ENGLISH FOR CHEMISTRY 1

STATE POLYTECHNIC OF MALANG

Preface student’ book

First of all, I would like to thank God for the blessing so that I could finish
compiling this English for Chemical Engineering book. I am also very grateful to
Mr. Nursalam that gives moral support and other unmentioned colleagues in this
book.
English for chemical engineering has been compiled for you as course book in
English for specific purpose. It has been written with the intension for fulfilling a
need for a single book which is needed to introduce you to the English specifically
used in your major.
When studying English, you will be required to read texts, write essays, respond
to exams questions, and participate in class discussions. The English used in
academic environments differs somewhat from the English you hear in informal
social situation. A key component of academic style is the used of academic
vocabulary. By focusing your vocabulary study on words that occur frequently in
academic context, you will be able to develop other language skills as well.
Finally, I hope this book is useful to language study chemical engineering
department. Constructive critisms welcome to improve this book.

Malang, 2020
Revised by

Achmad Sjaifullah
 Table of Contents

Preface—students' book 2

Unit 1 - Safety rules 5

Reading : Instruction 5
Vocabulary Development 9
Adjective and noun collocation
Speaking : Describing function 11

Unit 2 — Instruction and manual 12

Reading : Microscope 12
Speaking : Instruction 15
Vocabulary Development: 16
Property adjectives
Descriptive adjective
Word Family

Unit 3 – Processes 17
Reading : Separating by heating 17
Vocabulary : Verbs of processes 19
Speaking : Describing processes 21

Unit 4 - Mathematical symbol and Property of Materials 23

Reading : Physical property 23
Speaking : Comparison 25
Vocabulary Development 28

Unit 5 - Environment and pollution 31

Reading : Air pollution 31
Speaking : Environment Issues 34
Vocabulary : Words related environment 35

Unit 6 - What do chemical engineers do? 38

Reading : What do chemical engineers do? 38
Speaking : Agreeing and disagreeing 40
Vocabulary : Word meaning 42
Unit 7 - Use and Abuse of Natural Resources 45
Reading : Exploding sales for bottled water 45
Vocabulary : Words families 47
Speaking : Use of adverbs 47

Unit 8 - Instrumentation 51
Reading : Scanning 51
Vocabulary : Phrasal verbs 53
References : 55
 UNIT 1
SAFETY RULES

Standar kompetensi:
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa dapat memahami peraturan
keselamatan kerja di laboratorium yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris.
Kompetensi dasar :
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu
1. Memahami bacaan tentang keselamatan kerja yang ditulis dalam bahasa
Inggris.
2. Menyampaikan peraturan keselamatan kerja dalam bahasa Inggris secara
lisan
3. Memahami lebih mendalam kosa kata yang berkaitan dengan peraturan
keselamatan kerja
4. Menjelaskan fungsi alat-alat di labratorium dalam bahasa Inggris.

READING
Read the texts thoroughly and answer the questions below them.
Discuss them with your classmate. Do not look back at the texts unless you are
forced to do so

A. Relevant instruction
1. Before attempting to install or operate equipment, all relevant suppliers/
manufacturers instructions and local regulations should be understood and
implemented.
2. It is irresponsible and dangerous to misuse equipment or ignore instructions,
regulations or warnings
3. Do not exceed specified maximum operating conditions (e.g. temperature,
pressure, speed etc.)
B. Operation
1. Ensure that students are fully aware of the potential hazards when operating
equipment.
2. Students should be supervised by a competent member of staff at all times
when in the laboratory. No one should operate equipment alone. Do not leave
equipment unattended.
3. Do not allow students to derive their own experimental procedures unless they
are competent to do so.
C. Handling poisons, corrosive or toxic materials
1. Certain liquids essential to the operation of equipment, for example
mercury, are poisonous or can give off poisonous vapors. Wear
appropriate protective clothing when handling such substances. Clean up
any spillage immediately and ventilate areas thoroughly using extraction
equipment. Beware of slippery floor.
2. Where poisonous vapors are involved, smoking must be forbidden.
Notices should be displayed to enforce this.
3. Poisons and very toxic materials must be kept in a locked cupboard and
checked regularly.
4. When diluting concentrated acids and alkalis, the acid or alkali should be
added slowly to water while stirring. The reverse should never be
attempted.
5. Do not allow food to be brought or consumed in the laboratory. Never use
chemical beakers as drinking vessels.
D. Eye Protection
1. Goggles must be worn whenever there is risk to the eyes. Risk may arise
from powders, liquids splashes, vapors or splinters. Beware of debris from
fast moving streams. Alkaline solutions are particularly dangerous the eyes
2. Never look directly at a strong source of light such as laser.
Ensure that equipment using such a source is positioned so that passer-by
can not accidentally view the source or reflected ray
3. Facilities for eye irrigation should always be available
Answer the following question without looking back at the passage.
1. How do you protect your eyes when you work in a laboratory? Name two
steps.
a.................................................................................................................
b. ...............................................................................................................
2. Where must you store a large quantity of inflammable liquids?
...................................................................................................................
3. What equipment must be available to handle a likely fire?
...................................................................................................................
4. What must you do before making adjustments or doing repairs of electrical
equipment?
...................................................................................................................
5. What must you do when there is spillage on the floor?
...................................................................................................................
6. Can we prepare mixtures for analysis without competent supervision? Why?
...................................................................................................................
7. What must you not do when handling glass or fragile items?
...................................................................................................................
8. What type of vapors does mercury produce?
...................................................................................................................
9. When can the step not be reversed when mixing two kinds of substance?
...................................................................................................................
10. How do we keep toxic materials?
...................................................................................................................
A. Speaking
FUNCTION
There are some ways to describe functions.
1. A beaker is used to hold liquids.
2. We can use a beaker to hold liquids.
3. A beaker is used for holding liquids
4. The function of beaker is for holding liquids
Task on function
Describe the functions of the following using one of the patterns above. You may
consult your dictionary.
1. a fire extinguisher
...................................................................................................................
2. a goggle
...................................................................................................................
3. hot plate
...................................................................................................................
4. Bunsen burner
...................................................................................................................
5. litmus
...................................................................................................................
6. funnel
...................................................................................................................
7. microscope
...................................................................................................................
8. thermometer
...................................................................................................................
9. barometer
...................................................................................................................
10. tripod
...................................................................................................................
11. stirring rod
...................................................................................................................
12. gloves
...................................................................................................................
13. flask
...................................................................................................................
14. avometer
...................................................................................................................
15. slide
...................................................................................................................
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
A. Put the word in the brackets in the appropriate form.
1. Any clothing that (contaminate) should be placed in a plastic bag.
2. Work (cooperative) with other students in group-assigned experiment
3. Disinfection is a process in which vegetative nonsporing microorganism
(destroy).
4. (Sterile) is a process in which all living microorganisms, including viruses,
are destroyed.
5. Contaminated material must never be (place) in wastebasket.
6. Paper towels, soaked in a (suit) germicide, are placed over the spill.
7. (Break) glass should be swept up into a dustpan and placed in container
reserved for (break).
8. (Obvious), labels are never moistened with the tongue.
9. Do not (smoking) or (eating) in the laboratory.
10. The (contain) of the dustpan are transferred to an autoclavable plastic bag.

