Pakistan Journal of Hydrocarbon Research
Vol. 18, (June 2008),p.1-33, 40 Figs. 2 Tables.
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform Pakistan, With Special
Reference To Bikaner-Nagaur Basin Of India
Hilal A. Raza, Wasim Ahmad, S. Manshoor Ali, Muhammad Mujtaba, Shahnaz Alam,
Muhammad Shafeeq, Muhammad Iqbal, Ishtiaq Noor and Nasir Riaz.
ABSTRACT
The present study describes the petroleum geology
and prospects of Punjab Platform on the basis of new
play concepts utilizing geological, geophysical,
geochemical, petrophysical and other relevant
geoscientific data of both Punjab Platform and adjoining
Bikaner-Nagaur basin of India. The synthesis of data
indicates that Punjab Platform has tectonic, structural
and sedimentary setting conducive to the generation and
accumulation of hydrocarbons in Infra-Cambrian to
Tertiary sedimentary succession in various parts of the
study area.
The main oil producing Infra-Cambrian reservoir facies
of Jodhpur sand and Bilara dolomite, of the Indian side of
the platform, also extend into Punjab Platform and have
been drilled in a few wells. Sandstones of Jodhpur,
Khewra, Kussak, Baghanwala, Warcha, Amb, Datta,
Shinawari, Lumshiwal/Lower Goru, Ranikot/Hangu and
carbonates of Bilara, Samana Suk/Chiltan and
Laki/Sakesar/Chorgali formations of Infra-Cambrian to
Eocene age show marginal to very good porosity in
Punjab Platform.
Geochemical studies conducted by HDIP on well
samples indicate that shales of Salt Range, Amb, Datta,
Chichali, Mughalkot, Ranikot and carbonates of
Samanasuk, Parh and Dunghan formations ranging from
Infra-Cambrian to Paleocene age contain adequate
amount of organic matter in some wells.
Deposition of Jodhpur, Bilara and Salt Range
formations is controlled by extensional tectonics, which
resulted in the development of hydrocarbon traps
associated with normal faults, onlap structures and drop
folds.Other hydrocarbon traps are salt pushed anticlines
formed from Infra-Cambrian to Eocene, normal fault
blocks from Cambrian to Mesozoic and truncated
Permian, Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous strata
against Tertiary unconformity.
INTRODUCTION
The Punjab Platform is a westward dipping monocline
covered by alluvium and is situated at the eastern segment
of the central portion of Indus Basin, Pakistan. It is bounded by
Sargodha high in the north, Mari High in the south and merges
into Sulaiman depression in the west, towards east it extends
into Bikaner-Nagaur Basin of India (Figure 1). Despite its
large sedimentary area of approximately 69,000 sq km, the
exploration activities were marginal with more than 24 wells
drilled so far, which resulted in the discovery of three small gas
fields in carbonates of Samana Suk Formation and sandstone
of Lumshiwal Formation of Jurassic and Cretaceous age
respectively at Nandpur, Panjpir and Bahu structures (Figure
Hydrocarbon Development Institute of Pakistan (HDIP),
Islamabad, Pakistan.
2). However, the discovery of heavy oil (probably immature)
at different stratigraphic levels in Infra-Cambrian-Cambrian
age at Baghewala, Tavriwala and Kalrewala structures in
Bikaner-Nagaur Basin of India near the Pakistan border
(Figure 2) opened a new exploration play on Punjab Platform.
Hence the present study is conducted to formulate and furnish
information about regional tectonics, structural styles, source,
reservoir and trap mechanism and to re-evaluate not only the
hydrocarbon potentials of Infra-Cambrian-Cambrian
formations but also the younger stratigraphic successions on
Punjab Platform. The following publications and reports
helped in developing the concept and conclusion of this study.
Dickinson (1953), Bakr and Jackson (1964), Shah (1977),
Steckler and Watts (1978), Klootwijk and Peiree (1979),
Powell (1979), Sclater and Christie (1980), Falvey and
Middleton (1981), Schmoker and Halley (1982), Pareek
(1981), Balli (1983), Searle et al., (1983), Bond and Kominz
(1984), Patriat and Achache (1984), Baldwin and Butler
(1985), Khan and Raza (1986), Dykstra (1987), Gupta et al.,
(1988), Malik et al., (1988), Soulsby and Kemal (1988),
Bannert et al., (1989) Raza et al. (1989), Allen and Allen
(1990), Duncan (1990), Lowell (1990), Porth and Raza
(1990), Raza and Ahmed (1990), Raza et al., (1990), Ahmed
and Ahmad (1991), Eickhoff and Alam (1991), Einsele
(1991), Kemal et al., (1991), Gouze and Coudrain-Ribstein
(1993), Waples and Kamata (1993), Ahmed et al., (1994),
Duddy et al., (1994), Gupta and Bulgauda (1994), Sheikh et
al., (2003), NELP-III, (2002). Karampur-1 (1959), Darbula
(1970), Sarai-Sidhu (1973) Tola-1 (1974), Bhudana (1975),
Kamiab (1975), Marot-1 (1981), Bahawalpur East (1981),
Panjpir-1 (1986), Nandpur-2 (1986), Bijnot-1 (1998),
Ahmedpur-1 (1992), Piranwala-1 (1993), Fort Abbas-1
(1994), Chak-255-1 (2000), Jiwanwala-1 (2000), Suji-1
(2000).
STRATIGRAPHY
In the past it was considered that Salt Range Formation is
the oldest Infra-Cambrian unit overlying the basement. The
wells drilled in Bikaner-Nagaur Basin reveal that the Salt
Range Formation is underlain by Bilara Formation followed by
Jodhpur Formation which overlies the basement (Gupta and
Bulgauda, 1994, Sheikh et al., 2003). The correlation of well
data of Punjab Platform and Bikaner-Nagaur indicate that
these formations extend towards north and northwest into
Punjab Platform including Kirana Hills (Sargodha high)
(Sheikh et al., 2003). Accordingly the stratigraphy of Punjab
Platform has been modified by incorporating the mentioned
formations.
The stratigraphic succession established on the basis of
drilling shows that the region contains mainly marine
Paleozoic-Cenozoic rocks of clastic and carbonate origin and
Neogene fluviatile sediments and are characterized by a
number of unconformities.
Up to Early Late Triassic the stratigraphy of Punjab
Platform is similar to that of Potwar sub-basin. From Late
 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 70o 2
72o 74o
LEGEND

AN
36 36
1. Peshawar Sub-basin
N

ST
2. Kohat Sub-basin

I
32o
3. Potwar Sub-basin 32o
4. Punjab Platform

AN
5. Sulaiman Depressipon Sarg
6. Sulaiman Foldbelt
odh

LT
GH
7. Pishin Sub-basin
a Hi
gh
8. Dalbandin Sub-basin

AU
34 1 34

AF
9. Kharan Sub-basin Darbula

A NF
10. Panjgur Sub-Foldbelt Saro-1
13. Sibi basin

AM
11. Makran Sub-basin 3 Kamiab

CH
12. Kirthar Sub-basin
2
Bagh X-1
14. Kirthar Depression PAK I S TAN Bhudana
15. Sindh Platform Bahu-1
16. Indus Offshore region

N
32 SA
RG 32 Amir Wali-1 Panjpir-1
International Boundary OD Sarai-Sidhu

I
HA
Basin Boundary 7 HI Ali Sahib-1 Nandpur-1
Sub-basin Boundary 6 GH
Chak 12-1 Piranwal-1
Tola-1

S
5 4
30 4 30
13 30o Karampur-1 30o

A
UR
GHI ARC

pression
CHA TRANT
N Punjab Platform
RE-E

SIN GA
I
8

N
N

B
12

BA R-NA
ARC

T
H RTT.

KA
RASKO Bahawalpur East
28 28

A
BE
9
14 Marot-1
IRAN

T
A
Ahmedpur-1
sin

Sulaiman De

S
DI
Fort Abbas-1
r ba

I
S
IN
10
gau

H
a

N
Suji-1

BELA - ORNACH FAUL

26 26

I
15
r-N

C
S
11
ane

O
INDIA

A
E
Bik

L
Bijnot

DG
P-10

M
HIGH Chak-255

B
RI
RKAR ar

Y
28o

A
ARPA 28o
iH
24 NAG 24 Jiwanwala-1

RA
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

R
Scale LEGEND
igh

B
MU
16 0 100 200 Km Kalrewala-1 Dry Hole

I
ARAB
Tarriwala-1
Oil Well
IAN S
EA Baghewala-1
Po

Study Area
lc

Gas Well
ar
a n

22 22
Hi
gh

Contour Interval 200m

36 36 (Dashed where inferred)

Platform boundary

International boundary

60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 70o 72o 74o 26o

26o

Figure 1 - Sedimentary Basin of Pakistan (Modified after Ahmed et al., 1994). Figure 2 - Map showing Punjab Platform and Bikaner-Nagaur Basin with
well Locations.

