removable by peeling without the necessity of soaking in water or other solvents.

8.6 The Contractor shall submit samples of each color of reflective sheeting for
approval. Unless otherwise specified, flat angle "scotchite" type colors shall used for all
sign face lettering, symbols and borders. Colors shall conform to International Road Sign
colors.

8.7 The Reflective Sheeting shall meet the requirements and satisfy the tests as laid
down in the US Federal Specification L-5- 300B.

8.8 The Contractor shall supply a certificate of eligibility stating that the reflective
material has been specifically modified for use in Jordan.

8.11.3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

1. Sign Faces

1.1 The type, color design and size of all sign faces shall be as shown on the Drawings
8-76
or in accordance with the Ministry's latest design standards, or shall meet the standards
adopted in the "European Rules concerning road traffic, signs and signals" agreed at the
1968 Vienna Convention and subsequent supplementary provisions in the 1971 Geneva
Agreements.

1.2 The Contractor shall prepare and submit for approved 3 sets of detailed working
drawings for the sign faces, in respect of all required danger, warning, regulatory and
informative signs. Complete details of arrangement and spacing for Arabic (and English if
specified) lettering, and mounting hole locations, shall be shown on these drawings.

1.3 Mounting hole spacing for screws, bolts or rivets shall not exceed 200 mm.
Characters shall be secured to the sign using non-twist, corrosion resistant screws, bolts or
rivets.

1.4 The correct Arabic (and English) spelling of the official names of towns, districts,
roads and streets etc., will be supplied by the Engineer. Sizes and style of lettering and
arrows shall be as shown on the Drawings or as established by the Engineer. Arabic shall
be in "Naskh" characters. Sign messages for each direction sign shall be either as indicated
on the Drawings or as otherwise directed. Where English lettering is shown, the lateral
extent of Arabic and English lettering for each message shall coincide.

1.5 The rear sign face of all signs shall be painted with 2 coats of priming paint
pigmented with chromates or chromes (excluding lead chromes) plus 2 coats of weather-
resisting dull silver gray paint. Where connection of large aluminum sheet signs to a steel
stiffening frame is required, the studs or screws, bolts and washers shall be painted on the
sign face to properly match the color of the surrounding material.

1.6 Signs delivered to the Site shall be stored off the ground and under cover in an
approved manner. Any sign damaged, discolored, or defaced during transportation, storage;
or erection will be rejected and shall be replaced at the Contractor's expense.

2. Footings

2.1 Post footings shall be excavated to the dimensions shown on the ratings. Footings
shall be installed and backfilled flush with the finished ground surface. Class 25 concrete
shall be placed against the undisturbed excavated faces, except that the top 150 mm of each
footing shall be formed. Forming of the entire footing will not be permitted unless
approved. Concrete shall be thoroughly ridded and spaded to Ton-mile voids. Tops of
footings shall be finished with a wood float and all exposed edges shall be rounded with an
edger.

2.2 Backfill, where needed, shall be thoroughly compacted using mechanical tampers.
Care shall be taken to prevent damage to the finished concrete. Backfill shall be brought up
to finished ground level.
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2.3 Pipes or posts to be set in concrete bases shall be firmly supported with the correct
orientation and plumbed vertical before any concrete is placed. Posts or pipes that are found
to be out of plumb after installation will not, be accepted and shall be replaced at the
Contractors expense.

3. Sign Posts and Support Assemblies

3.1 Signs shall normally be erected so that the edge and face of the sign are truly vertical
and the face is at an angle of 93 degrees to the centerline, i.e. facing slightly towards away
from the centerline of the traffic lanes which the sign serves. Where lanes divide or are on
sharp horizontal curves, the Contractor shall orient sign faces as indicated on the Drawings
or as required by the Engineer, so they will be most effective and so as row avoid specula
reflection and glare.

3.2 The Engineer will establish the longitudinal location of each sign which shall be
laterally positioned from the shoulder or curb as shown on the Drawings. The Contractor
shall establish the location of the sign supports and shall be responsible for the proper
elevation, off-set, and orientation of all signs. If any stakes are lost, damaged, displaced,
or removed, the Contractor shall have them reset at his own expense.

3.3 Post lengths shown on the Drawings for small signs are approximate only. The
Contractor shall be responsible for determination of post lengths to provide the required
vertical clearance. Field cutting of posts shall be performed by sawing off the bottom end.

3.4 Sign Supports shall be fabricated as detailed on the Drawings. When galvanizing is
specified, assemblies shall be hot-dip galvanized after fabrication. All welds shall be
mechanically cleaned before galvanizing. Galvanizing materials on which the galvanizing
has been damaged in transporting, handling, or erection will be rejected or may, with the
approval of the Engineer, be repaired in the field by the zinc alloy stick method. Required
field welds and adjacent areas on which galvanizing has been damaged shall also be
galvanized by this method.

3.5 Zinc alloy sticks for repair work on galvanizing shall be cast from zinc, tin and lead
in combination with fluxing ingredients. The compound shall be completely liquid at a
temperature not lower than 240 degrees C. The area to be regalvanized shall be thoroughly
cleaned, including removal of slag on welds. The surface shall be heated with oxyacetylene
torch to approximately 315 degrees C and the alloy stick rubbed over the surface to fix a
deposit. While the alloy still liquid, the deposit shall be smoothed evenly over the area
using a wire brush. If a heavy deposit or build-up is required to match the original coating,
more alloys shall be added immediately to the initial bond deposit and spread with a paddle
or brush until the required thickness is obtained. Edges of drilled holes shall be coated with
commercially available zinc-rich paint.

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3.6 The Contractor shall submit 3 copies of the fabricator's certificates stating that the
material supplied conforms to all of the specified requirements.

3.7 All exposed steel surfaces, except galvanized surfaces, shall receive one shop coat of
Paint No. 1 and two field coats consisting of Paint No. 5 followed by Paint No.4. All
painting procedures shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 8.09 - "Painting
of Structures".

4. Fastening Signs to Posts

4.1 Sign panels larger than 1 sq.m in area shall be supported on 2 or more post shown on
the Drawings.

4.2 Signs shall be fastened to sign supports in accordance with the recommendations of
the sign manufacturer and to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Fasteners shall be vandal
resistant to the maximum extent practicable.

4.3 All bolt heads, screw heads, and washers used to install signs on support shall be
such that they do not protrude from the surface of the sign. The heads of bolts or screws
shall be as nearly as practicable the same color as the background or message area at the
point where the hardware is exposed.

4.4 Fastener systems shall as far as practicable be designed so as not to require the
drilling of the gin face.

4.5 When steel signs are mounted with aluminum hardware or where aluminum signs
are mounted with steel hardware or on steel posts, approved asphalt, nylon or neoprene
insulation shall be installed at all points where dissimilar metals may come into contact.

5. Overhead Sign Support Structures

5.1 Works in respect of finishing and erection of overhead sign support structures (sign
gantries) shall conform with the relevant requirements of Section 5.16 - "Structural
Steelwork and Metal Components" and Section 5.17 - "Steel Bridges and Erection
Procedures".

6. Replacement Signs

6.1 The Contractor shall furnish replacement signs of the number and type as shown on
the Drawings or specified and shall deliver them to the depots or stores nominated by the
Employer.

7. Signals during the Defects Liability Period

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7.1 It shall be the responsibility of the Contractor to provide and maintain signals and
protective barriers during the "Defects Liability Period", in the event of faults or damage
occurring.

8.11.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Triangular and Circular Signs, and small Rectangular Signs (up to 1 sq.m in surface
area) shall be measured by the number of such signs furnished and installed (excluding sign
post supports) and accepted.

2. Rectangular and Trapezoidal Signs over 1 sq.m in surface area and intended for
ground mounting, shall be measured by sq.m of surface area furnished, installed (excluding
sign post supports) and accepted. Each sign area shall be measured to the nearest 0.01
sq.m

3. Rectangular signs intended for mounting on overhead support structures, shall be

measured by sq.m of surface area furnished, installed (including sign stiffening but
excluding sign support brackets) and accepted. Each sign area shall be measured to the
nearest 0.01 sq.m. The total area of all such signs shall be measured to the nearest 1 sq.m.

4. Single Post Sign Supports and Breakaway Single Post Sign Support shall be
measured by the number of each type of such supports furnished, installed and accepted.

5. Multiple Post Sign Support Assemblies and Breakaway Multiple Post Sign Support
Assemblies shall be measured by the number of each type of such assemblies furnished,
installed and accepted.

6. Overhead Sign Support Structures (Sign Gantries) shall be measured by the number
of each type and size of such structures furnished, installed (Including sign support brackets
but excluding sign panels and stiffening) and acceptable.

7. Replacement Signs shall be measured as prescribed in the foregoing Clauses 1, 2 or

3 as appropriate, but furnished, delivered to the Employer's depots or Stores, and accepted.

8. Illumination of signs shall be measured separately as prescribed in Section 6.06 -

"Illumination of Traffic Signs".

9. Excavation, backfiring, concrete, reinforcement and other ancillary items shall not
be measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works,
the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the Contract prices for the Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Small Signs (not exceeding 1

8-80
 Sq.m area) No.

(2) Large Ground Mounted Signs

(Exceeding 1 sq.m area) Square meter (sq.m)

(3) Rectangular Signs for Overhead

Mounting Square meter (sq.m)

(4) Single Post Sign Supports No.

(5) Single Post Breakaway Sign

Supports No.

(6) Multiple Post Sign Support

Assemblies No

(7) Multiples Post Breakaway Sign

Support Assemblies No

(8) Reticent Signs {not exceeding

1 sq.m area) No

(9) Replacement Signs (exceeding

1 sq.m area) Square meter (sq.m)

(10) Overhead Sign Support Structures

(Sign Gantries) (Each type) No.