B. Fill in the blank spaces with the best choices a--j below them.
1. If an accident does ……… in the laboratory it is essential that first aid
equipment is available.
2. A notice giving details of a proficient first-aider should be ……… displayed.
3. A short list of the ……… for the chemicals used in a particular laboratory
clearly displayed.
4. ……… that speed control devices are always set at zero before starting
equipment.
5. Guards and safety devices are ……… on equipment to protect the operator.
6. Before ……… a rotating machine, make sure staffs are aware how to stop it in
an emergency.
7. Water and electricity are not ……… and can cause serious injury if they come
into contact.
8. Do not permit ……… equipment to be operated.
9. Badly maintained equipment is a potential ………
10. Exterme ……… be exercised to avoid damage to the equipment during
handling and unpacking
Choices :
a. hazard f. compatible
b. faulty g. occur
c. cure h. ensure
d. installed i. prominently
e. antidote j. starting

C Adjective and noun collocation

Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with the correct adjective from the
choices to

accurate crucial broad beneficial infectious

short long dry essential important

complete the common collocations in bold.

1. For ……… measurement of temperature, a liquid filled thermometer, it is
important that the thermometer is immersed into the medium being measured.
2. The measurement of temperature is of ……… importance in monitoring the
performance and correct functioning of the processes involved.
3. Microbiology is incredibly ……… in that it includes a multitude of viruses,
bacteria, protozoans, yeasts and molds.
4. In sterilization the organizations may be killed with steam, ……… heat, or
incineration.
5. The term asepsis refers to any procedure that prevents the entrance of ………
agents into sterile tissue, thus preventing infection.
6. ……… hair must secured in a ponytail to prevent injury from Bunsen burners.
7. Desk space is minimal and must be reserved for ……… equipment and
laboratory manual.
8. Both ……… and harmful microorganisms will be studied in microbiology.
9. Each laboratory session will begin with a ……… discussion to brief you on
the availability of materials and procedure.
10. Since the preliminary instructions start promptly at the beginning of the
period, it is extremely ………that you are not late to class.
B Speaking
Useful expressions
a) It is necessary ………
b) It is okay ………
c) It is permitted ………
d) It is a good idea ………
e) It is the correct thing………
f) It is prohibited ………
g) It is not necessary………

Discuss these questions in pairs.

a) What preparations do you make before working in a laboratory?
b) What precautions do you take when:
• you work with inflammable materials?
• you work acid materials?
• you want to minimize the risk of a fire?
• you operate a new equipment?
• you want to avoid electric shock?
• there is risk of injury to the eyes?
c) How do you end your work in a laboratory before you leave it?
d) What will you do when an accident take place during an experiment?
e) What will you do when your classmate is injured of scalding?
f) How do you cope with somebody who is being elecrocuted?
g) What will you do if your classmate is poisoned?
h) Why is discipline important when you work in a laboratory?
i) What will carelessness result in?
 UNIT 2
INSTRUCTION AND MANUAL

Standar kompetensi:
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memahami instruksi
dan manual dalam bahasa inggris.
Kompetensi dasar :
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu:
1. Memahami instruksi yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
2. Memahami manual suatu alat yang ditulis dalam bahasa Inggris
3. Memberikan instruksi lisan dalam bahasa Inggris

READING
A Read quickly through the text below and try to understand the target
words in bold.
Use of the Microscope
As in the case of most sophisticated equipment of this type, it is best to consult the
manufacturer's manual before using it. Although different makes of fluorescence
microscopes are essentially alike in principle, they may differ considerably in the
fine points of operation.
Since it is not possible to be explicit about the operation of all makes, all that will
be attempted here is to generalize.
Some precautions To protect yourself and others it is well to outline the hazards
first. Keep the following points in minds:
1. Remember that pressurized mercury arc lamp is literally a potential bomb.
Design of the equipment is such, however, that with good judgment, no injury
should result. When these lamps arc cold they are relatively safe, but when hot,
the inside pressure increases to eight atmosphere, or 112 pounds per square inch.
The point to keep in mind is this—never attempt to inspect the lamp while it is
hot.
Let it cool completely before opening up the lamp housing. Usually, 15 to 20
minutes of cooling time is sufficient.
2. Never expose your eyes to the direct rays of the mercury arc lamp. Equipment
design is such that the bulb is always shielded againts the scattering of its rays.
Remember that the unfiltered light fom one of these lamps is rich in both
ultraviolet and infrared—both of which are damaging to the eyes. Severe retinal
burns can result from exposure to the mercury arc rays
3. Be sure that the barrier filter is always in place when looking down through the
microscope. Removal of the barrier filter while looking through microscope could
eye injury. Remember, the function of the barrier filter is to prevent traces of
ultraviolet.

Answer the following questions based on the text above,

1. What is the first thing to do before using a microscope?
......................................................................................................................
2. In what way do microsopes differ?
......................................................................................................................
3. What is a likely hazard of wrong handling of mercury arc lamp?
......................................................................................................................
4. What is the cause of the hazard?
......................................................................................................................
5. What is the risk of removing the barrier filter?
......................................................................................................................

B Fill the gaps with the choices below them to make a sensible text
Putting a microscope away
When you take a microscope from the cabinet at the beginning of the period, you
expect it to be clean and in proper working condition. The next person to use the
instrument after you have used it will expect the same consideration. A few
moments of care at the end of the period will ensure this conditions. Check over
this list of items at the end of each period before you return the microscope to the
cabinet.
1. ………. the slide from the stage.
2. If immersion oil has been used, ………. it off the lens and stage with lens
tissue.
3 ………. the low-power objective into position.
4. If the microscope has been inclined, ………. it to an erect position.
5. If the microscope has a built-in movable lamp, ………. the lamp to its highest
position.
6. If the microscope has a long attached electric cord, ………. It around the base
7. ………. the mechanical stage so that ot does not ………. Too far to either side
8. ………. the dustcover
The choices:
1. replace 4. return 7. remove
2. raise 5. rotate 8. adjust
3. wipe 6.wrap
C Read the text thoroughly
The Liquid Filled Thermometer
This type of thermometer depends on the expansion of a liquid associated with an
increase in temperature. The most common type is the mercury-in-glass
thermometer. This consists of a capillary tube with a bulbous end. Clean, dry
mercury is introduced and thermometer heated to drive off the air. The air is then
sealed leaving mercury and mercury vapor only. On heating, the mercury mercury
expands relative to the glass container and a column is pushed along the bore of
the tube. A scale long the tube, calibrated in units of temperature, gives a direct
reading of temperature. The mercury-in-glass thermometer is an accurate device
but very fragile and care should be exercised in used. This type of thermometer
should not be used in applications such as the food industry where mercury
poisoning could occur in event of breakage.
The mercury may be replaced by other fluids according to the application. For
example, alcohol is cheaper and may be used at lower temperature than mercury.
A mercury-in-glass thermometer is supplied with the Temperature Measurement
Bench due to its stable and accurate performance. For accurate measurement of
temperature using a liquid filled thermometer it is important that the thermometer
is immersed into the medium being measured by correct amount. The depth of
immersion is usually stated on the stem of thermometer and defined the condition
under which calibration is maintained. The immersion depth may be partial or
total and is independent of filling or range.
Answer these questions based on the above text
1. How does this thermometer work? Explain briefly.
......................................................................................................................
2. What strengths does this thermometer have?
......................................................................................................................
3. What is the weakness of this instrument?
......................................................................................................................
4. When can we use alcohol to replace mercury?
......................................................................................................................
5. Does the depth of immersion influence the result of the measurement?
......................................................................................................................
Speaking
Act It Out
Situation
Three students from a certain Senior High School are visiting your laboratory.
Explain the following to them:
 The procedure on how to operate the most state-of the-art equipment in
your lab.
 The steps on how to prepare a certain experiment.
 The precautions taken before doing an experiment and how to end an
experiment correctly and safely.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
A Property Adjectives
Match the property adjective with the materials.
1. inflammable a. oil
2. brittle b. iron
3. viscous c. sea water
 4. edible d. yoghurt
5. elastic e. paper
6. odoriess f. acid
7. salty g. glass
8. hard rubber h. rubber
9. corrosive i. carbon dioxide
10. fragile j. gasoline