Raza et al.
Triassic onwards the stratigraphy of the southern part is
compareable to sindh plateform and the northern part has the
same stratigraphic succession as Potwar (Figure 1).
The stratigraphic succession of Punjab Platform and
Bikaner-Nagaur Basin is given in Tables 1 and 2 and their
thickness and distribution is shown in Figures 3 to 11.
TECTONICS
The rifting of Indian Plate as part of Gondwanaland super-
continent started in Late Proterozoic time (Kemal et al., 1991),
which resulted in the deposition of Infra-Cambrian sediments
over the Pre-Cambrian basement. The rift associated faults
are visible on seismic profile of Bikaner-Nagaur basin and
Punjab Platform. The offset of basement rooted normal faults
in Bikaner-Nagaur basin is quite pronounced (Figure 12).
Whereas in Punjab Platform the normal faults show minor
displacement (Figure 13). After a long hiatus of about 250m.y
Gondwanaland was once again subjected to rifting during
Permo-Triassic time (Searle et al., 1983). This rift event is also
visible on seismic profile of both Bikaner-Nagaur Basin and
Punjab Platform (Figures 12 and 13). In Bikaner-Nagaur
Basin the second phase of rifting can be explained by the
small displacement of Permo-Triassic strata as compared to
the large displacement of basement. In Punjab Platform the
second rift phase is not very visible due to the dragging effect
of Infra-Cambrian strata. The rifting of India from Africa and
Madagascar probably started in Cretaceous time (Kemal et
al., 1991). The evidence of rifting can be seen on the seismic
profile of Punjab Platform where the reflectors of Cretaceous
strata have been displaced along a system of normal faults
(Figure 14). The northwards drift of Indian Plate started during
Early Companian time Powell, 1979, Klootwijk and Peiree,
1979, Duncan, 1990), which continued till the continent to
continent collision of Indian Plate with the Eurasian mass in
the Late Eocene (Patriat and Achache, 1984). Subsequently,
the Indian continental mass subducted under the Eurasian
Plate. The process of subduction is still ongoing . In the west
the collision of the Indian plate with the Eurasian plate is
oblique along left-lateral Bela-Ornach-Chaman fault zone,
which marks the western boundary of the Indian plate with the
Eurasian plate and separates the two major sedimentary
basins of Pakistan namely Indus Basin in the east and
Balochistan Basin in the west (Figure 1).
STRUCTURAL STYLES AND HYDROCARBON TRAPS
Due to varied geodynamic conditions of, rifting, drifting,
collision and under thrusting of the Indian Plate through
geologic time, variable structural patterns have been
developed in Punjab Platform and Bikaner-Nagaur Basin and
are discussed as under.
Rift Associated Structural Patterns
Traps associated with normal faults developed as a result
of Infra-Cambrian to Mesozoic rift episode in both Bikaner-
Nagaur basin and Punjab Platform have been drilled at
several locations such as Bijnot (Figure 15), Jiwanwala
(Figure 16) and Bhagewala (Figure 12). The structural highs
and lows developed as a consequence of Infra-Cambrian to
Mesozoic rift event can be seen on regional scale in Punjab
3
Platform and show an overall increase in depth towards west
(Figures 17,18,19,20 and 21).
Paleogeographic and Salt-induced Structures
Seismic lines (Figure 13 and 22) show paleogeographic
and salt-pushed structures at various stratigraphic levels on
Punjab Plateform.
Stratigraphic Traps
The study of sub-surface data in Bikaner-Nagaur Basin and
Punjab Platform indicates that the deposition of Jodhpur and
Bilara formation of the Infra-Cambrian is controlled by paleo-
highs formed as a result of Infra-Cambrian rifting. Figure 23,
shows onlap of Jodhpur and Bilara formations encountered in
Bijnot and Baghewala wells over paleo-high of Kaberwala
structure forming stratigraphic traps. The stratigraphic traps
may also be formed by the truncated Permian, Triassic,
Jurassic and Cretaceous strata against Tertiary unconformity
(Figures 18,19,20 and 21).
SOURCE ROCKS AND HYDROCARBON
OCCURRENCE
INFRA-CAMBRIAN
Bilara Formation:
Heavy oil (probably immature) has been found in
Baghewala, Tariwala and Kalrewala wells of Bikaner-Nagaur
Basin of India (Figure 2). The result of geochemical studies
indicate that the source of oil are the dolomite of Bilara
Formation (Gupta and Sheikh). These facies also extend into
Punjab Platform (Sheikh et al., 2003) and have been
deposited in structural lows (graben areas), where according
to our interpretation they may survive as potential source rock
under optimum thermal conditions.
Salt Range Formation
Source rock studies carried out by Shell Oil (PSPD)
indicate that shales of Salt Range Formation qualify as source
rock in Karampur-1 and Bahawalpur East-1. The results of
geochemical analysis of HDIP show moderate organic carbon
content (TOC: 1.27-1.58%) with other geochemical
parameters indicative of good source potential for
hydrocarbon generation in Karampur-1 well. However in
Bahawalpur East-1 the formation shows poor organic
richness (TOC: 0.44%). In Bijnot-1 the shales are poor in
organic richness (TOC: 0.20%). Whereas, in Fort Abbas-1, it
has poor to marginal organic richness (TOC: 0.43-0.60%).
PERMIAN
Amb Formation
The result of geochemical analysis by PSPD indicates that
shale of Amb Formation qualify as source rock in Sari-Sidhu
well.
The results of geo chemical analysis conducted by HDIP on
samples from Jurassic and Eocene strata as follow:
JURASSIC
Datta Formation
In Ahmedpur-1 the shales of Datta Formation indicate poor
 Table 2 - Stratigraphic Succession in Bikaner-Nagaur Basin 4
Table 1 - Stratigraphy of Punjab Platform. (modified after Gupta and Bulgauda, 1994).

Period Succession Established Succession Encountered

ERA Epoch by the GSI in Oil Wells
Quaternary

Quatnary
Pleistocene-Recent Alluvium(Sandstone) Alluvium(Sandstone)

Kirthar

Eocene Marth (Ferruginous Marth (Ferruginous

Laki/Ghazij
sandstone and clay) sandstone and clay)

CENOZOIC
Patala
Lockhart
Hangu
Paleocene Polana (Shale, Polana (Shale,
sandstone and limestone) sandstone and limestone)

Parh equivalent
Cretaceous (Claystone and sandstone)

Lathe Equivalent (Claystone,

Samana Suk Jurassic sandstone and coal)
Shaniwari

MESOZOIC
Pemo-Triasssic Badhaura (Conglomerates Badhaura (Conglomerates
and claystone) and claystone)

Upper Carbonate (Dolostone, Upper Carbonate (Dolostone,

Limestone and claystone Limestone and claystone
Cambrian
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Nagaur (Siltstone, Nagaur (Siltstone,

claystone and sandstone) claystone and sandstone)

Hanseran (Siltstone, Hanseran (Siltstone,

Claystone and sandstone) Claystone and sandstone)
PALEOZOIC

Bilara (Dolomite) Bilara (Dolomite)

Infra-Cambrian
Jodhpur (Sandstone, Jodhpur (Sandstone,
siltstone and clay) siltstone and clay)

Milani Suite
Pre-
Cambrian
5

70o 72o 74
o
70
o o o
72 74
N N
32o 32
o
32
o
o
32
Sarg Sarg
od ha H o
igh dha
High
60

Darbula
0

40 Darbula
0 Saro-1
400 400
Saro-1
Kamiab 200
Kamiab
PAK I S TAN Bhudana PAK I S TAN Bhudana
200
200 400
Panjpir-1 2 20 200
00 0 Panjpir-1 400
Sari-Sidhu
Sari-Sidhu 600
Nandpur-1 600
Nandpur-1
Piranwal-1
Piranwal-1
Tola-1 20
0 Tola-1 800
0

200
pression

pression
4 00
30o 30o 30
o
200

20

Karampur-1 o
Karampur-1
1000
30
600 0
Punjab Platform

n
Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

asi
Sulaiman De
1200

ur B
Raza et al.