SECTION 8.12: PAVEMENT MARKINGS FOR TRAFFIC

8.12.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of the furnishing and application, or installation, of

the traffic markings and raised pavement: markers to highway pavements for the guidance,
control and safety of vehicular and pedestrian Office.

1.1 White (Class A) and yellow (Class B) painted markings shall include centerlines,
lane lines, border (edge) tines, pedestrian crossing lines, stop line; heron striping (at gore
areas), directional arrows, lettering, and symbols using the following materials as
appropriate and as shown on the Drawings:

1.1.1 Reflectorzed paint (RP)

8-81
 1.1.2 Thermoplastic, refectories paint (TRP)
1.1.3 Epoxy, thermoplastic, Reflectorzed paint (ETRP)

1.1.4 Preformed, Reflectorzed, Thermoplastic film

1.2 Raised pavement markers shall include the following types as appropriate located
and spaced as shown on the Drawings:

1.2.1 Ceramic, non -reflective, raised markers

1.2.2 Prismatic, reflective, raised markers

1.2.3 Reflective, cat's eye type studs

8.12.2 PAINT AND THERMOPLASTIC MATERIALS

1. Reflectorzed Paint (RP)

1.1 RP shall consist of a mixture of binder, white or yellow pigment, and filler
specifically compounded for cold application and adhesion to finished paved areas. Paint
shall be refectories by adding reflective spheres before the film dries or sets.

1.2 White and yellow RP shall conform to AASHTO M 248 Federal Specification TTP-
115E Type II. The surface application glass spheres shall conform to AASHTO M
247, Type I, the limits will be as shown in the following table.

.No NAME OF TEST SPECIFICATION LIMITS

1 Condition of container T.T.P-115F/1984 Good

2 General Appearance T.T.P-115F/1984 Good
3 Pigment% by weight/ White, yellow ASTM-D4451/2002 52-57
4 NonvolatileVehicle%by weight of Vehicle ASTM-D4451/2002 31 ≥
5 Total Solid,% by weight ISO3251-2003 67≥
6 Water, ,% by weight T.T.P-115F/1984 1≤
7 Coarse Particles and skin(refined in T.T.P-115F/1984 1≤
aNo.325seive) by weight of pigment
8 Drying time , minutes ASTM D711/1989ِ 30-15
9 Fineness of grind,Hegm ISO-1524/2000 3≥

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10 Sand abrasion test(liters) White ASTM D968/2005 50≥
Yellow
45≥
11 Accelerated weather resistance, ASTM D4587/2005
q.u.v.300hs.4h.u.v./600/4h condensation/40c
White
Yellow 37.5≥
34≥
12 Directional reflectance, White T.T.P-115F/1984 ≥90
Yellow
58≥
13 Directional reflectance after accelerated &T.T.P-115F/1984 ≥81
weathering, % White
Yellow
ASTM D4587/2005 55≥
14 Dry opacity on 100 micrometer White T.T.P-115F/1984 ≥0.90
Yellow
0.96≥
15 Flexibility over 13mm diameter rod ISO-1519/2002 PASS
16 Water immersion Test for 24 hours at 25 T.T.P-115F/1984 PASS
17 Salt test, 20% for 24 hours at 25c JS-545/2005 PASS
18 Consistency, Kerbs Units at 25c ASTM D562/2001 70-90

2. Thermoplastic Reflector zed Paint (TRP)

2.1 TRP shall consist of a mixture of binder, white or yellow pigment, glass spheres,
filler, and other materials in granular form specially compounded for traffic paint that is to
be applied to the pavement in a molten state by mechanical means with surface application
of glass beads. Upon cooling to normal pavement temperature this material shall produce
an adherent, reflector zed paint line of specified thickness capable of resisting deformation.

2.2 White and yellow TRP shall conform to AASHTO M 249. Surface application glass
spheres (beads) shall conform to AASHTO M 247, Type I, except for the gradation which
shall be as follows:

Standard Sieve Size Passing by Weight

1.70 mm (No. 12) 100

0.600 mm (No. 30) 85-100
0.425 mm (No. 40) 45-100
0.300 mm (No. 50) 10-45

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0.180 mm (No. 80) 0-20
0.075 mm (No. 200) 0-5

2.3 Pre-mixed glass spheres shall occupy 20-25% by weight of the TRP mixture and
shall conform to the following requirements:

2.3.1 Crushing Resistance: An 18 kg dead weight for No. 20 to No. 30 mesh

spheres shall be the average resistance when tested in accordance with ASTM D
1213.

2.3.2 Roundness: A minimum of 75% shall be true spheres when tested in

accordance with ASTM D 1155. Not less than 70% of the spheres of each sieve size
shall be free from imperfect oils of all types, including film, scratches, pits, clusters,
and opaqueness.

2.3.3 Index of Refraction: When tested by the liquid immersion method at 25

degrees C the spheres that will be mixed into the material shall have a minimum
index of refraction of 1.65 and the spheres that will be applied to the TRP line shall
have a minimum index of refraction of 1.5.

2.3.4 Gradation: When tested in accordance with ASTM D 1214, the spheres used
in the TRP shall have the following gradation:

Standard Sieve Size % Passing by Weight

1.70 mm (No. 12) 100

0.180 mm (No. 80) 0-5

2.3.5 Chemical Resistance: The glass spheres shall withstand immerse in water and
acids without noticeable corrosion or etching, and shall not be darkened or
otherwise decomposed by sulfides. A 3 to 5 gm sample shall be placed in each of 3
glass beakers or porcelain dishes, one covered with distilled water the second with
a 3 N solution of sulfuric acid and the third with a solution of 50% sodium sulfide,
48% distilled water and 2% aerosol 1 B or similar wetting agent. No darkener
hazing, or other evidence of instability shall be noticeable in the spheres when
examined microscopically, after one hour immersion.

2.3.6 Silica Content: The silica content (Si02) of the spheres shall be 60% plus or
minus 5% when tested in accordance with Federal Test Method 141 a.

3. Epoxy Thermoplastic Reflector zed Paint (ETRP)

3.1 ETRP shall consist of a formulation of 2 epoxy resins: one solid, one liquid in a
60:40 ratio by weight; calcium carbonate filler, glass spheres, and either titanium dioxide
8-84
pigment for the white formulation, or slice encapsulated lead chromate pigment for the
yellow formulation. Specific composition and form of materials shall be as follows:

White ETRP Yellow ETRP

Parts % by Parts % by
by Weight by Weight
Weight Weight

Solid epoxy resin 30.0 35.7+ 0.5 30.0 36.0 + 0.5

Liquid epoxy resin 20.0 23.8 + 0.5 20.0 24.0 + 0.5
Titanium dioxide 10.0 11.8 + 0.3 - -
Lead chromate - 9.3 11.1 + 0.3
Calcium carbonate 10.0 11.9 + 0.3 10.0 12.0 + 0.3
Glass spheres 14.0 16.7 + 0.4 14.0 16.8 + 0.4

3.2 The liquid and solid resins shall be condensation products of bisphenol A and
epichlorohydrin having the following properties:

Liquid Epoxy Resin Solid Epoxy Resin

Average Difference Average Difference

Viscosity, cps

49 degrees C, 20 rpm 680 - 810 10 - -

232 degrees c, 10 rpm - - 1300-2600 75

Peroxide equiv. wgt.

(gm/ equiv) 180-196 10 1600-2300 50

3.3 The titanium dioxide shall conform to ASTM D 476, Type II. The oil absorption
shall be between 13 gm and 30 gm of oil per 100 gm of pigment, with a maximum
deviation between replicate samples of 1 gm.

8-85
3.4 The calcium carbonate shall conform to ASTM D 1199, Type GC. Grade I with a
dry brightness not less than 91%. The oil absorption shall be between 9 gm and 21 gm of
oil per 100 gm of penitent, with a maximum deviation between replicate samples of 1 gm.

3.5 The lead chromate shall be the refractory type, silica encapsulated; and with no
additive surface treatment. When tested in accordance with ASTM D 1208 for
determining the pH using 2.5 gm of pigment in 50 ml of water and ASTM D 153
for determining the specific gravity of the pigment and ASTM 444 for determining the
following properties, the results shall be:

Maximum
Deviation
Between
Min Max Replicates

pH in 5% water slurry 7.0 9.0 0.20

Specific gravity 3.8 4.5 0.01
Lead, % by wgt 44.0 50.0 0.50
Chromate, (CrO4) by wgt 17.0 27.0 0.60
Chromium (Cr) , % by wgt 7.6 12.1 0.50

3.6 Glass spheres shall conform to ASTM D 2205, Type I, except that the gradation
when tested In accordance with ASTM D 1214 shall be as follows:

Standard Sieve Size % Passing By Weight

0.850 mm (No. 20) 100

0.600 mm (No. 30) 79-100
0.300 mm (No.50) 15-60
0.180 mm (No. 80) 0-15

4. Preformed Thermoplastic Reflector zed Film

4.1 Preformed thermoplastic reflector zed film shall be homogeneous, extruded,

prefabricated white or yellow, of specified shape and capable of being affixed to
bituminous or cement concrete surfaces. It shall contain reflective glass spheres uniformly
distributed, and bonded to the top surface of the material. The film shall be weather
resistant and shall not show any appreciable fading, lifting, shrinkage, significant tearing,
roll back, or other signs of poor adhesion, throughout its useful life.

4.2 The thermoplastic film without adhesive shall be a minimum of 1.5 mm thick. The
film as supplied shall be of good appearance, free from cracks and discolorations, and the
edges shall be clean-cut and well defined, to may be applied complete with a percolated,
8-86
factory applied, pressure sensitive adhesive backing with a protective release paper, or
with separate adhesives as recommended by the manufacturer.

4.3 The adhesive shall be such as to allow the plastic film to be repositioned on the
pavement surface to which it is applied, before permanently fixing it in its final position.

4.4 The preformed thermoplastic film shall consist of the following:

Minimum %
By Weight

Polymeric resins and plasticizers 20

Pigments 30
Reflective glass spheres 20

4.5 The pigments shall be selected and blended to provide a white or yellow marking
film which conforms to standard highway colors, throughout the expected life of the film.

4.6 The plastic film shall be sufficiently flexible so that at a temperature of 26-28 degree
C, an uncounted piece of material (without adhesive and paper backing), 75 mm by 150
mm, may be bent over a 25 mm mandrel until the end faces are parallel and 25 mm apart
without showing any fracture lines in the uppermost surface.

4.7 The plastic film (without adhesive or paper backing) shall have a minimum tensile
strength of 0-6 kg/ sq.cm when a specimen 150 mm by 25 mm is tested in accordance with
the requirements of ASTM D 638. The rate of pull of the test shall be 6 mm/minute. The
test shall be conducted at a temperature of 21-27 degrees C. The elongation shall be no
greater than 75%.

4.8 A 150 mm long by 25 mm wide section of the plastic film (without adhesive and
paper backing) shall support a dead load weight of 1.8 kg for not less than 5 minutes at a
temperature of 21-27 degrees C.

4.9 The plastic film shall have a maximum loss in weight of 0.25 gm in 500 revolutions
when abraded according to Federal Test Method Standard No. 141, method 6192, using H-
18 calibrated wheels with 1,000 gm load on each wheel.

5. Glass Spheres for Preformed Thermoplastic Film

5.1 General: Reflective glass spheres shall be manufactured from glass of a composition
designed to be highly resistant to traffic wear and to the effect of weathering. During
manufacture of the preformed plastic film, the spheres shall be mixed into the material in
the amounts indicated previously. A layer of reflective glass spheres shall also be bonded
8-87
to the top surface of the film.

5.2 Roundness: Roundness shall be determined in accordance with the requirements

of ASTM D 1155. A minimum of 75% of the spheres shall be water-white true
spheres free from Imperfections of all types, including air inclusions, film scratches, pits,
clusters, and surface scoring.

5.3 Index of Refraction: The glass spheres shall have a refractive index of not less than
1.5 when tested by the liquid immersion method 25 degrees C.

5.4 Gradation: The size of the glass spheres shall be such that performance requirements
for the preformed plastic film shall be met.

5.5 Chemical Resistance: The glass spheres shall have the same resistance to corrosion,
etching, darkening and hazing, as specified for those used with thermoplastic paint.

6. Ceramic Non-Reflective Raised Pavement Markers

6.1 Ceramic (non-reflective) raised pavement markers shall consist of a heat- fired,
vitreous, ceramic base and a heat-fired, opaque, glazed surface. Marker shall be produced
from any suitable combination of intimately mixed clays, shale's, talc, flints, feldspars, or
other inorganic material which meet the specified properties. Markers shall be thoroughly
and evenly matured and free from defects which affect appearance or serviceability.

6.2 The underside of markers shall be free from gloss or glaze and shall have a number
of integrally formed protrusions projecting from the surface in uniform pattern of parallel
rows. The tips of the protrusions shall not dentate more than 1.3 mm from a flat surface.
Each protrusion shall have a fact parallel to the underside of the marker and the sides of
each protrusion may be tapered up to 15 degrees from the perpendicular.

6.3 The top surface of the marker shall be convex and the radius curvature shall be
between 90 mm and 150 mm except for a smaller radius near the edge. Any change in
curvature shall be gradual. The top and side shall be smooth and free of mold marks, pits;
indentation, air bubbles, or other objectionable marks or discolorations.

6.4 Ceramic markers shall have the following properties as defined in test 669
(Department of Transportation of the State of California).

Glaze Thickness: 0.18 mm (min)

Hardness; (Moh) 6 (min)
Directional reflectance
(White markers)
Glazed surface: 75 mcd/lx {min)
Body of marker: 65 mcd/lx (min)
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Yellowness Index

Glazed surface: 7 (max)

Body of marker: 12 (max)
Color (yellow markers)
Purity: 76% to 96%
Dominant wave length: 0.579 to 0.585 mm
Total luminous reflectance
(Y value x 100): 41 (min)
Autoclave resistance
(ASTM C424): Glaze shall not spell, craze,
or peel
Strength: 680 kg (min)
Water absorption (ASTM C-373): 2% (max)

7. Plastic non-Reflective Raised Pavement Markers

7.1 Plastic (non-reflective) raised pavement markers shall be precast, plastic markers in
the form of single-based spherical segment composed of thermosetting resins, pigments,
and inserts and shall be of uniform composition throughout. The markers shall not contain
glass.

7.2 The markers shall be of uniform composition and free from surface irregularities,
cracks, checks, chipping and other physical damage interfering with appearance or
application. The markers shall meet the following requirements:

Property Requirement

Weight 125 grams (min.)

Titanium dioxide 21% by weight (min.)
Resin content 20% by weight (min.)

7.3 Brightness will be measured with equipment conforming to ASTM E97 using a
Brightness Standard of 75%.

7.4 Impact resistances will be measured by allowing a 454 gram steel ball to fall 380mm
free fall onto the marker, supported by but not bonded to a steel base plate.

7.5 The Shore udometer Hardness (Type D) when determined in accordance with
ASTM D2240, shall be a minimum of 86 when measured at 22 C, and a minimum 83 when
measured at 74 C.

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7.6 The titanium dioxide content will be determined by ashing representative
portions of the marker, treating the ash with boiling (NH4) SO4 and H2SO4
solution, filtering, and measuring the absorbance of the filtrate at about 410 mill microns.
This method is calibrated with known samples using ASTM D4563 (1968) or in accordance
with the manufacturer's instructions.

7.7 Resin content will be determined by ashing and igniting representative portions of
the marker.

8. Reflective Raised Pavement Markers

8.1 Reflective raised pavement markers include Plain Prismatic Markers; Aluminum
Encased Prismatic- Markers; and Cats eye Type Pavement (Road) Studs.

8.2 All reflective raised pavement markers shall be approved by the Ministry, on the
basis of these Specifications and of successful trial usage under severe conditions in the
Kingdom.

8.3 Color Indications shall be as shown on the Drawings or required by the Engineer.

8.4 Colorimetric characteristics will be accepted based on comparison with Ministry

standards. Characteristics may be tested and approval based on standard dichromatic
coordinates tested in accordance with ASTM E 308.

9. Plain Prismatic Reflective Markers

9.1 Plain, prismatic, reflective pavement markers shall consist of a methyl methacrylate
or suitably compounded acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) shell filled with a mixture of
an inert thermosetting compound and filler material. The exterior surface of the shell shall
be smooth and contain one or 2 methyl methacrylate prismatic reflector faces as required.

9.2 The reflective lens shall not contain any voids or air space and the back of the lens
shall be metallized

9.3 The shell shall be fabricated in a manner that will provide a mechanical interlock
between the thermosetting compound and the shell. The thermosetting compound shall
bond directly to the back of the moralized lens surface.

9.4 The base of the marker shall not deviate from a flat surface by more than 2 mm,
shall be rough textured, and free from gloss or substances which may reduce its bond to the
adhesive.

9.5 Markers shall support a load of 1000kg. A marker shall be centered over the
open end of a venially positioned hollow metal cylinder. The cylinder shall be
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25.4mm high, with an internal diameter of 76.2mm and wall thickness of 6.4mm. Load
shall be slowly applied to the top of the marker through a diameter metal plug centered on
the top of the marker.

9.6 Markers shall conform to the minimum reflectance requirements specified for
aluminum encased prismatic markers.

10 Aluminum Encased, Prismatic Reflective

Markers

10.1 Aluminum encased, prismatic, reflective pavement markers shall consist of

replaceable reflectors mounted in an aluminum encasement approximately 127 mm wide (at
right angles to the highway center line), 89 mm long (parallel to the highway centerline)
and 20 mm high. The encasement shall permit minimal accumulation of dirt on the reflector
surface.

10.2 Markers shall be cast with an aluminum anchor which will prevent lateral
displacement of the marker after installation. The anchor shall have a minimum cross
sectional area at the bottom face of the marker of 3 sq.cm and may be tapered. The anchor
shall be at least 60 mm long, of elliptical or other approved cross section, and deformed or
slotted to resist pullout and rotational displacement.

10.3 When load tested as specified for the plain prismatic, type, the markers shall
withstand a load of 1,500 kg.

10.4 The reflectance graperies of the markers shall be as follows:

Reflectance Requirements for Prismatic

Pavement Markers (Plain and Encased)

* **Minimum Specific Intensity

Observation Angle Entrance Angle (Mill candelas per LUX)
(Degrees) (Degrees)
Clear
Or
White Red Amber
0.2 0 280 70 170
0.2 0.2 110 28 67

* Observation angle means the angle at the reflector between the observer's line of
sight and the axis of the incident light beam.

** Entrance angle means the angle at the reflector between the direction of light incident on
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it and the direction of the reflector axis.

11. Cats eye Type Reflective Pavement Studs

11.1 Cats eye type pavement (road) studs shall consist of mountable aluminum casting.
The stud anchor shall be of aluminum approximately 60 mm long and 30 mm in diameter.
The anchor shall be suitably deformed or slotted to resist pullout and rotational
displacement. Each stud shall have 1 or 2 reflecting surfaces as appropriate.

11.2 Small cats eye type pavement studs shall be approximately 100 mm squarely 10 mm
high. Each reflecting surface shall have 3 circular clusters of 7 bi- convex lenses and shall
meet the minimum reflectance requirements given below.

11.3 Large cats eye type pavement studs shall be 150 mm × 150 mm by 25 mm high
(±5mm). Each reflecting surface shall have 5 circular clusters 4 circular clusters of 7 bi-
convex lenses and shall meet the minimum reflectance requirements given as follows,

11.4 When load tested, small cat eye (10*10) the markers shall withstand a load of
1500 Kg, Large cat eye (15*15) the markers shall withstand a load of 2500 Kg.

Reflectance requirements for Cats eye Type

Pavement Studs (Large and Small)

Observation Angle *Entrance Angle **Minimum Specific Intensity

(Degrees) (Degrees) (Mill candelas per LUX)
Clear Red
Or Or
White Green Amber

2.0 14.0 L & R 5 1 2.5

1.0 10.0 L & R 10 2 5.0
0.5 10.0 L & R 15 3 7.5
0.3 5.0 L & R 20 4 10.0

* Observation angle means the angle at the reflector between the observer's line of
sight and the axis of the incident light beam.

** Entrance angle means the angle at the reflector between the direction of light
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incident on it and the direction of the reflector axis.

12. Epoxy Adhesive for Pavement Markers

12.1 Adhesive used to install all types of raised pavement markers shall be a 2-
component epoxy of high viscosity and rapid standard setting characteristics unless
otherwise specified in specification, conforming to AASHTO M 237, Class II.

8.12.3 APPLICATION AND INSTALLATION

1. Equipment for Pavement Marking

1.1 The equipment used for pavement marking shall consist of approved types of truck-
mounted units, or motorized equipment, or manually operate equipment, depending on
the type of markings required. The truck-mounted are motorized unit for centerlines, lane
lines, and edge lines shall consist of a mobile, self-contained unit carrying its own material
and capable of operating at a maximum speed of 10 km/h while applying paint. The hand
applicator equipment shall be sufficiently maneuverable to install centerlines, lane lines,
edge lines, gore striping, turn lines, crosswalks, stop lines, arrows, and legends.

1.2 Spraying equipment shall be capable of satisfactorily applying the paint under
pressure with a uniformity of feed through nozzles spraying directly on the pavement. Each
paint tank shall be equipped with cut-off valves which will enable broken (skip) lines to be
sprayed automatically. Each nozzle shall have a mechanical bead dispenser that will operate
simultaneously with the spray nozzle and distribute the beads in a uniform pattern at the
rate specified. Each nozzle shall also be equipped with suitable line guides and shall
provide a method for cleaner's the surface of dust just prior to paint application.

1.3 The spray machine for application of reflector zed paint lines and other markings
shall have an attachment to accurately regulate the rate at application and a tachometer or
other approved device to ensure uniform paint application at the designated rate. It shall be
adjustable to enable the painting of 1 or 2 adjacent lines simultaneously along the
centerline. The paint shall be properly agitated while in operation.

1.4 Equipment for application of thermoplastic reflector zed paint lines and other
markings shall deposit the plastic material in a hot molten state on the pavement, utilizing
either an extrusion or spray method. Equipment shall be capable of providing continuous
mixing and agitation of the material which will be maintained at the proper placement
temperature. The use of direct fame heat will not be allowed.

1.5 An automatic glass sphere dispenser with synchronized automatic cut-off shall be
attached to the applicator machine. The dispenser shall utilize pressure type spray guns
which will embed the spheres into the surface to at least 0.5 times the sphere diameter. The
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dispenser shall also be equipped with an automatic cut-off synchronized with the cut-off of
the thermoplastic material.

1.6 Hand equipment shall be used only for painted markings including arrows,
crosswalks, stop lines, symbols and legends, and it shall hold a minimum of 25kg and not
more than 100kg of molten material unless otherwise agreed between the Engineer and the
supplier.

1.7 Equipment for application of epoxy thermoplastic material shall provide for
continuous mixing, agitation, and indirect oil jacketed heating of the material. The
equipment shall be designed to apply the paint and the reflective glass spheres in
continuous and broken (skip) line patterns. It shall be equipped with a pressure tank, mixer
and heating equipment of such capacity as to maintain the thermoplastic a minimum
temperature of 225 degrees C.

1.8 Heating equipment for application of epoxy thermoplastic material shall consist of a
direct thermostatically controlled heat transfer medium. Heating by direct flame will not be
allowed. The equipment shall have a low pressure spray system. Atomizing air may be used
provided it is heated to a minimum of 175 degrees C. All spray lines and appurtenances
leading from the heated pressure tank to the spray nozzle shall be fully hesitated or suitably
heated so as to allow the heated material to leave the spray glen at a minimum temperature
of 225 degrees C.

1.9 Preformed reflector zed, thermoplastic film for traffic markings may be applied by
approved manual or machine methods consistent with the type of markings and with the
recommendations of the manufacturer.

1.10 Automatic devices for mixing epoxy adhesive shall be equipped so that the separate
components are delivered to the mixing head at the specified ratio by volume. The lines
feeding the mixing head shall be equipped with suitable valves that will allow samples to
be taken for checking the ratio of each component. The machine shall be capable of
metering the amount of adhesive required to secure each raised pavement marker.

2. Setting Out and Pavement Preparation

2.1 The Contractor shall set out all control points necessary for locating paint lines and
markings. On irregular widths of highway, the locations of border (edge) lines shall be
adjusted so as to fall continuously on the pavement. The locations of all painted
markings and each location for raised pavement markers and studs shall be
accurately established and shall be subject to approval before application and installation
commences. Markers and studs shall not be located over longitudinal or transverse
pavement joints.

2.2 The area of highway surface on which marking is to take place shall be free of dirt,
8-94
existing paint lines if directed, curing compound, grease, oil, moisture, loose or unsound
layers, and any other material which could adversely affect the bond. The areas shall be
thoroughly cleaned to the satisfaction of the Engineer before proceeding with painting or
installation of markers and studs.

2.3 Pavement marking shall not proceed when there is moisture on the pavement surface
or the air is misty; or the surface temperature of the pavement is below 10 degrees C; or
when wind or other conditions may cause a film of dust to be deposited on the surface; or in
other conditions that, in the opinion of the Engineer, could displace, damage, or adversely
affect the brooding of the material to the pavement surface. Any markings damaged due to
water or rain within 20 minutes after application, shall be removed and replaced at the
Contractor's expense.

3. Painting and Adhesive Film Application

3.1 The use of Class A (white) paint or Class B (yellow) paint and the type of paint
material shall be in accordance with the design standards and as shown on the Drawings.

3.2 Application of the various categories of paint to the pavement surface shall be
carried out in accordance with the equipment manufacturer's recommendations and as
shown on the Drawings and directed by the Engineer.

3.3 Painting applications may include center lines, border (edge) lines, passing lines,
intersection markings, chevron striping (in gore areas), pedestrian crossings, letters, arrows,
symbols and other special purpose pavement markings.

3.4 Preformed reflector zed thermoplastic film shall be utilized only where specified for
markings such as intersection markings, lettering, arrows, symbols and other special
purpose markings. Application shall be accordance with the manufacturer's
recommendations and shall be earned out in the presence of the Engineer.

4. Reflector zed Paint (RP) Application

4.1 Traffic paint shall be thoroughly mixed in the shipping container before placing in
the machine tank. The paint machine tanks; connections, and spray nozzles shall be
thoroughly cleaned each day with thinner before starting any spraying.

4.2 The minimum wet film thickness for all pitted areas shall be 0.4 mm. The minimum
rate of application for 100 mm width paint line shall be as follows:

4.2.1 Continuous (solid) paint lines: 40 Itr/km for smooth surfaces and 50 Itr/km
for rough surfaces

4.2.2 Broken (skip) paint lines: 14 Itr/km for smooth surfaces and 17.5 Itr/km for
8-95
 rough surfaces (assuming gap length is double the length of paint line) Rates shall be
modified proportionately for other widths of traffic lines.

4.3 The measured application rate shall not vary from the approved rate by more than
5% in any 1/km. At any point where a check indicates a variation in excess of 5%, painting
shall be stopped and the equipment adjusted or replaced. Identifiable areas of deficiency
shall be corrected as directed.

4.4 Immediately following the application of paint; a uniform application of glass beads
shall be applied at the rate of 0.6 -0.7 kg/ltr of paint.

5. Thermoplastic Reflector zed Paint (TRP)

Application

5.1 In addition to normal pavement cleaning requirements specified, the surface of

bituminous concrete pavements shall be washed with a detergent solution if and as
required, followed by a water rinse to remove any clay coating or accumulation of grease.
On new and existing cement concrete pavements, the surface shall be abrasive blast-
cleaned to remove laitance, curing seal or other foreign materials.

5.2 A binder-sealer material shall be applied prior to the thermoplastic application.

The binder-sealer material shall be applied with conventional mobile paint spraying
equipment, and form a continuous film over the pavement surface which will dry rapidly
and adhere to the pavement surface. The binder-sealer shall be a product currently used and
recommended by the thermoplastic paint manufacturer.

5.3 To ensure optimum adhesion, the thermoplastic paint shall be applied in a molten
state at a temperature range recommended by the manufacturer, but not less than 200
degrees C.

5.4 The completed lines shall have a continuous and uniform cross section, and shall
have clean, sharp dimensions. The width of paint line specified shall be applied in one
application. The lines shall be laid to the following thicknesses unless otherwise agreed
between the Engineer and the Supplier:

Screed Lines: not less than 2.0mm or more than 5.0mm.

Sprayed Lines: not less than 1.5mm.
Extruded Lines: not less than 2.5 mm or more than 3.5mm.

5.5 A glass sphere top dressing shall be applied to the completed thermoplastic paint
immediately after it has been placed by the automatic glass sphere dispenser attached to the
painting machine. The sphere dispenser shall embed at least half the sphere diameter into
the surface. The application rate of spheres shall be 0.4 to 0.5 kg/sq. m.
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6. Epoxy Thermoplastic Reflector zed Paint
(ETRP) Application

6.1 The application procedures for ETRP shall be as specified for thermoplastic paint,
except that a binder sealer shall not be required and the epoxy thermoplastic shall be
sprayed at temperatures between 225 and 235 degrees C at the spray nozzle. The thickness
of application shall be 0.45 mm, with a tolerance of plus or minus 0.05 mm.