B Descriptive adjective
a Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with a suitable word from the
choices
blunt chipped dented faded ripped
shattered tangled tarnished tattered warped

1 A knife that will no longer cut is …….

2 An unpolished, silver spoon that is losing its color is …….
3 A piece of material that is in rags is …….
4 A plate which has a piece broken off it is …….
5 A disorganised bunch of wires is …….
6 The glass in a badly broken mirror is …….
7 Curtains which have lost their color by being exposed to sunlight are …….
8 A record or disc left in the heat is …….
9 The bonnet of a car that has a hollow in it is …….
10 A page of a book that has been torn quickly and violently is …….

C Word Family
The table below contains word families for some of the target words in the
reading.
Complete the rest of the table. An X indicates that there is no form of the word.
Do Likewise for the rest. You may consult your dictionary.
Verb Noun Adjective Adverb
equipment X
Expose
Directly
Damaging
exercise
Stable
Depth
attemp
application
 UNIT 3
PROCESS

Standar kompetensi:
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu memahami proses-
proses kimia yang ditulis datam bahasa Inggris.
Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu :,
1. Memahami bacaan tentang proses-proses kimia yang ditulis datam bahasa
Inggris.
2. Menjelaskan proses-proses kimia secara lisan datam bahasa Inggris.
3. Menjelaskan proses-proses kimia secara tertulis datam bahasa Inggris.
Reading
A. Read the text quickly and pair up to discuss the questions that follow.

Separating by Heating
The chemical engineer often needs to separate mixtures of materials.
These mixtures sometimes occur naturally petroleum, for example, is a mixtures
of a great many chemicals. Some mixtures occur as a result of chemical reactions ;
few reactions will produce a single pure chemical. Often the desired material is
produced With some that are undesirable ; the resulting mixture must be separated
so as to recover the wanted one in as pure a state aspossible.
Distillation has been used to separate mixtures of liquids since the earliest
days of chemistry. It is based on the principle that if a mixture of liquid is heated,
some of the ingredients will evaporate faster than others and this property can be
used to effect a separation. Let us imagine that we have a mixture of two liquids,
A and B in equal parts-the mixture contains 50% of liquid A and 50% of liquid B.
if we heat the mixture until it boils, we may find that the vapour contains 75% of
liquid A and only 25% of liquid B. liquid A evaporating faster than liquid A.
In distillation, a liquid mixture is heated until it vaporizes, and the vapor is
then condensed back into a liquid. Two liquids are generally easy to separate by
distillation if the pure materials have boiling points that differ by considerable
amount, but modem techniques permit the separation of liquids whose boiling
points are close together. Separation of two liquids is called binary distillation

B. Discussion
Pair up and discuss
1. Why do chemical engineers need to separate mixtures of liquids?
2. What is the principle on which distillation is based ?
3. Give an example binary distillatillation.
4. What kind of liquids are easy to separate by distillation?

C. Read the text below and decide which answer best fits each gap.
Some solid mixtures are made up of different crystals. Most rocks are
mixtures. Granite rock is (1)........ used for buildings and roads, and you can
easily see the different crystals in the rock. (2)....... can be easily separated
into pure substances. This process is called (3).......... It is done by using
physical methods without chemical reactions.
Sand is used to make cement. The sand from beaches by the sea is
mixed with salt. (4)...... sand cannot be used to make sand. The sand must
first be purified by removing the salt. This is done by washing the sand with
(5)......... The salt dissolves in the water. This produces a mixture of solid
sand and salt water. The sand can then be separated from the salt water by
(6)........
1. A commonly B recently C lastly D rarely
2 A liquids B gases C elements D mixtures
3 A distillation B condensation C evaporation D purification
4 A dirty B salty C oily D fishy
5 A alcohol B oil C water D powder
6 A filtration B oxidation C distillation D crystallisation

D. Read through the text and fill the gaps with the best answer below it.
Crystallisation
A solid dissolves in a liquid to produce (1)...... The solid that dissolves is called
(2) a......And the liquid is called a (3)........
When the solution is heated, most of the solvent is evaporated oft. The hot
solution is then allowed to cool. The solution is now said to be (4).......... And as it
cools, the dissolved solid (solute) appears as pure crystals. The process is called
crystallisation. The (5)........ Remain dissolved in the solution.

A solvent
B saturated
C salute
D impurities
E solution

Vocabulary and Writing

A Processes
1. Find the odd one out in each of the groups of words below.
1 filtration residue filter funnel filter paper Bunsen burner
2 distillation distillate condenser flask filter
3 crystallisation solvent solution solute thermometer impurities
4 oxidation oxidant rust glass life of material
5 chromatography thermometer filter paper pippette separation

2. Match the words on the left with the group of verbs on the right. Use each
group on the right once only.
1 cells can A corrode or discolor metal
2 soil can B escape, condense, explode
3 light can C expand and contract
4 liquid can D flow, evaporate, solidify
5 metals can E gleam, dazzle, flicker
6 rust can F implode, sparkle, die
B Procedure
Explain the steps for the following experiments. Do not look back at the passage
above.

FILTRATION

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5

CRYSTALLISATION
Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

DISTILATION
Sup 1 :

Step 2 :
Step 3 :
Step 4 :
VOCABULARY AND SPEAKING
Present the steps of the experiments in front of the class without reading them.
Here are some useful expresions to help you.

Distillation
Useful expressions : distill (verb), distillate (noun), boil (verb), condense (verb)
boiling point, then, gaseous state, cool (verb)
Filtration
Useful expression : filter (verb), filtrate (noun), separate(verb), purify (verb), trap
(verb), pour (verb), filter (noun), residue (noun)
Crystallisation
Useful expression : crystallise (verb), freeze (verb), evaporate (verb), impure
(adjective) insoluble (adective), remove (verb), mixture
(noun)
Water Purification
Useful expressions : unfit to drink (adj phr), desalination (noun), desa]inate
(verb), recycle (verb), sterile (adjective), Sterilise (verb), ueat
(verb)
Acid Rain
Useful expressions: acidic (adjective), acidity (noun), acidify (verb), experience
(verb) harmfill (adective), harmless (adjective), corrode
(verb), rust (verb)

