Lecture # 10 28112019

Confined spaces: Are enclosed (or partially

enclosed) areas with limited space and
accessibility where serious injury can occur from
hazardous substances or conditions within the
space or nearby (e.g. lack of oxygen).
Facts About Confined Spaces
1. Are large enough so that the employee can
bodily enter & perform his/her assigned work.
2. Are not designed for continuous employee
occupancy.
3. They have limited openings for entry and exit
such as (Silos, Sewers, Tunnels, Large
Pipelines, etc…).
Hazards of Confined Spaces: The hazardous found
in confined spaces are much more than those in
regular worksites and may include the following:
1. Hazardous atmosphere (i.e. poor air quality)
2. Fire hazards (i.e. flammable gas).
3. Noise
4. Temperature extremes ( high and low)
5. Visibility
6. Insects , animals, and or biological hazards.
7. Uncontrolled energy including electrical shock.
8. Chemical exposures due to skin contact or bad air
inhalation.
9. Unstable or dangerous work surfaces and falling
objects.
 Confined Spaces Entry Procedure
In order to enter confined spaces, there are some
requirements depending on the hazards present that
determines by confined spaces inventories and by
observation.
 Entering confined space is to be preplanned and
documented to identify and control its hazards.
 Confined spaces are classified into two types:
Permit-required confined space (PRCS) and non-
permit required confined space (NPRCS).
 Confinedspaceentryprocedures
apply to: Workers, Supervisors,
Owners, and Program Managers.
Permit-Required Confined Space (PRCS): Are
those confined spaces that has one or more of the
following Characteristics:
Contains or has potential to
contain hazardous atmosphere.
Contains material that has
potential for engulfing entrant.
Has internal configuration
such that entrant could be
trapped by floor which slopes
downward & tapers to smaller
cross-section.
Contains any other serious
safety or health hazard.
Confined Spaces Entry Documentation:
 When entering confined spaces, it requires to
document the following Information:
1. Permit space to be entered and the purpose of entry
2. Date & authorized duration of permit
3. Authorized entrants
4. Authorized attendants
5. Name & Signature of entry supervisor
6. Hazards of permit space to be entered
7. Isolation of hazard control measures
8. Acceptable entry conditions
9. Results of initial & periodic atmospheric monitoring
10.Rescue & emergency services
11.Communications procedures
12.Equipment required for entry & rescue operations
13.Other necessary information…
PEL : permissible exposure limits
Attendant: A person stationed outside one or more of
permit spaces to monitor all authorized entrants while performing
the duties assigned in employer’s permit space program.
Duties of Attendant: The attendant must
 Know hazards that may be faced during entry.
 Be aware of possible hazard exposure in authorized
entrants.
 Maintain accurate count of authorized entrants
 Remain outside permit space during entry operations
until relieved by another attendant.
 Communicate with authorized entrants
 Monitor the activities inside & outside space
 Summon rescue & other emergency services
 Perform no duties that might interfere with primary
duty to monitor & protect authorized entrants
Emergency: Is a serious, unexpected, often
dangerous situation that requires immediate action.
Emergency procedure: Is a plan of actions to be
conducted in a certain order or manner, in response
to an emergency event.
First-aid: Is the immediate care given to the victim of
an accident or sudden illness before the arrival of a
qualified expert.
The purpose of First-aid: Is to preserve life, assist recovery,
prevent aggravation and minimize complications at a
later date with the help of such material as may be available.
First - aid includes the following:
 Artificial respiration: Mouth to Mouth is the most
effective practice for emergency artificial respiration.
 Burns (or Chemical burns): (Do not cause sweating)
 Nose and Ear Bleeding Control: Apply direct pressure
by thumb or finger, Apply dressing or bandage.
 Fractures (broken bones): Do not move the injured
unless the life is endangered from other causes.
Signs of Fractures
Pain, Tenderness, Swelling, Loss of Power, Deformity
 Eye injuries:
o Removal of foreign body should not be attempted.
o Do not apply oil or ointment.
o Immediately wash the injured eye with clean water
for at least 15 minutes.
 Electric shock: Do not touch the casualty while he
is still in contact with electricity.
 Heat stroke: Make the patient sit on a chair with
head downward, then apply ice or cold compression.
 Heart attack: It usually occurs when there is blockage
in some of the heart's arteries, which may cause death.
Heart Attack Symptoms and Warning Signs
Chest Discomfort, Shortness of Breath, Pain (in arms,
back, neck, stomach, teeth), Cold Sweats, Nausea or
Vomiting, and more…
 Unconscious: Occurs when a person suddenly
appears to sleep or become unable to respond to
stimuli, people and activities.
 Head Trauma: Refers to any damage to the scalp,
skull or brain caused by injury. The injury may be
minor or a serious, closed or open (penetrating).
 For foreign body in the nose or ear, Poisoning, (Snake,
Dog, and Insect) bites: (Call 122 for Emergency).
 For Traffic Accidents: (Call 188 for Emergency).