Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282

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Construction and Building Materials

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/conbuildmat

A modified method for the design of pervious concrete mix

Dang Hanh Nguyen a,b, Nassim Sebaibi a,⇑, Mohamed Boutouil a, Lydia Leleyter b, Fabienne Baraud b
a
Ecole Supérieure d’Ingénieurs des Travaux de la Construction de Caen (ESITC-Caen), 1, rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 14610 Épron, France
b
Normandie University, France, UCBN UR ABTE EA 4651, QALEA, F-14032 Caen, France

h i g h l i g h t s

 The new mix design method for pervious concrete is based on the excess paste theory.
 The w/c, cement, aggregate content and the compaction energy were determined.
 The permeability of concrete is always sufficient to drainer the rainwater.

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: As a new material type for pavement, pervious concrete should be designed to maintain both porosity
Received 7 April 2014 and the structural strength. The actual mix proportions for pervious concrete depend on the application,
Received in revised form 22 September the mechanical properties required and the materials used. Actually, the mix proportions of pervious con-
2014
crete were determined for locally available materials based frequently on trial batching and experience.
Accepted 25 September 2014
Available online 17 October 2014
Another analytical method should be developed to facilitate the concrete producers. Based on the
assumption that the cement paste only plays a role of coating, it does not fulfill the void among the grains
of gravel; this paper focuses on one modified method for the design of the pervious concrete. The volume
Keywords:
Pervious concrete
cement paste is divided by the surface area of the aggregates to determine the thickness of the excess
Excess paste paste. A scaling factor has been defined to evenly distribute the cement paste toward the size of gravel.
Scaling factor Moreover, a binder drainage test is proposed to determine the critical w/c ratio towards to prevent the
Binder drainage test flow of cement paste to the lower layers of concrete under the action of vibration or compaction. The
pervious concrete has been formulated according to this method to validate it. The mechanical and
hydraulic tests are performed to characterize the pervious concrete. The obtained pervious concrete
presents a large sufficient permeability (1 mm s1) for draining rainwater and good mechanical
resistance (Rc = 28.6 MPa) with regard to typical pervious concrete applications such as parking lots,
walkways and low-traffic roadways. In addition, the mechanical strength of pervious concrete in this
research is found higher than that generally reported by other authors. The results indicate that the the-
oretical mix design method is a successful theory for an optimizing composition of pervious concrete.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction adjusted. This brings the phenomenon of greenhouse and hot

With the population growth and the continual urbanization, our
cities are being covered with the impervious surface areas such as
residential and commercial buildings. Because of the lack of water
and air permeability of the common concrete pavement, the storm
water is not filtered underground, the runoff is rapidly increased.
Therefore, the drainage system gets overloaded and flash flooding
becomes inevitably. In addition, with the impervious surface, it is
difficult for soil to exchange heat and moisture with air; therefore,
the temperature and humidity of the Earth’s surface cannot be
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: nassim.sebaibi@esitc-caen.fr (N. Sebaibi).
land effects in city. At the same time, the plash on the road during
a rainy day reduces the safety of traffic of vehicle and foot
passenger [1].
In civil engineering, the decrease of the ground water level can
cause subsidence of soil of several meters, deconstruct buildings,
structures and works.
Pervious concrete (PC) is a special type of concrete with
continuous porosity ranged from 15% to 35% and the presence of
interconnected large pores system allows the water flow easily
through the pervious concrete [2–6]. In recent decades, the use
of pervious concrete for the construction of secondary roads,
parking lots, driveways, walkways and sidewalks is increasing
continuously because of its various environmental benefits such
as [1–4]:

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.09.088
0950-0618/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
272 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282
Nomenclature
a (%) percentage of aggregate larger than 80 lm in the aggre-
gate mixture
b (%) absorption of aggregate (sand included)
C (kg m3) Ciment content
Di (m) average diameter of aggregate of the class i
Dp (mm) diameter characteristic of pores
ei (m) thickness of the layer of the excess paste covering grain i
mG (kg) weight of aggregate in on meter cubic of concrete
k (–) a scaling factor
mi (kg) mass of size Di aggregate grain
Ni (nbr) number of size Di aggregate grains of the class i
N (nbr) number of particle aggregate in concrete
Pt (%) total porosity of concrete
Pp (%) porosity of cement paste
P0 (%) initial porosity of cement paste
Q (%) void content of dry compacted aggregate
Rc (MPa) compressive strength at 28 days
Rt (MPa) tensile strength at 28 days
S (m2) total surface area of the grains aggregate in the mixture
S⁄ (m2) total surface area of the grains average of diameter
di + ei/2
Si (m2) surface of grain size Di
Ssi (m2 kg1) specific surface of aggregates of class i in the
mixture
Vfines (m3) volume of fines in concrete
1. The storm water can rapidly filtered into soil, and the ground-
water resources can recharge.
2. The surface is air and water permeable and the soil below can
be kept wet. It improves the environment of road surface.
3. The pervious concrete pavement can absorb the noise of vehi-
cles, which creates quiet and comfortable environment.
4. The pervious concrete pavement materials have holes that can
cumulate heat. The pavement can adjust the temperature and
humidity of the Earth’s surface and eliminates the phenomenon
of hot island in cities.
Since its various environmental benefits, pervious concrete is
one of the most important emerging technologies for sustainable
facilities and infrastructure. Therefore, pervious concrete is recog-
nized as the best solution for storm water management and one of
the key elements of sustainable development by US Environmental
Protection Agency [2,3].
The mix design of pervious concrete is different from the con-
ventional one. The materials mix design of PC is composed of Port-
land cement, uniform coarse aggregate (allowing relatively little
particle packing), approximately 7% fine aggregate by weight of
total aggregate and water. The addition of a small amount fine
aggregate as sand provided additional compressive strength, better
durability and high resistance to freeze/thaw cycles. Generally,
pervious concrete mix consists of 270–415 kg m3 of cement,
1190–1480 kg m3 of aggregate and water to cement ratio ranged
from 0.27 to 0.40. The typical 28-day compressive strength ranges
from 3.5 to 28.0 MPa and permeability coefficient varies from 0.2
to 5.4 mm s1 [2,3]. Additionally, the characteristic pore sizes
range from 2 to 8 mm depending on the type of aggregates and
the method of compaction [2,7].
Many previous studies have reported the proprieties of pervious
concrete in varying the water-to-cement ratio, aggregate-to-
cement ratio, aggregate sizes, binder material type or effects of com-
paction energy [1–8]. However, the number of publications on the
method for the design of pervious concrete mix is very limited.
VG (m3) solid volume of aggregate
VG>80 (m3) volume of a greater than 80 lm aggregate
VP (m3) volume of cement paste
VPC (m3) volume of compact paste
VPE (m3) volume of excess paste
Vi (m3) volume of a size Di grain
Vv (%) volume of void in concrete
Vtotal (m3) total volume of concrete
VW/G (m3) volume of the water retained by the aggregate
W (kg m3) quantity of water in concrete
u ratio between total volume of void and total solid
volume of concrete
x ratio between aggregate volume and total solid volume
of concrete
a degree of hydration of cement
a (1) degree of hydration of cement at infinite time
b (–) factor definite
qdry,compacted (kg m3) dry, compacted bulk density of the
aggregate
qspecify (kg m3) specify bulk density of the aggregate
qC (kg m3) specify density of cement
qW (kg m3) specify density of water
c (–) compactness of aggregate
w/c ratio of the weight of water to the weight of cement
There can be mentioned here the American concrete institute
method [2], Zouaghi’s method [8] and Zheng’s method [9]. More-
over, these design methods are not complete; they present many
disadvantages, as shown in Table 1. For example, they do not indi-
cate how to determine the w/c ratio or they do not take into account
the effect of compaction on the properties of concrete, etc.
Therefore, there are no recognizing methods to establish the mix
design of pervious concrete at the present time, the pervious con-
crete mixture proportions are always selected from experimental
studies [3].
2. Principal of the proposed mix proportioning method
In this paper, a modified method is proposed for mix design of
PC. This method is based on the quantification of the layer of
cement paste coating the gravel and on the assumption that the
cementious paste act only as a coating; it does not fulfill the void
among the grains of gravel. This method of mixture proportioning
is divided into three steps: the determination of aggregate volume,
cement paste volume and water–cement ratio.
2.1. Determination of aggregate volume
Aggregate occupies most of the pervious concrete’s volume and
is the principal load-bearing component. In this section, four
hypotheses were adopted for the determination of aggregate
volume.
Hypothesis #1. To facilitate the calculation, the aggregate is
assumed of spherical shape. Only a perfect sphere can be charac-
terized by a single value of size which is the diameter. The purpose
of this equivalent sphere hypothesis is to describe an object in
three dimensions by a single value.
Fig. 1 shows the components of ordinary concrete in which
aggregates are spaced by the cement paste. Assuming that, the
aggregates are compacted at maximum to have the solid volume
 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282 273

Table 1
Synthesis of mix design methods from literature.

Method ACI [2]
Input – Physical properties of aggregates
– Dry-rodded volume of coarse aggregate in
a unit volume of concrete
– Porosity selected that fulfills the required
function of the application desired
Output – Cement paste content
– Aggregate content
– Fines content
Advantage – Simple
Disadvantage – Database of dry-rodded volume of coarse
aggregate in a unit volume of concrete is
limited
– No indicator on w/c ratio
– The weight per cubic of components is not
accordance with experimental works
published
– Non-take account the effect of compaction
– A correction step through experimentation
is necessary to adjust the composition
Method Zouaghi [8]
– Physical properties of aggregates
– Porosity selected that fulfills the
required function of the applica-
tion desired
– Cement content
– Water content
– Coarse aggregate content
– Very simple
– Relationship between w/c and C is
applied for locally gravel
– Coarse aggregate content deter-
mined is not realistic
– Non-take account the effect of
compaction
– A correction step through experi-
mentation is necessary to adjust
the composition
Method Zheng et al. [9]
– Physical properties of aggregates
– Compressive strength and permeability to water neces-
sary that fulfills the required function of the application
desired
– Cement content. Water content
– Coarse aggregate content
– Simple
– Relationships among parameters are applied for locally
gravel
– Relations are derived from data obtained on the pervious
concretes very low resistance
– Need both of permeability and compressive strength as
input data
– Coarse aggregate content determined is not realistic
– Non-take account the effect of compaction
– A correction step through experimentation is necessary
to adjust the composition

Eq. (2) allows determining the volume of compact paste from

the volume of gravel in the concrete matrix, which can also be
written as:
VPC VPE

Compaction mG mG
V PC ¼ V total  V G ¼  ð3Þ
qdry;compacted qspecify
!
V G  qspecify qspecify
VG

V PC ¼  VG ¼ VG 1 ð4Þ
qdry;compacted qdry;compacted
On the other hand, it is noted that the sum of volumes of
Fig. 1. Model of a concrete structure. cement paste VP, of granular solid VG, of the water retained by
the aggregate VW/G and of the voids VV form a unit volume of
of aggregate (VG), the excess paste (VPE) which covers aggregates
pervious concrete:
and the compact paste (VPC) which fill the voids of the skeleton that
can be extracted separately. V P þ V G þ V W=G þ V V ¼ 1 ð5Þ

Hypothesis #2. The thickness of the excess paste layer is where V P ¼ V PE þ V PC ð6Þ
negligible when compared to the size of the coarse aggregate.
Thus, the presence of this excess paste layer does not influence the Then V PE þ V PC þ V G þ V W=G þ V V ¼ 1 ð7Þ
void volume among the grains of aggregate (intergranular air void).
This void will be filled with the compact paste (Fig. 2). Thus, the For a given particle size, the volume of aggregates larger than
volume of compact paste VPC is considered equally to the volume of 80 lm VG>80 is related to the total volume of the aggregate VG by
space between dry and compacted grains aggregate VV. the factor ‘‘a’’:
Considering a dry, compacted volume of aggregate Vtotal, the
volume of compact paste VPC can be calculated as: V G>80 ¼ V G  a ð8Þ

V PC ¼ V V ¼ V total  V G ð1Þ with a 6 1.