C Miscellaneous Processes
Fill in the blanks in the sentences below with a word from the box in the right
form.
oxidise preserve pasteurise purify sublime
cool separate distill reduce filter
1. When a gas is............., it changes into a liquid. This change is called
condensation.
2. Some solids change into gases without melting. This change is called.............
3. ........... Is the usual method of separating a solid »om a liquid.
4. ........... Is the vapor which is condensed to a pure liquid in distillation.
5. Chromatography is a method of....... and identifying mixtures.
6. When a substance gains oxygen in a chemical reaction, we say it has been.......
The reaction is called oxidation.
7. While the gain of oxygen is called oxidation, ....... Is the loss of oxygen.
8. The process to make food more durable is called.............
9. To kill harmful bacteria by heating a liquid to a certain temperature and then
cooling it is called …..
10. Water can be........ By adding chlorine to kill harmful bacteria
UNIT 4
MATHEMATICAL SYMBOL
AND
PROPERTY OF MATERIAL

Standar kompetensi
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu membaca dan
menulis simbol-simbol matematika datam bahasa Inggris

Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu
1. Menjelaskan sifat-sifat bahan secara tertulis datam bahasa lnggris.
2. Menjelaskan sifat-sifat bahan secara lisan datam bahasa Inggris.
3. Menuliskan cara membaca simbol-simbol matematika datam bahasa Inggris.
Reading
Complete the gaps below with the best phrase given.
PHISICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS A STRONG
Most metals have a high (1)...... Because of the close B ELECTRICITY
packing of their atoms with little empty space between C MELTING POINT
them. When used as mixtures, metals are (2)........ And D DENSITY
tough. Metals are (3)...... This means they can be bent E DUCTILE
without breaking. Metals are also (4)........ This means F MALLEABLE
they can be stretched. Metals conduct (5)......... Hence, G ALLOY
they are used in electric wires and in lamps, television H WEAK
sets, calculators and fans. Metals have high
(6)....... Tungsten is used to make filaments of light
bulbs because of this property. Pure metals are usually
too soft and (7)....... For most uses. Most metals are
used in the form of mixtures, called (8)...... An alloy is
A mixture of metallic elements. Some alloys also

2 Complete the blank spaces below with the right form of given phase in the right.
STATES OF MATTER 1 FIX
Water is a substance we commonly meet in-the three 2 CH ANGE
states, as ice, liquid water, and steam. The main 3 HARDNESS
properties of solids, liquids, and gases are 4 DENSE
summarised as follows. Solids have a (1)..... shape. 5 COMPRESSION
The shape can only be (2)..... By denting, breaking or 6 TRUTH
bending. Solids are (3)...... They have high (4)...
Solids can not be (5)...... The opposite are (6) …..
for liquid and gas as to hardness and flow.

3 Read the text thoroughly and fill the gaps with the given phrase in the right form
in the same number.

CARBON MONOXIDE
Carbon monoxide is a (1)..... And odorless gas. Its formula is CO. It is (2).....
Because it reacts with haemoglobin in the blood and so (3)..... The blood from
absorbing oxygen, causing headaches, breathing difficulties and heart damage.
Carbon monoxide is (4).....because, as it does no have color nor smell, there is no
warning of its (5)........ Quite small amount can be lethal. Some of the carbon
monoxide in the air is natural, from the result of forest fire. However, most of it
comes from (6)....... combustion of fuel in motor vehicle engines. The
concentration of carbon monoxide is high around fire with poor ventilation. When
(7)........ Flesh air reaches the fire, the combustion is incomplete and more carbon
monoxide is produced. Carbon monoxide pollution can be reduced by making
sure combustion in fuels is complete. This can be achieved in motorcars by fitting
them with catalytic converters which oxidise carbon monoxide into (relatively)
(8)........ carbon dioxide.
1 COLOUR 5 PRESENT
2 POISON 6 COMPLETE
3 PREVENTION 7 SUFFICIENT
4 DANGER 8 HARM
Speaking
Comparison of materials
Pair up with your classmates and discuss the following groups of materials to find
out the positive and negative sides of them.
1. Gasoline and kerosine
a) volatility
b) price
c) flammability
2. Aluminum and steel
a) strength
b) malleability
c) ductility
d) conductivity
e) corrosion resistance
3. Plasf. Ic and glass
a) fragility
b) biodegrztdability
c) conductivity
d) weight
4. Copper and wood
a) conductivity
b) strength
c) durability
5. Diesel and gasoline
a) price,
b) pollutant content
c) appearance

Mathematical symbols
Read the following sentences together with your teacher.
1. Addition
e. g. 1 + 2 = 3 is read as one plus two equals three
one added by two is three
2. Substraction
e. g. 50-26 + 5 = 29 is read as fifty minus twenty six plus five equals twenty nine
fifty substracted by twenty six plus five is twenty nine
fifty substracted by twenty six plus live is equal to twenty nine
3. Multiplication
e. g. 4 × 4 = 16 is read four times four equals sixteen
four multiplied by four is equals to sixteen
four times for is sixteen
4. Division
e.g 20 : 5 = 4 is read as twenty divided by five is four
twenty divided by five is equals to four
5. Miscelaneous
a) 32 = 9 is read as three squared is nine
three to the power of two is nine
b) √ 3 is read as square root of nine is three
c) √ 27=3 is read as cube root of twenty seven is three
d) 4n is read as four to the power of n
1
e) is read as a half or one second
2
1
f) is read as a quarter or one forth
4
2
g) is read as two fifth( notice that we add 's' to the word fifth to show
5
plural)
h) 1.75 is read as one point seventy five

exercise on mathematics symbols and shapes

I Write down the reading of the following equation without looking back at the
above semences
1. 40 : 8 = 5
_____________________________________________________________
2. 36 : 9 = 4
_____________________________________________________________
3. 45 + 4 = 449
 _____________________________________________________________
4. 82 + 8 = 90
_____________________________________________________________
5. 77 – 66 = 11
_____________________________________________________________
6. 100 – 50 = 50
_____________________________________________________________
7. 4 x 8 = 32
_____________________________________________________________
8. 25 x 25 = 625

II complete the chart. The first one has been done as an example
noun adjective Complete the sentence
triangle triangular It’s shaped like a triangle

It’s …………

It’s …………shaped

It’s …………

It’s …………shaped

It’s …………

It’s …………

Vocabulary Development

A Adjectives of property
Fill in the blank spaces below with the correct adjective from the box.
Volatile fragile permeable gelantinous soluble insoluble
Fragile inflammable harmful poisonous acidic

1. One of the properties of gasoline is....., that is, it can evaporate easily.
2. Handle the ceramics gently. It is very.......
3. Water can penetrate paper. It means that paper is......
4. Salt is...... in water.
5. While oil is...... in water.
6. Inhaling carbon monoxide is very...... to our health.
7. Rain is harmful to metal due to the.......... content of the rain.
8. We must not smoke in the gas station because gasoline is very.......
9. Most haircream products are..........
10. When people go down a well they are exposed to inhaling...... Gas which can
lead to death

B Common property-related words

Find the right word from the box to complete these sentences to make them
sensible.
Conductivity dissolve conduct disposable recyclable
pollute biodegrade renewable unrenewable corrosive

