1.

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

In the era of modernization, people can gain resources by being on social media and
actual building with people around them. According to Campbell (2011) the web 2.0 has
grow from simpe information to have a greater impact. Thus, social media is an amazing
platform for people to us to digitally connect with others. From sharing news, advertised
products to the life of celebrity people look out to. Although fashion seem chaotic when the
interaction takes place, somehow certain topics manage to inordinate attention and the top
popularity and contributing to new trens and to the public agenda to community (Romero,
Galuba, Asur, Huberman, 2011).

The modernization led to different creations of tecnologies in our daily lives. In October
2010 Instagram was launched as photo sharing application. Regardless of the way that it is the
most famous photograph catching and sharing application, it has pulled in moderately less
consideration from the research community. Instagram is generally a new type of
communication where users easily updates their photos and tweaking them using filters. Since
its launch in October 2010, it has pulled in more than 150 million active users, with an
average of 55 million photographs transferred by the users every day, and more than 16
billion photographs shared so far in 2013 (Hu, Manikonda, Kambhampati, (2014).

People tend to post picture to show and get likes from their followers. However,
instagram helped the Instagrammers to disclose their private feelings, idea, and impressions
especially unintentionally.

Inflencer has show up as a solid advertising strategy (Khamis, Ang & Welling, 2016).
Social media influencer is a user on social media who has creadibility in specific industry.
Social media influencer earn their living with the access of the social media such as
Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and Snapchat. They can reach audience and persuade them
with their creadibility. Influencers develop a strong relationships with their network or
followers. Somehow, Online business use social media to describe exactly what they do and
how they can help the clients generate impact result.

1
 2. PROBLEM STATEMENT:

Social media has grown to be an essential for our everyday lives. In order to
accommodate with the trend using social media, product placement has becoming the
platform for the company and the social media Influencer to create people’s attention. The
hasty evolutions of Instagram in this decade are obvious towards the implications for how the
consumer, or the companies and the social media influencer perform. Due to this, Instagram
help the communication between the Influencer and their followers. Alternatively. it give
capability for the social media influencer to interact with them transparently. In the world of
digital, people seek information and purchase guidance from social media influencers.

It was observed that, most of the Instagrammers overspend their money and buying
unnecessary things to make sure that they are ahead of the curve. This is because viva voce
suggestions and recommendations from the social media influencer. According Granjon &
Benedic (2017) Social media influencer with gigantic number of followers can affect the way
they perceived. Indeed, acknowledgment made by the followers is decisive for speakers like
them (Kapitan & Silveira, 2016). Supported by Belch & Belch 2003, p.168) the social media
influencer have the skills and knowledge that give unbiased recommendation towards the
product to persuade the followers and influencing their attitudes.The probability physical
appearance to influence other users is high. The researcher want to investigate whether the
physical appearance play an important role in influencing other users.

The influencer who has a huge number of followers regularly uploaded their pictures and
reviews on Instagram where they are promoting and advocate about the products and services.
Thus the followers’ will believes what they said and unofficially the social media Influencer
has become the voice of the brand. As cited by Ranga & Sharma (2014) the social media
influencer have an advantage influencing others by bringing the trust of buying process
because of their friendly tone when they recommended the products. However,
DeVeirman,Cauberghe and Hudders (2017) said that influencer with high numbers of
followers are likeable and popular but it might not be the best marketing choice for promoting
a products. The researcher want to find out whether the followers of the Influencer are easily
convinced by their reviews.

2
3. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:

1. To determine the impact of Instagram and social media influencer towards

intagrammers physical appearance.
2. To find out whether the instagrammers are influenced by the product review by the
social media influencer.

4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1. What are the impacts of Instagram and social media influencer towards
instagrammers physical appearance?
2. Why are instagrammers be influenced by the product review by the social media
influencer?

5. SCOPE OF STUDY

Hence, for this research the respondents will be Female Instagrammers users in Malaysia
aged 18 and above. The populations of Female Instagram users in Malaysia are 4,784,000.
Therefore, according to Krejcie and Morgan table if the population size is 1,000,000 and more
the sample size are 384. However, the researcher has no intention to generalize the results to
the population of Female Instagrammers in Malaysia.

6. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY

This research is significant in the Interpersonal communication field, because it helps to

understand the impact of social media Influencer towards instagrammers physical apperance
and their attitude before purchasing the products.

