Example #1

Find the general solution of the given

differential equation:
!𝟑𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙(𝒅𝒙 + 𝟑𝒙𝒚 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
Test the exactness of the given equation by
R
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.

𝑀 = 3𝑦 0 + 4𝑥 𝑁 = 3𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑦 = 3𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
67 6:
Since ≠ , therefore the equation is non-
68 6;
exact.
Step 2

Integrating Factor
I Finding the difference between
67 6:
and will yield a function of x, thus it falls
68 6;
under case I.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 6𝑦 − 3𝑦 3𝑦
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = = =
𝑁 3𝑥𝑦 3𝑥𝑦
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
The integrating factor can now be solved
𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑒 ∫ D(;) E;
G
∫FHIE;
= 𝑒
= 𝑒 JK;
𝜇 (𝑥 ) = 𝑥
Step 3

Multiply IF
M
R everything by x will result to an
Multiplying
exact equation.
[(3𝑦 0 + 4𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ] 𝑥
(3𝑥𝑦 0 + 4𝑥 0 )𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

Verify the equation as exact by testing its

exactness,
𝑀 = 3𝑥𝑦2 + 4𝑥2 𝑁 = 3𝑥2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 6𝑥𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Step 4

Solve
S
Using method of grouping, the transformed
non-exact equation to exact equation can be
solved

3𝑦 0 Q 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4 Q 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 0 Q 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0

;R ;S 8R
3𝑦 0 F 0
I + 4 F I + 3𝑥 F I = 𝐶
0 T 0

3𝑥 0 𝑦 0 4𝑥 T 3𝑥 0 𝑦 0
+ + =𝐶
2 3 2
3𝑥 0 𝑦 0 4𝑥 T
+ =𝐶
2 3
Example #2
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
!𝒚𝟒 + 𝟐𝒚( 𝒅𝒙 + !𝒙𝒚𝟑 + 𝟐𝒚𝟒 − 𝟒𝒙( 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T Test the exactness of the given
NR
equation by deriving M with respect to y and
with respect to x.

𝑀 = 𝑦 V + 2𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥𝑦 T + 2𝑦 V − 4𝑥
𝜕𝑀 T
𝜕𝑁
= 4𝑦 + 2 = 𝑦T − 4
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

67 6:
Since ≠ , therefore the equation is non-
68 6;
exact.
Step 2

Integrating Factor
I
67 6:
Finding the difference between 68
and
6;
will
yield a function of y, thus it falls under case II.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 4𝑦 T + 2 − 𝑦 T + 4 (3𝑦 T + 6)
𝑔(𝑦) = = =
𝑀 𝑦 V + 2𝑦 𝑦(𝑦 T + 2)
3
𝑔(𝑦) =
𝑦

The integrating factor can now be solved

𝜇 (𝑦) = 𝑒 X ∫ Y(8) E;
S
X ∫F IE8
= 𝑒 Z

= 𝑒 XTJK8
1
𝜇 (𝑦) =
𝑦3
Step 3

Multiply IF
M
R everything by
Multiplying
[
8S
will result to
an exact equation.
1
[ (𝑦 V + 2𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥𝑦 T + 2𝑦 V − 4𝑥)𝑑𝑦 = 0 ]
𝑦T
2 4𝑥
\ 𝑦 + ] 𝑑𝑥 + \ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + − ] 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦0 𝑦T
Verify the equation as exact by testing its
exactness,
2 4𝑥
𝑀=𝑦+ 𝑁 = 𝑥 + 2𝑦 −
𝑦0 𝑦T
𝜕𝑀 4 𝜕𝑁 4
= 1 − T =1− T
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
Step 4

Solve
S
Using method of grouping, the transformed
non-exact equation to exact equation can be
solved
2 1
𝑦 Q 𝑑𝑥 + Q 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 Q 𝑑𝑦 + 2 Q 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥 Q 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦0 𝑦T
2
𝑦 Q 𝑑𝑥 + 0 Q 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 Q 𝑑𝑦 + 2 Q 𝑦𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥 Q 𝑦 XT 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦
0; 0 0;
𝑥𝑦 + R + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 + =𝐶
8 8R

2𝑥
𝑥𝑦 + 0 + 𝑦 0 = 𝐶
𝑦
Example #3
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Step 1

Test for Exactness

T
R
Test the exactness of the given equation by
deriving M with respect to y and N with
respect to x.

