CHAPTER 1

PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE

Introduction

Environmental issue is one of the most widely known problems that the rest of

the world is encountering: both developed and third world countries had experienced

the issue. There are lot of studies and invention created to solve the environmental

issues, specifically the waste management problems. Solid waste is essentially the

unwanted or useless garbage produced in homes, business and some industrial source.

It has been a widespread dilemma the world is facing.

Waste management is not just a government’s sole responsibility, it should be by

every individual. Since garbage starts from one’s home, waste management should

start from it as well. Segregation and recycling is one way of taking part in solid waste

management method. Avoidance of having trash is one way of lessening the waste

problem. Using materials that are environmental friendly, one can help in minimizing

and even solving the waste problem.

The problem on waste management even in school is becoming enormous.

That’s why the school administrators are given a solid ground in institutionalizing

coordination on environmental sanitation premised through Republic Act 9003,

otherwise known as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. This law was

enacted to ensure the protection of public health and environment, utilize

environmentally sound methods that will maximize the utilization of valuable resources,

set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance, volume reduction through source
reduction, composting, recycling, reuse and recovery of some waste materials before

collection, treatment and disposal solid waste and encourage cooperation and self

regulation among waste generators.

The school which is an avenue to teach the citizenry plays a vital role toward the

successful implementation of this law by setting the face and spear heading the projects

that would inculcate the awareness among the community people by starting with the

youth in the school.

Solid Waste Management may help school identify whether teachers educate

their pupils to help in the implementation of school waste management program through

the practices they model on waste management. This is with an end in view of

minimizing solid wastes.

This study wants to know the level of awareness of junior high school students

regarding to the implementation of solid waste management. This study determines

whether the students follow the rules in managing waste materials.

Theoretical Background
Theories

Freud: History and Concepts

This website is a project of Joe Widder for his Psychology Course. It is all about

Sigmund Freud and his ideas.

3 Levels of Awareness

According to Freud the id, ego, and superego all operate across 3 levels of awareness

in the human mind. They are the conscious, unconscious, and preconscious.

The conscious: the conscious consist of what someone is of at any particular point in

time. It includes what you are thinking about right now, whether it is in the front of your

mind or the back. If you are aware of it then it is in the conscious mind.

The preconscious: the preconscious contains information that is just below the surface

of awareness. It can be retrieved with relative ease and usually can be thought of as

memory or recollection.

The unconscious: the unconscious contains thoughts, memories, and desires that are

buried deep in ourselves, well below our conscious awareness.

Even though we are not aware of their existence, they exert great influence in our

behavior.

Shelley Duval and Robert Wicklund’s (1972) landmark theory of self-awareness.Duval

and Wicklund proposed that, at a given moment, people can focused attention on the

self or on the external environment. Focusing on the self enables self – evaluation.
When self – focused, people compare the self with standards of correctness that specify

how the self ought to think, feel, and behave. The process of comparing the self with

standard allows people to change their behavior and to experience pride and

dissatisfaction with the self. Self – awareness is thus a major mechanism of self-control.

Research since the 1970’s as strongly supported self – awareness theory (Duval and

Silvia 2001). When people focus attention on the self, they compare the self with

standards, try harder to meet standard, and show stronger emotional responses to

meeting or failing to meet standard.

M. Afzalur Rahim et al. (2002) investigated the relationship of the five dimension of

emotional intelligence: self – awareness, self – regulation, motivation, empathy, and

social skills of supervisors to subordinates’ strategies of handling conflict: problem

solving and bargaining. Results suggest the self – awareness is positively associated

with self – regulation, empathy, and social skills; which in turn is positively associated

with problem solving strategy.

Frank Shipper et al. (2003) examine the relationship between emotional intelligence (EI)

and managerial effectiveness. Three hypothesis relating to managerial self – awareness

of both interactive and controlling skills were the examine using data from 3,785

managers of multinational firm located in the United States (US), United kingdom(UK),

and Malaysia . Finding arrived at through polynomial regressions, and contour plots

suggested positive relationship between effectiveness and EI (self-awareness).

To sum up, level of awareness is the ability to accurately judge their own performance

and behavior and to respond appropriately to different social situations, specifically the
issues regarding solid waste. For example, a student successfully uses self –

awareness skills when he notice himself throwing his plastic waste in the green

container where other students throw their plastic in the green container and throw it in

the yellow container. The level of awareness of the students determines how

responsible they are within their selves towards the solid waste management.

