Performance Based Seismic Design

Course 4

Methods of structural analysis (1)

Course notes are available for download at

https://www.ct.upt.ro/studenti/cursuri/stratan/pbsd.htm
 General: structural analysis
 Structural analysis:
– Modelling of the structure
– Modelling of actions
– Analysis method
 Structural model:
– Structural analysis is performed on models of real structures
– Structural model is an idealisation of the response of:
• materials;
• cross-sections;
• members;
• connections;
• structure.
 Structural model
 Many structures can be idealised through line members
(beams, columns, braces) connected in nodes

 Joints can be
– rigid
– pinned
– semirigid
 Structural model
 One three-dimensional framework, or
 Two series of independent plane frames running in two
horizontal directions approximately at right angles to
each other
 Modelling of actions
 Examples of actions:
– Forces and pressures (modelling permanent, live, snow and wind
loads)
– Support displacements (modelling foundation settlements)
– Variation of temperature
– Displacements (accelerations) imposed to the base of the
structure (modelling seismic action)
 Actions can be static or dynamic
 Forces can be concentrated or distributed
 …
 Structural analysis methods
 Real behaviour of structures is non-linear
– Linear response is limited
– Non-linear response is due to:
• Second-order effects II (geometric non-linearity)
• Non-linear response of connection
• Non-linear response of materials (e.g. plastic response)
 Structural analysis methods: basics
The solution to any structural analysis problem requires that the
structural variables (forces, deformations) satisfy three basic
principles or physical laws, which are:
 Equilibrium: the member and joint forces and the externally applied
loads must satisfy the equations of static (or dynamic) equilibrium
throughout the structure.
 Compatibility: the member deformations must be geometrically
compatible with the joint (including the supports) displacements and
rotations; that is, structural continuity must be preserved throughout the
structure.
 Constitutive laws: the member and joint forces (stresses) and the
member and joint deformations (strains) must satisfy the behaviour
allowed for the material of which they are constructed. The
fundamental behavioural law for a material is its stress-stain
relationship which incorporates the value of Young's Modulus, the yield
strength and the ductile capacity of the material. Other laws derived
from it to establish the behaviour and the strength of members and
joints under combined bending, shear and axial load may also be
accounted for in advanced structural analysis procedures.
 Structural analysis methods
 There is a variety of structural analysis methods
available. They can be classified depending on:
– Material modelling:
• Elastic analysis or
• Plastic analysis
– Accounting (or not) of the deformed shape of the structure:
• 1st order analysis or
• 2nd order analysis
– Accounting for the dynamic effects:
• Static analysis
• Dynamic analysis
 Structural analysis methods
 Structural analysis methods for static loads:
a. 1st order elastic analysis
b. 2nd order elastic analysis
c. 1st order plastic analysis
d. 2nd order plastic analysis
e. 1st order rigid-plastic analysis
f. 2nd order rigid-plastic analysis

Geometrical effects
1st order 2nd order
Elastic a b
Material law Plastic c d
Rigid-plastic e f
Structural analysis methods: second order effects
 2nd order effects arise when the deformed shape of the
structure is accounted for
 2nd order effects always exists in a real structure.
However, they can be more or less important.
P P
H 
H
Displacement
x
x

h 

M(x) = Hx M(x) = Hx +P + P  x / h

M(h) = Hh M(h) = Hh + P 

where h is the height from the column base to the inflexion point
 is the sway relative to the column base of the infexion point
Structural analysis methods: second order effects
 P- effects:
– Are due to lateral (sway) deformations of the frame
– Affects 1st order stiffness of the structure
– Predominant effects in frame structures
 P- effect:
– Are due to member deformations
– Affects 1st order stiffness of the structure
– Important only for slender members
 Analysis methods: 1st order elastic analysis
 Linear elastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels
 Equilibrium is formulated on the undeformed structure
 Infinitely elastic response
 Advantages: simplicity, superposition of effects can be
used
M Load parameter
Elastic
 1st order elastic analysis
linear member and joint behaviour

M M


Displacement parameter
Moment rotation characteristic of the section
 Analysis methods: 2nd order elastic analysis
 Linear elastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels
 Equilibrium is formulated on the deformed structure
 Infinitely elastic response
 Superposition of effects CANNOT be used
Load parameter
1st order elastic analysis
M Elastic  cr

 2nd order elastic analysis

M M  L2 Limit load beyond which the elastic

assumptions are no longer strictly valid


Moment rotation characteristic of the section Displacement parameter
 Analysis methods: 1st order plastic analysis
 Plastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels
 Equilibrium is formulated on the undeformed structure
 Superposition of effects CANNOT be used
Elastic
perfectly plastic

 mecanism plastic
F
M a 4a art. plast.

p
a 3a art. plast.
M pl.Rd M pl.Rd
a 2a art. plast.
M pl.Rd
Plastic hinge 1a art. plast.


p


Moment rotation characteristcs of the cross section
 Analysis methods: 2nd order plastic analysis
 Plastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels
 Equilibrium is formulated on the deformed structure
 Superposition of effects CANNOT be used
Elastic
perfectly plastic

F
M


p

M pl.Rd
a 4a art. plast.
M pl.Rd

M pl.Rd
a 3a art. plast.
Plastic hinge a 2a art. plast.

p 1a art. plast.



Moment rotation characteristcs of the cross section
 Analysis methods: 2nd order plastic analysis
 Most structures are composed of both gravity and lateral
force resisting systems
 Gravity actions applied on gravity frames produce
second order effects which are resisted by lateral force
resisting frames
 If a plan model of the structure is adopted, second order
effects produced by gravity frames should be applied to
the lateral force resisting ones
 Analysis methods: 2nd order plastic analysis
 Example of considering gravity forces on gravity frames
("leaning column – P-") in second-order analysis of
lateral force resisting frames
 Analysis methods: 1st order rigid-plastic analysis
 Plastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels, neglecting elastic response
 Equilibrium is formulated on the undeformed structure
 Superposition of effects CANNOT be used

Rigid plastic

M pl.Rd Mpl.Rd

M
p

M pl.Rd
Plastic hinge

p
Moment rotation characteristics of the member
 Analysis methods: 1st order rigid-plastic analysis
Load parameter

 The maximum load (i.e. 1

the collapse load) can  LRP3

2

3
be obtained by the Critical collapse load
Plastic mechanism
direct application of:
– static theorem
– kinematic theorem
Displacement parameter
– uniqueness theorem
W 
 When the conditions of H
B
W
D
H
B
h
D
w
both the static and 
C


2

kinematic theorems are
1 

A E A E

satisfied simultaneously Beam mechanism Sway mechanism

by a given mechanism W
h
for the same loading H
B
D 
w
case, the collapse load 3
C

plastic hinge location

has been found 
A

E

Combined mechanism
 Analysis methods: 2nd order rigid-plastic analysis
 Plastic response at the material, cross-section and
member levels, neglecting elastic response
 Equilibrium is formulated on the deformed structure
 Superposition of effects CANNOT be used

Rigid plastic

M pl.Rd Mpl.Rd

M
p
F

M pl.Rd
Plastic hinge

Moment rotation characteristics of the member

p

 Analysis methods: overview
 1 – 1st order
elastic analysis
 2 – 1st order rigid-
plastic analysis
 3 – buckling
analysis
 4 – 2nd order
elastic analysis
 5 – 2nd order rigid-
plastic analysis
 6 – 1st order
plastic analysis
 7 – 2nd order
plastic analysis