Textbook notes

Classification:

 Many organisms share common features

 Scientists have developed a way of grouping organisms based on their characteristics
 Grouping organisms based on their characteristics is called classification

Five kingdoms:

 Protoctista – microscopic single celled organisms

 Prokaryotes – a unicellular organism that lacks a membrane bound, nucleus,
mitochondria or any other membrane-bound organelle.
 Fungi – Any of a group of a unicellular, multicellular or syncytial spore-producing
organisms feeding on organic matter
 Plants
 Animals

Cells:

 Unicellular –> One cell

 Multi-cellular -> More than one cell

Advantages of a multicellular:

 Can grow larger

 Differentiation means cells become specialized to perform different Functions
 Become more complex e.g. develop organ systems

Kingdoms
Cell Part Prokaryotes Protoctista Fungi Plants Animals
Nucleus Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cytoplasm Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cell Yes No Yes No Yes
membrane
Mitochondria No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Cell wall Yes No/Yes Yes Yes No
Chloroplasts No No/Yes No Yes No
Uses of fungi:

 Yeast can use two ways of respiration

Virus replication:

 They are not living things/cells

 They cannot live independently
 Virus can only Reproduce in living cells
 A particular strain of virus may only attack specific cells – but these may be plant cells,
Animal cells or bacteria cells
 Common colds are caused by viruses which attack cells in the respiratory system

2 ways plants and animals differ:

 Plants have cell walls, Animals don’t

 Plants produce their own food, animals don’t

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration:

 Aerobic respiration: with oxygen – releases more energy as well as more carbon dioxide
 Anaerobic respiration: without oxygen.

MRS GREN

M - Movement

R – Reproduction

S - Sensitivity

G - Growth

R - Respiration

E - Excrete

N – Nutrition

Unicellular and multicellular

 Bacteria - Unicellular
 Humans - Multicellular
  Plants - Multicellular
 Yeasts - Unicellular
 Prokaryotes – Unicellular

Important paragraphs

 If a cell is too big, the raw materials that it needs may not diffuse into it fast enough. If
other cells surround a cell, raw materials may not reach the inner cell. So, organisms
that have cells grouped into tissues have systems to transport raw materials to all cells.

Explain why there is an overall movement of particles into the cell.

 Because of diffusion, whenever there is a big area the particles will move everywhere
 Particles are always moving, it will move from an area of high concentration to low
concentration

What is the name of the organ system in humans that carries nutrients to cells?
 Circulatory system is the system that carries nutrients to cells

Why can’t cells get any glucose they need directly from the small intestine?
 It will take too long to diffuse

Growth Curves
 To ensure growth and reproduction of yeast cells need resources such as moisture,
sugar and warmth
 Something that slows down or stops the growth of yeast cells is called a limiting factor

What is the main difference between a multicellular and a unicellular organism?

 Multicellular is more than one cell but unicellular is one cell only.

What is the process that makes the particles move into the cells? How does it
work?
 Diffusion, All matter is made up of particles that are constantly moving. Particles moving
from high to low concentration
  DNA contains information
 Cell membrane – In/Out
 Cell wall – Helps support and protects the cell
 Flagellum – Moves the cell
 Cytoplasm – where respiration occurs

Word equations of respiration in bacteria

 Glucose –> Lactic Acid

Why is anaerobic respiration? Why is it anaerobic?

 In anaerobic respiration glucose breaks down without oxygen

Bacteria Yeast
Asexual Yes Yes
Binary fission Yes
Budding Yes
Why do bacteria reproduce faster in warmer conditions?
 Enzymes work faster when it is warmer

What effect do yoghurt-making bacteria have on milk?

  They make it sour

What resources do all bacteria need to grow well?

 Growth
 Moisture
 Warmth

Give a name of a sour substance:

 Lactic-Acid

To make yoghurt, certain bacteria are added to milk. This makes the milk acidic.
What happens to the runniness of the milk?

 It becomes thicker

What is the source of all energy on earth and why is it important?

 The sunlight, we get solar heat energy and sunlight can also be used to produce
electricity from solar cells. The sun also heats the earths surface and then earth heats
the air above it causing wind.
 Photosynthesis

Examples of Protoctista:
 Amoeba
 Cymatopleura

Explain algae:

 All Algae contain pigment called chlorophyll

 This pigment traps energy from the sun transferred by light. This energy is used for
respiration

Equation for protectants:

 Oxygen + Glucose -> carbon dioxide + water
 Some of this energy is stored in the glucose produced in respiration
Name What it does?
Cell wall/pellicle Protects the cell
Nucleus Stores info
Chloroplasts Traps energy
Flagellum Movement
Eyespot To detect light
Vacuole For food

What do arrows in a food chain show?

 The arrows always shows what is being eaten

 The arrows between always points in the direction of energy flow from the food to the
feeder

What resources do Protoctista need to grow well?

 Moisture, warmth, oxygen

What additional resources do Protoctista with chloroplasts need?

 Carbon dioxide, Light
What is an organic molecule?
 Molecules that contain carbon atoms joined together

Some algae swim towards light. Explain why they do this.

 Swimming algae goes towards the sun to speed photosynthesis

How is energy lost by organisms?

 In wastes and respiration (for movement)

What do decomposers do?

 Decomposers break down dead organisms and animals waste in a process called decay
 This allows substances inside the dead organisms and wastes to be used again by other
organisms.
 Protoctista, fungi and bacteria can all be decomposers

How do decomposers work?