3
7. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION

7.1 USER GENERATED CONTENT

According to Gonzelez (2010) social media provides never-ending approach for

communicating, it is the individuals who serve as the influencer not the technology. It is
because user creates the content produces and helps to defined the brand. Futhermore,
Instagram is a mobile based social media that allows the user to post user-generated content.
Thus, it is social currency when individuals share a brand or information about a brand
(Zinnbauer and Honer 2011).

Social media users’ message sharing behaviors are also allocated to the need of self-esteem
(Taylor, Strutton, and Thompson (2012). This is because when the consumer realize the
online advertisement similar to their identity, they are more likely to spared the message
because it is related to them.

7.2 PHYSICAL APPERANCE

According Andreletti (2001) unatractive women may attampt to adjust for their appearance by
projecting athletic, and appealing picture. Ong Ang, Ho, Lim, Goh, Lee and Chua stated that
Social networking site give the users full control over their information disclosure, and the
user can choosetheir way to expose their self-presentation compared to traditional face-to-
face interactions. A person’s physical appearance looks differently from one another. While
appearance defines as the way that someone looks or an impression given by someone,
physical appearance is the definition to traits or features about a person’s body. Physical
characteristics are what you see with the naked eye. They encompass anything you can
describe about a person or group of people just on sight. For example, the first thing that you
see when you look at a person, such as their hair, clothes or figure. Some people likes to wear
things nicely as they want to appear fashionable and cool so that they can show it off. While
some people prefer something simple as they do not bother what people what people think
about them as long as they are comfortable with what they are wearing.

4
8.LITERATURE REVIEW
Literarure review is when the researcher conduct studies under the rules of particular research
which is the review from books, scholar journals and any relevent issues of the range of the
research (Wimmer and Dominick, 2013). Hence, Shunda (2007) added, it is the review of the
research on a given subject and replies to related research questions and the purpose of the
literarure review is to learn about the specific topic and answers to related research questions.

8.1 The Physical Appearance Obsession

Physical appearance is defined as the way a person looks. While an obsession is a

thought that continue to occupy a person’s mind. Thus, being obsess about physical
appearance is the way a person looks occupies his or her mind most of time.

Cash, Phillips, Santos, & Hrabosky (2004) stated that the obsession with physical
appearance is due to cognitive-behavioral importance of one’s appearance, and encompasses
self-evaluative and a motivational facet. The self-evaluative concept refers to a person’s
extent of self-worth and self-concept while motivation refers to a person’s attention to and
investment in appearance self-management to improve one’s attractiveness. A person may
consider their physical appearance as an instrument for self-definition and self-satisfaction
(Spangler, 2002).

Social media such as Instagram fostered a person’s desires to correct their physical
appearance so that they would not be perceived deviating from the norm (Cash, Santos &
Williams, 2005). This is because they may experience being teased about their physical
appearance, which lead to a person to feel negative about their body (Lawler & Nixon, 2011;
Paxton, Eisenberg, & Neumark-Sztainer, 2006). This can lead a person to suffer from body
satisfaction and health problems such as unhealthy eating (Clark & Tiggemann, 2007; Dun
et.al, 2010; Tremblay & Lariviere, 2009). This is from objectification theory which states
self-objectification can lead to negative outcomes, such as body shame and anxiety, which in
turn can lead to depression, sexual dysfunction, and eating disorders (Fredrickson & Roberts,
1997).
Instagram usage definitely affects self-objectification, and these relationships were
mediated by women’s appearance comparison tendency. Thus, obsession with physical
appearance is more dangerous as it can lead to many diseases both mentally and physically.

5
8.2 Brand Marketing Using Social Media/Social Media Influencer

Instagram was reported to be the fastest social media platform among savvy
generations (Aw Yeong, 2013). Since then, it has been used by social media influencers to
curate taste displays, publish advertorials and to gain followers. Influencers are people that
have attained multimedia micro celebrity in both digital and print media in both digital and
physical endeavors (Abidin 2015a, 2015b). Advertorials are thought to be more effective than
dispassionate, clinical advertisements since they take the form of a personal narrative and
incorporate Influencers’ perspectives of having experienced the product or service first-hand
(Abidin, 2013).
Advertorial rates usually depend on the popularity of the Influencer, which are
measured by their follower count, the type of product featured, and the nature of the
campaign. The most straightforward selfie advertorials are when Influencers publish openly
advertising content, prominently displaying the featured product in a selfie accompanied by
information from the company. Another way is that followers produced their own selfies
when Influencer do a selfie competition in order for them win prizes promoted on the
Influencer account which help the brand increase publicity for the campaign organize by the
brand (Abidin, 2016).
Good selfie-taking skills are such a prized asset that Influencers have been recognized
for their craft through an expanding base of followers and an increasing number of
sponsorship and advertorial engagements in the form of “product placement” selfies. They
integrate “advertorials” into their blogs or social media posts and making physical paid-guest
appearances at events. In another term is combining “advertisement” and “editorial,”
advertorials in the Influencer industry are highly personalized, opinion-laden promotions of
products/services that Influencers appear to personally experience and endorse for a fee
(Abidin, 2015a).
Nowadays, companies look to experts and other influential individuals to promote
products. Industry reports suggest that influencer marketing is growing rapidly and have
strong growth (Carter, 2016).