𝑀 = 𝑦(1 − 𝑥𝑦) 𝑁 = 𝑥
𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
= 1 − 2𝑥𝑦 =1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
67 6:
Since ≠ , therefore the equation is non-
68 6;
exact.
Step 2

Integrating Factor
I
67 6:
Finding the difference between 68
and
6;
will
yield to a functions of x and y, thus it falls under
case III.
[
𝜇 (𝑥, 𝑦) =
;8([X;8)X;8
[
=
;8X; R 8 R X;8
[
=−
;R8R

Step 3

Multiply IF
M
R
Multiplying everything by −
to an exact equation.
[
;R8R
will result

8 ([X;8)E; ;E8
− − =0
;R8R ;R8R
([X;8 )E; E8
− − =0
;R8 ;8 R
Step 4

Solve
S
Distributing the differential dx will result to
E; E; E8
− + − =0
;R8 ; ;8 R
By method of inspection, the integral of
[
−𝑥 X0 𝑦 X[ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 X[ 𝑦 X0 𝑑𝑦 is .
;8

E;
−𝑥 X0 𝑦 X[ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 X[ 𝑦 X0 𝑑𝑦 + =0
;
1
+ 𝑙𝑛𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛𝐶
𝑥𝑦
[
aJK;
𝑒 ;8 = 𝑒 bc d
[
JK;
𝑒 ;8 ∙𝑒 = 𝑒d
G
𝑥𝑒 HZ =𝐶
Example #4
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
(3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 0 )𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T Test the exactness of the given
NR
equation by deriving M with respect to y and
with respect to x.

𝑀 = 3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 0 𝑁 = 𝑥 0 − 𝑥𝑦
67 6:
= 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦
68 6;

67 6:
Since ≠ , therefore the equation is non-
68 6;
exact.
Step 2

Integrating Factor
I
67 6:
Finding the difference between 68
and
6;
will
yield a function of x, thus it falls under case I.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = = 0
= 0 = =
𝑁 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦 𝑥(𝑥 − 𝑦) 𝑥
1
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
𝑥
The integrating factor can now be solved

𝜇(𝑥) = 𝑒 ∫ D(;)E;
G
∫FHIE;
=𝑒
= 𝑒 JK;
𝜇(𝑥) = 𝑥
Step 3

Multiply IF
M
R
Multiplying everything by
an exact equation.
𝑥 will result to

[(3𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦 0 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 0 − 𝑥𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0]𝑥

(3𝑥 0 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 0 )𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 T − 𝑥 0 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

Verify the equation as exact by testing its

exactness,
𝑀 = 3𝑥 0 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 0 𝑁 = 𝑥T − 𝑥0𝑦
67 6:
= 3𝑥 0 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 3𝑥 0 − 2𝑥𝑦
68 6;
Step 4

Solve
S
Using method of grouping, the transformed
non-exact equation to exact equation can be
solved
3𝑦 Q 𝑥 0 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 0 Q 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 T Q 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 0 Q 𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑥T 0
𝑥0 T 0
𝑦0
3𝑦 f g − 𝑦 f g + 𝑥 𝑦 − 𝑥 f g = 𝐶
3 2 2
T ;R8R T ;R8R
𝑥 𝑦− +𝑥 𝑦− =𝐶
0 0

0 0
T
𝑥 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦− =𝐶
2
=𝐶
Example #5
Find the general solution of the given
differential equation:
2
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + \1 + ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦

Step 1

Test for Exactness

T Test the exactness of the given
NR
equation by deriving M with respect to y and
with respect to x.

0
𝑀 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 𝑁 = F1 + I 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
8
67 6: 0
=0 = F1 + I 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
68 6; 8

67 6:
Since ≠ , therefore the equation is non-
68 6;
exact.
Step 2

Integrating Factor
I
67 6:
Finding the difference between 68
and
6;
will
yield a function of y, thus it falls under case II.

𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁 2
− 0 − F1 +
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦I 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑔(𝑦) = =
𝑀 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
2
𝑔(𝑦) = − \1 + ]
𝑦
The integrating factor can now be solved
𝜇 (𝑦) = 𝑒 X ∫ Y(8) E;
R
X ∫ XF[a IE8
= 𝑒 Z

= 𝑒 8a0JK8
8aJK8 R
= 𝑒
𝜇 (𝑦) = 𝑦2 𝑒𝑦
Step 3

Multiply IF
M
Multiplying everything by 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 will

R
result to an exact equation.
2
l𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + \1 + ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0m 𝑦 0 𝑒 8
𝑦

0 8
2
0 8
𝑦 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑒 \1 + ] 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑦

Verify the equation as exact by testing its

exactness,
𝑀 = 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝜕𝑀
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 )[𝑦 0 𝑒 8 + 𝑒 8 (2𝑦)]
𝜕𝑦
= 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑁 = 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
𝜕𝑁
= 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 8 𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝜕𝑥
Step 4

Solve
S
Using method of grouping and tabular
method, the transformed non-exact equation
to exact equation can be solved
𝑦 0 𝑒 8 Q 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Q 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 Q 𝑦𝑒 8 𝑑𝑦 = 0

𝑦 0 + 𝑒 8 𝑦 + 𝑒 8
2𝑦 − 𝑒 8 1 − 𝑒 8
2 + 𝑒 8 0 𝑒 8
0 𝑒 8
𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [𝑦 0 𝑒 8 − 2𝑦𝑒 8 + 2𝑒 8 ] +

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 [𝑦𝑒 8 − 𝑒 8 ] = 𝐶

𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑦𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 +

2𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 2𝑦𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 2𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶

𝑦 0 𝑒 8 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝐶