John Chester F.

Harris Biology 1

12 - Newton

Answer the following questions, write your answer on Microsoft Word. Do

not forget to include the references.

1. What is Science?
- Science is a branch of knowledge or study dealing with a body of
facts or truths systematically arranged and showing the operation of
general laws: the mathematical sciences. Systematic knowledge of
the physical or material world gained through observation and
experimentation.

What are the main branches of Science?

Three main branches of Science

Physical Science - is the study of inanimate natural objects and the laws
that govern them. It includes physics, chemistry, and astronomy.
In physics, we try to break down the whole universe into a set of
fundamental, mathematical laws that explain the smallest things in the
universe and the largest.

Earth Science - is the study of the Earth and the physical components
that make it up: the constitution of the atmosphere, the seas, the land, and
how those things are tied together. It includes geology, oceanography,
meteorology and paleontology.
Life Science - the sciences concerned with the study of living organisms,
including biology, botany, zoology, microbiology, physiology, biochemistry,
and related subjects
.3. Write some branches under Biology.

Main Branches of Biology

1.  Taxonomy: It is the science of identification, nomenclature and

classification of organisms.
2.  Morphology: It is the study of external form, size, shape, colour,
structure and relative position of various living organ of3.  Anatomy: It
is the study of internal structure which can be observed with unaided
eye after dissection.
4.  Histology: It is the study of tissue organization and structure as
observed through light microscope.
5.  Cytology: It is the study of form and structure of cells including the
behavior of nucleus and other organelles
6.  Cell Biology: It is the study of morphological, organizational,
biochemical, physiological, genetic, developmental, pathological and
evolutionary aspects of cell and its components.
7.  Molecular Biology: It is the study of the nature, physicochemical
organization, synthesis working and interaction of bio-molecules that
bring about and control various activities of the protoplasm.
8.  Physiology: It is the study of different types of body functions and
processes.
9.  Embryology: It is the study of fertilization, growth, division and
differentiation of the zygote into embryo or early development of living
beings before the attainment of structure and size of the offspring.
10.  Ecology: It is the study of living organisms is relation to other
organism and their environment.
 TIMELINE SHOWING THE HISTORY OF
CELL

1595 – Jansen credited with 1st compound microscope

1655 – Hooke described ‘cells’ in cork.
1674 – Leeuwenhoek discovered protozoa. He saw bacteria some 9 years later.
1833 – Brown descibed the cell nucleus in cells of the orchid.
1838 – Schleiden and Schwann proposed cell theory.
1840 – Albrecht von Roelliker realized that sperm cells and egg cells are also cells.
1856 – N. Pringsheim observed how a sperm cell penetrated an egg cell.
1858 – Rudolf Virchow (physician, pathologist and anthropologist) expounds his famous
conclusion: omnis cellula e cellula, that is cells develop only from existing cells [cells come
from preexisting cells]
1857 – Kolliker described mitochondria.

1879 – Flemming described chromosome behavior during mitosis.

1883 – Germ cells are haploid, chromosome theory of heredity.
1898 – Golgi described the golgi apparatus.
1938 – Behrens used differential centrifugation to separate nuclei from cytoplasm.
1939 – Siemens produced the first commercial transmission electron microscope.
1952 – Gey and coworkers established a continuous human cell line.
1955 – Eagle systematically defined the nutritional needs of animal cells in culture.
1957 – Meselson, Stahl and Vinograd developed density gradient centrifugation in cesium
chloride solutions for separating nucleic acids.
1965 – Ham introduced a defined serum-free medium. Cambridge Instruments produced the
first commercial scanning electron microscope.
1976 – Sato and colleagues publish papers showing that different cell lines require different
mixtures of hormones and growth factors in serum-free media.
1981 – Transgenic mice and fruit flies are produced. Mouse embryonic stem cell line
established.