Bahawalpur East
Bahawalpur East

aga
n 800
Marot-1
asi Marot-1

r-N
Ahmedpur-1 ur B Ahmedpur-1 600

ane
0
Fort Abbas-1 400

20
Fort Abbas-1
aga
200

Bik
r-N
Suji-1
Suji-1 20

ane
40 0
0
80
0
INDIA

0
Bik
INDIA

60
Bijnot
Bijnot
M

P-10
Chak-255

M
o P-10
Chak-255
ar

28

0
28o o

ar
28

40
o
iH

28

iH
Jiwanwala-1
Jiwanwala-1
igh

igh
Kalrewala-1
Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 LEGEND
Dry Hole Tarriwala-1
Baghewala-1
Po

Dry Hole
Baghewala-1

Po
200
lca

Oil Well

lca
Oil Well
ra

Gas Well

ra
Gas Well
n

n
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
200 Contour Interval 200m
(Dashed where inferred) Contour Interval 200m
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary
Platform boundary
International boundary
International boundary
26
o
70o 72
o
74o 26o o
70
o
72
o
74
o
26
o
26
Figure 4 - Isopach Map of Cambrian. Figure 3 - Isopach Map of Infra-Cambrian.
 70o 6
72o 74o
o o
70o 72 74
N
N 32o 32o
32o 32o Sarg
Sarg o dha
odh High
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Darbula Saro-1
Saro-1 Kamiab
Kamiab

600
Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
Panjpir-1

200
Panjpir-1 Sari-Sidhu
Sari-Sidhu Nandpur-1 d Limit
cate

0
Nandpur-1 Trun

100
Piranwal-1

50
Piranwal-1 Limit Tola-1
able
Tola-1 Prob

30o Karampur-1 30o

30o Karampur-1 30o

pression
300
Punjab Platform

pression
Punjab Platform
Bahawalpur East
Bahawalpur East
n

Marot-1
Marot-1 Ahmedpur-1

n
Sulaiman De
asi

Ahmedpur-1

Sulaiman De
Fort Abbas-1

asi
0

200
Fort Abbas-1
ur B

100
ga

400
ur B
Suji-1

ga
Suji-1
-Na
r

-Na
30

r
0
ane

20 INDIA
0

ane
Bik

10
INDIA
Bijnot P-10
Bijnot
M
P-10 Chak-255

Bik

M
Chak-255 ar
28o

ar
28o 28o
iH
28o Jiwanwala-1

iH
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Jiwanwala-1
igh

igh
Kalrewala-1
Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Tarriwala-1 Dry Hole
Dry Hole Baghewala-1
Baghewala-1
Po

Po
Oil Well
Oil Well
lca
r

lca
Gas Well
Gas Well

ra
an

n
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
Contour Interval 100m Contour Interval 100m
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary

International boundary International boundary

26o 70o 72o 74o 26o 26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

Figure 5 - Isopach Map of Permian. Figure 6 - Isopach Map of Triassic.

7

o o
70 72
o
74
o
70 72
o
74
o
N N
o o
32 32
o 32 32
o
S arg Sarg
odh o dha
a Hi High
gh
Darbula Darbula
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab

200
PAK I S TAN 300 Bhudana
PAK I S TAN 100 Bhudana
200
100 Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu Sari-Sidhu

100
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1 it
able Lim
Prob
10

200
Piranwal-1 Piranwal-1 40
0

Tola-1 Limit Tola-1 0

able 300
Prob
pression

pression
o o 100 200
30 Karampur-1 30
o 30 Karampur-1 30
o
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

Sulaiman De
200
Raza et al.

200
100
300
400
500

Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East

600

Marot-1 Marot-1
Ahmedpur-1
700

Ahmedpur-1

n
asi
Fort Abbas-1 n Fort Abbas-1
asi 400

ur B
ur B
20 300
0
Suji-1 Suji-1

aga
aga
100

r-N
INDIA 100 INDIA

r-N

ane
200

ane
Bijnot Bijnot
M

300

Bik
P-10 P-10
o Chak-255 o Chak-255
ar

ar
28 28
o
28 400 o

Bik
28
iH

iH
Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1
igh

igh

0
Kalrewala-1
500 Kalrewala-1
1400

LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po

Baghewala-1

Po
1300
1200
lca

lca
Oil Well Oil Well
1100
ra

ra
1000
Gas Well Gas Well
n

n
900
0

700
800
Hi

600

Hi
100
200
500
400
300
gh

gh
Contour Interval 200m Contour Interval 100m
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary
International boundary International boundary
o o o o o o o
26
o
70 72 74 26 26
o
70
o
72 74 26
Figure 8 - Isopach Map of Cretaceous. Figure 7 - Isopach Map of Jurassic.
 70o
8
70o 72o 74o 72o 74o

N N
32o o 32o 32o
32
Sarg
Sarg
odh o dha
a Hi High
gh
Darbula Darbula
10
0 Saro-1 Saro-1
20 100
20 0 Kamiab Kamiab 100
0
10
0
Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN

10
0
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu

20
Sari-Sidhu

0
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1

Piranwal-1 Piranwal-1
Tola-1 Tola-1

30o 30o Karampur-1 30o

Karampur-1 30o
0

pression

pression
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform
0
10

400
Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East

Marot-1 Marot-1

sin
Ahmedpur-1 Ahmedpur-1

Sulaiman De

Sulaiman De
Ba
n

300

Fort Abbas-1 Fort Abbas-1

0
20

ur
asi

0
10

aga
ur B

Suji-1 Suji-1

r-N
ga

300
0

ane
-Na
r

INDIA INDIA

Bik
200 Bijnot Bijnot P-10
ane

P-10
M

M
Chak-255 ar Chak-255

ar
28o 28o
Bik

100 28o 28o

iH
600

Jiwanwala-1

iH
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Jiwanwala-1
500
400

Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

igh

igh
Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1 Baghewala-1
Po

Po
Oil Well Oil Well
lca

lca
r

Gas Well Gas Well

ra
an

n
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
Contour Interval Contour Interval 200m
200m (Dashed where inferred)
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary

International boundary International boundary

70o 72o 74o 26o 26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

26o

Figure 9 - Isopach Map of Paleocene. Figure 10 - Isopach Map of Eocene.

9

o
70 72
o
74
o
N

Figure 12 - Seismic section through well Baghewala-1 showing Rift associated Features of Infra-Cambrian
o
32 32
o
S arg
od ha
Hig
h
Darbula
Saro-1
100
Kamiab 100
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu
Nandpur-1
Depression

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
o
30

Unconformity
o
30

nate Top
Karampur-1

Nagur Top
BGW-1
Punjab Platform

and Permian time (Reinterpreted after Gupta and Bulguada 1994).

0
Sulaiman

10

rbo
Raza et al.

400

Ca
Permo-Triassic
Bahawalpur East

r-Bilara
Uppe r
sin
Marot-1
Ahmedpur-1

Jurassic-Cretaceous

Jodhpu
Ba
300

Fort Abbas-1

m ent
0
20
ur
0

Base
ga
10

Suji-1

Na

ran
0
er-
INDIA

Top Hanse
an

Eocene
Bijnot
M

Bik
P-10
o Chak-255
28
ar

o
28
600
iH

500
400

Jiwanwala-1
ig

Kalrewala-1
h

Tarriwala-1 LEGEND
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po
l

Oil Well
ca
ra

Gas Well
n
H
ig
h
Contour Interval 200m
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary
International boundary
o o o o
26
o
70 72 74 26
Figure 11 - Isopach Map of Siwaliks-Recent.
10
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Figure 13 - Profile along Line 8 showing Paleogeographic Structure in Punjab Platform

and evidence of Infra-Cambrian and Permian Rifting (Reinterpretted after Raza et al, 1989)

1.1 1.1

1.2 1.2

1.3 1.3

1.4 1.4

1.5 1.5

1.6 1.6

1.7 1.7

Figure 14 - Chak 255 No.1 Seismic Line 986-WFQN-04 showing Rift Features of Cretaceous Age.
 11
Raza et al.

