SCIENTIST

Robert Hooke

- Discovered cell structure by observing cork under a microscope.

- Coined the term "cell" to describe the tiny chambers he observed.

-Known as an English natural philosopher.

- (July 18, 1635 - March 3, 1703)

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

- Discovered single-celled organisms by observing microorganisms through a microscope.

- Made significant contributions to microbiology.

- Known as a Dutch biologist.

- ( 24, 1632 - August 26, 1723)

Matthias Schleiden

- Proposed that all plants are composed of cells.

- Made significant contributions to the cell theory.

- Known as a German botanist.

- (April 5, 1804 - June 23, 1881)

Theodor Schwann

- Proposed that all animals are composed of cells.

- Worked alongside Matthias Schleiden to develop the cell theory.

- Known as a German physiologist.

-(December 7, 1810 - January 11, 1882)

 Robert Brown

- Discovered and named the nucleus within cells.

- Studied plants and made contributions to botany.

- Known as a Scottish botanist.

- (December 21, 1773- June 10, 1858)

Rudolf Virchow

- Proposed that cells arise from pre-existing cells (cell division).

- Made significant contributions to pathology and medical science.

- Known as a German physician

- (October 13, 1821 - September 5, 1902)

Louis Pasteur

- Proposed that microorganisms cause fermentation and disease.

- Developed the germ theory of disease.

- Known as a French biologist and chemist.

- (December 27, 1822 - September 28, 1895)

DEFINITION

 The cell membrane is a thin, flexible barrier that surrounds and protects the contents of a
cell. It consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins that control the
movement of substances in and out of the cell. The cell membrane also plays a vital role
in cell signaling and communication.
The cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane, acts as a barrier, regulating the
passage of substances in and out of the cell. It also plays a role in cell signaling and
communication.
 Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance that fills the space within a cell. It is composed of
water, ions, proteins, and various organelles. The cytoplasm is the site of many cellular
processes, including metabolism and protein synthesis. It provides structure and support
to the cell and allows for the movement of organelles within the cell.
 Centrioles are cylindrical structures found in animal cells that play a key role in cell
division. During cell division, centrioles help organize the movement of chromosomes
and ensure that each daughter cell receives the correct number of chromosomes.
 The nucleus is the central organelle of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's DNA. It is
surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope and contains pores that
allow for the movement of molecules in and out of the nucleus. The nucleus controls the
cell's activities by regulating gene expression and synthesizing RNA.
The nucleus houses the cell’s genetic material and controls the cell’s activities through
gene expression and regulation.
 The nucleolus is a small structure within the nucleus that is involved in the production of
ribosomes. It contains DNA, RNA, and proteins and plays a role in ribosome assembly.
The nucleolus is involved in the production of ribosomes, which are responsible for
protein synthesis.
 Ribosomes are small organelles responsible for protein synthesis. They are composed of
RNA and proteins and are found either freely floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the
endoplasmic reticulum. Ribosomes read the instructions in the cell's DNA to build
proteins.
 The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a network of membrane-bound sacs and tubules that
extends throughout the cytoplasm. It is involved in protein synthesis, lipid metabolism,
and detoxification. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its
surface, while the smooth endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes.
 Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum is involved in lipid synthesis, detoxification, and
calcium storage, while Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum is responsible for protein
synthesis, folding, and modification.
The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in lipid metabolism and detoxification,
while the rough endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes that produce proteins.
 The Golgi apparatus is a stack of flattened sacs that processes, packages, and distributes
proteins and lipids produced by the endoplasmic reticulum. It modifies these molecules
and packages them into vesicles for transport to other parts of the cell or for secretion
from the cell.
The Golgi apparatus processes, sorts, and packages proteins for transport to their final
destinations within or outside the cell.
 Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They break
down waste materials, cellular debris, and foreign substances, playing a key role in
cellular recycling and waste disposal.
 Mitochondria are double-membraned organelles responsible for generating energy in the
form of ATP through cellular respiration. They are often referred to as the powerhouses
of the cell, producing energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through
cellular respiration.
 Flagella and cilia are structures found on the surface of cells that are involved in
movement. Flagella are long, whip-like structures that propel the cell, while cilia are
shorter, hair-like structures that move in coordinated waves to move substances across
the cell's surface.
 The cell wall is a rigid outer layer found in plant, fungal, and bacterial cells. It provides
structural support and protection to the cell and helps maintain the shape of the cell.
The cell wall provides structural support and protection in plant cells, while chloroplasts
are responsible for photosynthesis, converting light energy into chemical energy in the
form of glucose.
 Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and some protists that carry out
photosynthesis, converting sunlight into chemical energy. They contain the pigment
chlorophyll, which gives them their green color.
 Vacuoles are membrane-bound organelles found in plant and animal cells, but are larger
and more prominent in plant cells. They store water, ions, nutrients, and waste materials,
and play a role in maintaining cell structure and pressure.
Vacuoles store substances such as water, ions, and nutrients, and provide structural
support, and some cells have a capsule for protection, which can also help with adherence
to surfaces.
 Capsules are extra-cellular structures found in some bacteria cells. They surround the
cell wall and provide protection against harsh environmental conditions and help the
bacterium evade the host's immune system.
The capsule is a protective layer that surrounds the cell wall of some bacteria and fungi.
It is made up of polysaccharides and glycoproteins, and its primary function is to provide
protection to the microbial cell.