Legal Basis

Republic Act 9003 is the law that promotes a way of thinking that waste is a resource

that can be recovered. This can be achieved by following the 3R’s: Reduce, Reuse, and

Recycle. The law mandates one to put these principles into practice. By doing so, the

problem of solid waste can be solved. The law requires the following: solid waste must

be reduced at source recyclable materials must be recovered, the remaining waste,

after recyclable and biodegradable materials have been separated and used, is to be

disposed of properly.

AN ORDINANCE AMENDING CHAPTER 4, SECTION 40A OF MUNICIPAL CODIFIED

ORDINANCE NUMBER C-001 ENTITLED INTEGRATED AND ECOLOGICAL SOLID

WASTE MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE OF THE MUNICIPALITY OF LILA, BOHOL.

ESTABLISHING THE NECESSARY ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE.PRESCRIBING

FEES FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT SERVICES. DECLARING CERTAIN ACTS

PROHIBITED AND PROVIDING PENALTIES, APPROACHING FUNDS THEREOF,

AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.

Section 2. Article 1- Says this ordinance shall apply to all residential houses;

commercial establishments such as hotels, restaurants, cinema houses; public markets,

department stores, groceries, institutions like hospitals, schools, churches, public and

private offices, industrial establishments of any kind, and agricultural areas.

Section 3.Article 1-This ordinance is enacted to supplement the provisions of existing

laws and ordinances related to ecological solid waste management and to ensure the

proper segregation, collection, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the

practices in ecological waste management.

Section 5.Article 1-The primary goals of this ordinance is to enhance ecological balance

of the municipality through sustainable and integrated waste management and to

encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generator.

of Municipal Ordinance No.2 series 2009 (MO #2, S. 2009) titled, “Comprehensive

and Ecological Waste Management Ordinance of the Municipality of Lila, Bohol”

anchored on Republic Act 9003 which requires the conduct of the following:

 Prohibition of Littering and Burning of Garbage

 Proper garbage segregation

 3 R’s (Reduce/Reuse/Recycle)of garbage

For four years, since the compliance is consistent so, our attention has been called by

the Municipal Health Officer and the Mayor regarding the open dumpsite in front of our

school which become the breeding ground of mosquitos and the possible cause of the

10 Dengue cases in our school.

 The municipal garbage collector refused to pick up the accumulated unsegregated

garbage.

The piled garbage at the dumpsite sometimes can cause disruption of some classes

due to the sorting out of unsegregated wastes by the students under the supervision of

the assigned class advisers.

The sorting out of these garbage is an unhealthy practice on the part of the students

who are in direct contact with the garbage.

The sacks of garbage become an eye sore of the school and the community affecting

the morale and focus of the teachers and the school head.

The school had to resort to burning of garbage, which is not allowed by law being a

contributory factor to ecological imbalance.

The CI Team focused on the project on solid waste management in line with are School

Improvement Plan (SIP) goal “Improve Physical Environment for Learning”. The

enhanced physical environment of the school will

 Motivate students to go to school and keep them in school;

 Encourage parents to send their children to school;

 Lead to better learning outcomes.

Review of Related Literature

 The population increase all over the country, urbanization, and the economic

growth activities currently being experienced have resulted in the high rise in total tons

of solid waste. This has put more pressure for more reliable solid waste management

system.

Solid waste management is an emergent concern. Based on studies made by the

National Solid Waste Management Commission – Secretariat based at the

Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), there is a daily estimated 0.5 kilogram per

capita waste generation in Metro Manila alone with an estimated population of 10.5

million. The total waste generation in Metro Manila alone could run up to 1.95 million

metric tons per year. Of this magnitude of generated waste, only 73% are collected daily

by dump trucks, with the remaining 27% ending up in canals, rivers or any other space

where garbage could possibly be dumped into.

The problem on solid waste management brought to the environment evidences

of neglect and abuse. Waste flood the metropolis as canals and esteros become filled

with trash. In 2000, countless lives have been list as hundreds of people got buried alive

as mountains of garbage collapse due to heavy downpour – a disaster which we all

regard now as the tragedy of Payatas. The tragedy paved way towards the enactment

of Republic Act 9003, or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000.