931- FABS-11
SSW BIJNOT No.1
NNE
0.0 0.0

0.5 0.5

1.5 1.0

Base Permian

Top
Pre-Cambrian

1.0 2.0

Figure 15 - Bijnot No. 1 Seismic Line 931-FABS-11 showing the development of Structural High as a consequence
of Infra-Cambrian and Permian Rift Phase.

1.0
1.0

1.1
1.1

s
eou
r e tac
C
Top
1.2 1.2

1.3 1.3

1.4 1.4

1.5 1.5

1.6 1.6

1.7 1.7

Figure 16 - Jiwanwala No. 1 Seismic Line 986-WFQN-11 showing the Development and
Structural High as a result of Infra-Cambrian to Cretaceous Rifting.
 70o
12
70o 72o 74o 72o 74o

N N
32o o 32o
32 32o
Sarg Sarg
odh odh
a Hi a Hi
1200 gh gh
1400 Darbula Darbula
1600 Saro-1 Saro-1
1800 Kamiab
Kamiab

3000
2000
Bhudana
PAK I S TAN 2200 Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
2400

00
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
2600

22
Sarai-Sidhu Sarai-Sidhu 00
00
28 Nandpur-1
20 800
1
Nandpur-1
00
Piranwal-1 Piranwal-1 16 Limit
Tola-1 able
Tola-1 Prob

2800
30o 30o Karampur-1 30o
Karampur-1 30o

pression

pression
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform

Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East

n
Marot-1 Marot-1
n

00
Ahmedpur-1 26 Ahmedpur-1

Sulaiman De

asi

Sulaiman De
asi

Fort Abbas-1 Fort Abbas-1

rB

2000
ur B
u

0
240

ga

1800
aga

00 Suji-1
Suji-1 22

-Na
00

1600
r-N

r
20 0
0
18
ane

ane
00 0

1400
16 140 0 INDIA
0
INDIA
Bik

1200
Bik
12

0
Bijnot Bijnot P-10
P-10
M

M
Chak-255 Chak-255

100
00

ar

ar
10

28o 28o 0

800
28o 80
28o
iH

iH
Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

600
600
igh

igh
Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1

400
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1 Baghewala-1
Po

Po
Oil Well

200
Oil Well
lca
400

lca
r

Gas Well Gas Well

ra
an

n
2000
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
800

180
14
1

0
160
0

0
00
600

100 200
Contour Interval 200m Contour Interval 200m
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)

400
Platform boundary

200
Platform boundary

International boundary International boundary

70o 72o 74o 26o 26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

26o

Figure 17- Structure Contour Map - Base Cambrian. Figure 18- Structure Contour Map - Base Permian.
13

70o 72
o
74
o 70o 72
o
74
o
N N
32o 32
o 32o 32
o
Sarg Sarg
o dha od ha H
High igh
Darbula Darbula

2600
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab
PAK I S TAN PAK I S TAN Bhudana

2400
Bhudana
1000
1200
Panjpir-1 1400 Panjpir-1
1600
Sarai-Sidhu 1800 Sarai-Sidhu
2000 it
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1 Probable Lim
2000 00
Piranwal-1 1 0 22 Piranwal-1
8 0
Tola-1 1000 Tola-1
00

pression
20
pression

1 0
4 0
30o Karampur-1
120
100
0
30
o 30o Karampur-1 30o
0
00
800 18
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform

Sulaiman De
Sulaiman De
Raza et al.

00
800

16
Bahawalpur Bahawalpur East
East
Marot-1 Marot-1
it

n
n
Lim

asi
Ahmedpur-1 asi Ahmedpur-1
le
ab

ur B
ur B
Fort Abbas-1
ob

Fort Abbas-1
Pr

1600

aga
aga
1400
Suji-1 Suji-1

r-N
r-N
1200

ane
ane

1400
1000
INDIA INDIA

Bik
Bik
800
Bijnot Bijnot

M
M

600 P-10 P-10

Chak-255 o Chak-255
28o

ar
ar

28
o 28 28o

iH
iH

Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1

igh
igh

Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
260

LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
0

Dry Hole Dry Hole

Baghewala-1

Po
Baghewala-1
Po

2400

lca
lca

Oil Well Oil Well

2200

1200
ra
2000
ra

Gas Well

400
Gas Well

n
n

600
1000

80
Hi
Hi

1800

0
gh
gh

1400
1600

120

60
40

80 0

0
100
0

0
Contour Interval 200m Contour Interval 200m
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary
International boundary International boundary
o
26
o
70o 72o 74
o
26
o
26o 70o 72 74o 26
o
Figure 20 - Structure Contour Map - Base Jurassic. Figure 19- Structure Contour Map - Base Triassic.
 14
70o 72o 74o

N
32o 32o
Sarg
odh
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Saro-1
Kamiab

Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
it
Nandpur-1 Probable Lim

Piranwal-1
Tola-1

30o Karampur-1 30o

pression
Punjab Platform

Bahawalpur East

Marot-1
n

Ahmedpur-1

Sulaiman De
2800
asi

Fort Abbas-1
ur B

2
ga

2 600
2 400
00

Suji-1
1
20 200
-Na

0
1400
r

120

160 800
100
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot P-10
M
ar Chak-255
28o 28o
iH

Jiwanwala-1
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

igh

Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
P

Baghewala-1
Oil Well
olc
a

Gas Well
ra

200
n
H

400
12 800
igh

00 100
14

0 600
00

Contour Interval 200m

(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary

Figure 22: Seismic line No. 7 showing Salt-Induced Structures in Punjab Platform( Raza et al., 1989).
International boundary
E

26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

2.0
1.0

3.0
0.0

Figure 21 - Structure Contour Map - Base Cretaceous.

T.W.T IN SECONDS
 15
Raza et al.

Figure 23 - Showing the Jodhpur and Bilara formations penetrated in the Bijnot-1 well drilled on Punjab Platform
and Baghewala-1 of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin, India with correlation of wells indicating onlaps of Infra-Cambrian Formation
on Paleo-High of Kalrewala-2 well (after Sheikh et al, 2003).

