Check Sheet for B. Sc.

Thesis Proposal and Topic Approval

1 Title Page
2 Table of contents
3 List of Figure
4 List of Table
5 Introduction
6 Aims & Objectives
7 Historical Background
8 Working principle
9 Problem Statement
10 Scope of the Project
11 Material Selection
12 Methodology
a) Theoretical Studies
b) Experimental Set Up
c) Result Expected
13 Utilization of Research Results
14 Work Schedule Plan
15 References
16 Board of Graduate Studies Remarks

Certified that the Synopsis/Topic approval report is according to the items listed in
Check Sheet

1- Asif Nawaz
Member - 1

2- Shehzad Hussain
Member-2

3- Asad Arshad
Member-3
 Final Year Project Proposal

“Designing and Fabrication of Concentrated Solar Water Heater”

Session 2017-21

Group Members

Asif Nawaz 17F-UET-ME-002

Shahzad Hussain 17F-UET-ME-025
Asad Irshad 17F-UET-ME-074

Supervisor
Engr. Haseeb Ur Rehman

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

SWEDISH COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND
TECHNOLOGY, WAH CANTT
(Affiliated with University of Engineering & Technology Taxila)

September 2020
 Table of Contents
REPORT 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 1
Topic proposal ..................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Aims & Objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1
1.3 Historical Background .................................................................................................................. 2
1.4 Working Principle ......................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Problem Statement ........................................................................................................................ 3
1.6 Scope of the project ....................................................................................................................... 3
1.7 Material Selection ......................................................................................................................... 3
1.8 Methodology ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.8.1 Theoretical studies ................................................................................................................ 4
1.8.2 Schematic Diagram .............................................................................................................. 4
1.8.3 Results Expected .................................................................................................................. 5
1.9 Utilization of Results .................................................................................................................... 5
1.10 Work Schedule Plan ................................................................................................................. 6
1.11 References ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.12 Board of Graduate Studies Remarks ........................................................................................... 8

i
 List of Figure

Figure 1.1: Schematic diagram.............................................................................................................................................................. 4

ii
 List of Table
Table 1.1 Material Selection ................................................................................................................................................................. 3

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 REPORT 1
Topic proposal

“Designing and Fabrication of Concentrated Solar Water Heater”

1.1 Introduction
Concentrated Solar Water Heating (CSWH) is the process of converting sunlight into
renewable energy to heat water using a solar thermal collector. Solar water heating systems comprise of
various technologies that are increasingly used worldwide. Solar energy is diurnal and seasonal in nature.
Solar energy can be used for heating water / air for any process applications and generating electricity
using photovoltaics. Solar Domestic Hot Water System is not entirely new. In 19th century, black painted
metal tanks filled with water were used to absorb solar energy. It had the disadvantage of rapid loss of
its heat because it had no insulation. In 1891, Clarence Kemp patented by adding a metal panel to the
tank in order to improve the efficiency of the solar tank. In 1909, William Bailey started selling day and
night solar water heater with a coiled pipe collector inside a glass covered box and a separate insulated
indoor water storage tank mounted above the collector thereby allowing hot water circulation by natural
convection. By 1960s, simple solar water heater with a basin and top glass cover were used in large
numbers in Japan. Usage 2 of Solar Water Heaters increases globally to meet out the energy crisis, deficit
and increase in cost of fossil fuels. This attempt to utilize renewable solar energy also reduces the carbon
emission into the atmosphere. A solar water heater unit consists of components such as solar collector,
storage tank, heat exchanger, circulation pump, connecting pipe lines etc. The solar collector transforms
the solar radiation into thermal energy. The following are the advantages of FPC: Simple construction
and relatively low cost, and there is no mechanism for tracking the diurnal motion of sun, both direct
and diffuse radiation are used which is very important owing to the fact that approximately 40% of the
total radiation is diffuse radiation.
1.2 Aims & Objectives
 Reduce the rate of heat loss by means of reducing the surface area while keeping the water temperature
comparable to conventional systems. This is expected to increase the overall system efficiency.
 Investigate what people believe about Solar water heating technology
 Order to compare with gas and electricity water heaters and investigate cost and economic
benefits for a 30 year period.

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 1.3 Historical Background
The idea behind a concentrating solar collector is to minimize the heat losses associated
with solar collection. In many instances it is desirable to deliver energy at higher temperatures than those
possible with flat plate solar collectors. In this case, a parabolic “mirror” concentrates incident solar
irradiation onto a much smaller receiver area, greatly decreasing heat loss and maximizing the available
energy from the sun. There are many different types of concentrating solar collectors in use today.
Concentrators can be reflecting or refracting, cylindrical, spherical, parabolic, and they can be
continuous or segmented. Receivers can be convex, flat, cylindrical, covered or uncovered. Because of
the complexity and very wide scope of concentrators and concentrator designs, it is difficult to find
developed general analyses of each specific type of concentrator.
Therefore each solar concentrator design must be studied on a per case basis. One
important factor in the analysis of solar concentrators is the concentration ratio. The concentration ratio
is defined as the ratio of the area of the aperture of the concentrator to the area of the receiver that is
reflected upon by the concentrator. This is in essence the heart of a solar concentrator. Solar tracking is
also necessary for efficient use of concentrating collectors. Without tracking the collector becomes
almost useless except for a very short time period once a day. Large scale concentrators today use
automated tracking systems that can track the sun on a biaxial path.
Due to cost restrictions and complexity, and the small scale of this project, manual
turning of the concentrator was chosen as the preferred method of solar tracking. The future of
concentrating solar collectors will rely greatly on improved engineering, design and materials. It is very
important to maintain the quality of the optical systems of solar concentrators for long periods of time.
This includes accounting for weather, dirt, and corrosion amongst other things. The goal of this project
is to design, build, model, and test a concentrating solar collector.