Republic Act 9003 is the law that promotes a way of thinking that waste is a

resource that can be recovered. This can be achieved by following the 3R’s: reduce,

reuse and recycle. The law mandates one to put these principles into practice. By doing

so, the problem of solid waste management can be solved. The law requires the
following: solid waste must be reduced at source, recyclable materials must be

recovered, the remaining waste, after recyclable and biodegradable materials have

been separated and used, is to be disposed of properly.

Yet, even before the passage of the Act, the government, through the EMB of the

Department of environment and Natural Resources, has been financially and technically

assisting community-based projects particularly in the establishment of Materials

Recovery Facilities (MRF’s).

MRF’s is also known as “ecology centers” serve as repository for segregated

discards, it is composed of different types of waste which are segregated accordingly.

Namely biodegradable, non-biodegradable, hazardous and recyclable waste materials.

Biodegradable materials (green), this are the waste that will not or degrade biologically.

This main constituents of the biodegradable proportion school waste are typically parks

and garden wastes, food waste, timber, paper, card and textiles. Non-biodegradable

waste (yellow) which cannot be decomposed by biological processes. This cannot be

transformed into harmless natural state by the action of bacteria, namely plastics,

grocery bags, plastic containers and plastic water bottles. Recyclable (blue) are

substance/objects that can be recycled. It includes many of glass, papers, card board,

metals, tines, textiles and electronics. Hazardous (red) waste are wastes with properties

that make it potentially dangerous/harmful to human health/to the environment. They

can be the by-product of. Functional MRF’s play a very important role in instilling

environmental consciousness and responsibility among members of the school

community, particularly on the ecological way of managing wastes.

 As of 2004, a total of 842 MRF’s were already established nationwide, with

components ranging from composting and recycling facilities. Other project of the

Bureau include the creation of the National Eco-labelling program and the Green

Procurement Program, the establishment of the National Ecology Center, the conduct of

waste paper recovery, as well as the recognition of barangays all across the country, as

models on ecological solid waste management.

The government also recognizes the vital role, environmental education plays in

the implementation of waste management practice in schools, as this would give justice

to the commitment of our leaders on ecological waste management.

Human activities contribute significantly in waste management. Recognizing the

effects of improper management, garbage crisis can be prevented by practicing waste

characterization and segregation at source, proper collection and transfer, recycling and

composting as mandated by the law.

Related Studies

Foreign Studies

It detailed investigations was made regarding the methods of practices

associated with sources, quantity generated, collection, transportation, storage,

treatment and disposal of municipal Solid Waste in Mysore City. The data concerning

the SWM in Mysore was obtained through questionnaire, individual field visit, interacting

with people and authentic record of municipal cooperation. Photographic evidences

were also made about generation, storage, collection, transportation, treatment and

disposal of MSW. This study reveals that the present system if MSWM in Mysore City is

not satisfactory based on Municipal Solid Waste Management and Handling Rules

(Chandr, et. Al., 2009).

Local Studies

The experiences and practices of household waste management of people in a

barangay in Manila, Philippines are documented. The data were gathered through an

interview with household member using open – ended questions. Interviews were also

conducted with garbage collectors as well as scavengers. Results showed that the

household generated on average of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg / capita /

day. The types of waste commonly generated are food / kitchen wastes, papers, PET

bottles, metals and cans, boxes / cartoons, glass bottles, cellophane / plastics and

yard / garden wastes. The respondents segregate their waste into PET bottles glass

bottles, and other waste (mixed waste). No respondents perform composting. It is worth
nothing; however that burning of waste is not done by the respondents. The household

rely on garbage collection by the government.


Theories of Effective Solid
Waste Management
 Freud: History and
Concepts
(3 levels of Planning)
 Landmark theory of Self-
awareness(Shelley Duval and
Robert Wicklund’s 1972)
Legal Bases
 REPUBLIC ACT 9003
 CHAPTER 4, SECTION 40A
OF MUNICIPAL CODIFIED
ORDINANCE NO. C001.
 MUNICIPAL ORDINANCE
NO.2 SERIES 2009 (MO #2, S.
2009)

 Self-awareness theory
(Duval and Silvia 2001)

Data of Student’s Level of Awareness

Independent Variable: Age

Dependent Variable: Level of Awareness
Control Variable: Questionnaires

Statistical Treatment
 Frequency
 Percentage
 Correlation
 Mean
 Pearson Product Moment correlation
 ANOVA

PROPOSED IMPROVEMENT MEASURE

THE PROBLEM

Statement of the Problem:

The main thrust of this study is to determine whether the implementation of Solid

Waste Management is effective in relation to the profile of the students in Lila National

High School. The findings of the study will serve as the basis of proposing improvement

measures.

Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-problems:

1. What is the student’s profile?

a. Age

2. What is the students level of awareness in the proper waste segregation in terms

of:

a. Biodegradable

b. Non-biodegradable

c. Hazardous

d. Recyclable

3. Is there a significant relationship between the students age and their level of

awareness?

4. What measures could be propose in the basis of the findings?

Null Hypotheses

The result of this study will be the basis of accepting or rejecting the following null

hypotheses.

1. There is no significant relationship between the age of the students to their level

of awareness of the segregation of waste materials.

2. Students of Lila National High School are highly aware in the proper segregation

of waste materials.
Significance of the Study

The finding of the study benefits students, teachers, parents and all the people

living in the community.

Students. Students must be aware of the different details or information with

regards to the implementation of the solid waste management and improve their

knowledge so that, they can perform their duties and responsibilities well.

Teachers. Teachers must understand the different techniques in implementing

solid waste management, so that, they can disseminate their knowledge to their

students and they can be fully understood by the students as well. Results of the study

could provide teachers with information which could enable them to know if the

implementation of Solid Waste Management has been effective and the students are

already aware in minimizing the garbage or waste in the school.

Parents. Results of this study could be of great help to the parents for they can

also apply it in their respective place and can share their knowledge to their family,

friends and relatives.

Scope and Delimitation

The study focuses on the effectiveness of Implementing Solid Waste

Management in relation to the awareness of the students according to profile (age).

The respondents of this study were the selected Junior High School students of

Lila National High School. This study was conducted in the school year 2017 – 2018.

The questionnaire was the main instrument in gathering data.

Operational Definition of Terms

To minimize misinterpretation and incomprehensibility on the terms used, the

researcher defined the following terms as used in the context of the study:

Material Recovery Facility – area where the waste materials are being collected and

segregated accordingly. It is also a vacant place where the composting of

biodegradable wastes is done.

Biodegradable Waste Materials – this are the wastes materials that can be easily

decomposed in short period of time, i.e. leaves, grass, diapers, etc.

Frequency- total number of students based on their profile.

Level of Awareness – a student’s stage of consciousness on managing solid wastes.

Mean – use to determine the level of awareness of the students.

Non – biodegradable Waste Materials – waste materials that cannot be decomposed in

a short period of time, example: plastics

Recyclable Waste Materials – waste materials that can be recycled or use again instead

of being wasted.

Hazardous Waste Materials – waste materials that can cause harm or hazards.

Percentage - number of students based on their profile.

Recycling – the process of reusing the waste materials.

Reduce – the practice of lessening or minimizing the waste materials.

Solid Waste – the useless garbage produced by different sources such as home,

schools and industrial facilities.

Solid Waste Management– It is the collection and segregation, managing and

monitoring of waste materials.

Segregation – the practice of separating waste materials according to kinds.

Research Methodology

Design

This research study utilized the descriptive / correlational method with the aid of

test questionnaire. Furthermore, it uses stratified random sampling technique in the

sense that it analysis only test results based from the level of awareness random

because the subjects are selected Junior High School Students of Lila National High

School.

Subjects

The participants of the study were the Junior High School of Lila National High

School for the School Year 2017-2018.

Table 1

Subjects of the Study

Population Frequency Percentage Rank

Grade 7 40 28.03% 1

Grade 8 35 26.57% 2

Grade 9 121 25.31% 3

Grade 10 96 20.08% 4

Total 478 100%

Environment

The study was conducted at Lila National High School which is located at

Poblacion, Lila, Bohol that is 28.3 km away from Tagbilaran City and is very adjacent to

Lila Central Elementary School. Lila National High School consists of teachers, 1 school

head, 1 security guard and 1 utility worker. At present, there are a total of 1,300

Junior and senior high school students from this school. Nine hundred seventy two

(972) of which are junior high school students.

Instrument

The researcher prepared test questionnaires to test student’s level of awareness

and to determine the level of effectiveness regarding to the Implementation of Solid

Waste Management.