organic richness and the source rock potential for liquid
hydrocarbons.
Samana Suk Formation
In Ahmedpur-1 the Samana Suk Formation shows organic
richness poor to fair organic richness (TOC: 0.22- 0.80) and
has limited gas potential.
In Panjpir-1 the carbonates of Samana Suk show marginal
to fair organic carbon content (TOC: 0.53 -1.59%). The
genetic potential indicates limited gas potential (Gp: 1.40-
1.54 kg/t).Samana Suk has poor to marginal organic richness
(TOC: 0.48- 0.68%) with limited gas potential (Gp < 1 kg/t) in
Nandpur-1.
CRETACEOUS
Chichali Formation:
Shales of Chichali Formation show fair organic richness in
Panjpir-1 (TOC: 1.30-2.00%) and fair hydrocarbon generation
potential.
Lumshiwal Formation:
Geochemical analysis of shale samples show very poor
organic carbon content in Nandpur-1 (TOC: 0.25- 0.42%).
Parh Formation:
The geochemical analysis of the samples show poor to fair
organic richness (TOC: 0.24-0.90%) in Ahmedpur-1. This
formation may have some potential for gas generation (GP
1.4 Kg/t).
Mughal Kot Formation:
In Ahmedpur-1 the formation shows poor to marginal
organic richness (TOC: 0.37-0.64%). Pyrolysis study
indicates no source potential for liquid hydrocarbons ( GP <
1Kg/t).
PALEOCENE
Ranikot Formation:
Shales of Ranikot Formation show poor to fair organic
richness (TOC: 0.33-1.00%) in Ahmedpur-1 with limited gas
potential (Gp < 1 kg/t).
Dunghan Formation:
The formation shows poor to fair organic carbon content in
Ahmadpur well (TOC: 0.38-1-12%). The genetic potential
indicates no source potential for hydrocarbon generation (Gp:
<1 Kg/t).
 16
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform
EOCENE
Ghazij and Kirthar Formations:
The analysis of samples from Ahmedpur well-1 shows that
the Ghazij Formation has poor organic richness (TOC: 0.13-
0.25%) while Kirthar Formation also shows poor values (TOC:
0.09-0.24).
MATURITY MODELING
Data from three wells (Fort Abbas-1, Nandpur-2 and
Ahmedpur -1) have been incorporated to carry out the
maturity modeling of the Punjab platform. In this study
geological time scale has been used to define the events
(such as deposits, hiatuses or unconformities).
Tectonic subsidence analysis (back-stripping)
One of the objectives of subsidence analysis is to extract
the true “tectonic subsidence” component through time,
indicating the plain movement of the basement after the
removal of the effects of sediment/water load and eustatic sea
level fluctuations (Allen and Allen, 1990; Steckler and Walts,
1978; Sclater and Christie, 1980; Bond and Kominz, 1984).
Tectonic subsidence may be the result of several interacting
geodynamic processes, such as:
Flexural bending due to loads away from analyzed
location
Thermal contraction or uplift
Delayed compaction of sediments
Faulting
Burial history at three locations
Burial history of the three above noted wells, as shown in
Figures 24, 25 and 26, is based on stratigraphy
(chronostratigraphic time scale, depth and thickness) and
lithology, encountered or predicted at individual well
locations. Lithologies obtained from the lithology logs were
specified as percentages of sand, silt, shale and limestone
etc. Compaction was calculated automatically by the
computer programme using the equation of Falvey and
Middleton (1981). Petrophysical parameters necessary for
calculating compaction, porosity, thermal conductivity etc.
were provided by the computer programme on the basis of
lithology specified for each rock unit which is present today
or was deposited but subsequently eroded away. The
precise lithologies of eroded rock units, of course, are never
known. In this study lithologies of eroded sections have
been estimated from data on rocks present in nearby wells
or outcrops, and also taking into consideration the different
facies and modes of deposition.
Figure 24 shows the burial history of the rock units
encountered at Ahmedpur-1 well. Shirinab/Datta Formation
was the deepest rock unit, which was encountered during
drilling at this location. Deposition of the sediments of Shirinab
Formation started 210 million years ago, whereas deposition
of the younger encountered sediments (i.e. Chinji-Gaj)
culminated somewhere during Quaternary. The figure shows
that Shirinab/Datta, Chiltan/Samana Suk (Jurassic) and
Sembar/Chichali (Cretaceous) formations fall within the oil
window. However, the geochemical studies conducted by
HDIP indicate that Shirinab and Sembar formations have poor
source potential (TOC 0.2 and 0.4 respectively). The Chiltan
Formation shows fair organic richness (TOC 0.76-0.80) but
the pyrolysis study does not indicate potential for liquid
hydrocarbon. The well is dry probably due to insufficient
organic content and pyrolysis values.
Figure 25 shows the geo-history of rock units encountered
in Fort Abbas-01 well. It can be seen that the oil shales of Salt
Range Formation falls within oil window; however, these
shales have poor to marginal organic richness (TOC 0.43-
0.60). As the well is dry probably due to insufficient organic
matter.
Figure 26 displays the geo-history of Nandpur gas field that
is situated in Punjab Platform. The oldest formation
penetrated in the well is Kingriali Formation of Triassic age. It
is quite clear from the diagram that none of the expected
potential source rocks reached to the stage of hydrocarbon
generation due to quite low temperature and comparatively
shallow depth. The presence of gas is either due to lateral
migration from the kitchen area, probably located in the
Sulaiman Depression in the west or from deeper source
through fault conduit.
RESERVOIR ROCKS
Several reservoir intervals including productive ones have
been identified on Punjab Platform.
INFRACAMBRIAN
Jodhpur Formation:
The fluvial and shallow marine sandstones of Jodhpur
Formation are the proven reservoir rocks in Baghewala-1 and
Tariwala-1 wells of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin of India (Figure 27).
In Baghewala well, the Jodhpur sandstone exhibits porosity
ranges of 19-25%. These reservoir facies extend towards the
north and northwest into Salt Range including Kirana area
(Sargodha Hills) and have been reported in Bijnot-1, Marot-1
and Bahawalpur East 1 wells of Punjab Platform with porosity
ranges of 14-17% and 6-14% in Marot and Bahawalpur wells
respectively (Sheikh et al., 2003). The average porosity trend
indicates good to excellent porosity from central to the eastern
part of the study area (Figure 27).
Bilara Formation:
The dolomites of Bilara Formation are the proven
reservoirs in Baghewala-1, Kalrewala-2 and Tarriwala-1 wells
of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin of India (Sheikh et al., 2003). The
carbonates of Bilara Formation have been deposited in
coastal marine environment and more especially in supratidal
to inter-tidal environment which supports the development of
secondary porosity. The porosity of Bilara dolomite ranges
from 7-15% in Baghewala-1, 0-12 % in Bijnot-1, 3-24% in
Bahawalpur East 1 and 8-14% in Marot-1 (Sheikh et al.,
2003).
The distribution pattern of average porosity indicates good
reservoir characteristic on Punjab Platform with an increase in
average porosity towards west (Figure 28).
Salt Range Formation
Two bitumen-bearing zones were encountered in the
dolomite section in Karampur-1. Heavy oil has also been
reported from cherty dolomite at Kalar Kahar and Dulmial
wells of Potwar sub-basin (Sheikh et al., 2003). The formation
has an average porosity of 10% in Bijnot-1, 8% in Fort Abbas-
 17
Raza et al.

Gaj-Chinji

Drazinda
Pirkoh - Sirki
Habib Rahi
Ghazij

Dunghan
Legend
Rani Kot
Pab
Mughal Kot
Parh

Goru

Sembar
Chiltan

Shirinab

Figure 24 - Burial history diagram of Ahmedpur-01 well. Plot also shows paleobathymetry, isotherms
and depth and time of oil generation.

Gaj-Chinj
Sakesar
Nammal
Patala
Dandot
Tobra
Kussak Baghanwala
Jutana

Khewra

Salt Range source

Legend Salt Range

Figure 25 - Burial history diagram of Fort Abbas-01 well. Plot also shows paleobathemetry,
Isotherms and depth and time of oil generation.
18
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Nagri

Chinji

Legend Sakesar
Nammal
Dunghan
Rani Kot
Sujhanda
Lumshiwal
Chichali
Samana Suk
Shinawari
Datta
Kingriali

Figure 26 - Burial history diagram of Nandpur-02 well. Plot also shows paleobathymetry
and isotherms with no oil and gas generation.
19

70o 72o 74o 70o 72o 74o

N N
32o 32o 32o 32o
Sarg Sa r g
od ha H o dha
igh High
Darbula Darbula
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1
Piranwal-1 Piranwal-1
Tola-1 Tola-1
20

pression
pression

30o Karampur-1 30o 30o Karampur-1 30o

Punjab Platform Punjab Platform

Sulaiman De
Sulaiman De

5
Raza et al.

15 Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East

Marot-1 Marot-1
n

n
Ahmedpur-1 asi Ahmedpur-1

asi
ur b

ur b
Fort Abbas-1 Fort Abbas-1
10 15 25
5 20
aga

aga
Suji-1 Suji-1

r-N

r-N
10

ane

ane
INDIA INDIA

Bik

Bik
Bijnot Bijnot

M
M

P-10 P-10
Chak-255 o Chak-255
28o

ar
ar

28o 28 28o

iH
iH

Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1

igh
igh

Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
5 LEGEND
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1

Po
Baghewala-1
Po

10

lca
lca

Oil Well Oil Well

15

ra
ra

Gas Well Gas Well

n
n

20

Hi
Hi

gh
gh 25
Contour Interval 5% Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary
International boundary International boundary
26
o
70
o
72o 74o 26
o
26o 70o 72o 74o 26
o
Figure 27 - Average Porosity Map of Jodhpur Formation.
Figure 28 - Average Porosity Map of Bilara Formation.
20
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

1, 5% in Ahmedpur-1, 5% in Bahawalpur East-1 and 10% in

Karampur-1. The average porosity trend shows good porosity Kussak Formation:
towards north and southeastern part of Punjab Platform (Figure The sandstones of Kussak Formation have 13% average
29). porosity in Fort Abbas-1, 23% in Bahawalpur East-1 and 4% in
Cambrian Bijnot-1. It has more than 20% average porosity in the eastern
part which decreases westwards (Figure 31).
Khewra Formation:
The Formation is well developed in Punjab Platform. The Baghanwala Formation:
sandstone of Khewra Formation is the producing reservoir in In Punjab Platform, the formation has an average porosity of
Adhi field of eastern Potwar. In Punjab Platform, the sandstone 12% in Bahawalpur East-1 well. The speculative trend of
has an average porosity of 15% in Bijnot-1, 14% in Fort Abbas- average porosity shows an increase in porosity towards east
1, 10% in Suji-1 and 6% in Bahawalpur East-1. The sandstones (Figure 32).
have good average porosity range in the northern, eastern and
southern part (Figure 30).