1. Ceramics has bad......... of electric current.

2. Petroleum is......... source of energy.
3. Biofuel is........ source of energy.
4. Most types of paper are.......
5. Some batteries are rechargeable. Others are
6. Aluminium can ………. Heat well
7. Soil can not....... plastic.
8. Salt …. In water
9. Acid is very...... For metal.
10. More smokes....... The air everyday, making our health worsen.
C Measurement
Choose the collect form of the word in brackets.
EXAMPLE : You need to.. widen... It by anothet two meters. (wide)
1. How …………………..is the tank? (wide)
2. What is the ………………….. of the room? (wide)
3. How ………………….. is the axle ? (long)
4. Can you ………………….. this workbench ? (long)
5. I think we need to adjust the................. of the shelves. (long)
6. Do you know how ………………….. the reservoir is? (deep)
7. Please make sure the tank is the correct.................. (deep)
8. I can’t reach the self. It’s too …………………..(high)
9. We need to increase the ………………….. of the microscope stage (high)
10. We can................ The concrete by adding more cement. (strong)
D Miscelaneous
Complete the sentences using a word from the box below.
loosen tape stored round
workbench check stock facilities

1. I’m afraid we don’t have that item in …………………..

2. That makes a total of 59 897 tonnes. Say, 60 000 tonnes if we..................... it up
to the nearest thousand.
3. please don't take anything from the stores room today. I'm trying to do a stock
4. this is too tight, could you …………………..it a bit?
5. Where are the chemicals …………………..?
6. The new workshop will have better …………………..
7. Don't leave the tools lying on the...................! Put them away.
8. Have you seen my ………………….. measure? I think I’ve lost it

E Preposition
Complete the sentences with prepositions.
1. it’s 3.5 m ………………….. diameter
2. they are manufactured …………………..out sister company
3. it’s made…………………..rubber
4. what’s this used…………………..?
5. All the moving parts are made............... Hand. That's why They're so
expensive.
6. You’ll find them …………………..the back…………………..the stores
7. It’s 4 cm long …………………..8.5 cm wide
 UNIT 5
ENVIRONMENT AND POLLUTION

Standar kompetensi
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu menjelaskan hal-hal
yang berkaitan polusi dan lingkungan datam bahasa Inggris.
Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini mahasiswa diharapkan mampu
1. Memahami bacaan yang bertemakan polusi dan lingkungan.
2. Mendefinisikan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan polusi datam bahasa Inggris
secara tertulis.
3. Mendefinisikan hal-hal yang berkaitan dengan polusi datam bahasa Inggris
secara lisan.
4. Memahami kosa kata tentang polusi baik dari arti dan penggunaannya.

READING
Read the text below and pay close attention to the pattern of underlined sentence.
Then answer the questions before completing a definition of the words below
them as exemplified.
Air Pollution
Pollutants are substances which are harmfull to the environment. This means that
they can cause harm or damage to people, animals, vegetation, building and
machines. The air around contains thousands of pollutants as a result of human
activities. Some pollutants, such as smoke, can be seen or smelt. However, the
majority are invisible. Most people only become aware of many important
pollutants because of a newspaper story or television programme. Some
important common pollutants are carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen
oxide and methane.
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless and poisonous gas. It can cause
headaches, breathing difficulties, and heart damage. Quite small amounts can be
lethal. Carbon monoxide can be from nature from the result of forest fires.
However, most of it comes from incomplete combustion of fuel in motor vehicle
engines.

Sulphur dioxide
Sulphur dioxide irTitates the eyes and causes breathing difficulties. It can come
from coal and petroleum which are used to generate electricity and provide
energy. Both fuels contains sulphur as an impurity, although there is more of it in
coal. It is estimated that 70% of worldwide atmospheric sulphur dioxide comes
from power stations.

Nitrogen Oxides
Nitrogen oxide occurs naturally in lightning and forest fires. However, a lot of
extra nitrogen oxides is produced inside car engine and some are also produced by
power stations and industries. Nitrogen oxide is a serious pollutant which can
damage people's lungs. Nitrogen dioxide can also react with other pollutants to
produce ozone, another serious pollutant.

Methane
Methane, CH4, is a colorless and odorless gas. Small amounts of methane are
harmless to people but help trap heat from the Sun. The increasing atmospheric
methane, together with other gases, is believed to be increasing the temperature of
the Earth's surface. This change is known as global warming or the Greenhouse
Effect and is likely to cause widespread flooding of low-lying land as the sea
expands. Small amounts of methane are naturally present in the atmosphere from
bacterial decay of vegetation and other sources. However, the amount of methane
in the air is increasing because of human activities such as agriculture. Cows and
other farm animals produce methane and large amounts are produced from rice
fields. Also, a lot of methane is used as the natural gas fuel and some of it leaks
from pipelines.
1 The statement the majority are invisible means that
A few pollutants can be seen
B most pollutants can be seen
C most pollutants can not be seen
D a few pollutants can not be seen
2 Because of CO properties, its presence can
A be ignored
B be detected
C not be felt
D be harmless in quite small amount
3 The sources of carbon monoxide, mainly, come from
A complete burning of fuel in vehicle
B incomplete burning of fuel in vehicle
C forest fires
D vehicles and nature
4 The main contribution of sulphur dioxide is from
A industries
B coal companies
C petroleum companies
D electricity companies
5 One of the following pollutants which harms only our lung is
A methane
B sulphur dioxide
C nitrogen oxides
D carbon monoxide
6 Methane which does not cause harm is from
A human activities
B vegetation
C agriculture
D farm animals
Speaking
what do you know about environmental issues?
copy the table onto a large sheet of paper (one per group). In small groups, share
your current knowledge to fill in the table below.
Name of cause of Possible Possible Associated
problem problem solutions by solutions by vocabulary
government individual
Deforestation

Greenhouse
effect

Pollution

Any other
problem you
like

Which problem do you think is the most serious? Why?

Compare your table with another group. How similar are they?
VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
1. Complete the sentences with a word from the box below.

recycling pollution environmentally disposable

environmental dispose recyclable pollutants

a. most types of paper are

b. There are six main air
c we are setting up an …………..management system
d we need to find a better way to ………of out wste
e it’s an ……………friendly product
f we have an office paper ………..scheme in our company
g …………….is having an effect on the world climate
h they manufacture cheap ………….cigarette lighters
2 Match the two parts of the sentences.
A You can be fined 1 by using a heat recovery process
B our product minimise damage 2 for breaking pollution laws
C Most plastics don't biodegfade 3 to the environment
D We're hoping to use more energy 4 in the environment
E We can save energy 5 from alternative sources
3 Complete the sentences with the correct verb in italie.
A When fossil fuels are burned, they........... off CO2. Give/take/send
B We need to............. up our production process. Clear/take/clean
C We are trying to............ Down the amount of packaging we use.
Put/cut/bring
D You can.................. Down plastic and make it into different product.
Heat/cut/mealt
E It's better to recycle glass bottles than to.......... Them away. throw/put/take
F Most hamburger boxes don't.......... Down in the environment.
take/break/bring
G The EU will............... in new legislation next year. Bring/put/call
4 Fill in the blanks with are allowed to/aren't allowed to or have to.
A We…….exceed the permitted levels
 B Factories..................... Dump rubbish in the river. They can be fined if
they do.
C Manufacturers................... Follow strict enviromental guidelines.
D We.................. Reduce our CO2 emissions by 5% per cent next year.
E The Government sets strict limits on landfill. We................. send only 50
per cent of our waste to landfill sites.
F Paint producers................. use lead in their paint any more because it's a
health hazard.