VG>80 is the volume of aggregates larger than 80 lm, which is
VG 1c surrounded by the suspension consisting of cement paste and fine
V PC ¼  VG ¼ VG ð2Þ smaller than 80 lm. In fact, the aggregate can be decomposed into
c c
two parts depending on the size of the particles. The first part com-
Excess paste poses the fines, smaller than 80 lm, and they are in the same order
Aggregates size of the solid components in the cement paste (cement and fil-
Adding paste Compact paste ler). The second part is thus formed by aggregates larger than
80 lm, denoted as G > 80. This threshold value (80 lm) allows con-
sidering that smaller particles cover the larger particles. In the cal-
culation of the thickness of the paste in excess, it is assumed that
the paste consists only of particles of size smaller than 80 lm.
Thus the total volume of aggregates VG is written:
Void
Thickness V G ¼ V fines þ V G>80 ð9Þ
of excess
paste Similarly, the volume of water absorbed VW/G is proportional to
the total aggregate through an absorption coefficient of aggregate
Fig. 2. Illustration of the theory of excess paste. ‘‘b’’, and it is determined using Eq. (10):
274 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282

V G>80 b
V W=G ¼ V G  b ¼  b ¼  V G>80 ð10Þ
a a
e1
From Eqs. (2), (7), (8) and (10), the volume of excess paste VPE D1
can be obtained from Eq. (11): e2
  D2
b 1
V PE ¼ 1  V V  V G>80 þ ð11Þ
a ac
D3 e3
For a grain of aggregate size Di coated by a layer thickness ei
(Fig. 3), the volume of excess paste is:
p p
V PEi ¼ ðDi þ 2ei Þ3  ðDi Þ3 ð12Þ Fig. 4. Thickness of excess paste proportional to the diameter.
6 6
For all grain of aggregate: – the aggregates are just covered with the excess paste to have a
sufficient strength,
n h
X i
p p – the space between the aggregates is kept empty so that water
V PE ¼ ðDi þ 2ei Þ3  ðDi Þ3 N i ð13Þ
i¼1
6 6 can pass through the matrix.

A composition is defined as ‘‘good’’ when the aggregates are

Hypothesis # 3. The thickness of the excess paste is not the same
coated with a layer of thickness ei from the excess paste, and the
for different aggregates sizes, but it is proportional to the size of
volume of a compact paste is zero:
the aggregate (see Fig. 4). A scaling factor can be defined between
V PC ¼ 0 ð18Þ
the diameter of raw aggregate diameters and that of the aggregate
covered. Indeed, the coarse aggregates have overall surface area From Eqs. (6), (18), and (7) can be rewritten:
smaller than the small aggregates; therefore, for the same volume V PE þ V G þ V W=G þ V V ¼ 1 ð19Þ
of excess paste, the thickness of paste is more important when the
particle of aggregate is large. From Eqs. (10) and (19), the volume of excess paste VPE can be
In that case, for a class i of aggregates size Di, the thickness of deduced as Eqs. (20) and (21):
the excess paste ei: V PE ¼ 1  V V  V G  V G  b ð20Þ
D1 þ 2e1 D2 þ 2e2 Di þ 2ei Dn þ 2en  
¼ ¼  ¼ ¼  ¼ ¼k ð14Þ 1 b
D1 D2 Di Dn V PE ¼ 1  V V  V G  ð1 þ bÞ ¼ 1  V V  V G>80  þ ð21Þ
a a
From Eqs. (13) and (14), the coefficient k can be deduced by Eq. According to Eq. (15), the parameter k can be written as follow:
(15): V PE
3
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi k ¼1þ ð22Þ
6V PE 3 V PE V G>80
3
k ¼ 1 þ Pn ¼ 1þ ð15Þ Therefore:
p i¼1 Ni  D3i V G>80
3 3
V PE ¼ ðk  1ÞV G>80 ¼ ðk  1Þ  V G  a ð23Þ
From Eqs. (15) and (11), the volume of aggregates larger than
80 lm VG>80 can be deduced as Eq. (16): From Eqs. (21) and (23), the amount of aggregate can be deter-
mined as following equations:
1  VV  
V G>80 ¼ 3
ð16Þ 3 1 b
k  1 þ a1c þ ba ðk  1ÞV G>80 ¼ 1  V V  V G>80 þ ð24Þ
a a
From Eqs. (8) and (16), the total volume of the aggregate VG can  
be calculated as Eq. (17): 3 1 b
1  VV ¼ k  1 þ þ  V G>80 ð25Þ
a a
1  VV
VG ¼  3  ð17Þ
a k  1 þ 1c þ b 1  VV
V G>80 ¼ 3
ð26Þ
k  1 þ 1a þ ba
Eq. (17) is for calculating the amount of aggregate in presence of
compact paste in the matrix of concrete.
1  VV
VG ¼ 3
ð27Þ
Hypothesis #4. For pervious concrete, a composition is ideal when a  ðk  1Þ þ 1 þ b
(Fig. 5): Eq. (27) is used to calculate the amount of aggregate on the
assumption that the compact paste volume is zero.

Excess paste
Di

Aggregate
ei
Void

Di + 2ei

Fig. 3. Thickness of excess paste. Fig. 5. Model of the matrix of pervious concrete.
 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282 275

Concerning the quantity of sand, the effect of using sand in per- According to Eqs. (32), (34) and (36), the volume of the paste
vious concrete mixes was investigated by many studies [3,10,11] can be deduced as follow:
and all of these studies showed that the replacement of 7% by
3mG ðk  1Þ
weight of the coarse aggregate with sand brought significant VP ¼ ð37Þ
increases to strength and the best performance to the freeze thaw qspecify
cycles. It is the reason why the percentage of sand is fixed at 7% by To be more precise, the thickness of the cement paste can be
weight of the coarse aggregate in this method. recalculated by converting the following scheme (Fig. 6). In this
case, the thickness of the cement pastes:
2.2. Determination of cement paste volume
VP
ei ¼ ð38Þ
Cement paste coats the aggregate particles, providing S
lubrication for workability, and hardened contact area for load  2
transfer. As more cement paste is incorporated, the mixture Di þ ei
V P ¼ S  e i ¼ S  ei ð39Þ
becomes more workable, although reducing porosity. In this Di
method of mixture proportioning, to obtain the content of cement
paste, it is necessary to determine the total surface area of  2
3mG  ðk  1Þ Di þ ei
aggregate and the paste layer thickness. VP ¼ ð40Þ
qspecify Di