70o 72
o
74
o

N
32o 32o
Sarg
odh
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Saro-1
Kamiab

PAK I S TAN Bhudana

Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1
10
Piranwal-1
Tola-1
pression

30o Karampur-1 30
o

Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

5
Bahawalpur East

Marot-1
sin

Ahmedpur-1
r ba

Fort Abbas-1
gaua

Suji-1
r-N
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot
M

P-10
Chak-255
28o
ar

28o
iH

Jiwanwala-1
igh

5 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po
lca

Oil Well
ra

Gas Well
n
Hi
gh

Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary

International boundary

26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

Figure 29 - Average Porosity Map of Salt Range Formation.

21

70o 72
o
74o 70
o
72
o
74o
N N
o
32 32o 32o 32
o
Sarg Sarg
od ha H od ha H
igh igh
Darbula Darbula
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1
Piranwal-1 Piranwal-1
Tola-1 Tola-1
5
pression

pression
10 10
30o 15
Karampur-1 30o 30o 5
Karampur-1
15
30o
20
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

Sulaiman De
Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East
Raza et al.

Marot-1 Marot-1
n

n
Ahmedpur-1 Ahmedpur-1
asi

asi
ur b Fort Abbas-1

ur b
Fort Abbas-1
aga

aga
Suji-1 Suji-1

r-N

r-N
ane

ane
INDIA INDIA

Bik

Bik
Bijnot Bijnot
M

M
P-10 P-10
Chak-255 Chak-255
28o o
ar

ar
28
o 28 28o
iH

iH
Jiwanwala-1
igh

igh
Jiwanwala-1
Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1 Baghewala-1
Po

Po
lca

lca
Oil Well Oil Well
ra

ra
Gas Well Gas Well
n

n
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
Contour Interval 5% Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary
International boundary International boundary
26
o
70o 72o 74o 26o 26o 70o 72o 74o 26
o
Figure 31 - Average Porosity Map of Kussak Formation. Figure 30 - Average Porosity Map of Khewra Formation.
22
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

o
70 72
o
74o

N
o
32 32o
Sarg
odh
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Saro-1
Kamiab

PAK I S TAN Bhudana

Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
pression

30o Karampur-1 30o

Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

15 20
5 10
Bahawalpur East

Marot-1

n
Ahmedpur-1

asi
ur b
Fort Abbas-1

aga
Suji-1
r-N
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot
M

P-10
Chak-255
28o
ar

28o
iH

Jiwanwala-1
igh

Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po
lca

Oil Well
ra

Gas Well
n
Hi
gh

Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary

International boundary

26
o
70o 72o 74o 26o

Figure 32 - Average Porosity Map of Baghanwala Formation.

PERMIAN JURASSIC

Warcha Formation: Datta Formation:

The Warcha Formation has an average porosity of 25% in The sandstone of Datta Formation has an average porosity
the sandstone intervals of Bahawalpur East well. The of 14% in Bahawalpur East. The porosity trend indicates a
probable porosity trend indicates 30% porosity in the east probable decrease in porosity towards west (Figure 35).
which decreases towards west (Figure 33).
Shinwari Formation:
Amb Formation: The formation is mostly missing in the eastern part. It has
The sandstones of Amb Formation have an average an average porosity of 25% in Ahmedpur-1 well. The
porosity of 10% in Piranwal-1 well. The probable porosity speculative average porosity trend indicates an increase in
trend indicates good porosity range from central part towards porosity towards east (Figure 36).
east (Figure 34).
23

o
70
o
72o 74o 70 72
o
74
o
N N
o
32
o
o 32 32
o
32
Sarg Sarg
o dha od ha H
High i gh
Darbula Darbula
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu mb Sarai-Sidhu
fA
Nandpur-1 it o Nandpur-1
Lim
le
ab Piranwal-1 ha
Piranwal-1 ob
Pr Tola-1 arc
Tola-1 fW
it o

pression
pression

Lim
o le
30 ab
30o Karampur-1 30o Karampur-1 Pr
ob 30
o
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform

Sulaiman De
Sulaiman De

15 30
5 25
10 15 20
Bahawalpur East Bahawalpur East
Raza et al.

Marot-1 Marot-1

n
n Ahmedpur-1

asi
Ahmedpur-1 asi

ur b
Fort Abbas-1
ur b
Fort Abbas-1

aga
aga
Suji-1

r-N
Suji-1

r-N

ane
ane
INDIA INDIA

Bik
Bik
Bijnot Bijnot

M
P-10
M

Chak-255
P-10
o Chak-255

ar
28o 28 o
ar

28o 28

iH
iH

Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1

igh
igh

Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
LEGEND Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1

Po
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po

lca
Oil Well
lca

Oil Well

ra
ra

Gas Well Gas Well

n
n

Hi
Hi

gh
gh
Contour Interval 5%
Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary
International boundary International boundary
o o o o
o
70
o
72o 74
o
26o 26
o
70 72 74 26
26
Figure 33 - Average Porosity Map of Warcha Formation.
Figure 34 - Average Porosity Map of Amb Formation.
 o
24
70o 72 74o 70o 72o 74o

N N
32o o 32o
32 32o
Sarg Sarg
o dha odh
H igh
a Hi
gh
Darbula Darbula
Saro-1 Saro-1
Kamiab Kamiab

Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
Panjpir-1 Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1 Nandpur-1
atta
Piranwal-1 fD Piranwal-1
it o ina wari
Tola-1 le Lim Tola-1 of Sh
bab L imit
Pro Pro bable

30o 30o Karampur-1 30o

Karampur-1 30o

pression

pression
Punjab Platform Punjab Platform
25
30
Bahawalpur East 35 Bahawalpur East
10 Marot-1
Marot-1
n

5
Ahmedpur-1 15 Ahmedpur-1

sin
Sulaiman De

Sulaiman De
asi

Fort Abbas-1 Fort Abbas-1

r ba
ur b

u
ga

aga
Suji-1 Suji-1
r-Na

r-N
ane

ane
INDIA INDIA
Bik

Bik
Bijnot Bijnot P-10
P-10
M

M
Chak-255 ar Chak-255

ar
i
28o 28o 28o 28o

iH
Hi
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

Jiwanwala-1 Jiwanwala-1
gh

igh
Kalrewala-1 Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole Dry Hole
Baghewala-1 Baghewala-1
Po

Po
Oil Well Oil Well
lc

lca
ar

r
Gas Well Gas Well
a n

an
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
Contour Interval 5% Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred) (Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary Platform boundary

International boundary International boundary

o o
26o 70 72o 74o 26 26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

Figure 35 - Average Porosity Map of Datta Formation. Figure 36 - Average Porosity Map of Shinawari Formation.
 25
Raza et al.

of Lumshiwal/Lower Goru have an average porosity of 20% in

Samana Suk/Chiltan Formation: Chak-225, 24% in Jiwanwala-1, 28% in Ahmedpur-1, 25% in
The Formation is less widely distributed in Punjab Platform Bhudana-1 and 23% in Kamiab-1. It has more than 25%
than the overlying Shinwari Formation. It has an average average porosity towards east, which decreases westward
porosity of 12% in Bahawalpur East-1, 16% in Piranwal-1, 15% (Figure 38).
in Nandpur-1 and also 15% in Panjpir-1. The probable average
porosity trend shows an overall decrease in porosity from east to PALEOCENE
west (Figure 37).
Ranikot/Hangu Formation:
CRETACEOUS The Formation is distributed in the central and western part
of Punjab Platform. The sandstone beds have an average
Lumshiwal/Lower Goru Formation: porosity of 20% in Chak-225 and 35% in Kamiab-1. The
The Formation is missing in the eastern part. The sandstones expected average porosity is more than 30% toward east and
20% in the west (Figure 39).

o
70 72o 74
o

N
32o 32o
Sarg
odh
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Saro-1
Kamiab

PAK I S TAN Bhudana

Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1

Piranwal-1 n
ta
Tola-1 hil
k/C
Su
pression

a
o an
30 Karampur-1 f
Sa
m
30o
it o
Lim
le
Punjab Platform ab
Sulaiman De

ob
Pr

Bahawalpur East
5
10 15 Marot-1
in

Ahmedpur-1
bas

Fort Abbas-1
ur
aga

Suji-1
r-N
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot
M

P-10
Chak-255
28o
ar

28o
iHi

Jiwanwala-1
gh

Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po
lca

Oil Well
ra

Gas Well
n
Hi
gh

Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary

International boundary

26
o
70o 72o 74
o
26o

Figure 37 - Average Porosity Map of Samana Suk/ Chiltan Formation.

