ORAL COMMUNICATION

Communication
HISTORY OF COMMUNICATION
Oral Communication then was basic or unsophisticated
FORMS OF SYMBOLS
- Used to relay message or thoughts
 Cave Drawings
 Paintings
 Boulder Arts

 Communicare – latin word meaning, “to share”

or “to make common”
COMMUNICATION MODELS

 COMMUNICATION MODELS - Graphic ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION

representation of the proposed elements included
in the communication process

PRESUPPOSITIONS
An assumption, or something you believe is implied in
the utterance.
 Effective Oral Communication

Examples:
Jessica will repeat grade 11.
PRESUPPOSITIONS
She failed her subjects.
Functions of Communication
She is lazy.
 Regulation or Control
It is done to make people follow authority.
This practice is more noticeable in formal
organization than informal.
 Social Interaction
Communication between two or more
people. The interaction depends on the
time, place and
roles or relationship of the participating
individual.
 Motivation
Deals with stimulating an individual or
group of
people to do a target goal.
o Puts Human Resources into action
o It improves the level of efficiency of
employees
o It leads to achievement of
INTERCULTURAL organizational goals
COMMUNICATION o It builds friendly relationship
Task of sharing meanings and interpreting ideas from o It leads to stability of workforce
people with diverse cultural background  Information
 INTERRACIAL - Interaction among people of Impart facts and needed knowledge. By
different races definition, information is the details
 INTERETHIC - Interaction among people of provided or learned about something or
different ethnic origins someone.
 INTERNATIONAL - Interaction among people  Emotional Expression
of persons representing different political Non-Verbal cues are usually louder that
structure verbal expression. The use of facial
 INTRACULTURAL - Interaction among people expression, gestures, and body stance are
of same racial, ethnic, or subculture groups very distinct.
o Anger
o Contempt
o Fear
o Disgust
o Happiness
o Sadness
o Surprise
Verbal & Non-Verbal Cues
o Cues - Prompts that listeners and
speakers say or show to expect a
response or reaction.
o Verbal Cues - Used in giving instruction,
asking question or delivering a speech since
they are articulated in words. Includes the
type of question, who initiated the language
and what type of language is used.
 DIRECT CUES Clearly articulated
statements of instructions. Used to
make very clear that the listener is
expected to do or say something in
response.
Parent to child
Teacher to student
 INDIRECT CUES Less obvious
about what is expected and might
come in the form of question.
Job interview and Pageants
o Non-Verbal Cues - non-verbal behavior
or objects to which meaning is assigned. The
intentional assignment of meaning by a
sender, receiver or social group to a non-
verbal behavior or objects.
 SUBSTITUITING FOR &
REPEATING WORDS USING
EMBLEMS Non-verbal cue that can
generally translated into words or phrase.
A teenager runs into a friend who asks, “So
how do you like your new job?” The
teenager just rolls her eyes, using non-
verbal cues in place of words.
 COMPLEMENTING &
ACCEPTING WORDS USING
ILLUSTRATORS Movements that
complement verbal communication by
describing or accenting or reinforcing what
the speaker is saying.
An employee’s head is bowed and his body
posture is slouched as his boss tells him
how unhappy she is with his performance.
His cues show the type of employee-boss
relationship in their office.
 CONTRADICTING WORDS USING
MIXED MESSAGE Verbal and non-
verbal can contradict each other and cues
can help distinguish which is much reliable.
A man’s face is contorted into a grimace.
His eyes are narrowed and eyebrows
furrowed. Yet, he is yelling, “I am not
upset!” He is sending mixed/double
messages.
 REGULATING VERBAL USING
REGULATORS Accompanies speech to
regulate or control what the speaker is
saying. Associated with turn-taking and
influencing the flow and pace of discussion.
After explaining her stand on the issue, the
candidate raises and lowers her intonation
as she says, “And that is why I feel the way
I do.” This together with her silence,
signals that she is finished speaking and
others may comment. Her actions
influences the flow or conversation
 DEFINING THE SOCIAL AND
