Professional Documents
Culture Documents
December 2010
Content
• Oil and gas are found in Natural Traps within the earth.
• Without traps, the oil and gas could migrate all the way
to the surface and evaporate.
Here’s an example of a dome-shaped
Oil reservoir.
Oil
Water
• Note the layer of impermeable rock which prevents the oil from
migrating upwards.
• Also, note the layer of water below which prevents the oil from
escaping down. Why?
Here’s an example of a Gas reservoir.
Gas
Water
Gas
Oil
Water
receivers
Gas
Oil
What do we do after we find a reservoir?
?
?
?
We Drill Into It ! ! !
What do we drill with ?
A Drilling Rig !
Here are a few different types of drilling rigs available:
Land Rig
Jackup Rig
For drilling in water
depths from 15 ft
to +/- 350 ft.
For drilling on land
Inland Barge
• Did you know that some drilling rigs can drill as deep as
6 miles? That’s as deep as Mt. Everest is tall!
This picture shows the hoisting equipment on a rig. This equipment is
used to raise or lower the drill string, which is picked up in 30 foot
long segments, or “joints”, of drill pipe.
The hoisting
equipment consists of:
derrick
a crown block,
a traveling block,
drilling line,
This shows a 30 foot
and a drawworks section of drill pipe
being added to the drill
to pull the drilling line pipe already in the hole.
up or down.
substructure
Drill string
spare drill pipe
Drill bit
Here’s a picture of the drill bit drilling the rock.
mud pump
5) the drill cuttings are removed, and 2) the mud is circulated through the drill bit
form a cuttings pile. This can be into the annulus, lifting the cuttings
hauled off and disposed of. removed by the drill bit.
Here’s a sequence showing
how holes are drilled,
Then, steel casing is run and
First, a large drill bit is used
cemented on the outside to keep the
to drill a short interval of hole.
hole from collapsing.
0’
200’
how holes are drilled,….
0’
Next, Then, this
a smaller bit is new hole is
run inside the also cased
first casing. off and
cemented.
This bit drills
out the bottom
of the casing,
and drills new
hole.
200’
500’
how holes are drilled,….
and smaller
Again, a casing is
smaller hole run to keep
is drilled the hole
out, from falling
in.
how holes are drilled,….
They do this by running logs across the zone. Logs are tools run on electric cable
(“wireline”) which record the physical properties in the rock such as resistivity,
porosity, density, radioactivity, and pore pressure.
Electric Logs !
good
Sand
Shale 200’
porosity
Here’s an
Siltstone poor example of what
Shale
resistivity,
probably poor a log looks like.
porosity
Siltstone water
Geologists look
Dolomite 500’
at logs to decide
Shale whether or not
good
porosity
to complete a
good
Looks
resistivity, well (if there is
may have
like
good
oil or gas poor oil), or abandon
porosity
sand
quality poor
it (if there’s no
3000’
resistivity, good oil).
probably porosity
water
Can you tell where the geologist would complete this well?
Gamma Electrical Porosity
Radiation Resistivity
poor
resistivity, poor porosity
probably
water
500’ good porosity
poor porosity
Oil
Production Separator
Produced
Water
From there, the oil and gas
may be refined further before
being ready to market.
Produced Gas
Storage Tanks
Oil
The End.