 70o 70o 72o 74o 26
72o 74o

N N
32o o 32o 32o
32
Sarg Sarg
odh odh
a High
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Darbula
Saro-1
Saro-1
Kamiab
Kamiab

Bhudana
PAK I S TAN Bhudana
PAK I S TAN
Panjpir-1
Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
Sarai-Sidhu
oru Nandpur-1
Nandpur-1 rG
l/L owe
20 hiwa Piranwal-1
Piranwal-1 ums
of L Tola-1 on
Tola-1 imit ati
able L orm
Prob F
25 gu
an
30o 30o t/H
Karampur-1 iko 30o
Karampur-1 30o R an
t of
mi

pression
Li

pression
Punjab Platform le
Punjab Platform ab
ob
Pr

30
35 Bahawalpur East
Bahawalpur East
Marot-1
Marot-1
Ahmedpur-1
sin

Sulaiman De
Ahmedpur-1

sin

Sulaiman De
Fort Abbas-1
Fort Abbas-1
r ba

r ba
gau

gau
a

a
Suji-1
Suji-1
r-N

r-N
ane

ane
20 INDIA
Bik

INDIA

Bik
25 Bijnot P-10
Bijnot
M
20 P-10 Chak-255

M
Chak-255 ar

ar
28o 28o 28o
iH
28o Jiwanwala-1

iH
Jiwanwala-1
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

igh

igh
Kalrewala-1
Kalrewala-1
LEGEND LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Tarriwala-1 Dry Hole
Dry Hole Baghewala-1
Baghewala-1
Po

Oil Well

Po
lc

Oil Well

lc
ar

Gas Well

ar
a

Gas Well

a
n

n
Hi

Hi
gh

gh
Contour Interval 5%
Contour Interval 5% (Dashed where inferred)
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary
Platform boundary
International boundary
International boundary

70o 72o 74o 26o 26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

26o

Figure 38 - Average Porosity Map of Lumshiwal/ Lower Goru Formation. Figure 39 - Average Porosity Map of Ranikot/ Hangu Formation.
 27
Raza et al.

EOCENE of 12% in Bhudana. The average porosity map shows overall

decrease in porosity towards west (Figure 40).
Laki/Sakesar/Chorgali Formation:
The formations have wider areal extent in Punjab Platform PROSPECTIVE AREAS
than the underlying Paleocene strata. The Sui Main
Limestone member of Laki Formation has an average On the basis of aforementioned study the prospective
porosity of 20% in Chak-225. The average porosity of Sakesar areas of Infra-Cambrian to Eocene age have been delineated
Limestone is 15% in Bahawalpur-East, 12% in Kamiab, 17% on Punjab Platform (pages 28 to 31) and summarized as
in Marot, 15% in Karampur-1 and 13% in Nandpur and Panjpi- under:
1. The overlying Chorgali Formation has an average porosity

70o 72o 74o

N
32o 32o
Sarg
odh
a Hi
gh
Darbula
Saro-1
Kamiab

PAK I S TAN Bhudana

Panjpir-1
Sarai-Sidhu
Nandpur-1

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
pression

o
30 Karampur-1 30o
Punjab Platform
Sulaiman De

5
Bahawalpur East
10
Marot-1
n

Ahmedpur-1
asi
ur b

Fort Abbas-1
15
aga

20
Suji-1
r-N

25
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot
M

P-10
Chak-255
28o
ar

28o
i
Hi

Jiwanwala-1
gh

Kalrewala-1
LEGEND
Tarriwala-1
Dry Hole
Baghewala-1
Po
lca

Oil Well
ra

Gas Well
n
Hi
gh

Contour Interval 5%
(Dashed where inferred)
Platform boundary

International boundary

26o 70o 72o 74o 26o

Figure 40 - Average Porosity Map of Laki/Sakesar/ Chorgali Formation.

28
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

o
70 o o
72 74
Prospective Area of Infra-Cambrian
N
o
32 32
o

Sar
Reservoirs:
god
Darbula ha
Hig
Saro-1 h Bilara: Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >20%)
PAKISTAN Kamiab
Bhudana
Panjpir-1 Jodhpur and Salt Range:
Sari-Sidhu
Nandpur-1 Jodhpur: Marginal to very good porosities
ession

Piranwal-1
Tola-1 ( Avg 5% - >20%)
30
o
Karampur-1 o
Salt Range: Marginal to good porosities
Sulaiman Depr

30
Punjab Platform (Avg 5% - >10%)
Bahawalpur East sin Source Rocks:
r ba
Marot-1
Ahmedpur-1
Carbonates of Bilara (Probable source) and oil
gau

Fort Abbas-1
shales of Salt Range (Potential source)
-Na

Suji-1
ner

INDIA
Bika

Bijnot
The potential source rocks drilled on structural high
Chak-255 P-10
(horst) are marginally mature
Ma

o
28 28
o

Jiwanwala-1
ri H

Kalrewala-1
igh

LEGEND
Tarriwala-1 Dry Hole The source rocks may be mature in structural lows
Baghewala-1
Po

Gas Well
(graben areas) due to increased overburden
lca
ran

Oil Well
Hi
gh

Hydrocarbon Traps:
Platform boundary
International boundary Normal fault blocks, salt pushed anticlines and onlap
26
o o
70 72
o structural patterns

70o 72o 74
o
Prospective Area of Cambrian
N Reservoirs:
o
32 32o

Sar Khewra, Kussak and Baghanwala Formations

god
Darbula ha
PAKISTAN Saro-1 Hig Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >20%)
Kamiab
h Kussak and Baghanwala Formations
Bhudana
ssion

Marginal to good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)

Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu Kussak Formation
re

Piranwal-1 Nandpur-1
Sulaiman Dep

Tola-1 Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)

30o 30o
Karampur-1 Khewra Formation
Punjab Platform Marginal to good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)
asin

Bahawalpur East Khewra and Baghanwala Formations

ur b

Ahmedpur-1 Marot-1
Marginal to good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)
aga

Fort Abbas-1
r-N

Suji-1 Khewra and Kussak Formations

ane

INDIA
Ma

Marginal to good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)

Bik

Bijnot
r

Chak-255 P-10
iH

28o
Jiwanwala-1
28 o
Source Rocks:
igh

Kalrewala-1
Tarriwala-1 LEGEND No source potential in Cambrian strata
Po

Baghewala-1 Dry Hole

The reservoirs may have been charged by the
lca

Oil Well
Gas Well underlying Infra-Cambrian source rocks through
ra

vertical migration and fult conduits

nH

Hydrocarbon Traps:
igh

Platform boundary
International boundary
Normal fault blocks and salt pushed anticlines

26
o
70 o
72
o
No potential, poor reservoirs (Avg Por: < 5%)
 29
Raza et al.

o
70 o o
72 74
Prospective Area of Permian
N
o
32 32
o

Sar Reservoirs:
god
Darbula ha
Hig
Kamiab
h Warcha and Amb Formations
Saro-1
PAKISTAN
Bhudana Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >15%)
Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu
Nandpur-1
ession

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
Warcha Formation
o
30 Karampur-1 o
Marginal to very good porosities( Avg 10% - >30%)
Sulaiman Depr

30
Punjab Platform
Bahawalpur East
r ba
sin Source Rocks:
Marot-1
Shales of Amb Formation
gau

Ahmedpur-1 Fort Abbas-1

The reservoirs may be charged by own source rock
-Na

Suji-1 or from deeper source of Infra-Cambrian through

ner

INDIA fault conduits

Bika

Chak-255 Bijnot P-10

Ma

o
28 28
o

Hydrocarbon Traps:
ri H

Jiwanwala-1
Kalrewala-1
igh

Tarriwala-1 LEGEND
Normal fault blocks, salt pushed anticlines and
Po

Baghewala-1 Dry Hole

lca

Oil Well
unconformity
ran

Gas Well
Hi
gh

No potential, strata absent

Platform boundary
International boundary
o o
26
o
70 72

70o 72
o
74o
Prospective Area of Jurassic
N
32 o
32
o
Reservoirs:
Sar
Darbula god
ha Datta, Shinawari,Samanasuk/Chiltan Formations
Hig
Saro-1
h
Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >20%)
PAKISTAN Kamiab
Bhudana Carbonates of Samanasuk are producing reservoirs
Panjpir-1 in Panjpir and Nandpur gas fields
Sari-Sidhu
ssion