1. Fungus releases enzymes on the dead remains
2. The enzymes digest the dead matter and make it soluble
3. The soluble products are taken up by the fungus

Key processes:

Photosynthesis: is the chemical process which uses light energy to form glucose
(carbon dioxide + water (+light energy) -> glucose + oxygen)

Respiration: Is a chemical process that releases energy from glucose in muscle cells
(Glucose + oxygen -> energy + water + carbon dioxide)

Combustion: The process of burning something (fuel + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water)

The order of bacteria feeding:

1. Enzymes are released
2. Large organic molecule are broken down
3. Small organic molecules are absorbed
The importance of decomposers:

 An ecosystem is made up of a community (all the different species of organism) and

physical environmental factors )e.g. wind, carbon)
 Microorganisms are an important part of an ecosystem because they are decomposers,
they break down dead organisms and animal wastes in a process called decay.
 This means that temperature and nutrients can be recycled and used again by other
organisms

State two kingdoms that contain unicellular decomposer microorganisms:

 Prokaryotes and Protoctista

State the name of two organic compounds found in organisms:

 Proteins and glucose

What are magnets?

 A magnet is a material that exerts a magnetic force on other magnets or magnetic

materials. Iron, nickel and cobalt are all magnetic. Steel, which contains iron, is also
magnetic
 Bar magnets are permanent magnets. This means they are always magnetized. The two
ends of a magnet are called the North Pole and the South Pole.
 Magnets attract magnetic materials. Magnets can also attract or repel other magnets.

What is a magnetic field?

 Magnets create magnetic fields. These cannot be seen

 They fill the space around a magnet where the magnetic forces work, where they can
attract or repel magnetic materials

Magnetic fields

What happens if you bring two bar magnets together?

 If a north pole and a south pole are brought together, they attract and the magnets are
pulled together
 If two north poles or two south poles are brought together, they repel and the magnets
push each other apart.
 We say that unlike poles attract, and like poles repel.
What are magnetic field lines?

 The shape of a magnetic field can be shown by drawing magnetic field lines. These
always point from the north pole of a magnet to the South Pole, along the direction of
the magnetic forces in each region.

Where the magnetic is fielded strongest?

 The field is strongest at the poles

 The closer together the magnetic field lines, the stronger the magnetic field.
 the field is weakest further away from the poles
 the field is weakest further away from the poles

Rules when drawing that:

 have arrows on the

 the field lines come out of the north pole (N) and goes into the south pole (S)
 the field lines are more concentrated at the poles

Compasses:
The inventions of the compass allowed finding their way around more safely

The magnetic earth:

 The earth behaved as if it has a giant magnet through the middle

 The compass needle is attracted to the poles of this magnet
How does a compass work?

 The earth is magnetic

 The needle of the compass is a magnet
 So compasses are attracted to the north pole

Mass:

 The amount of matter an object contains

 The more matter an object contains, the greater the mass
 Mass is measured in kg (kilograms)

Gravity:
 The force of gravity pulls you down wherever you are on earth
 ‘down’ is towards the center of the earth

Weight:

 Weight is the force that acts downwards towards the center of the earth
 It is caused by gravity
 Weight is measured in newton’s (N)
 Gravity is less on the moon than on earth (1.6N/kg) so things weigh less on the moon

What causes static electricity?

 Static electricity is due to electric change that builds up on the surface of an insulator,
such as a plastic comb
 The charge that has built up cannon easily flow away from the insulator, which is why its
called static electricity
 Positive = too few electrons
 Negative = too many electrons
 Net charge is always due to electron transfer – protons cannot move

What does this have to do with static electricity?

  Static charge can build up when two insulating materials are rubbed together, such as
plastic comb moving through hair
 Friction between materials causes electrons to be transferred from one materials to
another:
 One material ends up with more electrons, so it now has an overall negative charge
 One material ends up with more electrons, so it now has an overall positive charge

How can static charge be created?

 Friction can be used to create a static charge

 If an insulator is rubbed with a cloth, it can become charged in one of two days.

Is lightning caused by electric charge?

 Lightning is an electric discharge that occurs when charge builds up in clouds

 The physical properties of water enables regions of a cloud to become positively or
negatively charged
 When enough charge has built up, it will follow a path to earth
 The movement produces lightning, which is simply a big spark!

Electric charges:

 Nucleus = positive charge

 Electrons = negative charge
 The number of positives and negative charges are equal so they balance out and the
atom has no overall charge

What is the name for the space around a charged object where it can affect
other things?

 Electric field

Non-contact force is gravity

Variable resistor
Describe the structure of an atom:

 An atom consists of a positive charge and a negative charge so the charge of an atom is
equal.

What is current?
 Current is a measure of how much electrical charge flows through a circuit
 More charge flowing = bigger electric current

How do we measure current?

 An ammeter can be used to calculate current

 The unit of current is amps, the symbol for amps is A
 The flow of charges around a circuit
 Never used up in the circuit

What is voltage?

 Voltage is a measure of the difference in electrical energy between two

parts of a circuit

How do we measure voltage?

 Measure in volts
 Measured using a voltmeter
 The energy carried by each charge in a circuit
 Found by measuring around a component
 Used up in the circuit

What is a series circuit?

 A circuit which has no branches and the components come after each other.

What is a parallel circuit?

 A circuit which has no branches and different branches. Twice as much current can low
in the circuit as there is more than one way for the current to flow

Current in a series circuit:

  In a series circuit, the current flows through one continuous pathway.
 So the current is the same in all parts of a series circuit
 No matter where they are they will have the same amount of amps

Voltage in a series circuit:

 In a series circuit, the voltage supplied by the battery is shared the components
 As more bulbs are added in series , each bulb has less potential diference and so bulbs
become dimmer

Current in a parallel circuit:

 In the parallel circuit, the current divides at the point where the circuit branched and
then recombines to complete the circuit