EMOTIONAL ASPECTS OF MANY
INTERACTIONS Cues to emphasize or to
intensify the verbal message to express
emotions and relationships.
An old man waves his fingers accusingly to
a young man and raises his voice to
demonstrate his anger as he say “It’s you
fault, not mine!” His behavior intensifies
his utterance in the interaction
Oral Texts
o PROVERB - Oral Texts Usually a short
saying, popularized by a society or
particular group in a society that
expresses a truth, offers a guide to good
conduct and warns against foolish acts.
Used to address a subject, or criticize an
individual who, because of social and
political restrictions, cannot be named
directly.
o POETRY - Oral Texts Oral poetry can be
done to achieve political power, economic
reward and cooperation, religious
satisfaction, describe nature, love and
other powerful forces on earth. A way to
animate the words in a metric form
o SONG - Oral Texts Characterized by the
highest degree of musicality and of other
aspects of performance. Lyrics and notes
become meaningful when they are sung.
Similar to poetry, songs can be delivered
for different purposes and meanings.
RIDDLE - Oral Texts A question in a
form of statement or even a one-word hint
for the brainteaser to be identified by the
listeners. It is comically performed at a
play in an entertaining atmosphere.
o ORAL NARRATIVE - Oral Texts A
story delivered by an orator or performer.
An oral prose can be in the form of a
myth (story of Gods and Goddesses),
legend (story of renowned figures in
 history of a people), fable (story lead by
animals), and fantasy (story of
supernatural beings).
o MIXED GENRE - Oral Texts A
performance with the combination of one
or more types of oral texts. Usually the
interaction of song and oral narrative, like
a musical presentation, is the best
example of this.
Speech Context
 Intrapersonal - The type of
communication we use to talk to
ourselves.
 Interpersonal - The type of
communication we use to talk to another
person or a group of people. This
establishes how personal to impersonal
our relationship is with the receiver/s.
1. Dyadic - Face to face interaction
between two people
2. Small Group - Three or more
individuals connected
3.Public - The type of communication that
occurs when a person delivers a speech in
a public setting with a preset intention that
usually affects the audience.
4.Mass - “one is to many”
It uses media as it medium to
communicate to mass
audiences.
Speech Style
 Intimate Style – this style is used when
you are close to the person and you know
him or her very well because you
communicate in a regular basis
 Consultative Style – used when we talk
to strangers or when we don’t know the
person that well
 Formal Style – used in formal settings; to
impart information
 Frozen Style – most formal of all the
styles; also called a FIXED SPEECH; It
is used in formal ceremonies or traditions
 Casual Style – when you are close to the
person but the situation does not need the
use of formal language
 Contractions – shorthand version of a
word created by removing internal letters
and sound
 Jargons – these words or phrases bear
hidden meanings assumed and understood
by people with the same profession or
trade
 Slang – creatively communicate
informally
4 TYPES OF SLANG
o COUNTRY SLANG – Set of
words used by those who are in the
rural parts of a country
o URBAN SLANG – Spoken by
those from the city
 Dawg – an expression used to
address a close friend
o GAY SLANG – used by gays,
bisexual, homosexuals, or
transsexuals
o COMMON SLANG – used by
almost everyone
Speech Acts
Acts of transmitting message. In doing so,
we express a certain attitude, and this
expression of attitude will identify the
type of speech act to be performed.
 Locution (Utterance) - Act of
producing an expression that is
meaningful. A word, expression, or
phrase used by a particular person
 or group in certain situations. It can
refer to a figure of speech that has a
traditional meaning.
Communicative Competence
Strategies
 Asking a question
 Giving assurance
 Warning somebody
 Declaring an intention
 Announcing a verdict
 Making an appointment
 Lobbying an appeal
 Criticizing someone or
something
 Giving a description
 Illocution (Intention) - Actions
performed by the speaker in
producing a given utterance. These
acts are closely connected with the