1995 – Tsien identifies mutant of GFP with enhanced spectral properties

1998 – Mice are cloned from somatic cells.
1999 – Hamilton and Baulcombe discover siRNA as part of post-transcriptional gene silencing
(PTGS) in plants.
 5. Explain the different cell theory
* The cell theory is an explanation of what cells are and why they exist. 
The three main parts are:  1) All living things are made of cells and their
products,  2) New cells are created by old cells dividing into two, and  3)
Cells are the basic building units of life.  In 1665, Robert Hooke
observed, with the aid of a crude compound microsope, the structure of
a thin slice of cork.  The structure resembled stacks of hat boxes, or
holding cells, so he called what he observed "cells".  In 1674, Anton von
Leeuenhoek observed, in a sample of pond water, small animal-like
creatures swimming around.  He probably was looking at Spyrogira, but
he called these small organisms "animal-cules".  Theodore Schwann
and Matthias Schleiden are responsible for formulating the first two parts
of the cell theory, which was a scientific explanation of what these
scientists had observed up to this point.  A few years later, Rudolph
Virchow added the third part of the cell theory, that all things are
composed of these basic building blocks called cells.

6. Get some illustrations of cell with label then write the functions of
each parts.
 Parts of a Cell
Mitochondria - are membrane-bound cell organelles (mitochondrion,
singular) that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell's
biochemical reactions. Chemical energy produced by the mitochondria is stored
in a small molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Peroxisome - contain enzymes that oxidize certain molecules normally found

in the cell, notably fatty acids and amino acids. Those oxidation reactions
produce hydrogen peroxide, which is the basis of the name peroxisome.

Cytoplasm - The cytoplasm is the site for most of the enzymatic reactions and
metabolic activity of the cell. The cytoplasm is the place where the cell expands
and the growth of the cell takes place. The cytoplasm provides a medium for the
organelles to remain suspended.

Rough Endoplasmic - The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or

rough, and in general its function is to produce proteins for the rest of the cell to
function. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has on it ribosomes, which are small,
round organelles whose function it is to make those proteins.

Reticulum - The main function of the reticulum is to collect smaller digesta

particles and move them into the omasum, while the larger particles remain in the
rumen for further digestion. The reticulum also traps and collects heavy/dense
objects the animal consumes.

Ribosomes - Ribosomes have two main functions — decoding the message

and the formation of peptide bonds. These two activities reside in two large
ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) of unequal size, the ribosomal subunits. Each
subunit is made of one or more ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and many
ribosomal proteins (r-proteins).

Vacuole - a space within a cell that is empty of cytoplasm, lined with a

membrane, and filled with fluid. Especially in protozoa, vacuoles are cytoplasmic
organs (organelles), performing functions such as storage, ingestion, digestion,
excretion, and expulsion of excess water

Centrosome - In cell biology, the centrosome (Latin centrum 'center' + Greek

sōma 'body') is an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing
center (MTOC) of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle
progression. 

Microtobules - Microtubules are conveyer belts inside the cells. They move
vesicles, granules, organelles like mitochondria, and chromosomes via special
attachment proteins. They also serve a cytoskeletal role. Structurally, they are
linear polymers of tubulin which is a globular protein.

Lysosome -
A lysosome is a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains
digestive enzymes. Lysosomes are involved with various cell processes.

Cell Membrane - The plasma membrane, or the cell membrane, provides

protection for a cell. It also provides a fixed environment inside the cell, and that
membrane has several different functions. One is to transport nutrients into the
cell and also to transport toxic substances out of the cell.

Chromatin -  is the material that makes up a chromosome that consists of DNA
and protein. The major proteins in chromatin are proteins called histones. They
act as packaging elements for the DNA. 

Nucleolus - The nucleolus is the most conspicuous domain in the

eukaryotic cell nucleus, whose main function is ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
and ribosome biogenesis.

Nucleus - The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of

the cell (e.g., growth and metabolism) and carries the genes, structures that
contain the hereditary information.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - sER is a membrane-bound network of

tubules (see Figs. 1-1 and 1-3) without surface ribosomes. sER is not involved in protein
synthesis. Its main function is the synthesis of lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates, as
well as the metabolism of exogenous substances, such as drugs or toxins.

Golgi Apparatus - The Golgi apparatus is responsible for transporting, modifying,

and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations .

Golgi Vesicle - Golgi vesicles are often, referred to as the “traffic police” of the cell.
They play a key role in sorting many of the cell's proteins and membrane constituents,
and in directing them to their proper destinations.