7. Raised Pavement Marker Installation

7.1 The pavement surface on which raised pavement markers or studs are to be installed
shall be thoroughly cleaned to remove all materials which may adversely affect the bond of
the adhesive.

7.2 Where holes or recesses are required in the pavement for the particular type of
prismatic marker or stud being used, the hole shall be drilled slightly wider and deeper than
the stud or marker. All debris from the hole or recess shall be removed and any damage to
the pavement surface shall be properly and neatly repaired before installation of the marker
or stud. The bole or recess shall be completely filled with adhesive before securing the
stud or marker in position.

7.3 The adhesive for prismatic markers which are to be installed on

the pavement surface shall be placed uniformly on the surface or on the bottom
of the marker in a quantity sufficient to cover the area of contact, with no voids
resent and with slight excess after the marker has been installed. The maker
shall be placed in position and pressure applies until firm contact is made with the
pavement.

7.4 All excess adhesive shall be promptly removed, using kerosene or other approved
solvent which shall not stain or damage the pavement. Markers and studs shall be protected
against impact until the adhesive has fully hardened.

7.5 Markers and studs shall be aligned and pressed into place within 5 minutes after
mixing the adhesive proponents. Any mixed batch of adhesive which becomes so viscous
that the adhesive is not readily extruded on application of slight pressure shall not be used.

8. Protection of Markings and Markers

8.1 Immediately following the application of paint lines and other markings on
pavements open to traffic, traffic cones or other approved devices shall be placed alongside
or over the paint at intervals not exceeding 10 m and shall remain in place until the paint
has dried.

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8.2 Traffic shall be prevented from crossing wet paint lines and the Contractor shall
use sufficient numbers of flagmen, barricades, or other protection, particularly at crossings,
to prevent traffic from crossing wet paint. Sections of paint which have been damaged by
traffic before the paint has cured shall be repaired and the pavement outside the painted
area cleaned at the Contractor's expense.

8.3 Raised pavement markers and studs shall be protected from all traffic at least 3 hours
after placement, when the average ambient temperature is 13 degrees C or above; at least
24 hours when the said temperature is between 4 and 13 degrees C; and at least 48 hours
when the said temperature is 4 degrees C or below. The Engineer will determine when the
adhesive has set sufficiently to bear traffic. Regardless of the type of adhesive used,
markers and studs shall not be placed when the pavement of air temperature is 0 degree C
or below; when the relative humidity of the air is greater than 80%; when the pavement is
not surface dry; or before a new bituminous concrete pavement has been opened to traffic
for at least 14 days (unless otherwise directed).

8.4 Temporary barricades and signs of the design shown on the Drawings or as
specified, or required by the Engineer, shall be erected at the beginning and end of the
highway section on which the Contractor proposes to apply paint markings or install
markers or studs. On completion the temporary barricades and cones shall be moved ahead
to the next section. Barricades and cones shall not be left in place overnight. The equipment
shall be so operated that it will be unnecessary for public traffic to cross the newly placed
material behind the equipment in order to safely pass the equipment.

8.5 Protective and traffic warning devices shall conform to all relevant requirements of
Section 1.04 – "Temporary Works".

9. Tolerances and Finish

9.1 A tolerance of 12 mm over, or 3 mm under the specified line width will be allowed,
provided the variation less gradual and does not detract from the general finished
appearance of the line. Segments of broken line may vary up to 300 mm from the specified
length. Segments shall be square at each end without mist or distortion. Deviators from the
control line of up to 25 mm on tangents and 50 mm on curves will be accepted, provided
the deviation does not increase or decrease at a rate of more than 15 mm in 10 m. Lines that
do not meet these tolerances shall be removed and replaced at the Contractor's expense.

9.2 When it is necessary to remove paint, this shall be carried out by means satisfactory
to the Engineer, and shall not damage the underlying pavement surface. When necessary to
correct a deviation which exceeds the permissible tolerance in alignment, the affected
length of Time shall be removed plus an additional 5 m in each direction, and a new line
then painted.

8.12.4 SAMPLING AND TESTING

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1. All material shall be shipped to the job site in undamaged, sealed, original
packaging, clearly identifying each material as to name, color, manufacturer, batch number,
and date of manufacture. All material shall be accompanied by certified test results
verifying compliance with all specified physical and chemical requirements.

2. Reflective raised pavement markers and pavement studs shall be tested for
reflectance at the minimum rate of 1 reflector tested per 500 shipped.

3. All paint products and other materials designated by the Engineer shall be sampled
for testing. Sampling shall be performed by the Contractor in the presence of the Engineer.
Materials shall be sampled in their original containers, except that bulk shipments may be
sampled and resealed as approved by the Engineer. All samples shall be packaged for
shipment as approved by the Engineer. Samples shall be transported to the mobile field
laboratory or to an approved independent laboratory, as directed by the Engineer. Paint
materials and raised pavement markers and studs shall not be used until approved by the
Employer.

8.12.5 MEASUREMENT

1. Painted Pavement Lines and Painted Pavement Markings shall be measured by the
sq.m of reflector zed paint of each type, furnished, applied, cured, and accepted.

2. Preformed Marking Film shall be measured by the sq.m of preformed, reflector zed,
thermoplastic film furnished, applied, cured, and accepted.

3. Pavement Markers and Pavement Studs shall be measured by the number of each
type, furnished, installed, completed, and accepted.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Painted Pavement Lines

(Each type of paint) Square meter (sq.m)

(2) Painted Pavement Markings

(Each type of paint) Square meter (sq.m)

(3) Preformed Film Markings Square meter (sq.m)

(4) Ceramic Non-Reflective

Pavement Markers No.

(5) Plastic Non-Reflective

Raised Pavement Markers No.
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(6) Plain Prismatic Reflective
Pavement Marker No.

(7) Aluminum Encased Prismatic

Reflective Pavement Markers No.

(8) Cats eye Pavement Studs

(3-cluster type) No.

(9) Cats eye Pavement studs

(4-cluster type) No.

SECTION 8.13: SPEED BUMPS AND RUMBLE STRIPS

8.13.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing materials and constructing speed bumps,
concrete rumble strips, ceramic marker rumble strips, and scored shoulder rumble strips, at
the locations and as shown on the Drawings.

8.13.2 MATERIALS

1. Tack Coat

1.1 Liquid asphalt for tack coat shall be rapid curing type cutback grades RC-250 or RC-
3000 as directed, and shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 4.02 -
"Bituminous Prime and Tack Coats".

2. Bituminous Fix

2.1 Bituminous mix for speed bumps shall conform to the relevant requirements of
Section 4.03 - "Bituminous Binder and Wearing Courses", or an equivalent mix if
approved.
3. Concrete

3.1 Portland cement concrete, for concrete rumble strips shall be Class 25 and shall
conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.01 - "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and
Testing".

4. Reinforcement

4.1 Steel mash for concrete rumble strips shall be of the sizes shown on the Drawings
8-100
and shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel Reinforcement and
Fixing".

5. Ceramic Raised Pavement Markers

5.1 Ceramic raised pavement markers for rumble strips shall be of the size shown on the
Drawings. Ceramic markers and the epoxy adhesives shall conform to the relevant
requirements of Section 8.12 - "Pavement Markings for Traffic".

6. Reflective Paint

6.1 White reflector zed paint (RP) used to distinguish the speed bumps shall conform to
the relevant requirements of Section 8.12 - "Pavement Markings for Traffic".

8.13.3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

1. Speed Bumps

1.1 Prior to application of the tack coat, the bituminous surface shall be cleaned free of
all dirt, dust, and other foreign substances which, in the opinion of the Engineer, would
prevent proper bonding of the tack coat.

1.2 Immediately after the surface has been cleaned and approved by the Engineer, the
tack coat shall be applied by pressure distributor, or by hand spraying equipment which
shall achieve a uniform mist type coverage without blotches or streaks. The rate of
application shall be approximately 0.2 to 0.3 Itr/sq.m unless otherwise required by the
Engineer.

1.3 When the tack coat has set and has been approved, the Contractor shall place the
speed bump form in position. The hot bituminous mix shall be placed in the forms by hand
methods and consolidated by hand methods and struck flush with the top of the form.

1.4 After the bituminous mix has been placed in the form and consolidated, the form
shall be carefully lifted and removed and rolling operations shall be started. Rolling shall be
performed with an approved type pneumatic roller traveling parallel to the highway
centerline initially and finally at right angles to the centerline until the speed bump is
compacted to uniform cross section.

1.5 The finished surface of the speed bump shall be painted with white reflectorized
paint in accordance with the relevant requirements of Section 8.12 "Pavement Markings for
Traffics".

2. Concrete Rumble Strips

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2.1 Concrete rumble strips shall be installed after completion of the bituminous wearing
course. Locations shall be staked as shown on the Drawings or as required by the Engineer,
Saw cutting shall be performed to a minimum depth of 50 mm at the locations of joints
between the bituminous pavement and the concrete rumble strip. The pavement structure
shall then be excavated to the required depth. Underlying sub grade or base material shall
be compacted to 100% AASHTO T180 maximum density and moistened immediately prior
to placing of concrete.

2.2 Concrete pavement shall be placed, vibrated and screened in accordance with the
relevant requirements of Section 5.05 - "Portland Cement Concrete Pavement". Machine
placing and finishing will not be required. Portable screeds shall, however, extend the full
width (parallel to the centerline). Concrete shall be checked with a full width straightedge
before texturing.

2.3 Immediately after initial texturing, the rumble pattern shall be achieved using a
template which shall produce the size, shape and pattern of scalloped depressions shown on
the Drawings. The template shall cover a minimum area of 2 sq.m. Depression molds may
be vibrated or forced into the surface of the fresh concrete. The template shall form uniform
depressions 20 mm to 30 mm deep.

2.4 Molds shall be withdrawn on completion, without damaging the edges of the
depression. The Contractor shall periodically check the top surface; of the concrete with a
straightedge and ensure the template is not displacing the concrete.