speaker’s intention. The listener
should be familiar with the
background or idea the speech act
happens in order to appropriately
decode the illocutionary act
performed.
 ASSERTIVE - to communicate
some state of affairs from the
speaker to the receiver
Asserting, concluding, stating,
claiming, telling, describing,
requiring, or suggesting
 DIRECTIVE - to make the
receiver do something or carry
out some action
Ordering, requesting,
commanding, daring, defying,
challenging
 COMMISSIVE - to engage the
speaker to carry out some future
course of action
Threatening, vowing, promising
something
 EXPRESSIVE - to express the
speaker’s emotion or attitude
about an event or proposition
Congratulating, condoling,
welcoming, thanking, using
excuses, deploring, apologizing
 DECLARATION - to effect
immediate changes and bring
into existence the state of affairs
by which it refers
Christening, pronouncing
someone guilty, blessing,
bidding, excommunicating,
firing, pronouncing someone
husband and wife, declaring war
 Perlocution (Response)
Refers to the action or state of mind
brought about by, on as a
consequence of, saying something
o Convincing
o Persuading
o Deterring
o Surprising
o Scaring
o Enlightening
o Inspiring
o Impressing someone
 Types of Speeches:
According to Delivery
1. Speaking with a manuscript
- The speech is read by the speaker from a
written or visual material.
- The speech is prepared in advanced,
enabling him or her to rehearse it to
perfection until the time of presentation.
- Ex. News Cast, Court Room proceedings,
solemn and historic occasions.
2. Memorized Speech
- The speaker is committed to his entire
speech in his memory alone, without any
use of prompts.
- Can also be conversational depending on
the audience.
- Ex. Speech Plays, Oratorical
Performances, Actors.
3. Impromptu Speech
 - Unrehearsed speech, with very little to no
preparation.
- Delivering a speech on the spur of the
moment.
- The speaker will be given a very little
notice to speak for a few minutes about a
certain topic.
- Ex. Job Interview, Special Occasions,
Ambush Interview, First Day of Classes.
 Strategies of Impromptu Speech:
Bridging
- The speaker will find a connection
between what you know and what you
don’t know.
PAST-PRESENT-FUTURE
POINT-REASON-EXAMPLE/EXPLANATION-
POINT
OPENING-RULE OF THREE-CLINCHER
Reframing
- Rephrasing or redefining the topic into
something that suits your taste. The
speaker can rephrase the question or
challenge it.
Play as Devil’s Advocate
- The speaker will express an opinion that
disagree with other, not because you
wanted to pick a fight but to have an
interesting discussion.
4.Extemporaneous Speech
- It is not read nor committed to memory.
- A speech delivered with notes or outline.
- Prepared but without a script.
- Not to memorize a script but to guide of
the points the speaker will raise.
- Ex. Election campaigns, class reporting,
wedding speeches, life testimonies during
sharing.
1. Introduce your point with a catchy
opening.
2. Conclusion could be a recap of the
discussion, a call to action or expression
of gratitude.
3. Limit your main speech to three ideas for
better organization and recall.
 Types of Speeches:
According to Purpose
1. Expository/Informative Speech
- The most common type of speech
- The speaker is exposing the listener to
information that he or she doesn’t know
yet.
According to topic:
OBJECTS OR PEOPLE
- Include those that can be described using
our senses. Involves talking about the
physical world.
PROCESS
- Sequence of an event.
- It instructs the audience on how to do
something.
EVENTS
- Talks about past, present or future events.
- It is written and spoken to inform the
audience of what had happen, what is
happening and what could possibly
happen.
CONCEPTS
- Talks about intangible or abstract ideas
that maybe in a form of knowledge,
principles, or theories.
2. Persuasive Speech
- Aims to influence the thinking or behavior
of its audience.
- A challenging type of speech.
 3. Entertainment Speech
- Usually short, aims to give the audience
an enjoyable experience.
- May incorporate humor and funny
anecdotes.
- Geared towards pleasing the crowd and
hold their attention while making a point
that is usually coated with humor.

Examples:
Visualize the story in your head

Choose a light topic

Enjoy the moment

Surprise your audience