1.4 Working Principle

Solar energy collectors are special kind of heat exchangers that transform solar radiation
energy to internal energy of the transport medium. The major component of any solar system is the solar
collector. This is a device which absorbs the incoming solar radiation, converts it into heat, and transfers
this heat to a fluid (usually air, water, or oil) flowing through the collector. The solar energy thus
collected is carried from the circulating fluid either directly to the hot water or space conditioning
equipment or to a thermal energy storage tank from which can be drawn for use at night and/or cloudy
days.

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1.5 Problem Statement
 Finding suitable material like aluminum which should not get solar radiations penetrated
through itself.
 Different types of aluminum materials are available so variety can lead us to choosing
the unsuitable one for the operation.
 For line focus concentrators, the selection of right water carrying pipe such as copper pipe is of
mean importance.
 The design of trough type solar water heater which is in parabolic shape, the focus should be
the position of copper pipe.

1.6 Scope of the project

In developing countries like Pakistan, where energy crisis is worse,
The utilization of solar energy is of great importance. As in day time insolation rate is available in good
quantity so we can run solar energy powered machines easily. By using solar water heater we can get
our domestic water warmed up without any usage of costly energy. By working on the basic principle
of vapor absorption system we can run our refrigeration machines easily. This project can be used for
the application of heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC). We can save electricity by 20% by
the usage of solar water heater. A solar thermal collector collects heat by absorbing sunlight.

1.7 Material Selection

Table 1.1 Material Selection

Material Thermal conductivity (W/mK) Specific heat (kJ/kg K)

Iron 80 0.45
Aluminum 250 0.9
Coper 40 0.39

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 1.8 Methodology
1.8.1 Theoretical studies
Solar Energy
Solar energy is the energy coming from sun in form of packets of photons. When these
photons strike a body then they transmit their energy to that body and that body gets heated. A photon
is a particle representing a quantum of light or other electromagnetic radiation. A photon carries
energy proportional to the radiation frequency but has zero rest mass.

Heat
Heat is energy or more precisely transfer of thermal energy. As energy, heat is
Measured in watts (W) whilst temperature is measured in degrees Celsius (°C) or Kelvin (K). The words
“hot” and “cold” only make sense on a relative basis. Thermal energy travels from hot material to cold
material. Hot material heats up cold material, and cold material cools down hot material. It is really that
simple. When you feel heat, what you are sensing is a transfer of thermal energy from something that's
hot to something that is cold.

1.8.2 Schematic Diagram

Figure 1.1: Schematic diagram

Require Components

 Evacuated gas tube

 Absorber tube

 Parabolic trough concentrator with a reflecting surface

 Supporting stand with single axis tracking

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1.8.3 Results Expected
The materials selection for the solar receiver and reflector are important to provide the
maximum heat transfer. The Nano fluids are much useful in the low to medium temperature solar
collectors. The life of the selective coating on the high temperature receiver depends on the variation
of solar radiations, working fluid and tracking accuracy. The insulation materials are also important to
avoid the heat loss from the collector and storage system.
1.9 Utilization of Results
 It is easy to operate.
 It reduces the use of electricity.
 Easy to make because of simple construction.
 Cost is less.
 Easy maintenance and maintenance cost is less.
 It resists all atmospheric effects.

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 1.10 Work Schedule Plan
Project Work Schedule

Phase September October November December January February March April May
2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 2021 2021 2021 2021
Collection of
relevant
literature and
data
Design

Fabrication

Experimental

Compilation
of Result

Result
Analysis of
Data

Final Write of
Thesis
Submission

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1.11 References
Soteris A. Kalogirou, ―Solar thermal collectors and applications.‖, Progress in Energy and
Combustion Science 30 (2004) 231–295.
Mustafa AKTAẞ, Olhan CEYLAN,Hikmet DOĞAN ― The Thermal Effectiveness Compression Of
The Classical And Finned Solar System‖ Isı Bilimi ve Tekniği Dergisi, 26, 2, 29-33, 2006. J. of
Thermal Science and Technology ©2006 TIBTD Printed in Turkey ISSBN 1300-3615.
Samara Sadrin, Maherin Hossain, Ehsanul Mohith, ―Alternative solar water heater for domestic
purpose‖.
P.Rhushi Prasad, H.V. Byregowda, P.B.Gangavati, ―Experiment Analysis of Flat Plate Collector and
Comparison of Performance with Tracking Collector‖ European Journal of Scientific Research, ISSN
1450- 216X Vol.40 No.1 (2010), pp.144 -155, EuroJournals Publishing, Inc. 2010.
R. Herrero Martín, A. García Pinar, J. Pérez García ―Experimental heat transfer research in enhanced
flat-plate solar collectors‖, World Renewable Energy Congress -2011, Swede

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1.12 Board of Graduate Studies Remarks