Math Reviewer

Sequence – succession of numbers in a specific order

Term – each number in a sequence
Finite sequence – a sequence with a definite number of terms
Extremes – it is the first and last terms of a sequence
Means – terms between the first and last terms
Infinite sequence – a sequence with no definite number of terms
Recursive formula – an expression used to determine the nth term of the
sequence by using the term that precedes it

Summation notation – it makes use of the symbol∑ ❑, a Greek letter equivalents

to S which is the first letter of the word sum

Ex. The series 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 can be written as
4

∑ (2 n+1)
n=0

This is read as “the summation of 2n + 1 from n=0 to n=4.” The variable n is referred to
as the index of summation. The expression (2n + 1) is the general rule which indicates
that each term of the series is of this form.
6

∑ 2n
n=0

= 2(1) + 2(2) + 2(3) + 2(4) + 2(5) + 2(6)

= 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12
= 42
Arithmetic Sequence – a sequence in which the difference between two
consecutive terms is the same
Common difference – the constant difference
To find the nth term of an arithmetic sequence is
an = a1 + n (d – 1)
a1 = first term an = last term n = number of terms
d = common difference
 Example. Find the 12th term of the arithmetic sequence 3, 5, 7, 9, …..
a1 = 3 d=2 n = 12
a12 = 3 + (12 – 1) 2
= 3 + (11) 2
= 3 + 22
a12 = 25
Arithmetic means – terms of an arithmetic sequence that are between two
given terms
To get arithmetic means
1. Get the difference (an – a1) = difference (x)
2. Divide x by the number of commas (,) = common difference
3. Use the common difference to get the arithmetic means
Example. Find the three arithmetic means between 135 and 203
Step 1. 203 – 135 = 68
Step 2. 68 ÷ 4 = 17
Step 3. 135 + 17 =152 (1st)
152 + 17 = 169 (2nd)
169 + 17 = 186 (3rd)
Answer: 152, 169, 186
To get the common difference
an +a 1
=d
n−1
Mean proportion
a 2= √ a1 a3

Example. a1 = 4 a3 = 9

a 2= √ a1 a3

a 2= √ (4)(9)

a 2= √ 36
 a2 = ± 6

Arithmetic series – the sum of the terms of an arithmetic sequence

To get the arithmetic series
n
Sn = (a + a n)
2 1
a1 = first term an = last term n = number of terms
Example. 7, 17, 27, 37, 47, 57
6
S6 = (7 + 57)
2
= 3 (64)
S6 = 196
To get the arithmetic series if you don’t know the last term
n
Sn = [2a1 + d (n – 1)]
2
a1 = first term an = last term n = number of terms
d = common difference
Example. 2, 4, 6, 8, ….. (10 terms)
10
S10 = [2(2) + 2 (10 – 1)]
2
= 5 [4 + 2 (9)]
= 5 [4 + 18]
= 5 [22]
S10 = 110

Geometric sequence – a sequence with a common ratio

To get the nth term
an = a1 r n-1
 a1 = first term an = last term n = number of terms
r = common ratio
Finite geometric sequence - a geometric sequence with a definite number of
of terms
Infinite geometric sequence – a geometric sequence with an indefinite number
of terms
To get geometric means
1. Divide the last term by the first term (an ÷ a1) = quotient (x)
2. Get the nth root (n = number of commas) of x = common ratio
3. Use the common ratio to get the geometric means
Example. Find the three geometric means between 2 and 162
Step 1. 162 ÷ 2 = 81
Step 2. √4 81 = 3
Step 3. 2 x 3 =6 (1st)
6 x 3 = 18 (2nd)
18 x 3 = 54 (3rd)
Answer: 6, 18, 54
Finite geometric series – indicated sum of a geometric sequence
To get the geometric series

a1 (r n −1) a1 (1−r n)
Sn = r −1
/ 1−r
Example. 2, 10, 50, 250

2(54 −1)
Sn =
5−1
2(625−1)
= 4
624
= 2
Sn = 312
Infinite geometric series – indicated sum of an infinite geometric sequence
 To get the infinite geometric series
a1
Sn =
1−r
Example. 4, 2, 1, ….
4
Sn = 1
1−
2
4
= 1
2
Sn = 8
Fibonacci sequence – Fn = Fn – 2 + Fn – 1 where F1 = F2 = 1
1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34
 Fibonacci can also be if the difference between the terms are increasing by 1 for
each term
 Fibonacci can also be consecutive terms multiplied respectively by consecutive
integers
Harmonic sequence – a special type of sequence in which the reciprocal of
each term forms an ARITHMETIC sequence
harmonic means – terms between two terms of a harmonic sequence
(parang arithmetic means lang to don’t worry)
Monomial – a polynomial with one term
Binomial – a polynomial with two terms
Trinomial – a polynomial with three terms
Degree of a term – refers to the exponent of x
Example. 3x5 – 4x2 + 6 the degree of the first term is 5 while the degree of the
second term is 2 and the degree of the third term is 0
Degree of a polynomial – refers to the highest degree among the degrees of
the terms in a polynomial
Example. 3x5 – 4x2 + 6 the first term has the highest degree 5. Thus, the degree of
the polynomial is 5
Addition and subtraction of polynomials
 To add two or more polynomials means to combine their similar terms. Terms are similar
they have exactly the same variable and have the exponents.
Multiplication of polynomials (review from previous lessons)
1. Multiply each term in one polynomial by each term in the other polynomial.
2. Add those answers together, and simplify if needed.
 You can use the FOIL method (first to first, outside, inside, last to last)