6
8.3 The Effect of Instagram on Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction
Instagram is the most frequent social media platform that has been used by the online
users. Therefore, people use Instagram almost everyday to engaged with others. Thus,
it is questioned whether social media has any negative effects on the individual who
use them often (Dion, 2016). Without we realize, it portrait the users who are
obsessed with how their physical appearance and image.

Today, social media has grown to more accessible online platform and has become
more outstanding in people’s lives. There is important aspect to explore in order to
studying the effect on individuals. In the recent studies shows that social media is a
good predictor of body dissatisfaction, eating disorder, symptoms, and life
satisfaction in adolescent girls (Ferguson, Muñoz, Garza, & Galindo, 2014). Other
studies have shown that increased feelings of envy are significantly related to
decreased feelings of life satisfaction and self-esteem for women who use online
blogs and social media (Cretti, 2015).

In addition, following strangers can change the users social comparison group. This is
because people came from different demographics, social class and ethnics. Thus,
people who are famous have a lot of money and have a higher social status. This
could lead to low life satisfaction and self-esteem. According to Clay (2015),
following strangers such as celebrities and models may cause the individuals to have
a lower self-esteem and feel dissatisfied with their life by seeing the pictures
celebrities post day-to-day about their lavish lifestyles, “perfect” bodies, and pretty
faces. Studies done to test the exposure of images of models to girls have found that
participants who viewed pictures of models reported a significantly lower body
satisfaction and self-esteem report than those in the control group who were not
exposed to any models.

7
8.4 Social Media as a Marketing tool
In the era of the globalization, social network site have become a place for the retailer to
extend their marketing campaign because of that it is easier for them to reach wider range of
consumer. Chi (2011,46) stated that social media marketing as “connection between brands
and consumers, while offering a personal channel and currency for user centered networking
and social interaction”. Nowadays, social media act as the tools in the business. Through
social media, the businesses can easily interact and approach to communicate with their
customers (Mangold and Faulds 2009).

Today social media is a place where the customers can learn more about their favorite
companies and the products they sell. Marketers and retailers are utilizing these sites as
another way to reach consumers and provide a new way to shop. Emerging technology such
as the rising of powerful search engines, advance mobile devices and interfaces, peer-to-peer
communication vehicles, and online social networks have businessperson ability to reach
shoppers through new touch points (Shankar et al. 2011,30)

In the past research, Pookulangara and Koesler (2011) conclude that culture effect how
individual act and identify an event or technology based applications or social media. Ethnic
or culture of individual’s background will influence on how people interpret the content of
social media itself. The evolution of social media allowed the new culture to be more freely
by stand on the individual values and ideologies, but also by the new rituals and
communication tools in the social space of web 2.0 (Pookulangara and Koesler 2011, 352).
Cox (2010) explains users who are 18-28 ages had strong positive attitudes towards blogs,
video and brand channel ad formats. She investigate that the connection between attitude and
age of the users. Cox discovers that the ad formats are eye catching, informative and amusing
that attract the users.

8
9. COMMUNICATION THEORY

9.1 COGNITIVE THEORY

Based on the problem statement that are stated on this study, the reseacher agree to use
Cognative Theory to be related with this research. As indicated by Bandura (2001) on his
latest study in the mass media communication theory. It stated that Cognative Theory are used
to analysed the symbolic of the communication that can influence the human thought, affect,
their action, understanding the behavioral process and also problem solving.

This theory is a study on how information of the process in human mind and how the
information are stored, retained and retrieved with three storage units of sensory storage, short
terms, and long terms memory. Cognative theory is measure based on the Information process
to recall, cognative respond to the product reviews, comments and the consumer’s attitude
towards the brand.