2.5 Concrete edges shall be properly finished and the concrete shall be cured in
accordance with the relevant requirements of Section 5.02 - ''Concrete Handling, Placing
and Curing". If curing compound is approved for use, additional care shall be taken that
all vertical surfaces of depressions are adequately coated.

3. Ceramic Marker Rumble Strips

3.1 Raised ceramic pavement markers for rumble strips shall be installed in the
appropriate geometric patterns as shown on the Drawings and in accordance with the
relevant requirements of Section 8.12 - "Pavement Markings for Traffic".

4. Scored Shoulder Rumble Strips

4.1 Scored shoulder rumble strips shall consist of a series of depressions as shown on
the Drawings, extending transversely across the paved shoulder, except for a 300 mm strip
adjacent to the traveled way and a 300 mm strip at the outside edge. Each depression shall
be the shape of a semi-circular cylinder of 25 mm diameter. Depressions shall be 10 mm
to 15 mm deep and spaced 0.2 m or 0.25 m apart longitudinally.

4.2 Scored shoulder rumble strips shall be installed to the required dimensions using a
8-102
specially constructed steel wheel roller, with ridges added to the roller drive drum of the
length, spacing, and cross section appropriate to the required scoring.

4.3 Rolling of the depressions shall be performed in lieu of, or immediately following,
breakdown rolling of the bituminous shoulder material. The Contractor shall select the
weight and sequence of rollers to achieve the required depressions and the required density
of finished pavement.

4.4 The Engineer may adjust the required minimum density of the bituminous course
used for the shoulders so as to be compatible with construction of the scored shoulder
rumble strips.

8.13.4 MASUREMENT

1. Bituminous Speed Bumps, Concrete Rumble Strips, and Scored Shoulder Rumble
Strips shall be measured by the sq.m of each type constructed, completed, and accepted.

2. Ceramic Marker Ramble Strips shall be measured by the number of ceramic raised
pavement markers furnished, installed, completed, and accepted.

3. Unless shown as Pay Items in the Bills of Quantities, all other Works prescribed in
this Section shall not be measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary
Works the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the contract prices for Pay
Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMNT

(1) Bituminous Speed Bumps Square meter (sq.m)

(2) Concrete Rumble Strips Square meter (sq.m)

(3) Ceramic Marker Rumble Strips No.

(4) Scored Shoulder Rumble Strips Square meter (sq.m)

SECTION 8.14: FENCING AND GATES

8.14.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of furnishing and installing fences and gates of the Sizes
and types and at the locations as shown on the Drawings.

8.14.2 MATERIALS
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1. Chain Link Fabric

1.1 Chain link fabric shall conform to ASTM A 491 (aluminum coated) or ASTM A 394
(galvanized). Mesh size shall be 50 mm nominal, and wire size shall be 3.76 mm diameter
(No. 9 AWG) before galvanizing.

1.2 If shown on the Drawings, fabric shall be plastic coated. The coating shall consist of
a 0.25 mm minimum thickness coating of PVC. The PVC shall be applied by the thermal
extrusion process and shall withstand a minimum exposure of 1,500 hours at 62 degrees C
without any deterioration when tested in accordance with ASTM D1499.

2. Barbed Wire

2.1 Barbed wire shall conform to ASTM A585 (aluminum coated). Class 1; or ASTM A
121 (galvanized), Class 1; Wire shall be composed, of a minimum 2.5 mm diameter
(No.12.5 AWG) wire and 4 pointed barbs spaced not more than 150 mm center to center.

3. Combination Fence Fabric

3.1 Fabric for combination fences shall conform to ASTM A584 (aluminum coated),
Class 1; or ASTM A116 (galvanized), Class 1, Minimum wire size shall be 3.4 mm
diameter (No.10 AWG), Mesh size and style shall be as shown on the Drawings.

4. Tension Wire

4.1 Tension wire shall conform to ASTM A641, Class 1, Hard Temper. Tension wire for
High Tension Wire Fence shall be a minimum of 2.7 mm diameter. Tension wire for Chain
Link Fence and Industries Fence shall be a minimum of 4.5 mm diameter. Tension wire for
other fences shall be of the minimum diameter shown on the Drawings.

5. Posts and Braces

5.1 Circular steel posts and braces shall be galvanized, conforming to ASTM A53,
Schedule 40, or ASTM A120, Schedule 40, and shall be of the dimensions shown on the
Drawings. All posts shall be provided with tight-fitting, galvanized steel caps.

5.2 At the option of the Contractor, alternate galvanized steel shapes having the
minimum equivalent bending strength in both directions approved, be substituted for
circular posts and braces.

5.3 Posts and braces for High Tension Wire Fence shall conform to ASTM A618, Grade
1. Material shall be of the shapes and dimensions shown on the Drawings and shall he
galvanize in accordance with ASTM A123.
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6. Miscellaneous Hardware

6.1 All miscellaneous hardware shall conform to the requirements shown on the
Drawings and shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153.

7. Tie Wire

7.1 Tie wire shall conform to ASTM A112, and shall have a minimum 3.5 mm diameter
unless otherwise shown.

8. Concrete

8.1 Concrete for setting posts shall be Class 20 conforming with the requirements of
Section 5.01- "Concrete and Concrete Mixes and Testing".

9. Reinforcement

9.1 Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 - "Steel
Reinforcement and Fixing".

10. Wire Rope

10.1 Wire rope for High Tension Wire Fence installed in the median shall conform to the
requirements of AASHTO M30, Type II, Class A. Equivalent galvanized wire rope with a
minimum breaking strength of 19,400 kg will be acceptable.

8.14.3 INSTALLATION

1. The locations of all sections of fencing required shall be surveyed and the
alignments staked, as shown on the Drawings prior to beginning these Works. Top
elevations of all posts shall be computed to follow a smooth grade with curves at
transitions. Cutting the tops from posts after installation will not be permitted.

2. The lines of proposed fence shall be cleared of all obstacles and debris which could
interfere with fence erection. Minor grading may be required to achieve a smooth profile.

3. Posts shall be set plumb to the required line and grade in concrete footings. Wire or
fabric shall not be strung taut until line posts have been set for at least 48 hours and corner
posts for at least 72 hours. In sandy areas or other areas of poor soil support, the Contractor
shall enlarge the footings as directed to maintain adequate fence tension.

4. Wire or fabric shall be strung uniformly at the required tension and attached to
corner posts and brace posts before permanently attaching to line posts. Any significant
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sags or dimensioning which occurs after installation shall be corrected.

5. Where fencing crosses ravines or other discontinuities in the terrain, causing gaps
under the fence, the Contractor, if directed by the Engineer, shall modify the installation to
the extent practicable, by adding strands or additional fabric so as to provide the required
access control without interfering with free flow of storm water drainage across the line of
fence.

6. Galvanized gates or fencing that are constructed, altered or repaired by welding,

cutting, or otherwise, in a manner that damages the coating in any way, shall be repaired by
grinding smooth all damaged surfaces and painting with 2 coats of paint No.8 as specified
in Section 8.09 -"Painting of Structures".

8.14.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Chain Link Fence, Industrial Fence, Barbed Wire Fence, Combination Fence, and
High Tension Wire Fence shall be measured by lin.m finished, installed, completed, and
accepted. Measurements shall be of the horizontal (plan) lengths of each type and height
of fence, from center to center of end or corner posts. Gates and other gaps shall be
excluded from measurement.

2. Cates shall be measured by the sq.m of gate of each type furnished,

installed, completed; and accepted. Measurements shall be of the nominal height
of the gate times the specified distance between the adjacent fence end/gate support posts.

3. All other Works prescribed in this Section shall not be measured for direct payment,
but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to be
included in the Contract prices for the Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASURMENT

(1) Fencing Linear meter (lin.m)

(Each type)

(2) Gates Square meter (sq.m)

(Each type)

SECTION 8.15: DELINATORS, MARKER POSTS AND MONUMENTS

8.15.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of the furnishing and installation of post- mounted
reflective delineators, reflective marker posts and concrete monuments, and cylindrical
traffic cones at the locations and as shown on the Drawings.
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2. Delineators are post-mounted reflector units located at regular intervals along the
side of the highway in selected locations to indicate the highway alignment.

3. Marker posts may include kilometer posts, and posts marking obstructions and
hazards within or adjacent to the highway such as bridge or underpass piers and abutments,
culvert headwalls, abrupt changes in alignment, discontinuation or abrupt narrowing of
shoulders, etc.

4. Right-of-way (ROW) monuments are precast concrete posts, permanently installed

at predetermined intervals along both ROW boundaries.

5. Survey and reference monuments are concrete posts semi-penitently (or

permanently) installed within the ROW at predetermined and accurately surveyed points
required for constriction setting out and related Works.

6. Cylindrical traffic cones shall be placed in the emergency median openings at the
locations shown on the Drawings.

8.15.2 MATERIALS

1. Concrete

1.1 Concrete shall be Class 25 for ROW monuments and Class 20 for post footings. All
concrete shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5t01 - "Concrete and
Concrete Mixes and Testing".

2. Reinforcement

2.1 Reinforcing steel shall conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 "Steel
reinforcement and Fixing.

3. Steel Posts

3.1 Steel posts for delineators and marker posts shall be hot-dip galvanized to AASHTO
M111 standard and shall conform to the steel post requirements in Section 8.11 - "Highway
Signing".

4. Metal Work, Nuts and Bolts

4.1 Hardware, steel plates, and pipe shall be furnished or fabricated as shown on the
plans. Where galvanizing is specified the metal work shall be hot-dip galvanized to
AASHTO M111 standard.

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4.2 Nuts, bolts and washers for posts shall be hot-dip galvanized to AASHTO M232
standard.

