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DC Grounding PDF
DC Grounding PDF
by Kurt Uhlir
Standby Power System Consultants, Inc.
S
tationary battery and dc power systems used in switchgear and control touch ground or water, and failed
applications are typically designed and operated as a floating from ground capacitors or semiconductor surge
suppressors. In generating stations
system which means that there is no intentional low resistance or solid and electric utility substations, water
connection to ground from either the positive polarity or negative polarity of the tends to be the greatest contribu-
tor to dc system grounds. Water
dc system. These types of systems used in switchgear and control applications
will often form a bond between
typically operate at 125 Vdc or 48 Vdc. Telecommunication applications typi- the exposed conductor and earth
cally employ a 48 Vdc power system that is designed and operated as a positive ground. As a result, the emergence
of dc system grounds often tends to
grounded system (otherwise referred to as a -48 Vdc system) whereas the positive increase during rainy seasons.
polarity bus is connected directly to an isolated ground system or a 24 Vdc power Commercial ground detection
system that is designed and operated as a negative grounded system. In both systems associated with the dc
system can also be a source of re-
cases, a very low resistance or solid path is intentionally established from one sistance to ground. Ground detec-
polarity of the dc system to ground. The stationary battery and dc bus link of an tion systems are designed with a
reference to earth ground through
uninterruptible power supply (UPS) used in many mission critical applications
a predetermined resistance in order
will often be grounded as the result of no or very poor isolation of the line (phase) for the system to monitor, detect,
to grounded neutral ac input to the UPS rectifier. This paper discusses the many and determine the magnitude of
a ground fault when one does oc-
causes of unintentional grounds on floating dc power systems in switchgear and cur. As a result, a dc power system
control applications and the effects these grounds can have on the operations of equipped with a ground detection
the dc system, personnel safety issues that can arise as the result of unintentional system that has a continuous refer-
ence to earth ground will always
dc system grounds, and ground detection systems designed to identify the exis- present a ground of some resistance
tence of unintentional dc grounds. on the dc system.
DC system grounds do not only
occur in the field or at the con-
Sources of Grounds nected loads. They can also occur on
DC system grounds can result when a conduction path is formed from either the battery itself. The electrolyte in
the positive polarity of the system to earth ground or the negative polarity to earth flooded lead-acid and nickel-cad-
ground. Some common sources of low resistances to ground include moisture mium batteries and valve-regulated
in conduit, junction boxes or switch/sensor terminations, wire splices soaking in lead-acid (VRLA) batteries often
water, degraded cable or wire insulation caused by aging, environmental condi- used in switchgear and control
tions, wild habitat and constant abrasion from vibration, sharp objects piercing applications is conductive. Cracks
cable and wire insulation, wires that have pulled out of their terminations and in cell containers, jar-to-cover seal
RG
At a minimum, a floating battery system requires at least
two battery grounds before misoperation can occur. +
VEQ
Figure 2 — Two Battery Grounds (Misoperation)
–
RC
VC
Figure 3
Grounded DC Systems and Personnel Safety Figure 5 — Switched Resistor Ground Detector