To describe the behaviors and cognitions associated with Internet use result in negative
personal and professional consequences. Davis (2001) argues conceptualized as a multi
dimensional overuse of the Internet itself that results in negative personal and professional
consequences. Therefore, Cognitive theory is an approach to psychology that endeavours to
clarify human behavior by understanding the manners of thinking.

9
10. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

SOCIAL MEDIA INFLUENCER

Impact

Instagrammers

Physical Appearance Product Review

TABLE 1
This study is conducted to determine the impact of social media influencer towards students
in UiTM Shah Alam towards their physical appearance and the product reviews. The
researcher want to investigate whether the physical appearance play an important role in
influencing other users and to find out whether the followers of the Influencer are easily
convinced by their reviews.

10
11. RESEARCH METHODS

Methodology is the section that portrays actions to be made to examine a research problem
and the method of reasoning for the use of particular procedures or techniques use to identify,
select, process and analyze the information to understand the issues (Kallet and Richard
2004). It must be correct to fulfilling the overall aims of the research (Bem and Daryl, 2014).
This study is based on online questionnaire survey where the main objective is to determine
the impact of instagram and social media influencer towards instagrammers physical
appearance and to find out whether the instagrammers are influenced by the product review
by the social media influencer. The questionnaires was online survey and the method are
cheap and easy to administer and preserves confidentiality. Moreover it have the ability to
reach a large and wide geographic entry. Thus, using this method allows the researcher to
promote the survey using social media. However, the researcher have no intension to
generalized the results of this research.

11.1 RESEARCH PARADIGM

The researcher will use the Positivism as the research design for this study. This choice was
made because Quantitative research used quantifies the study that lead by numerical data that
can transform into usable statistic. The reasons why the researcher choose positivism because
are purely on facts as science is different from the common sense and the research aim to
explain and make assumptions.

11.1.1 QUANTITAIVE APPROACH

The researcher will conduct the research in quantitative approach. According to Cohen
(1980), quantitative research is defined as social research that employs empirical methods and
empirical statements. Typically, empirical statements are expressed in numerical terms.
Another factor in quantitative research is that empirical evaluations are applied. Empirical
evaluations are defined as a form that seeks to determine the degree to which a specific
program or policy empirically fulfills or does not fulfill a particular standard or norm. In a
simple definition, Creswell (1994) stated that, quantitative approach is explaining the
phenomena by collecting numerical data that are analyzed by statistics.

11
11.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

11.2.1 SURVEY
The researcher will use Descriptive Survey for this research. It designed to describe the
participant in a precise way. Descriptive survey is a studies that portray an occasions and
studies that aimed to discover the inferences or casual relationships (Borg & Gall, 1989).

In this particular research, the researcher will conduct web survey questionnaires using
Google Docs Form in order to achieve high data quality. The researcher choose online survey
because it offers huge list of benefits that included no specific time constrains that let the
respondents to complete the survey at their convenience and flexible for the researcher to
collect the data. Therefore, the researcher will set up new form and edit the format text then
send the form for the Female Instagrammers to fill out. When the female Instagrammers
finished answer the online survey, the researcher can view and collect the responses using
Google docs.

11.2.2 Target Population and sample

According to Wimmer and Dominick (2013) the term population is a group or class of
subjects, variables, concepts, or phenomena. In addition, the distribution of the measurements
of sample are actually when we observe and study a distribution of the measurements of the
universe. In which may prevail but not observed or recorded form. Hence, for this research
the population will be Female Instagrammers users in Malaysia aged 18 and above. The
populations of Female Instagram users in Malaysia are 4,784,000. Therefore, according to
Krejcie and Morgan table if the population size is 1,000,000 and more the sample size are
384. However, the researcher has no intention to generalize the results to the population of
Female Instagrammers in Malaysia.

12
11.3 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

11.3.1 QUESTIONNAIRES
Generally, the questionnaire is a research instrument that consist a set of questions and
produce the purpose of the data from the respondents. According to Wimmer and Dominick
(2013) questionnaire is an effective method in collecting data. There is four purposes which
are valid information, construct information to the research study, formulating and asking
questions and make the question varied and engaged (Wimmer and Dominick, 2013)

The researcher will use the introduction as the introduction questionnaire because the
respondent will know and understand what types of research that will be conducted by the
researcher. The questions will be clearly stated for the respondents and questions order is
simple and easy to answer.