4.3 Self-locking nuts, bolts and washers for sign panels shall be stainless steel
conforming to ASTM A276.

5. Sheet Metal for Panels

5.1 Sheet metal for delineator panels and marker post panels shall be either steel sheet or
aluminum alloy sheet as shown on the Drawings and conforming to the relevant
requirements of Section 8.11 - "Highway Signing".

6. Reflective Sheeting

6.1 Reflective sheeting shall be an approved "low intensity" type unless shown
otherwise on the Drawings and shall conform to the relevant requirements in Section 8.11 -
"Highway Signing".

7. Delineators

7.1 Post-mounted Delineators shall be approved type, highly durable plastic molded,
prismatic reflectors of the colors specified and conforming to MUTCD requirements, unless
otherwise shown on the Drawings.

7.2 Where reflectorized paint is specified in lieu of, or the association with, prismatic
reflectors, the paint material shall be of the type as shown on the Drawings and shall
conform to the relevant requirements of Section 8.12 "Pavement Markings for Traffic".

8. MATERIALS

8.1 Cylindrical traffic cones shall be comply with designation 1 or designation 2 of BS

873: Part 8. The white reflective strip material shall comply with BS 3262: Part 1 or BS
6044 as appropriate.

8.15.3 INSTALLATION

1. All posts for delineators, object and marker posts, survey and ROW monuments,
shall be installed at the locations shown on the Drawings.

2. Construction of concrete footings, installation of steel posts and erection of panels,

reflective sheeting and reflectors, shall be in accordance with the relevant requirements of
Section 8.11 - "Highway Signing".

3. Reflectorized paint for marker posts shall be as shown on the drawings and
8-108
according with the relevant requirements of section 8.09 "Painting of Structures".

4. Concrete monuments shall be installed in the correct positions, truly vertical and
complete with inset steel pastes or other indented or pointed identification markings as
shown on the drawing, for each type of monument.

5. Backfilling with approved material shall be in accordance with the relevant

requirements of Section 2.09 "Excavation and Backfill for Structures"

6. Cylindrical traffic cones shall be installed after completion of the wearing course.
Cone bases shall be weighted to ensure stability.

8.15.4 MEASUREMENT

1. Delineators shall be measured by the number including furnishing and erection of

posts.

2. Marker Posts shall be measured by the number furnished and erected including
reflective signs and reflector zed painting, completed, and accepted.

3. Monument shall be measured by the number of each type furnished, installed,

Completed and accepted.

4. Excavation, backfilling and other ancillary items shall not be measured for direct
payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to
be included in the Contract prices for the Pay Stems.

3. Right-of-way monuments shall be measured by the number of each type furnished,

installed, completed, and accepted.

4. Survey Monuments shall not be measured for direct payment but shall be
considered as subsidiary Works, the costs of which will be deemed to be included in the
Contract prices for the Pay Items.

5. Cylindrical Traffic Cones shall be measured by the number furnished, installed,

completed, and accepted.

6. Excavation, backfilling and other ancillary items shall not be measured for direct
payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of which will be deemed to
be included in the Contract prices for the Pay Items.

PAY ITEMS UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

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(1) Post-Mounted Delineators No.

(2) Marker Posts

(Early type) No.

(3) Right-of-Way Monuments No.

(4) Survey Monuments No.

(5) Cylindrical Traffic Cones No.

SECTION 8.16: STEEL GUARDRAIL AND CONCRETE SAFETY

BARRIER

8.16.1 SCOPE

1. These Works shall consist of the furnishing, construction and erection of steel
guardrail, concrete barriers, impact attenuators, and glare screens as and where shown on
the Drawings.

8.16.2 MATERIALS

1. Metal Beam Guardrail

1.1 Rail elements and backup plates for W-Beam rail shall conform to AASHTO M180,
Class A, Type 2 galvanized. Rail elements for triple corrugated beam rail used in Guard
Rail Energy Absorbing Terminal (G.R.E.A.T.) proprietary impact attenuators shall conform
to AASHTO M180, Class B, Type 2 galvanized. Rail element joints shall be fabricated to
lap not less than 300 mm and be bolted.

1.2 Rail metal shall withstand a cold bend, without cracking, of 180 degrees around a
mandrel of a diameter equal to 2.5 times the thickness of the sheet metal plate.

1.3 Rail elements to be erected on a radius of 45 m or less shall be shaped in the shop.
The radius of curvature shall be stenciled on the back of each section of rail.

1.4 Rail elements shall be designed to be spliced at intervals not to exceed 4 m and such
splices shall be made at posts, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings.

2. Box Beam Guardrail

2.1 Rails shall he hot-formed welded and seamless carbon steel structural tube or cold-
formed, welded. Posts splice tongues, and plates shall conform to ASTM A36. Rails shall
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conform to ASTM A500, Grade A or B, or ASTM A501.

2.2 Mill transverse welds will not be permitted on rail sections. Longitudinal welds
shall be made by the resistance, gas shielded arc, and submerged arc or plasma arc welded
process and shall be sound, free from defects, and shall not be repaired. The welded Joint,
in cold and hot-formed welded rail, shall have a minimum tensile strength specified for the
railing when subjected to the tensile strap test specified in ASTM E8M (metric).

2.3 Rail sections for tangent runs shall be not less than 6 m in length. Rail splices shall
be a minimum of 400 mm from the centerline of any post.

3. Wire Rope

3.1 Wire rope for cable guardrail, cable guardrail anchor terminals and metal beam
guardrail anchor terminals, shall conform to AASHTO M30, Type II, Class A. Equivalent
galvanized wire rope with a minimum breaking strength of 19,400 kg will be acceptable.

3.2 Wire rope restraining cable for G.R.E.A.T. Hi-dro and Hi-Dri impact attenuators
shall be minimum 22 mm nominal diameter galvanized wire rope conforming to ASTM
A603, Class A.

3.3 Pull out and secondary cable for Hi-Dro and Hi-Dry impact attenuators shall be
minimum 9.5 mm nominal diameter galvanized wire rope conforming to ASTM A603,
Class A.

4. Posts and Miscellaneous Hardware

4.1 Unless otherwise shown on the Drawings, all steel posts, plates, angles, channels,
brackets and anchor assembly units shall conform to ASTM A36. Cold rolled post sections
shall conform to ASTM A446, Grade B.

4.2 The swaged fittings for anchor terminals shall be machined from hot- rolled carbon
steel conforming to ASTM A576, Grade 1035 and shall be annealed in a manner suitable
for cold swaging. A lock pin hole shall be drilled through the swage fitting head to
accommodate a 7 mm, plated; spring steel pin to retain the stud in the proper position. The
stud shall be steel conforming to ASTM A449. Prior to galvanizing, a 10 mm slot for the
locking pin shall be milled into the stud end. The swaged fitting, stud, and nut shall develop
the full breaking strength of the wire cable.

4.3 Anchor rod eyes shall be hot forged or Formed with full penetration welds. After
fabrication, anchor rods with eyes that have been formed with any part of the eye below
870 degrees C during the forming operation,, or with eyes that have been closed by welding
shall be thermally stress relieved prior to galvanizing. The completed anchor rod, after
galvanizing shall develop strength of 23,000 kg.
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4.4 Clevises shall be drop forged galvanized steel and shall develop the full specified
breaking strength of the wire cable.

4.5 The concrete insert assembly for type 4 anchor terminals (beams of
corrosion resistant steel – AASHTO M180) shall be fabricated as shown on the
Drawings. Ferrules shall be steel conforming to ASTM A108, Grade 12 L 14; Inserts shall
be tapped to the dimensional requirements specified in ASTM A563 for nuts receiving
galvanized bolts. Insert assembly wires shall conform to ASTM A510, Grade 1030, and
have a minimum tensile strength of 686 MN/sq.m (7,000 kg/sq.cm). Welded attachment of
wire to ferrule shall develop the full tensile strength of the wire.

4.6 Turnbuckles shall be steel of commercial quality and shall have a minimum breaking
strength of 1,500 kg; Turnbuckles shall be galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153.
Compensating and non-compensating cable ends shall be cast steel conforming to ASTM
A27 or malleable iron conforming to the requirements of ASTM A47M (metric).
Compensating devices shall have spring constants of 8,000 kg/m plus or minus 500 kg/m
and permit a travel of 150 mm plus or minus 25 mm. All elements shall be galvanized.

4.7 Cable connecting hardware shall develop the full strength of the wire rope. At all
locations where the cable is connected to a cable end with a wedge type connection, one
wire of the wire rope shall be crimped over the base of the wedge to hold the cable firmly
in place.

4.8 Restraining chains for G.R.E.A.T, impact attenuators shall be 12 mm nominal size
and shall conform to ASTM A413, Grade 28.

5. Glare Screens

5.1 Glare screen fabric shall be chain link mesh conforming to ASTM A491 or ASTM
A392. Mesh size and wire diameter shall be as specified on the Drawings.

5.2 Posts shall be galvanized steel pipe conforming to ASTM A153 and of the diameter
shown on the Drawings. Posts shall be furnished with galvanized watertight caps.

5.3 Tension wire shall conform to ASTM A641M (metric)-class 1, Hard Temper, with a
minimum diameter of 4.5 mm.

5.4 Tension cable shall conform to ASTM A474 or A475, 6 mm minimum diameter,
high strength grade.

5.5 All hardware shall be typical of the types shown on the Drawings and shall be
galvanized in accordance with ASTM A153.

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5.6 If shown on the Drawings, the fence fabric posts and all exposed
galvanized hardware shall be coated with a minimum 0.25 mm coating of
bonded PVC. PVC shall be applied by the thermal extrusion process and shall
withstand a minimum exposure of 1,500 hr at 62 degrees C without any deterioration when
tested in accordance with ASTM D1499.