2.2.1. Determination of total surface area of aggregate  2

The specific surface area of an aggregate corresponds to the 3ð1  V V Þ  ðk  1Þ Di þ ei
Vp ¼ 3
 ð41Þ
total surface of the grains obtained by assimilating them to the a  ðk  1Þ þ 1 þ b Di
spheres of average diameter Di and an absolute density qspecific.
Then, the volume of paste is rewritten as:
Consider the class i whose average size is Di. The surface of each
grain is: V p ¼ b  ð1  V V Þ ð42Þ
Si ¼ p D2i ð28Þ With:
 2
The volume of each grain is: 3ðk  1Þ Di þ ei
b¼ 3

pD3i a  ðk  1Þ þ 1 þ b Di
Vi ¼ ð29Þ  2
6 3ðk  1Þ kþ1
¼ 3
 ð43Þ
The mass of each particle is: a  ðk  1Þ þ 1 þ b 2
mi ¼ qspecify  V i ð30Þ

The amount of aggregate in pervious concrete being mG, the 2.2.3. Determination of excess paste layer thickness ‘‘ei’’
number of particle aggregates in concrete is: The thickness of the layer of cement paste ei may be determined
by dividing the paste volume by the total area of gravel (Eq. (34)).
mG
N¼ ð31Þ Furthermore, the thickness ei can be determined according to the
mi expression of Weymouth which is usually applied for a hydraulic
Total surface area of aggregate in concrete: concrete [12]:
" 1=3 #
mG mG 6mG 1 1 þ Qx
S ¼ N  Si ¼  pD2i ¼  pD2i ¼ ð32Þ ei ¼  1 Di ð44Þ
mi pd3i
qspecify 6 Di  qspecify 2 1þQ

Q: void content of dry compacted aggregate; Q can be calculated by

2.2.2. Determination of cementitious paste volume follow:
The volume of cement paste in concrete can be calculated by:
qdry;compacted
C W Q ¼1 ð45Þ
VP ¼ þ ð33Þ qspecify
qC qW
where qC and qW are respectively the density of cement and of 1þu
Qx ¼ 1 ð46Þ
water. x
For an aggregate with diameter Di, the cementitious paste is
supposed to distribute regularly and will act only as the excess u: total void volume/total solid volume,
paste. The thickness of the excess paste is ei. The thickness ei can x: aggregate volume/total solid volume,
be calculated by Eq. (34):
VP
ei ¼ ð34Þ Sphere of
S Excess paste diameter Di
From Eq. (14), it can be written as:
Sphere of
Di þ 2ei diameter Di+ei
k¼ ð35Þ ei Di ei
Di
When the value of k is obtained, the thickness corresponding of Sphere of
excess paste ei can be determined for each aggregate size Di: Aggregate diameter Di+2ei
Di ðk  1Þ
ei ¼ ð36Þ
2 Fig. 6. Scheme of grain aggregate covered by cement paste.
276 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282