The questionnaires for this research will be divided to three parts. Which part A, B, and C that
consist of Likert scales and Rating scale. Firstly, in part A the respondents will be asked about
their demographic information such as age, how long they have been using Instagram and
how many hours do they spend on Instagram in a day. Next, in part B, they will be ask on the
related questions whether the physical appearance play an important role in influencing other
users and one open ended questions. Lastly, in part D the respondent will be ask on the related
questions whether the followers of the Influencer are easily convinced by their reviews. As
mentioned earlier the researcher will dispense the questionnaires electronically distributed
using Google Docs towards the Female Instagrammers.

13
I am Azira Thani from Faculty of Communication (Interpersonal Communication) from UiTM
Shah Alam and this questionnaire is for my Academic Writing Purpose. The respondents will be
asked to complete the questionnaires about the impact of social media influencer towards female
Instagrammers Physical Appearance. Your contribution is highly appreciated. Thank you.

PART A
DEMOGRAPH
Answer ALL question.
A1 AGE
1   18-20
2   21-23
3   24-26
4   27-29
5   30 and above

A2 What is your race

1   Malay
2   Chinese
3   Indian
4   Others

A3 Material status
1   Single
2   Married
3   Divorced
4   Widowed

A4 What is your current employment status

1   Student
2   Retired
3   Unmployed
4   Employed

A5 How frequent you spend on Instagram in a day

1   Never
2   Rarely
3   Sometimes
4   Frequently
5   Always

14
PART B
Answer ALL question
IMPACT TOWARDS PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
Respond to each statement with number from 1-5

5 4 3 2 1

Strongly Agree Fairly agree Disagree Strongly

agree disagree

No Statements 5 4 3 2 1
1. When I look at myself in the mirror, I satisfied with my
skin.
2. I concern a lot on how people perceived my look
3. I always compared myself to Social Media Influencer.
4. I do look surf at social media influencer’s Instagram
profile to look at their pictures.
5. I carefully study the feature of the social media
influencer in Instagram.
6. I want to dress up like the social media influencer after
looking at the image of them
7. I’ll compare my level of attractiveness with real people I
encounter.
8. Physical attractiveness played an important role in my
life.
9. I feel pressure from the media to improve my physical
appearance.

10. In your opinion, why some people are obsessed to look good on Instagram
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

Part C
Answer ALL question

15
PRODUCT REVIEW
Respond to each statement with number from 1-5
5 4 3 2 1

Strongly Agree Fairly agree Disagree Strongly

agree disagree

No Statements 5 4 3 2 1
1. Social media influencer has transformed the marketing
of a product and services.
2. I agree that using social media influencer as a platform
is effective for selling a products and services.
3. I often shop online.
4. I tend to seek information from instagram review from
social media influencer before buying something online.
5. I believe everything that has been said by the social
media influencer.
6. I agree that social media influencer helps the new
products and services deliver their presences.
7. I always open social media influencer’s profile to see
how they dressed.
8. I have been influenced to buy product based on the
information I received through social media influencer.
9. I agree that social media influencer effective to reach me
as a customer.
10. I believe that there are connection between Social media
influencer credibility and product review.

11.3.2 OPPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Likert Scale was developed by Rensis Likert is the most commonly used in mass media
research. In this research the researcher will construct the questions and requires the

16
Instagramemers to complete the questionnaire that requires them to indicate whether they
agree or disagree with the series of the statements

11.4 DATA ANAYSIS

The data analysis will be analyzed by using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS)
version 23. The data of the research will be presented in the form of percentage and
frequency.

11.5 SAMPLING TECHNIQUE

As for this study, the researcher is focusing on using a probability sampling and has
specifically decided to choose simple random sampling, as it is the most widely used by the
researcher. A sample is a part of the statistical population that it properties are studied to gain
more information regarding the research topics. A random process, using a random number
generator to a random number table, samples the sample in the population. Hence, people
who are remaining in the population have the same probability being selected for the sample
(Frerichs, 2008). The researcher chooses simple random sampling because each female
instagrammers has an equal chance to be selected (Wimmer and Dominick, 2013).

11.6 PILOT STUDY

As an essential element for a good study design. The research will conduct a pilot study
before proceeds with the actual research to improve the validity of the questionnaire. Hence,
the questionnaires will be distributed using online platform specifically, Google docs in
random among 30 female instagrammers in Malaysia. The resercher used SPSS (version 23)
to analyze the Cronbach Aplha for this research. The researcher divided results according to
sections B and C.

12.Cronbach Alpha
12.1 Cronbach Alpha results
Cronbach Alpha is to measures internal consistency between items in a scale.
Cronbach Alpha results for section B, the impact of Instagram and Social Media Influencer
towards female instagrammers physical appearance.