5.7 Slats, when required, shall be either wood or plastic and of the dimensions shown on
the Drawings. Wood slats shall be treated with a suitable preservative.
5.8 Plastic slats shall be tubular polyethylene, color pigmented material consisting of
high density polyethylene and color pigments designed to retard ultraviolet penetration.
The material shall have a minimum wall thickness of 0.7 mm and shall remain flexible
without distortion and without becoming brittle through a temperature range of zero
degrees C to 60 degrees C.

5.9 Plastic slats shall be retained in place by means of U-shaped retainer members at the
bottom and top of the glare screen. Retainer members shall be of the same material as the
slats.

5.10 Samples for the color of plastic slats shall be submitted for approval before use.

6. Bolts, Nuts, and Other Fittings

6.1 All bolts shall conform to ASTM A30 except those designated on the Drawings as
high strength which shall conform to ASTM A325 or A449.

6.2 All nuts shall conform to ASTM A563, Grade A or better except those designated on
the Drawings as high strength which shall conform to ASTM A563, Grade C or better.

7. Galvanizing

7.1 All of the exposed materials for guardrail, guardrail anchor terminals, impact
attenuators, glare screen, and delineators, which consist of steel or iron, shall be galvanized
after fabrication unless otherwise specified. Whenever a galvanizing requirement is not
included in the Specifications, it shall be in accordance with ASTM A123 or ASTM A153
as appropriate.

7.2 All components shall be fabricated and galvanized for installation without additional
drilling, cutting, or welding. When field modifications are approved or when minor
damage to the galvanized coating occurs, the exposed surface shall be repaired by
thoroughly cleaning and applying 2 applications of zinc dust-zinc oxide primer, as specified
in Section 8.09 - "Painting of Structures".

8. Concrete

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8.1 All concrete shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.01 "Concrete
Mixes and Testing".

8.2 Concrete for post supports, buried footings and anchors shall be Class 20.

8.3 Concrete for New Jersey concrete barriers and terminal sections shall be Class 50.

8.4 All other concrete, unless otherwise shown on the Drawings shall be Class 25.
9. Reinforcement

9.1 Reinforcing steel shall be of the size and type shown on the Drawings and shall
conform to the requirements of Section 5.03 "Steel Reinforcement and Fixing".

10. Delineators

10.1 Delineators for attachment directly to metal beam and box beam guardrail, or to
New Jersey Barrier shell be of the types shown on the Drawings, and shall conform with
the relevant requirements of Section 8.15 - "Delineators, Marker Posts, and Monuments".

10.2 Hardware shall conform to the requirements shown on the Drawings.

11. Other Materials

11.1 Other materials shall be as shown on the Drawings. Special materials for impact
attenuators shall be as specified by the manufacturer.

8.16.3 CONSTRUCTION AND INSTALLATION

1. Metal Beam and Cable Guardrail

1.1 Guardrail shall be installed as and where shown on the Drawings. Posts shall be
installed by driving plumb to the required elevations or shall be set to concrete, as shown
on the Drawings.

1.2 If ground conditions are such that pilot holes are necessary to prevent damage to
posts during driving, all space around steel posts after driving shall be filled with dry sand
or fine gravel.

1.3 When posts are set in concrete, the concrete shall be placed against the excavated
earth unless otherwise approved.

1.4 Continuous lengths of rail or cable shall be installed and alignment checked and
adjusted before final tightening of bolls, etc. Unless otherwise specified, bolted connections
shall be torque to between 6 and 7 kg-m. Lapped rail shall be installed with exposed ends
8-114
away from the stream of traffic.

2. Guardrail Anchor Terminals

2.1 Guardrail anchor terminals shall be installed as and where shown on the Drawings.

2.2 Posts, anchors and footings shall be driven or installed in concrete as required.
Concrete shall be placed against the excavated earth unless otherwise approved.
2.3 Bolted connections shall be torque as for guardrail bolts.

2.4 Cable guardrail end assemblies shall be attached to the breakaway anchor angle and
turnbuckles tightened to provide the spring compression as shown on the Drawings,
Backfill above the tops of concrete anchor footings shall not be placed before cables are
tensioned. Cables shall be uniformly tensioned prior to bending tabs on end post caps.

3. New Jersey Concrete Barriers and Terminal Sections.

3.1 Concrete barriers shall present a smooth, continuous, uniform appearance in their
final position, conforming to the horizontal and vertical lines shown on the Drawings, and
shall be free of lumps, sags, or other irregularities. The top and exposed faces of the barrier
shall not vary more than 6 mm between any 2 contact points when tested with a 4 m
straightedge laid on the surfaces.

3.2 Concrete barriers may be precast, cast in situ with fixed forms, or extruded with slip
forms. Concrete barriers constructed by casting in situ using fixed forms, shall conform to
the relevant requirements of Section 5.06- "Reinforced Concrete Structures".

3.3 If concrete barriers are constructed by means of an extrusion machine or other

similar type equipment, the concrete shall be thoroughly consolidated and the exposed
surfaces shall conform to the relevant requirements of Section 5.06 - "Reinforced Concrete
Structures" and as specified herein.

3.4 The Contractor shall furnish evidence of successful operation of the proposed
extrusion machine or other equipment, by constructing a trial section of barrier or by other
evidence acceptable to the Engineer.

3.5 Concrete shall be fed to the extrusion machine at a uniform rate. The machine shall
be operated under sufficient uniform restraint to forward motion to produce a thoroughly
consolidated mass of concrete free from surface pit larger than 20 mm in diameter and
requiring no further finishing. The concert shall be of such consistency that, after extrusion,
it will maintain the shape the barrier without support. The grade for the top of the concrete
barrier shall be indicated by an approved offset guide line.

3.6 The forming portion of the extrusion machine shall be readily adjustability vertically
8-115
during the forward motion of the machine to conform to the predetermined grade line. A
grade line gauge or pointer shall be attached to the machine in such a manner that a
continual comparison can be made between the barrier being placed and other established
grade line as indicate by the offset guide line. Other means of controlling barrier grade may
be approved.

3.7 Expansion joints of the width shown on the plans shall be constructed in the
extruded concrete by sawing through the barrier section to its full depth. If sawing is
performed before the concrete has hardened, the adjacent portion of the barrier shall be
firmly supported with close fitting shields. When sawing is performed after the application
of curing computing, the exposed faces of the barrier in the vicinity of the joint shall be
treated with curing compound after sawing the joint.

3.8 If stationary forms for concrete barriers are used, they shall be remove as soon as
possible after the concrete has set sufficiently to maintain the ship of the barrier without
support. The surface shall be free from pits larger than 20 mm in diameter and shall be
given a final soft brush finish with strokes parallel to the line of the barriers. Finishing with
a brash application of grout will not be permitted.

3.9 Concrete surfaces shall be finished as necessary to produce smooth, even surfaces of
uniform texture and appearance, free of bulges, depressions an other imperfections. The
use of power sanders, carborundum stones, or disks may be required to remove bulges or
other imperfections.

3.10 Exposed surface of concrete barriers shall be cured by membrane curing as specified
in Section 5.02 - "Concrete Handling, Placing and Curing".

4. Delineators

4.1 Delineators shall be attached directly to guardrail in an approved, secure manner, as

and where shown on the Drawings or in accordance with the requirements of MUTCD as
appropriate.

4.2 Delineators shall be attached directly to the surface of the New Jersey Barrier as and
where shown on the Drawings by use of epoxy adhesive, all in accordance with the relevant
requirements of Section 8.12 - "Pavement Markings for Traffic".

5. Impact Attenuators

5.1 Impact attenuators shall be installed as and where shown on the Drawings and in
accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations and instructions. A copy of these
recommendations and inspections shall be submitted to the Engineer upon every of the
impact attenuator materials and before any installation commences.

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6. Glare Screens

6.1 Glare screen fabric shall be placed on the face of the posts designated by the
Engineer. On curves, the fabric shall be placed on the face of the post which is on the
outside of the curve.

6.2 Fabric shall be scratched taut and securely fastened to posts as shown on the
Drawings. Fabric shall be cut and each span attached independently at all pull and brace
posts. Rolls of wire fabric shall be joined by weaving a singe strand into the end of the
rolls to form a continuous mesh between pull posts.

8.16.4 TESTING

1. Copies of all Certificates of Guarantee and test reports for all manufactured items
shall be submitted to the Engineer. Sampling and Testing shall be in accordance with
Section 1.05 - "Control of Materials and Standards for Sampling and Testing".

2. The Engineer may request additional sample materials for testing for strength,
galvanizing, or other parameters.

8.16.5 MEASUREMENT

1. Steel Guardrail, New Jersey Concrete Barrier and Glare Screen shall be measured by
the linear meter furnished installed completed and accepted Measurements shall be
based on the dimensions as shown on the Drawings or as directed and shall exclude
include Terminal and transition Sections which shall be measured by the linear meter
furnished, installed, completed and accepted and paid for at the relevant rate for each type
of barriers. A Drawings and Transaction Sections which shall be measured separately.

2. Anchor Terminals, New Jersey Barrier Terminal Sections, New Jersey Barrier
Transition Sections and Impact Attenuators shall be measured by the unit of each type
furnished, constructed or installed; completed, and accepted.

3. Delineators shall be measured by the number furnished and installed by direct

attachment to guardrail or on New Jersey barrier, completed and accepted.

4. Excavation, backfilling, concrete footings and other ancillary items, shall not be
measured for direct payment, but shall be considered as subsidiary Works the costs of
which will be deemed to be included in the Contract prices for Pay Items.

PAY ITEM UNIT OF MEASUREMENT

(1) Steel Guardrail Linear meter (lin. m)

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(2) New jersey Concrete Barrier Linear meter (lin. m)

(3) Glare Screen Linear meter (lin. m)

(4) Guardrail Anchor Terminals No.

(5) New Jersey Barrier No.

Terminal Sections
(6) New Jersey Barrier No.
Transition Sections

(7) Delineators (for attachment No.

to Guardrail or on New jersey Barrier)

(8) Impact Attenuators No.

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