Nandpur-1 Datta and Shinawari Formation

Piranwal-1 Tola-1
Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >20%)
Sulaiman Depre

o
30 30o
Karampur-1
Punjab Platform Datta Formation
Bahawalpur East
asin

Marginal to good porosities ( Avg 5% - >10%)

Marot-1
ur b

Source Rocks:
Ahmedpur-1 Fort Abbas-1
aga

Shales of Datta and Samanasuk formations

r-N

The reservoirs may be charged by own source

ane

Suji-1
INDIA rock, from deeper source of Infra-Cambrian and
Bik

Chak-255 P-10 Permian Lying in the graben (structural lows)

Ma

28 o
Bijnot 28o
Jiwanwala-1 through fault conduits or through long distance
ri H

Kalrewala-1 migration from Sulaiman Depression

igh

Tarriwala-1
Baghewala-1
Po

LEGEND Hydrocarbon Traps:

lca

Dry Hole
ra

Oil Well
nH

Gas Well Normal fault blocks, salt pushed anticlines and

igh

unconformity
No potential for Datta and Samana Suk,
Platform boundary poor reservoirs (Avg Por: < 5%)
International boundary
26o 70o 72o No potential, strata absent
30
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform

o
70 o

Prospective Area of Cretaceous

o
72 74

N
o
32 32
o
Reservoirs:
Sar
Darbula god
ha Lumshiwal / Lower Goru Formation
Hig
Saro-1 h
PAKISTAN Kamiab Bhudana
Very good porosities ( Avg. >20%)

Panjpir-1 Lumshiwal sands are the gas producing reservoirs

Sari-Sidhu
Nandpur-1 in Nandpur and Panjpir wells
ssion

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
Sulaiman Depre

30
o
Karampur-1 30
o
Source Rocks:
Punjab Platform Shales of Chichali and carbonates of Parh and
Mughalkot formations
asin
Bahawalpur East
Marot-1 ur b
Ahmedpur-1 The reservoirs may have been charged by own
Fort Abbas-1
aga

source, deeper source of Infra-Cambrian and

Permian lying in graben (structural lows) through
r-N

Suji-1
ane

fault conduits or by long distance migration from

INDIA Sulaiman Depression
Bik

Chak-255 Bijnot P-10

Ma

o
28 28
o

Jiwanwala-1 Hydrocarbon Traps:

ri H

Kalrewala-1
igh

Tarriwala-1 Normal fault blocks, salt pushed anticlines and

Baghewala-1
Po

LEGEND
unconformity
lca

Dry Hole
ra

Oil Well
nH

Gas Well
igh

No potential, strata absent

Platform boundary
International boundary
o o
26
o
70 72

o
70 72
o
74
o

Prospective Area of Paleocene

N
o
32 o
32
Reservoirs:
Sar
god
ha
Darbula Hig Sandstones of Ranikot / Hangu Formations
Kamiab Saro-1
h
PAKISTAN Bhudana
Very good porosities ( Avg. >20%)
Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu Source Rocks:
Nandpur-1
ssion

Piranwal-1
Tola-1 Shales of Ranikot and Dungan Formatons
Sulaiman Depre

o
30 Karampur-1 o
30
Punjab Platform The reservoirs may have been charged by own
source rock which might be mature in the
sin

Bahawalpur East
western part due to increased overburden
r ba

Marot-1
Ahmedpur-1 or due to long distance migration from
gau

Fort Abbas-1
Sulaiman Depression
-Na

Suji-1
r
ane

Hydrocarbon Traps:
INDIA
Bik

Chak-255 Bijnot P-10

Ma

o
28 28
o
Anticlinal structures
Jiwanwala-1
ri H

Kalrewala-1
igh

Tarriwala-1 No potential, strata missing

LEGEND
Po

Baghewala-1
lca

Dry Hole
ra

Oil Well
nH

Gas Well
igh

Platform boundary
International boundary
o o
26
o
70 72
 31
Raza et al.

70o 72
o
74
o

N
Prospective Area of Eocene
o
32 32
o

Sar Reservoirs:
god
ha
Darbula Hig
Saro-1 h Laki, Sakesar and Chorgali Formations
PAKISTAN Kamiab
Bhudana Marginal to very good porosities ( Avg 5% - >20%)
Panjpir-1
Sari-Sidhu
Nandpur-1
Source Rocks:
ession

Piranwal-1
Tola-1
30
o
o No source rock
Sulaiman Depr

Karampur-1 30
Punjab Platform The reservoirs may be filled by the underlying
Paleocene source, specially, in the western
asin
Bahawalpur East
Marot-1
ur b part due to increased overburden
Ahmedpur-1
Hydrocarbon Traps:
aga

Fort Abbas-1
r-N

Suji-1
Anticlinal structures
ane

INDIA
Bik

Bijnot
Chak-255 P-10
Ma

o
28 28
o
ri H

Jiwanwala-1
No potential, poor reservoirs (Avg Por: < 5%)
igh

Kalrewala-1
Tarriwala-1 LEGEND
Po

Baghewala-1 Dry Hole

No potential, strata absent
lca

Oil Well
ra

Gas Well
nH
igh

Platform boundary
International boundary
o o
26
o
70 72

CONCLUSIONS shales of Salt Range, Amb, Datta, Chichali, Mughalkot,

Ranikot and Carbonates of Samana Suk, Parh and
· The study indicates that tectonics, structural styles and Dunghan formations contain adequate organic carbon
stratigraphy of Bikaner-Nagaur basin of India is similar to content but generally suffer from lack of maturity in the
Punjab Platform of Middle Indus Basin, Pakistan. eastern part of Punjab Platform due to inadequate
Therefore it is considered that the two Basins are of the overburden.
same geological age. · Tectonic, structural and depositional history indicate that
· Geology and tectonic setup of Punjab Platform and the Infra-Cambrian to Paleocene formations may act as
Bikaner-Nagaur Basin suggests a northeast-southwest effective source rock in the structural lows (graben areas)
directed extensional regime, caused due to Infra- and western part of Punjab Platform due to high thermal
Cambrian - Mesozoic rifting. maturity related to increased overburden.
· The deposition of Jodhpur, Bilara and Salt Range · Dolomites of Bilara Formation are considered to be the
formations seem to have been controlled by features main source of heavy oil in Bikaner-Nagaur basin, India.
related to extensional tectonics, which resulted in the · Sandstones of Jodhpur, Khewra, Kussak, Baghanwala,
development of hydrocarbon traps associated with Warcha, Amb, Datta, Shinawari, Lumshiwal/Lower Goru,
normal faults, onlap structure pattern and drop folds. Ranikot/Hangu and carbonates of Bilara, Samana
· Structural/Stratigraphic traps in these areas have not Suk/Chiltan and Laki/Sakesar/Chorgali formations show
been explored so far. good to very good porosities in most part of Punjab
· Source rocks in Nandpur, Panjpir area are immature, Platform.
whereas the reservoir gases are mature as indicated by · Discovery of heavy oil in Jodhpur, Bilara, Hanseran and
carbon stable isotopic values. This indicates either deep upper carbonate formations at Baghewala, Tarriwala,
seated source rocks in structural lows or long distance Kalrewala structure of Bikaner-Nagaur Basin of India, oil
migration of hydrocarbons through fault conduits. shows recorded in Salt Range Formation in Bijnot,
· Only Saro-1(dry hole) was drilled by OGDCL (1992) to bitumen in Salt Range Formation at Karampur, pieces of
test a stratigraphic trap delineated through seismic asphalt in lower and middle portion of Salt Range
survey showing truncation of Lumshiwal Formation Formation at Fort Abbas, fluorescence in upper
(Cretaceous) underneath Tertiary unconformity. carbonate formation at Suji and gas discovery in
· The other hydrocarbon traps identified are salt pushed Lumshiwal and Samana Suk formations at Nandpur and
anticlines, normal fault block up to Mesozoic and traps Panjpir of Punjab Platform indicate an active petroleum
associated with Tertiary unconformity. system in the region.
· Geochemical analysis of well samples indicate that
32
Hydrocarbon Prospects Of Punjab Platform
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PJHR
Received Oct. 08, 2009, revised July 15, 2010 and accepted December 25,
2010.