Table 2 If w=c > 0:42 : að1Þ ¼ 1 ð55Þ

Coefficient k calculated according to Deo et al. for concrete mix design [16].
According to Mills [19], the degree of hydration can be
Coefficient k Mix No1 Mix No2 Mix No3
calculated from a phenomenological model also based on the w/c
According to Eq. (39) 1.1173 1.1175 1.1177 ratio:
According to Eq. (54) 1.11876 1.128 1.1185
1:031  w=c
að1Þ ¼ ð56Þ
VV 0:194 þ w=c
u¼ ð47Þ
V solid According to Waller, one phenomenological model based on
experimental results and a compilation of measurements found
VG VG VG
x¼ ¼ ¼ ð48Þ in the literature has been developed [20]:
V solid total V G þ V E þ V C V G þ V P
 w
From Eq. (44), it can be written as: að1Þ ¼ 1  exp 3:4 ð57Þ
c
 1=3
Di þ 2ei 1 þ Qx The void volume of the concrete according to the total porosity
¼ ð49Þ
Di 1þQ of the cement paste:
 1=3 V V ¼ Pt  V p  Pp ð58Þ
1 þ Qx
k¼ ð50Þ
1þQ With Eqs. (43) and (58), the void volume can be written as
follow:
The value k varies among authors. According to [13–16], the coeffi-
cient ‘‘k’’ varies from 1.064 to 1.233. See for example in Table 2. V V ¼ Pt  V p  Pp ¼ P t  ð1  V V Þ  b  Pp ð59Þ
The determination of k plays an important role on the amount
of cement in concrete while the cement is the most expensive Then, the void volume can be deduced as:
concrete constituent. In addition, the pervious concrete is often b  Pp  Pt
used for low-load applications which do not need much resistance. VV ¼ ð60Þ
b  Pp  1
So it is better to reduce as much as possible the amount of cement
in the mix. Also, from the optimization study of the mix of pervious and the total porosity is calculated as:
concrete achieved in the laboratory, it is noticed that a low value of
k near to 1.116 still carries a good pervious concrete. This value Pt ¼ b  Pp  ð1  V V Þ þ V V ð61Þ
simile to the value founded by Deo and Neithalath [16]. Thus, a
preliminary study is recommended for k = 1.116.
2.4. Determination of w/c ratio by using the binder drainage test
ei
and the ratio ¼ 0:058 ð51Þ
Di The correct amount of water will maximize the strength with-
out compromising the permeability characteristics of the pervious
2.3. Aggregate and cementitious paste amount correction concrete. Generally a w/c ratio ranging from 0.27 to 0.40 is used for
pervious concrete mix design [2,3]. The relation between strength
In the calculation above, the void volume VV is equal to the vol- and w/c ratio is not clear for pervious concrete, because unlike con-
ume of empty space among the aggregates. Therefore, the porosity ventional concrete, the total paste content is less than the voids
of the cement paste is not included in the calculation of void content between the aggregates. Therefore, making the paste
volume. stronger may not always lead to increased overall strength. Water
For the total porosity accessible to water assessed by content should be tightly controlled. The correct water content has
hydrostatic weighing (according to the AFPC-AFREM procedure been described as giving the mixture a sheen, without being so
[17]), this total porosity, denoted as Pt, is the inter-granular soupy that it flows off the aggregate. From this concept, the binder
porosity + porosity of aggregate + porosity of the cement drainage test is proposed to determine an appropriate w/c ratio
paste + porosity of the transition zone. To simplify the calculation, that will yield a high permeability of pervious concrete,
it can be assumed that the total porosity accessible to water is the sum maintaining a good gravel coating to ensure mechanical strength.
of the inter-granular porosity and the porosity of the cement paste. To determine the state of drainage of the cement paste with w/c,
For one cement paste, depending on the w/c ratio, the porosity the ratio between the aggregate volume and the cement paste
of cement paste can be calculated according to some following volume (VG/VP) is kept constant. For this, it is important to choose
equations [18]: initially mG/C and w/c in order to have sufficient volume of the
cement paste to coat the grains aggregate. Generally, the pervious
Total porosity of the cement paste: concrete has mG/C P 4, therefore, the ratio mG/C = 4 is taken. Ini-
tially, the ratio w/c = 0.32 is chosen. This is a typical value of w/c
Pp ¼ Po  0:53  a  ð1  Po Þ ð52Þ ratio of pervious concrete. Indeed, the choice of w/c initial is just
to calculate the ratio VG/VP and keep it constant with another w/c
Initial porosity of the cement paste Po: ratio.
Vw w=qw w=c
Po ¼ ¼ ¼ ð53Þ Starting from the choice w/c = 0.32 and mG/C = 4, it can be
V w þ V c w=qw þ c=qc w=c þ 0:32 deduced VG/VP = 2.29 by subtracting the absolute density of cement
Degree of hydration of cement a: and aggregate. Table 3 shows the amounts of different materials
According to Powers and Brownyard [18], the theoretical for different w/c ratio for the binder drainage test. The mass of
predictable hydration is determined on data of the consumption aggregate in saturated surface dry state for the test is 2500 g.
of water in the hydration reactions: Protocol of binder drainage test:
Test protocol binder drainage is performed according the
w=c
If w=c < 0:42 : að1Þ ¼ ð54Þ following steps, in case w/c = 0.36 (written in bold) from Table 3
0:42
for example (Figs. 7 and 8):
 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282 277

Table 3 Table 4
Quantities of material using for binder drainage test. Example of calculation of the specific surface area via the surface area factor [22].

mG (g) w/c C (g) W (g) Total mass VP (L) VG (L) VP/VG VG/VP Sieve size Cumulative pass Factor specific Specific surface area
(mm) percentage (%) surface (m2/kg)
2500 0.28 666.7 186.7 3353.4 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29
(a) (b) (c) (d) = (b) ⁄ (c)
2500 0.30 645.2 193.5 3338.7 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29
2500 0.32 625.0 200.0 3325.0 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29 20 0.41 0
2500 0.34 606.0 206.0 3312.0 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29 14 0.41 0
2500 0.36 588.1 211.7 3299.8 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29 12.5 100 0.41 0.41
2500 0.38 571.3 217.1 3288.4 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29 9.5 91.9 0.41 0.37679
2500 0.40 555.4 222.1 3277.5 0.40 0.91 0.44 2.29 4.75 0.65 0.41 0.002665
2.36 0.44 0.82 0.003608
1.18 0.43 1.64 0.007052
0.425 6.14 0
0.15 12.29 0
0.075 32.77 0
Sum = 0.80011

 Weigh 2500 g aggregate which the absorption coefficient, the

Preparation of concrete
Fig. 7. Binder drainage test.
w/c = 0.36: No cement paste
on the sieve
dust content are known.
 Weigh 588.15 g of cement and 211.73 g of water.
 Mix with a small mixer for 5 min.
 Discharge the fresh concrete to a metal sieve. The holes diame-
ter depends on the size of aggregates. Indeed, the choice of
holes diameter is to simulate the pore size of concrete. The pore
Vibration of concrete in the size of the pervious concrete depending on the size of aggre-
sieve gates, as shown in equation [21]: Dp = 1.44 + 0.36  Di. For
example, with the average size of 5.125 mm, a sieve with holes
size of 3 mm can be used.
 Vibrate the metal sieve for 15 s with a vibrating table. The
choice of the vibration time depends on the execution method
used in situ or in the precast plant and is normally longer than
the time spent on field or in the factory.
 Keep an eye on the bottom of the sieve. If a lot of cement paste
sticks to the bottom (the cement paste too liquid), w/c is not
appropriate.
 Collect the concrete on top layer of fresh concrete in sieve, mea-
suring the weight denoted M1. The top layer of concrete is cho-
sen because it shows the amount of cement paste can coat the
aggregate under in the compaction effort.
 Rinse with water to remove all the fresh concrete cement paste
to avoid lost of grain gravel.
 Dry the gravel for 24 h at 105 °C and weigh the mass M2.
 By subtracting the content dust, the mass of cement paste coats
the gravel is M3 = M1  (1 + b/100)  M2.
 Calculate the volume of cement paste VP from the mass of
cement paste M3 and the ratio w/c used in the test.
 Determinate the thickness of the cement paste e = VP/S. S is the
total surface area of aggregate. S can be determined using the
factor specific surface area of aggregate (Table 4) [22] or can
be calculated assuming the aggregate in spherical form with
w/c = 0.38: Presence of the
size Di.
cement paste at the bottom of
 Calculate the volume content of cement paste from the volume
screen
of aggregate.

In conclusion, with the drainage test, the w/c can be determined

to prevent the flow of cement paste. In addition, it can be used to
determine the amount of cement paste needed to coat the gravel,
consequently the content of the cement paste in pervious concrete.