The 20 item multiple choice test questionnaires was made with four choices in each

item. Before the conduct of the test, the prepared test questionnaire was reviewed by

the adviser for further enhancement of the test - items and proper use of grammar for

the validity and reliability purposes. It was then test run to the Junior High School. The

test results are being defined by the descriptive level and interpreted according to the

equivalent category.
 Mean Descriptive Level Interpretation
4.50 – 5.00 Highly Aware Highly aware , all of the
students were able to
perform their
responsibilities regarding
Solid Waste Management
with a rating of 80 – 100%.
3.49 – 4.50 Aware Aware , most of the
students were able to
perform their
responsibilities regarding
Solid Waste Management
with a rating of 60 – 79%.
2.49 – 3.50 Moderately Aware Moderately aware , average
of the students were able to
perform their
responsibilities regarding
Solid Waste Management
with a rating of 40 – 59%.
1.49 – 2.50 Slightly Aware Slightly aware , most of the
students were not able to
perform their
responsibilities regarding
Solid Waste Management
with a rating of 20 – 39%.
1.00 – 1.50 Poorly Aware Poorly aware , students
were not able to perform
their responsibilities
regarding Solid Waste
Management with a rating
of 0 – 19%.

Data Gathering Procedure

Phase1. Approval of the conduct of the study. The researcher wrote letter of consent to

the school principal. Once the approval letter will be granted, the data collection will be

done immediately by the researcher.

Phase 2. Conduct of the test. Before the conduct of the test, the letter of approval was

presented to the teacher concerned. The researcher presented to the students an

overview on the purpose of the study. The researcher then distributed test

questionnaires and conducted the test as to the level of awareness of the Junior High

School students of Lila National High School for the S.Y.2017 – 2018.The test papers

were immediately retrieved after the conduct of the test.

Phase 3. Checking of papers. The researcher checks the students answered test

questionnaire to obtain their test results as to the level of awareness.

Phase 4. Tallying of test results. The researchers tallied the test result.

Statistical Treatment
 The data were gathered, tallied, analyze and subjected to the following statistical

treatment:

Frequency . Count the number of correct responses.

Percentage. To determine the percentage, frequency was used with the formula:

f
P= ×100
n

Where:

P= Percentage

f= frequency

n= total number of items

Pearson Product Moment Correlation. To determine whether there is significant

correlation between the students’ test results as to the level of awareness and their age,

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of correlation at 0.02 level of significance was

used.

n ∑ xy −∑ x ∑ y
r=
√¿ ¿ ¿

Where:

r= the Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation

 n= sample size

∑ xy =¿ ¿ the sum of the product of x and y

∑ x ∑ y=¿ ¿ the product of the sum of x and the sum of y

∑ x 2= the sum of squares of x

∑ y2=the sum of squares of y

Analysis of Variance. To determine whether there is significant degree of variance in

the age of the students; as to the test result of the students, and their level of

awareness, the data were subjected to ANOVA using the formula (Angeles,2005:264).

MSC
F=
MSE

SSC
MSC =
C−1

SSE
MSE =
N −C

SST = ∑ ¿¿ - T 2/N

SSC = ∑ ¿¿ ¿ - T 2/N

SSE = SST – SSC

Where:
 F = variance factor

MSC = Mean Square Column

MSE = Mean Square Error

SST = Total Sum of Squares

SSC = Column Sum Squares

SSE = Error Sum of Squares

df for SSC = C -1

df for SSE = N – C

df tot for SST = N – 1

N = total samples

C = number of categories

Scheffe’s test. The F-test tells us that there is a significant difference of variance among

the ratings in the four quarters as to test results and academic performance , but as to

what where the difference lies , it has to be tested further by another test using the

Scheffe’s test.
 (mean X 1−mean X )2 2

F’ = 2
(n 1 +n2)
n1 n 2
SW

Where:

F’ = Scheffe’s test

Mean x 1 = Mean of group 1

Mean x 2 = Mean of group 2

n1= number of samples in group 1

n2 = number of samples in group 2

SW 2 = within mean squares

The Effectiveness of Solid Waste Management Based on the Level of Awareness

of the Junior High School Students of Lila National High School.

Members:

Viviene Gamad

Renilyn Boquila

Angelica Mae Lozada

John Marie Oculam

Marie Angelie Raut

Leanne Rapirap

Michelle Hamili

Vincent Magbago

Mark Gil Gamad