DEFINITION
Define the following as the above italic sentences or exemplified below by using a
dictionary if necessary.
EXAMPLE Air pollution is a process which makes the air dangerously dirty and
not suitable for people to use.
1. Water pollution is a process which .....................................................................
.............................................................................................................................
2. Land pollution is a process which .......................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
3. Free radical is …..which......................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
4. Eco-frindly products are…….which ...................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
5. Disposable products are …..which.......................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
6. Oxidation is ……which.......................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
7. Unrenewable resources are……….which............................................................
..............................................................................................................................
8. Landfill is……which...........................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
9. Recycling …………which...................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
10. Greenhouse gases are…….which........................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
5 Complete each sentence with a preposition or leave blank if no
preposition is needed.
a. we must get rid …….our waste in an acceptable way
b The new legislation will affect.................... Everyone in the packaging
industry
c. Is it harmful………the environment?
d Safe disposal................. Toxic substances is very important.
e Ozone is not emitted............... The atmosphere.
f Radiation fron the sun can be converted................. Electricity.
g Incineration is better............... The environment than landfill.
h Our budget for environmental projects will have to increase..................
10 per cent.

Grammar Focus
Rearrange these words to form questions.
1. you / limits / happens / if/permitted / the / what / exceed?
....................................................................................................................................
2 of/you / waste / how / products / yo ur / dispose / do ?
....................................................................................................................................
3 aflected / recent / your / been / by / company / much / legislation / has?
....................................................................................................................................
4 you / of/what / sources / use / other / energy / do?
....................................................................................................................................

UNIT 6
 WHAT DO CHEMICAL ENGINEERS DO?

Standar kompetensi
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memahami hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan tugas-tugas insinyi kimia yang ditulis datam bahasa
Inggris.
Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu.
1. memahami bacaan tentang tugas-tugas sarjana kimia yang ditulis datam
bahasa Inggris
2. menggunakan kosakata bahasa Inggris yang berkaitan dengan tugas-tugas
insimyur kimia
3. menyatakan pendapat setuju, tidak setuju, menyela, and menerima sebagaian.

READING
Read the text and answer the questions below it.
Many chemical engineers work in the chemical process industries. These
include the plants that manufacture such things as food products, plastics, paper,
fertilizer, petroleum products and the basic chemicals used by many industries,
such as acids, alkalis, and dyes.
How does a chemical process plant come into being? It starts with an ide
idea for a completely new product, for improvement of an existing product, or for
a way of producing an existing product at a lower cost. Ideas for completely new
products usually come from a company's research laboratories but improvements
on existing products may occur to almost anyone.
Once the executives of a company have become interested in the idea of
building a plant, their first step is usually to call for feasibility study. Such a study
involves estimating production cost for the product as well as its potential market.
Since essential engineering information is usually lacking, these estimates may
contain major uncertainties.
If it appears that the plant will make a reasonable profit, the next step is to
develop the engineering data that will be needed in designing it. This is thejob of
the research and development engineer. The R and D engineers who work for a
chemical process industry are generally chemical engineers, although in large
company some mechanical, electrical, and civil engineers may also be employed.
Because commercial production can be different from the laboratory
process, the R and D engineer will often build and operate a model of the
proposed plant in order to find out what kinds of problems may develop and how
to solve them. Again, the company management hasto decide whether to go ahead
with the plant or to cancel the project.
If the company decides to go ahead, the next step ispracess design. In this
stage, the chemical engineer decides what kinds of equipment will be needed for
each unit operation and calculates the size of each item. He or she must select the
material that each equipment item is to made of usually metal, plastic, or glass-
and contact various equipment manufacturers about prices.
After the process design has been completed, the design engineer often
supervises the building of the plant. When the plant is finished, chemical
engineers are placed in charge of it to ensure its proper operation. They are known
as plant poperation engineers and are usually executives who spend most of their
time at desk. Many people work under them : operators who run the plant on a
day-to-day basis ; maintenance personnel who keep the equipment.

Discuss and answer the following questions.

1. Why is a plant that makes dynamite one of the chemical process industries?
..............................................................................................................................
2. petroleum is the raw material for a large industry. List some products made
from petroleum.
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
3. what stages might the chemical engineers of a chemical process company go
through if they wanted to build a plant to make a new kind of fertilizer?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
4. Most homes contain various kinds of equipment, particularly in the kitchen.
How might an engineer use preventive maintenance to keep such equipment in
working order?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
5. What are some of the things done by the engineer in charge of plant
operation?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
6. Most chemical engineers work in R and D, process design, plant operation.
What are some otithe other jobs chemical engineers may do?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
7. Why is a consultant likely to be highly paid?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................
8. In your country, is the government passing laws for improved health and
safety? Why might chemical engineers be hired to help enforce such laws?
..............................................................................................................................
..............................................................................................................................

Match the terms in the left column with the proper phrase in the right
column.

1. Feasibility study a step in a chemical process

2. Raw material devices for measuring and controlling
3. R & D keeping equipment from breaking down
4. Preventive maintenance collecting basic information for a new process
5. Unit operation diagram of a chemical process
6. Instrumentation material that is made into a difrerent product
7. Consultant determining if a project can be successful
8. Flowsheet an expert in a special field
SPEAKING
Some useful phrases of agreeing and disagreeing
Yes, but on the other hand... That's whit you've read, but I've read...
Could I just say... Hang on...
I'm afraid I disagree with that idea... My view is that...
What about the fact that...? I think...
I agree with you to some extent, but... That may be so, but...
No. I don't agree... Well, you may have a point, but...

Interrupting to Suggesting an idea Rejecting An idea Accepting an idea,

make a relevant but putting your
point own View forward

SPEAKING
An important part of academic study is forming and supporting opinions about the
pic that you are studying. Read the statements below and indicate whether you to
agree (A) or disagree (D). Then discuss your opinions and reasoning with a
classmate.
____1. Starting a business without doing a feasibility study has the same chance
of success as that of with one.
____2 To found a chemical process plant with an idea for improvement of an
existing product tend to be more successful than that of a completely new
product.
____3 Processed food is beneficial from many perspectives.
____4 Genetically-modified food should be used to solve famine problem in the
world.
____5 Consuming processed food for a long term does not harm our health
because they have passed government food laws.
____6 Nuclear power plant is greener than coal power plant.
____7 Planting more trees can offset greenhouse gases emmisions.
____8 Government should ban the use of monosodium glutamat on processed
food.
____9 Diesel-fuelled vehicles should be replaced with gasoline-fuelled vehicles
since they are more polluting.
____10 Incineration is one of useful ways to get rid of or dispose of the waste in
a factory.
____11 Using landfill to dispose of waste is better than incineration.
____12 Most factories in your country have complied with the government
Legislation for sewage treatment.

Focusing on vocabulary
WORD MEANING
Match the words with their definitions. If you are unsure about a word's meaning,
try to figure it out from the context by rereading the passage. Then check your
dictionary.
____1. Feasible A a diagram that shows the equipment and steps
____2. sequential B devices used for measuring or controlling a
property such as pressure
____3. Devise C raw material
____4. sufficient D much more than necessary
____5. Flowsheet E fair
____6. Instrumentation F happenning in an order
____7. Reasonable G enough
____8. In charge of H plan or invent a new way of doing something
____9. Excessively I possible or likely to work
____10. feedstock J be responsible for
Read the row of words and phrases below with each numbered word. One word or
phrase in each list is nol a synonym (word or phrase with a similar meaning) for
the numberd word. Cross it out.
1. status
rank position standing system
2. seek
look for search for use up try to find
3. Traditional
usual variable accepted customary
4. considerable
famous extensive large significant
5. Maximum
most highest rare utmost
6. Facilitate
make easy hold back assist make possible
7. Enhance
improve praise increase add to
8. Approach
method style agreement way
9. chemical
substance element compound weight
10. Extract
supplement take out remove dig out

Complete the sentences using a word from the box below.