3. Procedures of the proposed mix proportioning method

Proportioning procedure of the proposed method is as

following:

w/c = 0.40: Presence of large cement paste on the sieve 1. Required data on coarse aggregate: Gradation, dry
Fig. 8. Observation of the presence of the cement paste at the bottom of the sieve compacted bulk density, specify bulk density, absorption,
after vibration. compactness by shake-table compactness testing of LCPC
278 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282

[23] in which a pressure of 10 kPa was applied, percentage of Table 5

fines. Physical and chemical properties of cement CEM I 52.5 R.

2. Select continuous porosity Vv from the application desired of Chemical analysis (%) Physical properties
pervious concrete. CaO 63.4 Specify gravity (kg m3) 3140
3. Calculate the volume of aggregate according to Eq. (27) with SiO2 19.2 Specific surface Blaine (cm2 g1) 4900
the value k = 1.116. Al2O3 4.5 Compressive strength (MPa)
4. Calculate the mass of sand and mass of coarse aggregate in Fe2O3 3.9 2 days 39
MgO 1.1 7 days 53
assuming the percentage of sand is about 7% of the mass SO3 3.5 28 days 64
of coarse aggregate. K2O 0.90 Initial setting time (min) 170
5. Compare the volume of coarse aggregate calculated with the N2O 0.07
compactness of coarse aggregate determined by shake-table. Loss on ignition 2.6
If this volume is greater than the compactness, it would Phase composition C3S C2S C3A C4AF
either increase the amount of sand or increase the compac- 68% 9% 6% 13%
tion pressure (above 10 kPa) during implementation. On the
other hand, if the volume is smaller than the compactness, it
should be compacted concrete with a compaction pressure
of less than 10 kPa during the placement. 100
6. Determine the w/c ideal with the binder drainage test. This 90
test can be started with w/c = 0.32.

Percent passing (%)

80
7. Calculate the degree of hydration of cement according to Eq.
70
(54), Eq. (56) or Eq. (57) and the porosity of cement paste
according to Eq. (52), 60
Sand 0/4 mm
8. Calculate the parameter b according to Eq. (43), 50
9. Calculate the total porosity of concrete Pt according to Eq. 40
(62), 30
10. Calculate the volume of cement paste and the mass of 20
cement and water according to Eq. (42), Aggregate 4/6.3 mm
10
11. Mix and determine the unit weight, total porosity,
0
continuous porosity, strength and permeability for the level 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
compaction determined in step 5,
Grain size (mm)
12. Adjust batch weight or adjust the compaction level.
Fig. 9. Sieve analyses of aggregate.
4. Experimental validation of proposed mix proportioning
method
testing under a pressure of 10 kPa is 0.5627. The size distribution
4.1. Mix design of the aggregate 4/6.3 mm and sand 0/4 mm is given in Fig. 9.

In this section, the excess paste theory and binder drainage test
will be used to design one composition of a pervious concrete that
will provide optimum performance.
4.1.1. k Value
The value k = 1.116 is used to validate this approach.
4.1.2. Target void volume of concrete
For sufficient permeability, the continuous porosity of pervious
concrete should be higher than 15%. In this work, a continuous
porosity of 17.0% is initially chosen.
4.1.3. Materials used
The cement used in this study is an Ordinary Porland Cement
(OPC) CEM I 52.5 R. The chemical and physical properties of this
cement are summarized in Table 5. This cement contains small
quantities of C3A that reduces its water demand and increases
the compressive strength at 7 days approximately 80–90% at
28 days [4,24,25].
The alluvial quartz sand with a grain size 0/4 mm was used. This
sand presents a specific gravity of 2620 kg m3, an absorption coef-
ficient of 0.50% and a fineness modulus of 2.81. To ensure the
infiltration capacity of pervious concrete, the selection of
monogranular aggregate (single-sized aggregates) is critical to
achieve the interconnection of the porous system [1–4]. The
monogranular angular aggregate fraction 4/6.3 mm was employed
with a specified gravity of 2740 kg m3, water absorption of 0.48%.
The flakiness index of the aggregate 4/6.3 mm is 20.1. The com-
pactness of the aggregate obtained by the shake-table compactness
4.1.4. Design calculation
According to previous works, the percentage of sand is 7% by
weight of coarse aggregate allows the balance of the mechanical
strength and permeability, and give a better resistance against
freeze/thaw [3,10,12]. In this mix design method, the amount of
sand is 7 wt% of coarse aggregate is always set. From this amount,
the average aggregate diameter is 4.79 mm can be easy calculated.
Then, according to Eq. (27), the amount of aggregate required is
calculated: Vg = 0.5920 m3 and the volume of coarse aggregate and
sand is respectively 0.5530 m3 and 0.039 m3. Comparing with
compact gravel after compaction under 10 kPa, the volume of
coarse aggregate is smaller than the compactness of coarse
aggregate obtained by shake-table compactness testing. Therefore,
the pervious concrete is needed to be compacted with a pressure
less than 10 kPa. A pressure of 7.5 kPa was adopted for the
placement of concrete.
With the void volume is equal to 0.17, the parameter b can be
calculated using Eq. (43), b = 0.279293.
Then, from Eq. (42), the amount of paste is Vp = 0.231.
For a pervious concrete without admixtures, w/c ratio is
recommended from 0.34 to 0.40. The w/c ratio is determined by
the binder drainage test presented above (Figs. 7 and 8). The ratio
w/c = 0.30, 0.32, 0.36, 0.38, 0.40 were tested and it is remarkable
that from a w/c ratio equal to 0.38, the paste cement is liquid
and it starts to drain down under the effect of vibration (Fig. 8).
So the w/c = 0.37 is taken.
To calculate the degree of hydration of cement, since the con-
crete will be characterized at 28 day of maturation, the calculation
of the degree of hydration of cement according to the formula