 You can also do the vertical form, but REMEMBER: you can only combine SIMILAR
TERMS

Division of polynomials
Synthetic division
Example. 3x2 – 2x – 4 ÷ x – 3
Step 1. Write the numerical coefficients of the terms of the dividend arranged according to the
descending powers of x
3 -2 -4
Step 2. Find c from the divisor. That is, x – c = x – 3. Thus, c = 3. Write c as the last entry in
step 1.
3 -2 -4 |3
Step 3. Copy the first entry in step 2 to the third line
3 -2 -4 |3
_________________________________________
3
Step 4. Multiply the first entry (number) to the third line by the value of c. write the result in the
seconf row of the second column.

3 -2 -4 |3
 ______________9__________________________
3
Step 5. Add the entries (number) in the second column. Write the result as the second
entry in the third row
3 -2 -4 |3
_______________9__________________________
3 7
Step 6. Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all the columns are used up.
3 -2 -4 |3
_______________9__________21_______________
3 7 17 remainder
Step 7. Use the entries of the third row in step 6 as the coefficients of the quotient. The degree of
the quotient is one less than the degree of the dividend. Therefore,

3 x 2−2 x−4 17
= 3x + 7 +
x−3 x−3
Remainder theorem
Remainder – is the quantity left after a number or expression can no
longer be divided exactly by another number or expression

x2 −2 x +1
Example.
x−1
Step 1. Equate the divisor by 0
x–1=0
x=1
Step 2. Substitute x = 1 to the dividend
x2 – 2x + 1 = (1)2 – 2(1) + 1
=1–2+1
=0
Factoring polynomials
Important things to remember
Examples (IMPORTANTE TO, WAG TAMARIN, MAG BASA KAYO HAHA)
 -6x5 – 15x4 + 9x3 = 3x3 (-2x2 - 5x + 3)
= -3x3 (2x2 + 5x - 3)
= -3x3 (2x – 1)(x + 3)
 2x4 – 21x2 + 27 let u = x2
2x4 – 21x2 + 27 = 2u2 – 21u + 27
= (2u – 3)(u – 9)
Since u = x2,
2x4 – 21x2 + 27 = (2u – 3) (u – 9)
= (2x2 – 3) (x2 – 9)
But x2 – 9 ca still be factored into (x + 3) (x – 3). Therefore,
2x4 – 21x2 + 27 = (2x2 – 3) (x + 3) (x – 3)
 x10 – x6 – x4 + 1 = (x10 – x6) – (x4 – 1)
= x6 (x4 – 1) – (x4 – 1)
= (x4 – 1) - (x6 – 1)
=(x2 + 1) (x2 – 1) (x3 + 1) (x3 – 1)
=(x2 + 1) (x + 1) (x – 1) (x + 1) (x2 – x + 1) (x – 1) (x2 + x + 1)
=(x2 + 1) (x + 1)2 (x – 1)2 (x2 – x + 1) (x2 + x + 1)
 4x4 + 8x2 + 9 making a trinomial a perfect square by adding and
subtracting a perfect square monomial
= (4x4 + 8x2 + 9) + 4x2 – 4x2
= (4x4 + 8x2 + 9 + 4x2) - 4x2
= (4x4 + 12x2 + 9) - 4x2
= (2x2 + 3)2 - 4x2
 = [(2x2 + 3) + 2x] [(2x2 + 3) – 2 ]
= (2x2 + 2x + 3) (2x2 – 2x + 3)
Polynomial Equations
x+2=0 linear equation
3x2 – x + 7 = 0quadratic equation
-2x3 – x2 + 1 = 0 cubic equation
Root of the equation – a value of the variable (x) which satisfies the polynomial
Equations (in short, value ng x na pag nilagay mo sa equation
katulad nung nasa taas, ay tama ang lalabas. Gets?)
1
Example. x=1, ,-2
2
1
x=1 x= x=-2
2
x 1
x–1=0 = x+2=0
1 2
2x = 1
2x – 1 = 0
(Cross multiply lang yan. Chill)
(x – 1) (2x – 1) (x + 2) = 0
(2x2 – 3x + 1) (x + 2) = 0
2x3 + x2 – 5x + 2 = 0

Madali lang talaga siya guys. Intindihin niyo lang haha

May mga bagay kase sa mundo na kahit anong hirap ay kailangan padin naten
malampasan. (MATH)
Good luck!

- Chloe