Int

Teaching/Learning Materials (TLM),[1] are any collection of materials

including animate and inanimate objects and human and non-human resources that
a teacher may use in teaching and learning situations to help achieve desired
learning objectives. Instructional materials may aid a student in concretizing a
learning experience so as to make learning more exciting, interesting and
interactive.

Educational modeling can be defined as giving students a demonstration or

example of a process or product that is representative of the skill or content they
are expected to perform themselves. It’s more than just giving a visual
representation of content; rather, a model is a product or process students can
imitate to develop their own skills and understanding.

The ‘teaching and learning resources’ includes any spoken, written or visual
text or activity used or conducted by schools, for example: text
books,novels,films,plays,radio programs,multimedia,digital learning resources
including video, audio, text, animations and
images,lectures,speeches,performances.

Objectives
• To study the Importance and the Effectiveness of some of the Teaching
Learning Materials towards understanding the content.

• suggestions to improve teaching and learning

• to study the imporatance of working models

• To develop diffenrent working models to reduce student confusion and enhance

understanding,” 

• To introduce functions and types of learning and teaching resources

Importance
 Teaching materials can support student learning and increase student
success. Ideally, the teaching materials will be tailored to the content in which
they're being used, to the students in whose class they are being used, and the
teacher.
Modeling is a twofold process that includes demonstrating a desired skill or
behavior while describing the actions and decisions being made throughout the
process.  Modeling is an appeal to students for imitation.
To engage students as much as possible, one of the important engagement
tool is modeling desired actions or behaviors, according to a recent research review
of teaching practices that increase student engagement in Preventing School
Failure:  Alternative Education for Children and Youth.
Learning materials or resources are important because they can significantly
increase student achievement by supporting student learning. ... This process aids
in the learning process by allowing the student to explore the knowledge
independently as well as providing repetition

Methology
teaching and learning materials
Activity-based learning employs a variety of teaching/learning materials and
focuses on student interaction to learn new concepts. Context-specific learning
materials enhance the process.
Story books make great teaching-learning materialsbook reports provide a
great way to have students engage with the books they read, either individually or
together with the class.
Manipulatives are physical items such as gummy bears, blocks, marbles, or
even small cookies, that assist student learning. Manipulatives are especially
helpful in the younger primary grades, where students can use them to help solve
subtraction and addition problems.
Samples of Student Writing:Having students write can be an effective
teaching method. But students often have difficulty thinking of topics. That's where
student writing prompts can be useful. Writing prompts are brief partial sentences
designed to help spark student writing
Videos provide real, visual images that can help enliven learning, but you
need to be careful to choose videos that have real educational value. Websites that
offer free learning videos.
 Games can be useful in teaching students everything from money and
grammar to social skills.Flashcards can be particularly useful for students with
learning disabilities such as dyslexia.
A teacher can use overhead projector transparencies to teach counting skills,
such as for numbers up to 100, and visually demonstrate how charts and graphs
work. Better even than a whiteboard or blackboard, transparencies allow you or
students to write numbers, create problems, circle, and highlight features and easily
wipe away markings with a paper towel or tissue.
Interactive software programs can help English language learners study
grammar and other elements of the English language. And apps, such as for tablet
computers and even smartphones, offer instruction in everything from foreign
languages to information on the Common Core Standards as well as university-
level lectures and lessons for students—many of the apps are free.
Visual aids can be teaching tools designed for the entire classroom. they can
also be used the help students individually, particularly visual learners or those
having difficulty organizing their work or their thoughts. Graphic organizers, for
example, are charts and tools used to visually represent and organize a student's
knowledge or ideas.
Working Models

Working Models are human inventions, based on an incomplete

understanding of how nature works. Models concentrate attention on specific
aspects by using something that is familiar as a simile to explain or describe
something that is not familiar.

For example students may:

• learn the model rather than the concept it is meant to illustrate

• fail to distinguish between a mental image and a ‘concrete’ model
• lack the necessary visual imagery to understand the model
• two or more different models
• find it difficult to apply the model in different contexts.
Different Kinds to Include
• Professional samples Find samples of adult professionals performing the
skill or creating the content you want your students to do. Not only do they
get to see a top-notch illustration, but it will help them see how the tasks
they’re performing look in the “Real world” beyond the classroom.
• Student samples.  Keep examples of quality work from former students and
show current students what their predecessors have accomplished.
• Personal samples. If you can create your own products or model your own
processes for your class, then they will have another opportunity to see what
it is they’re trying to emulate.
• Products. Ask yourself, “What do I want students to create or produce?” A
model for this would help students literally “see” what they’re aiming at
when they work. They can then orient their creation process towards
producing something comparable to what they see.
• Process. Along with end products, however, are the processes of thought
and implementation that go into creating them. So it’s important to help
students see what they could think or how they could step-by-step produce a
valuable result.
• Skills. Skills, like processes, are not just a one-time kind of action that
students perform to check off of a list. Rather, they are actions existing on a
spectrum that reflects their depth and quality.
• Content. Although content is often interwoven with skills, processes, and
products, ultimately there are just some things that we want students to
“Know.” Student exposure to ways this content can be learned as well as
ways content can be applied helps them develop more ownership over how
they go about learning this raw material.
Finally, make sure that you don’t just hand out or post up examples and assume
students get the message. Models are meant to be discussed and explained, so
students can acquire an understanding of what about the model is or isn’t
appropriate.

Resources
Function of Learning and Teaching Resources
The purpose of learning and teaching resources is to provide a source of
learning experiences for students. They should be able to facilitate interaction
among students and teachers during the learning/ teaching process, as well as to
help students to learn, broaden students’ learning experiences and meet different
learning needs. If used effectively, learning and teaching resources can help
students to construct knowledge for themselves and develop effective learning
strategies, generic skills, values and attitudes, thus laying a solid foundation for
life-long learning.
Types of Learning and Teaching Resources
Learning and teaching resources are not confined to textbooks and are
available in many other forms such as reference books, workbooks, worksheets,
audio-visual teaching aids, web-based learning materials, computer software
packages, structured courseware delivered by electronic learning management
systems, Internet and media, as well as libraries, learning communities and
resources in the natural environment, etc.. A wide variety of learning and teaching
resources is readily available.
Textbook
Textbooks have a positive role to play and should provide the core elements of
learning in the subjects recommended by the Curriculum Development Council. 
Textbooks should also be designed to develop students’ critical and creative
thinking and other generic skills through the information and activities that they
provide.
Quality textbooks can assist teachers by providing a ‘one-stop’ shop for materials
that will help them to plan the scope and sequence of their teaching.
Reference books and other printed materials
Teachers are encouraged to use a wide range of other learning and teaching
resources, such as reference books or other printed learning materials to allow
students to explore issues of interest, stimulate enquiry, apply/ consolidate their
learning or encourage them to undertake further learning.
Teachers could also make good use of authentic resources (e.g. information
leaflets, pamphlets, magazines, songs, posters) that are not written for classroom
purposes, but could bring real-world issues into their classrooms.
Multimedia resources
Multimedia resources, which embrace audio-visual teaching aids, web-based
materials, computer software packages, online learning platforms, etc., have the
following advantages in helping students’ learning:
Flexibility, adaptability
Multi-sensory experience
Possibility of interactivity
Connectedness
School libraries
School libraries and teacher-librarians play a significant and pivotal role in helping
students and teachers to gain access to knowledge and information that are needed
in the process of learning and teaching.
School libraries should serve as:
• resource centres with ample information in a variety of formats, where
teachers and students can read, learn and share;
• favourable physical space equipped with traditional, technological and
human resources for students to engage in enjoyable reading and learning;
and
• virtual environment in conducting enquiries, using information technology
to navigate for information and constructing and co-constructing knowledge.
• collaborate with subject teachers (in particular teachers of Liberal Studies) to
facilitate the resource needs of students’ learning;
• co-ordinate teachers in school-based reading programmes; and
• develop students’ information skills and attitudes in using information
derived from all formats and contexts appropriately and ethically.

Community resources
The use of community resources includes a combination of people, places,
financial resources, websites and materials.Teachers could also make use of
public libraries, museums, educational parks and media (including newspaper
and TV)
Effective use of community resources not only helps learning and teaching, but
also introduces students to many ‘resource hubs’ in society to further engage in
life-long learning
Suggestions to Consider to Improve Teaching and Learning
• At the beginning of class, tell your students where you are going. This could
be a brief overview and will give students the sense that you (and therefore
they) are organized.
• Periodically break and tell students where you are: i.e., milestones within the
material
• At the end of class summarize where you have been.
 • Maintain your perspective for "the big picture" and help students understand
how the details fit into the "big picture".
• Use different speeds of delivery to maintain concentration; pause to make
important points; use movement to reinforce important points.
• Test on what you teach and teach what you intend to test.

Conclusion
It is clear that teacher Learning materials are important because they can
significantly increase student achievement by supporting student learning. ... This
process aids in the learning process by allowing the student to explore the
knowledge independently as well as providing repetition.
Use of TLMs improves students' critical and analytical thinking. However,
improper and unplanned use of these aids can have negative effect on the learning
outcome. Therefore, teachers should be well trained through in-service training to
maximize the benefits of using these aids. The curriculum should be designed such
that there are options to activity based learning through these aids.

Models of teaching are very effective teaching strategies which are meant for
transacting specific topic to students. The nature of the topic, presentation method
and classroom environment will direct the teacher that what model of teaching s/he
has to select for teaching the concerned topic. However the teachers and student
teachers should be well aware on the concept and various models of teaching.
Hence they can implement the models of teaching in their professional life and
make wonder in their classroom interactions

Teacher leaders may be an important resource for building a system that can

support ambitious science instruction. Such leaders can guide school- or district-
based professional learning communities, identify useful resources, and provide
feedback to teachers as they modify their instructional practices.

References
•  Lewis, Beth "TLM or Teaching Learning Materials Definition"
• "What is Instructional Materials". global dictionary.
• Joyce, B.  & Weil, M. and Calhoun, E. -Models of teaching,
• Miller, J. P., Cassie, B. J. R., and Drake, S. M. (1990). Holistic learning: a
teacher’s guide to integrated studies. 
• http://www.ls.hkedcity.net/
• http://www.edb.gov.hk/crc