17
 Case Processing Summary

N %

Cases Valid 30 100

Exluded 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
Table 2
a.Liktwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure.

Reliability Statistic
Cronbach’s Cronbach’s Alpha N of items
Alpha Based on Standardized
Items
0.812 0.814 10

Table 3

Item-Total Statistics
Scale Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach’s
Mean if Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if
Item Item Correlation Correlation Item
Deleted Deleted Deleted
People 29.8667 42.878 .722 0.680 0.776
18
perseived my
look
Satisfied with 31.1667 55.178 -0.245 0.118 0.854
skin
Surf at SMI IG 30.7667 41.840 0.587 0.685 0.784
Compared 30.5667 40.737 0.646 0.624 0.776
myself to SMI
Dress up like 30.5667 41.495 0.531 0.562 0.790
SMI
carefully study 31.0000 42.000 0.628 0.690 0.780
the feature of
SMI
Physical 30.0667 43.926 0.655 0.654 0.783
attractivness
played an
important role
in my life
Compared my 30.6333 39.757 0.701 0.751 0.769
level of
attractivness
Opinion, why 30.7333 47.857 0.130 0.472 0.842
people are
obsessed to
look good on
Instagram
I feel presure 30.6333 39.482 0.720 0.734 0.767
from the media
to improve my
physical
appearance
Table 4

Chronbach Alpha results

Chronbach Alpha results for section C, Instagrammers influenced by product review by the
social media influencer.

Case Processing Summary

19
 N %
Cases Valid 30 100.0
Excludeda 0 .0
Total 30 100.0
a.Listwise deletion based on all variables in the procedure
TABLE 5

Reliability Statistics
Cronbach's Cronbach's N of Items
Alpha Alpha Based
on
Standardized
Items
0.852 0.845 10

TABLE 6

Item-Total Statistics
Scale Scale Corrected Squared Cronbach's
Mean if Variance if Item-Total Multiple Alpha if
Item Item Correlation Correlation Item
Deleted Deleted Deleted
SMI has 29.1667 45.868 0.119 0.190 0.868
transformed

20
the marketing
SMI as 29.0000 42.897 0.413 0.414 0.849
platform is
effective
often shop 29.7333 39.237 0.486 0.429 0.845
online
seek info from 30.0667 39.237 0.455 0.426 0.849
IG review

SMI helps new 29.5000 40.328 0.595 0.621 0.836

product
believe 30.9333 41.582 0.465 0.407 0.845
everything said
by SMI
been 30.2000 36.579 0.691 0.765 0.825
influenced to
buy product
open SMI's 29.8333 35.523 0.762 0.681 0.817
profile, how
they dressed
SMI effective 29.9333 35.030 0.850 0.859 0.808
as a customer

SMI 29.5333 37.982 0.688 0.642 0.826

credibility and
product review

TABLE 7

The researcher has created ten questions from section B and C of questionnaire to
measure the impact of Instagram and Social Media Influencer towards female instagrammers .
Each question was a five point Likert item from the lowest value starting from 1 “strongly
disagree, “disagree” , “fairly agree”, “agree” and “strongly agree”. Thus, a Cronbach alpha
was run on a sample saiz of 30 female instarammers. Table 3 shows the reliabilty of the

21
questionnaires for section B is 0.812 and as shown in table Table 6 the reliabilty of the
questionnaires for section C is 0.852.

References:

22
Abidin, C. (2013). “Cya IRL”: Researching digital communities online and offline (Special
Edition: Humanising Collaboration). Limina, 18. Retrieved from
http://www.limina.arts.uwa.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/2570861/Cya-IRL-
Researching-digital-communities-online-and-offline.pdf

Abidin, C. (2015a). Communicative <3 Intimacies: Influencers and perceived

interconnectedness. Ada: A Journal of Gender, New Media, & Technology, 8. Retrieved
from http://adanewmedia.org/2015/11/issue8-abidin/

Abidin, C. (2015b). Please subscribe! Influencers, social media, and the commodification of
everyday life (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Western Australia, Perth.

Andreoletti, C., Zebrowitz, L. A., & Lachman, M. E. (2001).

Physical appearance and control beliefs in young, middle-aged, and
older adults. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(8),
969-981.

Aw Yeong, B. (2013, September 1). Instagram is fastest growing media application among
mobile-savvy users here. The New Paper. Retrieved from
http://www.tnp.sg/content/instagram-fastest-growing-media-application- among-mobile-
savvy-users-here

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