In charge of apprentice flexi-time workforce shift
Turnover operation plant overtime employ

1. Our …….. this year will be about $500000

2. Our company has ……..in more than twenty countries
3. I’m doing ……..this week so I’ll earn more money
 4. The foreman is ……..about twenty-five delivery workers
5. what……..are you on this week?
6. How many people does your company……..?
7. Our ……..has been cut because we don’t have enough orders
8. My son is an ……..at a local soap factory
9. She works……..so she can start work any time between 8 a.m, and 9 a.m
10. Unilever is opening a new …….. in somalia next year

Word Families
Study the members of the word families in the table below. Look for spelling
patterns for the verb, noun, adjective, and adverb forms of the words. Complete
the table.

Authorize
Employ
Engineer
Management
Innovative
Diversify
Excessively
Preventive
Automate
Maintain
Decision

UNIT 7
Use and Abuse of Natural Resources

Standar kompetensi
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memahami hal-hal
yang berkaitan dengan penggunaan dan penyalahgunaan sumber alam yang
disajikan datam bahasa Inggris.
Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu
1. memahami tema pada setiap paragraf dengan cara skimming
2. menggunakan pasangan frasa dengan tepat
3. membandingkan dan mengkontraskan dengan menggunakan adverb dalam
bahasa Inggris

Reading
A Exploding sales for bottled water
Read the text quickly and write a good topic below the paragraph.
Walk down the drinks aisle at the supermarket. Look in the beverage
cooler in your local convenience store. A new beverage is taking over more and
more space on the shelves, and that drink is water. Bottled water sales rise in
many parts of the world. Whereas bottled water was once associated only with
the rich and privileged, it is now regularly drunk by people at all income levels
despite the fact that the price of bottled water is getting higher and higher day by
day. What accounts for this increase in demand?
Topic: ........................................................................................................................`
Traditionally, people have drunk bottled water for health reasons. The
practice of taking the water originated with the Romans, who believed that a
person developed a healthy mind by nurturing a healthy body. Across Europe,
drinking or bathing in mineral water has been associated with curative powers for
ailments such as arthritis, kidney stones, and skin diseases. However, as people
drink bottled water more and more, the concern is often more related to the purity
or sterility of the water than its mineral contents. They are worried about the
effects of chemical pollution and other contaminants on the water supply. Many
view bottled water as a safe alternative to tap water.
Topic: ........................................................................................................................`
Further reasons for drinking bottled water are its usefulness as an aid to
digestion, as a complement to a good meal in a restaurant, and for taste. Municipal
tap water is often treated with chlorine to guard against harmful microorganisms.
Chlorine, as well as metals from pipes and tanks used todistribute and store tap
water, can leave behind an unpleasant taste.

B Creating more fresh water through desalination

Complete the passage by filling in the blanks with the target words in the box and
then decide the topic for each paragraph. Use each word only once
Adjacent nevertheless regions virtually
Beneficial prohibitively ultimately volume

As filesh water becomes more and more scarce, several countries have
begun to use the ocean as a source of water. Desalination, or the removal of salt
from sea water, is a (1) ............................ Merthod for providing fresh water to
business, home and agricultural use. Today, there are more than 12, 500
desalination plants in existence worldwide that annually provide about one
percent of the world's drinking water. The majority of these plants are located in
the Middle East, the Caribbean, and the Mediterranean.

Topic: ........................................................................................................................`
One method of desalination is distitalion. Salt water is boiled and the
resulting water vapor is passed through a cooler, where it condenses and is
collected as fresh water. This simple procedure is very efficient at purifying sea
water. Distillation of seawater produces (2) ……………pure water that is about
ten times fresher than bottled water. Because the taste of distilled water is rather
flat, it needs to be mixed with less pure water to improve the taste. Distillation is
expensive, however, because it requires large amounts of heat energy to boil the
salt water. It takes a minimum of 540, 000 calories of heat energy to make a half-
liter (about one pint) bottle of distilled water; (3) ……, more than half of the
world's desalination plants use the distillation process.
Topic: ........................................................................................................................`
Reverse osmosis (osmos=to pus) may (4)……have better potential for
large-scale desalination. In osmosis, fresh water and salt water tanks are placed
(5) ........................... To one another. The water molecules naturally pass through
a thin, semi- permeable membrane from the fresh water solution to the salt water
solution. In reverse osmosis, water on the salty side is highly pressurized to drive
water molecules but not salt and other irrtpurities-through the membrane to the
fresh water side. A significant problem with reverse osmosis is that the
membranes are flimsy, become clogged, and must be replaced frequently.
Advanced composite materials may help eliminate these problems because they
are sturdier, provide better filtration, and last up to ten years. Worldwide, at least
thirty countries located in arid (6).............................. Are operating reverse-
osmosis units. For example, Santa Barbara California operates a reverse-osmosis
plant that produces supplies up to 60 percent of its municipal water needs.
Topic: ........................................................................................................................`
Because current methods for converting seawater to fresh water remain
(8)........................ expensive for many countries and regions, scientists continue to
search for novel approaches to desalianation.

VOCABULARY DEVELOPMENT
WORD MEANING
Each sentence below contains a paraphrase or set of synonyms for a target word
which is given at the end of each sentence. Read each sentence and select the
matching target word from the box.

Adjacent involves elimination Predict

Annual expert categories
Inevitable terminated obtain

1. change is an ……………. Fact of life (unavoidable, inescapable)

2. production at the factory was ……………. As a result of the fire. (ended
concluded)
3. the new university sport center is ……………. (to) the students; union
(next, side by side with)
 4. environmentalists …………….that global warming could cause the polar
ice caps to melt. (anticipate, forecast)
5. the company’s …………….report showed that profits had fallen from the
previous year. (yearly, twelve-month)
6. the charity sent an agricultural …………….to provide information about
irrigation techniques (specialist, professional)
7. a key cost-saving strategy for company is the …………….of waste
(dispoal)
8. internet users can…………….a wide range of information that is not
readily available through other sources. (gain, get)
9. success in collage …………….a lot of work (requires, necessitates)
10. marketers sort people into age, income, and lifestyle …………….so that
they can target products more specifically. (groups, types)

WORD FAMILIES
The table below contains word families for some of the bold target words in the
readings. Complete the rest of the table. An x indicates that there is no form or
that the form is not common. Sometimes there mey be more than one form
possible. If you are unsure about the form, check your dictionary.
verb noun Adjective Adverb
X 1. chemical
2.
3.
Compare
1. Extract
2.
Exploit
Excessive
Reversibly
Provide
Advanced
1. Condensation
2.
1. Produce
2.
3.
Read each sentence and identify the part of speech of the missing word. Write an
appropriate form of the word in the blank. Use the word families table above to
help you answer some of the problems.
1. The water in many cities is ________ (chemical) treated with fluoride to help
prevent tooth decay.
2. Water is ________ (extract) by means of a well from a confinrd water-bearing
layer of sand known as acquifer.
3. The ________ (produce) of processed food should comply with the
government laws.
4. Excessive ________ (exploit) of natural resources will endanger the
ecosystem.
5. In production of alcohol the vapor is ________ (condense) into liquid.
6. Developing countries need to find ________ (sustain) ways to exploit their
natural resources for the good of their own people.
7. Careful ________ (conserve) and utilization of water must be a key part of
any water mangement plan.
8. Antibiotics enable the body to ________ (resistance) disease and infection.
9. If a region receives less than twenty inches of rainfall ________ (annual), it is
difficult to grow food without the help of irrigation.
10. The computer came with 128 Mb of RAM, which has been ________
(expansion) to 512 Mb.