Degree of hydration of cement 1.0
Power [18]
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
Fig. 10. Theoretical calculation of the degree of hydration of cement.
Paste content, percent by volume (%)
25
20
15
10
5 by Sebaibi et al. [28]. The continuous porosity and the unit
0 0,10
0,28 0,30 0,32 0,34 0,36 0,38 0,40 0,42
Fig. 11. Variation of paste content (black line) and thickness of excess paste (red
line) in function of w/c. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure
legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Power (Eq. (54)) seems inappropriate because it often gives a
higher degree of hydration compared to the two remaining equa-
tions (Eqs. (56) and (57)) (Fig. 10). By cons, in literature the formula
of Waller (Eq. (57)) is often used to estimate the degree of hydra-
tion. This is why this equation is used to calculate the degree of
hydration of cement. With the w/c = 0.37, the degree of hydration
a = 0.71.
From the values of w/c and the degree of hydration obtained,
the porosity of the cement paste Pp is calculated according to
Eqs. (52) and (53), Pp = 0.36.
In addition, by the binder drainage test, the amount of cement
paste that coats the grains of coarse aggregate and does not flow
under the effect of vibration is shown in Fig. 11 as a function of
w/c ratio. It is noticed that this amount varies linearly with the
w/c ratio. A high regression determination coefficient shows a good
correlation between the cement paste amount and the w/c ratio.
Although the volume of cement paste obtained in Fig. 11 is quite
low compared to the value recommended which range from 15%
to 25% [2,3], it also gives us an idea of the difference in the amount
of paste by changing the w/c ratio. The detailed composition of the
mixes of the pervious concrete is summarized in Table 6. The the-
oretical designed unit weight of pervious concrete composed is
2080 kg m3.
Table 6
Mix of pervious concrete obtained.
Vv
0.17
D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282 279
4.2. Preparation of sample and testing methods
The compaction method for manufacturing pervious concrete is
Mills [19] one of the most influential factors in the sample preparation. The
time necessary to mix pervious concrete is 7 min to get a homoge-
neous mixture. The cubic samples 15  15  15 cm were pressed
under a pressure of 7.5 kPa. The workability of mixture was mea-
sured with the concrete slump test.
Waller [20] Immediately after casting, all mixtures were kept in their molds
during the first 24 h in a chamber at 20 ± 2 °C and 95% relative
humidity. After demolding specimens were moist-cured in a water
tank at a constant temperature of 20 °C for 28 days before mechan-
w/c ratio ical, physical and hydraulic test.
– Compressive test: the compressive strength is measured on cubic
15  15  15 cm specimens in accordance with the European
Standard EN 12390 [26]. These tests were performed using a
constant rate loading of 0.06 MP s1.
– Splitting test: The tensile strength is deducted after the splitting
Thickness of excess paste (mm)
0,22
test on cubic specimens 15  15  15 cm according to NF EN
0,20 1338 [27].
– Porosity and density: the total porosity and the dry bulk density
0,18
of the concrete are determined by the method of hydrostatic
0,16 weighing. The measurements are performed according to the
recommendations of the AFGC [17]. The porosity is also deter-
0,14 mined by an image processing according to the protocol defined
0,12
weight in air are performed according to the procedure of Mata
[29].
– Water permeability test: the water permeability of a material is
w/c ratio defined as its ability to pass through the water under the effect
of a pressure gradient. It is expressed by Darcy’s relationship is
valid in laminar flow regime [30]. This test determines the per-
meability coefficient as a constant load and variable load. The
constant head permeability is measured with levels of
255 mm and the falling head permeability is evaluated with
an initial water level h1 = 255 mm and final height
h2 = 75 mm. The device for measuring permeability of pervious
concrete is shown in Fig. 12.
– Freeze–thaw resistance: profile cycle freeze/thaw to determine
the sustainability freeze/thaw is defined in standard NF EN
1338 [27]. However, a sample of pervious concrete is consid-
ered at the off state due to freeze/thaw when the mass loss is
about 15% [11].
– Abrasion and skip strength: the abrasion and skip strength
(Pendulum skip Resistance Tester) are performed according to
standard NF EN 1338 [27]. The abrasion resistance is measured
by the wearing machine and the resistance to skip was
performed using the pendulum friction.
More details of these experimental tests can be found in [4,31].
4.3. Test results and discussions
4.3.1. Fresh concrete properties
Fresh pervious concrete is characterized by having a very low
slump, even zero slumps (Fig. 13). Fresh concretes are very stiff
since they contain less water and cement paste. This characteristic
conforms to common experience with this type of concrete.
Cement (kg m3) Water (kg m3) Gravel (kg m3) Sand (kg m3) W/C G/C S/G VP
335 124 1515 106 0.37 4.52 0.07 0.231
280 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282

Graduated transparent Table 7

Inlet valve pipe with an inside Characteristics of pervious concrete.
diameter of 99.4 mm
Characteristic Value
Cube compressive strength of 15  15  15 cm (MPa) 28.6 (1.7)

100 100 100

Splitting tensile strength of cube 15  15  15 cm (MPa) 4.0 (0.5)
Valve to
Unit weight of fresh concrete (kg m3) 2034
keep the
(59)
constant
Unit weight in air (kg m3) 2025
water level
(15)
Dry bulk density (kg m3) 1979 (3)
Pervious Water accessible porosity (%) 26.5 (0.2)

55
concrete Continuous porosity (%) 17.2 (0.2)
paver Drain pipe Porosity by image processing (%) 19.2 (2.0)
enclosed in Permeability test according to variable load (mm/s) 1.1 (0.1)
mold Permeability by constant load test (mm s1) 0.8 (0.1)
Hydration at 28 days as measured by loss on ignition (%) 71.9 (0.8)
Outlet Abrasion resistance according to the standard NF EN 1338 (mm) 28.9 (0.7)
valve The angle of friction – slip resistance (°) 89 (0.9)
Number of cycles of freeze/thaw cycles experienced by the 88 (5)
concrete

Fig. 12. Device for measuring the permeability coefficient of pervious concrete. (): standard deviation.

concrete can be used not only for parking lots, low-traffic pave-
ments, pedestrian walkways but also for structure as for construct-
ing walls for buildings.
Tensile strength:
The splitting tensile strength was 4.0 MPa, corresponding to
14.0% of the compressive strength. Similar to the compressive
strength, it can be observed that the tensile strength of pervious
concrete is in the range published (0.85–4.3 MPa) [11,33] and is
in the upper part of this range. The relationship between compres-
sive strength and tensile strength of concrete is accorded with the
relationship found by Crouch et al. [34]:

Rt ¼ 0:4378  ðRc Þ0:6667 ð62Þ

Fig. 13. Consistency of fresh concrete.
The fresh unit weight test was performed on the pervious con-
crete immediately after mixing and the actual density of the mix-
ture was determined, equal 2034 kg m3, which is in a tolerance of
plus or minus 80 kg m3 of the designed unit weight [3].
4.3.2. Hardened concrete properties
The mechanical, the physical and the hydraulic properties of
pervious concrete hardened are presented in Table 7.
Compressive strength:
The compressive strength of the cubic samples 15  15  15 cm
of pervious concrete is 28.6 MPa so that the compressive strength
on cylindrical specimens is approximately 24.3 MPa (coefficient
0.85), which is within pervious concrete compressive strength
values reported in literature, from 3.5 to 28 MPa [3]. Also, the com-
pressive strength of pervious concrete designed by our method is
close the compressive strength required for most conventional
applications, typically 24.1–27.6 MPa [32]. Hence, the pervious
Porosity and density:
The continuous porosity is 17.2% against the desired value ini-
tially 17.0%. The difference between two values is very small
(1.2%). This result indicates that the proposed method allows for-
mulating a concrete meeting the specifications set initial. The total
porosity accessible to water is 26.5% so the desired value is initially
25.5%. The difference between two values is 3.9%. Indeed, in the
calculation of the porosity of the cement paste, it is assumed that
the cement is fully hydrated while the concrete is characterized
after 28 days of storage. Consequently, a small difference between
the measured porosity and the targeted porosity shows the preci-
sion of this design method.
The porosity of the pervious concrete specimens determined
using the image analysis procedure are 19.2% (Fig. 14). It can be
observed that the continuous porosity and the porosity by image
processing are fairly different. In fact, as the pores are of varying
sizes, and the image processing is likely to join together two very
small bright features into one big feature and identify it as a large
pore, the average porosity thus obtained was not thought to be an
adequate indicator of the representative porosity in the specimen.
The unit weight in air and the dry bulk density of pervious con-
crete were 2024 and 1979 kg m3 respectively. There is significant
difference between dry bulk density and the unit weight in air. The
lower value of dry bulk density can be explained by the total
evaporation of the evaporable water (adsorbed on the walls of
the large pores and absorbed into the capillary pores of the cement
paste), and the partial removal of chemically bound water of the
cement hydrates.
Water permeability:
The permeability of pervious concrete is 1.1 mm s1 by variable
head test and 0.8 mm s1 by constant head test. The small
permeability coefficients are consistent with the small continuous
 D.H. Nguyen et al. / Construction and Building Materials 73 (2014) 271–282
2 cm
(a) (b)
Fig. 14. Scanned image (a) and image threshold established.
porosity and the high compressive strength in comparing with the
previous works [2–4,31,33–35]. Indeed, the variation of the
permeability of pervious concrete is inversely proportional to
the compressive strength and proportional to the porosity. A
difference in the permeability coefficient obtained by two methods
(at variable load and constant) was observed, in accordance with
the previous work [4].
Freeze/thaw resistance:
In agreement with Table 7, pervious concrete present weak
durability to freeze/thaw attacks compared to the ordinary con-
crete. The mass loss of concrete after 25 cycles of freeze/thaw is
0.3% and concrete is the off state after 88 cycles. Specimens sub-
jected to freeze/thaw cycles are kept saturated whilst in reality,
the pervious concrete are rarely seen in saturation capacity of
drainage. Indeed, in a sufficiently saturated specimen, pervious
concrete degradation is mainly due to the hydraulic pressure. An
increase of 9% in volume from the transformation of the water into
ice [36] leads to a great force on the walls of the pores.
Abrasion strength:
According to Table 7, the length of abrasion of pervious concrete
is 28.9 mm. Others authors show similar results with lengths vary-
ing from 29.2 mm to 34.7 mm [1]. Indeed, because of the specific
texture of pervious concrete, the cement paste and the aggregates
are easily loosened from the surface of concrete and the length of
abrasion of pervious concrete is greater than that required
(20.0 mm) for traditional concrete paving block [27].
Skip strength:
There are few studies on the slip resistance of pervious con-
crete. It can be seen that the concrete studied has a very good skid
resistance. The slip resistance value in the wet state (averaged over
the total surface of 5 measurements) is 89. This value is greater
than 40, critical value to ensure adequate resistance to slipperiness
for city traffic at 50 km/h. In addition, slip resistance value of the
order of 90 indicate that there is no risk of slip in wet weather [37].
5. Conclusion
In this paper, the theory of the excess paste was used to deter-
mine the thickness of the paste coating each aggregate with a given
diameter of constituting granular skeleton, then generalized to
determine total amount of paste to the coating property of the
gravel grains avoiding clog the inter-granular pores between the
grains of the granular skeleton. One scaling factor ‘‘k’’ which can
be similar for different size of concrete aggregates is introduced.
The concrete mix design for draining characteristics thus passes
first by determining the amount sufficient of gravel and an ade-
quate amount of cement paste assuming that the amount of the
compact paste is zero. Then, with a volume of cement paste
281
determined, it is necessary to determine the w/c ratio for cement
paste not too liquid to avoid the flow of the cement paste due to
vibration or compaction. The binder drainage test proposed
protocol is simple and gives very good results.
The mix design method presented in this paper is interesting as
it is based on study mixed: theoretical–experimental. The superi-
ority of our methods compared to older methods is:
– It applies to any type and size of gravel.
– It shows the method of determining the ratio w/c.
– It takes into account for the effect of compaction.
The properties of concrete made from this method are very con-
sistent with data in literature. In addition, this is a concrete with a
good strength. The small gap between the targeted porosity and
the porosity obtained confirms the accuracy of this method.
The proposed methodology, interesting to compose a pervious
concrete, must be confirmed with other experimental field studied
and different types of materials.
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