COLLOCATION
Match each word in the box with the group of words that regularly occur with it.
In all cases, the words in the box come before the word in the list.
Exploit commodity precise ensure
1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________
opportuinties safety nature prices
resources success moment production
technology compliance details market
Potential standards location exchange

SPEAKING
pair up with a classmate to discuss the positive and negative sides of the
following. The phrases in the boxes can be used to help you.
The downside of ………is that
The weakness of ………is
The positive impacts of ………are
The advantages outweigh the disadvantages.
the flaw lies on ………
What is similar between………is………
They differs considerably in that.........

Useful Adverbs
principally, they both ………
The two have ………significantly
Fundamentally
Medically speaking
Environmentally
Encologically
They have not been clinically proven

Explore the negative and positive sides

1. Synthetic and natural food additives
2. Organic and non-organic food
3. Carbon trading and drastic emission reduction
4. Hybrid car and solar-powered car
5. Compost and synthetic fertilizer
6. Processed food and fresh food
7. Biofuel crop and food crop
8. GM crop and natural crop
 UNIT 8
INSTRUMENTATION

Standar kompetensi
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini diharapkan mahasiswa mampu memahami bacaan
dengan scanning tentang instrumentasi.
Kompetensi dasar
Setelah mengikuti kuliah ini dihafapkan mahasiswa mampu
1. Memahami bacaan dengan scanning
2. Menggunakan kosakata tentang sains yang menggunakan phrasal verb

READING
What is scanning?
Scanning is very high-speed reading that you do when you are looking for a
specific piece of information. When you scan you have a question in mind. You
do not read every word, only key word that will answer your question. Practice in
scanning will help you learn to skip over unimportant words so that you can read
faster.

Exercise 1
Read each question and underline key words. Then scan the passage to find
the correct answer. Work quickly.
1. What is a thermocouple?
2. What is thermocouple well?
3. What is a pyrometer?
4. For what is a bourdon-tube gage used?
5. What does a manometer do?
6. What is meant by sight glass?
Instrumention
in any process plant the three basic variables to be controlled, if the plant is to
operate properly, are temperature, pressure, and flow.
Temperature: The two basic instruments for measuring temperature are the
thermometer and the thermocouple. It is based on the discovery in 1821, by the
German physicist, Thomas J. Seebeck, that an electric current flows in a
continuous circuit composed of two different metals if the two junctions between
the two metals are at different temperatures. One junction is places at the point
where the temperature is to be measured, the other is usually in the instruments
used to measure the current.
The current that flows in the circuit depends on the difference between the two
temperatures. Since the temperature in the instrument is easily found, the other
temperature can be calculated.
High temperatures inside furnaces are measured with pyrometers. Hot object
radiate energy and the pyrometer measured this energy.
Pressure There are dozens of instruments for measuring pressure. The most
common is thee bourdon-lube pressure gage. This consist of a curved metal tube
that is closed at one end and open at the other. The open end is expose to the
pressure to be measured. As the pressure in the closed tube increases, it tends to
straighten the tube.
Since the metal of the tube is elastic, the closed end moves as the pressure within
the tube changes. This slight movement is amplified by levers and gears, and is
used to move a pointer over graduated scale.
Another instruments tor pressure measurement is manometer. It is used to
measure small pressure changes.
Flow : Sometimes it is important to know whether or not a liquid is flowing in a
pipe, without needing to know its velocity. For this purpose, a sight gloss or slide
flow glass is employed.

vocabulary development
phrasal Verb: Science
1 Popular science writing and spoken English often use phrasal or prepositional
verb while academic writing about science and technology tends to used more
formal verbs. Match the verb in bold in the sentences below to the ones (a-p) that
would be used in academic text about science and technology.
If kept at a temperature of 100 degrees Centigrade, water (1) boils away. Many
antibiotics not only (2) wipe out harmful bacteria but also attack in testinal
bacteria which help to (3) break down food, thus causing stomach upsets and
diarrhoea.
Most commets do not present major hazard as they would probably (4) break up
after entering the Earth's atmosphere.
Scientists need to (5) come up with new methods of (6) getting rid of nuclear
waste.
It has been estimated that the average adult (7) gives out a half of kilowatt of heat
per hour, so it is not surprising that crowded trains can become hot and stuffy.
The French government was unpopular internationally n the late 1980s
for its policy of (8) letting off nuclear bombs for test purposes on Pacific atolls.
Factories must no longer be allowed to (9) let untreated waste out into rivers or
the sea.
Water should not be used for (10) putting out fires of electrical origin.
It is essential not to lel the battery (11) run down.
My new car (12) runs on diesel.
The mines were closed when the coal supplies in this region (13) run out.
Coverage of many international sporting events is now (14) sent out live by
satellite.
A battery is a device which (15) turns chemical energy into electricity.
Remember to (16) tum ofl the electricity supply al the mains before changing the
fuse

a be/become depleted 
b be/ become exhausted 
c be fuelled by 
d broadcast 
e change the chemical structure of a substance 
f convert to 
g dispose of 
h destroy/eliminate D 
i detonate 
j discharge 
k disconnect 
l disintegrate 
m evaporate 
n extinguish 
o invent/discover 
p produce 

2. Choose which phrasal verb can be used to complete the gaps in the sentences
below. In some sentences more than one verb maybe appropriate.
1. We're having our loft insulated to stop heat being........... Through the roof.
a. Given out b. Let out c. Let oftf
2. My pocket calculator ……solar energy
a. Runs down b. Runs on c. Gives out
3. Terrorist …..a bom in central Athens
a. Set off b. Let off c. Let out
4. Wind power is an energy source that never ……
a. Runs out b. Gives out c. Turns off
5. I'll buy a new car soon, as the one I've got now is forever............
a. Running out b. Breaking up c. Breaking down
6. In the middle ages, alchemists tried to….lead….goal
a. Change into b. Turn off c. Turn into
7. Would you…..the TV please?
a. Set off b. Put off c. Tumrn off
References

Hughson Roy V. (1979) the language for Chemical Engineering. New York
Regents Publishing Company

Cox, Cathy (2004) English for academic Purposes. London: Longman

Schmit Diane (2005) Focus on Vocabulary, New York : Longman Pearson

Education

Scoot, Fiona (2002) New Proficiency Use of English. England Pearson Education
Limited

Jeffries, Linda (2004) More Reading Power. New York : Pearson Education, Inc.

Lambert, Val (2003) Everyday Technical English. England Pearson Education

Limited

Cuningham, Sarah (2005) Cutting Edge. England pearson Education Limited

Briggs, J G R (2ooo) science in focus chemistry. singapore : Longman

Stephens, Mary (2002) New proficiency Reading. England Pearson Education

Limited

Schoenberg, Irene E. (2004) speaking of values. New York : pearson Education,

Inc.

Acklam Richard (2001) Advanced Gold. England : pearson Education Limited