LITERATURE STUDY

ON BUILDING
SERVICES
HVAC SERVICES
A properly designed HVAC system performs three basic
functions:
1) Controls temperature and humidity to provide thermal
comfort.
2) Distributes adequate amounts of outdoor air to meet
ventilation needs.
3) Isolates and removes odors and pollutants through
pressure control, filtration, and exhaust fans.

REQUIREMENTS

• AHU- To collect and mix outdoor air with that returning

from the building space. The air mixture is then cooled or
heated after which it is discharged into building space
through a duct system.
• Mixing chamber- In order to maintain indoor air quality,
air handlers commonly have provisions to allow the
introduction of outside air into, and the exhausting of air
from the building.
• Filtration- is typically placed first in the AHU in order to
keep all the downstream components clean. Catches the
dirt and other particles in air, preventing them from
entering the room.
• Cooling & heating coil- Air handlers may need to
provide heating, cooling, or both to change the supply air
temperature, and humidity level depending on the
location and the application.
• Blower or fan- centrifugal fan for pushing cold air to area
to be cooled.
HVAC SERVICES
REQUIREMENTS

• Ducts- Ducts are conduits or passages used in HVAC to

deliver and remove air.
• Diffusers- Allows air to be comfortably spread, as opposed
to pouring directly out of a duct onto the space below it.
• Cooling towers- is a heat rejection device that
rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of
a water stream to a lower temperature. Cooling towers may
either use the evaporation of water to remove process heat .
• Dampers- Installed at the compartment wall of the room to
avoid the fire spreading from one room to another. It
consists of metal louvers that will seal the ductwork
automatically in the event of a fire spread into the ductwork.
• Chillers- A chiller is a machine that removes heat from a
liquid via a vapor-compression.
• Condenser pump- Used to channels the hot condensed
water to the cooling tower and then returns back the cold
condensed water into the condenser.
• Chilled water pump- It pumps the chilled water to every
AHU and returns the warm water to the chiller so that it can
be chilled.
• Compressor- It is a mechanical device that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
• Condenser- It transfers heat from the refrigerant to another
medium, such as air or water. By rejecting heat, the
gaseous refrigerant condenses to liquid inside
the condenser.
• Evaporator- It is the part of a refrigeration system in which
the refrigerant absorbs heat and changes from a liquid to a
gas.
HVAC SERVICES
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
 Cooling load estimate shall be carried out prior to
installing air conditioning equipment. Calculation of
cooling load shall take into account the following
factors:
• Recommended indoor temperature and relative humidity
• Details of construction and orientation of exposures like
roof, floor, walls, partition and ceiling
• Fenestration area and shading factors
• Occupancy — Number of people and their activity
• Ventilation — Requirement for fresh air
• Internal Load — Lighting and other heat generating
sources like computers, equipment and machinery
• Hours of use.
 The design of system and its associated controls
shall also take into account the following:
• Type of construction of building
• Permissible control limits
• Control methods for minimizing use of primary energy
• Opportunities for heat recovery
• Energy efficiency
• Filtration standard
• Hours of use
• Diversity factor
• Outdoor air quality.
EQUIPMENT ROOM FOR CENTRAL AIR
CONDITIONING
• This room shall be located preferably within the building
being air conditioned and closer to external wall for
facilitating ventilation and equipment movement.
• The clear headroom below soffit of beam should be
minimum 4.5m for larger capacity chillers (500TR and
above) and minimum 3.6m for smaller plants.
• The floor should be finished smooth.
• In case air conditioning plant room located in basement,
equipment movement route shall be planned to facilitate
future replacement and maintenance. Service ramps
should be provided in such case.
• The floors of the equipment rooms should be light colored
and finished smooth.
• Equipment rooms, wherever necessary, shall have
provision for mechanical ventilation.
• Plant machinery in the plant room shall be placed on
plain/reinforced cement concrete foundation and provided
with anti-vibratory supports. All foundations should be
protected from damage by providing epoxy coated angle
nosing.
• Equipment room should preferably be located adjacent to
external wall to facilitate equipment movement and
ventilation.
• Wherever necessary, acoustic treatment should be
provided in plant room space to prevent noise transmission
to adjacent occupied areas.
HVAC SERVICES
• The air handling unit rooms may be acoustically treated, if
EQUIPMENT ROOM FOR AIR HANDLING
located in close proximity to occupied areas.
UNIT(AHU)
• Access door to air handling unit room shall be single/double
leaf type, air tight, opening outwards and should have a sill
• This shall be located as centrally as possible to the to prevent flooding of adjacent occupied areas.
conditioned area and contiguous to the corridors or other
service areas for carrying air ducts in ceiling spaces. • It should be possible to isolate the air handling unit room in
case of fire. The door shall be fire resistant and fire/smoke
• AHU units should preferably be located vertically one dampers shall be provided in supply/ return air duct at air
above the other. handling unit room wall crossings and the annular space
between the duct and the wall should be fire-sealed using
• Provision shall be made for the entry of outdoor
appropriate fire resistance rated material.
ventilation into air handling unit room.
• Exterior openings for outdoor air intake and also exhaust
outlets shall have louvers having rain protection profile,
with volume control dampers, pre-filter and bird screen.
• Supply/return air duct serving other areas shall not be
taken through fire exits.
• Waterproofing of air handling unit rooms shall be carried
out to prevent damage to floor below.
• Structural design should avoid beam obstruction to the
passage of supply and return air ducts.
PIPE SHAFT
• Exhaust air from any dwelling unit shall not be circulated
directly or indirectly to any other dwelling unit, to public • The shafts carrying chilled water pipes should be located
corridor or into public stairways.
adjacent to air handling unit room or within the room.
• All air handling rooms should preferably have floor drains • Shaft carrying condensing water pipes to cooling towers
and water supply. The trap in floor drain shall provide a located on terrace should be vertically aligned.
water seal between the air conditioned space and the • Access to all shaft shall be provided at every level, if there
drain line. is any serviceable component in the shaft.
• The floor should be light colored, smooth finished with
terrazzo tiles or the equivalent.
HVAC SERVICES
SUPPLY AIR DUCTS AND RETURN AIR DUCTS
• Duct supports, preferably in the form of angles of mild steel
supported using stud anchors shall be provided on the ceiling
slab from the drilled hole.
• Alternately, duct supports may be fixed with internally threaded
anchor fasteners and threaded rods without damaging the slabs
or structural members.
• If false ceiling is provided, the supports for the duct and the false
ceiling, shall be independent.
• Collars for grilles and diffusers shall be taken out only after false
ceiling/boxing framework is done and frames for fixing grilles and
diffusers have been installed.
• Where a duct penetrates the masonry wall it shall either be
suitably covered on the outside to isolate it from masonry, or an
air gap shall be left around it to prevent vibration transmission.
Further, where a duct passes through a fire resisting
compartment/barrier, the annular space shall be sealed with fire
sealant to prevent smoke transmission.
COOLING TOWER
• Cooling towers are installed at a place where free flow
of atmospheric air is available.
• Range of a cooling tower is defined as temperature
difference between the entering and leaving water.
• Structural provision for the cooling tower shall be taken
into account while designing the building. Vibration
isolation shall be an important consideration in
structural design.
• Provision for make-up water tank to the cooling tower
shall be made. Make-up water tank to the cooling
tower shall be separate from the tank serving drinking
water.
• Make-up water having contaminants or hardness,
which can adversely affect the refrigeration plant life,
shall be treated.
• Cooling tower should be so located as to eliminate
nuisance from drift to adjoining structures.
FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES
BUILDING PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE PREVENTION –
1. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

2. PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION

• The external enclosing walls of the staircase shall be of the brick or the R.C.C. construction having fire resistance of not less than two hours.

• All enclosed staircases shall have access through self-closing door of one-hour fire resistance

• The staircase enclosures on the external wall of the building shall be ventilated to the atmosphere at each landing.

• There shall be no glazing or the glass bricks in any internal closing wall of staircase

• If the staircase is in the core of the building and cannot be ventilated at each landing, a positive pressure of 5-mm. e.g. by electrically operated
blower/blowers shall be maintained.

• Provision of the lifts shall be made for all multistoried building having a height of 15.0 m. and above.
• All the floors shall be accessible for 24 hrs. by the lift. The lift provided in the buildings shall not be considered as a means of escape in case of
emergency
• Grounding switch at ground floor level to enable the fire service to ground the lift car in case of emergency shall also be provided
• Walls of lift enclosures shall have a fire rating of two hours. Lift shafts shall have a vent at the top of area not less than 0.2 sq m.
• Landing door in lift enclosures shall have a fire resistance of not less than one hour.
FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES
BUILDING PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE PREVENTION –
• Every high rise building Have minimum 2 number of Staircases.

• The number of lifts in one lift bank shall not exceed four. A wall of two hours fire rating shall separate individual shafts in a bank.

• Lift car door shall have a fire resistance rating of 1 hour.

• For buildings 15.0 m. and above in height, collapsible gates shall not be permitted for lifts and solid doors with fire resistance of at least one hour
shall be provided.

• If the lift shaft and lobby is in the core of the building a positive pressure between 25 and 30 pa shall be maintained in the lobby and a possible
pressure of 50 pa shall be maintained in the lift shaft.

• The mechanism for the pressurization shall act automatically with the fire alarm/sprinkler system and it shall be possible to operate this mechanically
also.

3. FIRE ESCASPES OR EXTERNAL STAIRS

• Fire escape shall not be taken into account while calculating the number of staircases for a building.

• All fire escapes shall be directly connected to the ground.

• Entrance to the fire escape shall be separate and remote from internal staircase.

• The route to fire escape shall be free of obstructions at all times except the doorway leading to the fire escape

• Fire escape stairs shall have straight flight not less than 125 cm wide with 25 cm treads and risers not more than 190 mm.

• Handrails shall be at a height not less than 1000 mm.

• No combustible material shall be allowed in the fire tower.

4. FIRE DAMPERS
• These shall be located in air ducts and return air ducts/passages

• The dampers shall operate automatically and shall simultaneously switch off the air- handling fans. Manual operation facilities shall also be provided.

• In case of buildings more than 24 m. in height, in non-ventilated lobbies and corridors, smoke extraction shaft should be provided.
FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES
BUILDING PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE PREVENTION –
5. AIR CONDITIONING
• Escape routes like staircase, common corridors, lift lobbies; etc. should not be used as return air passage.

• The ducting should be constructed of metal

• Wherever the ducts pass through fire walls or floor, the opening around the ducts should be sealed with fire resisting material of same rating as of
walls/floors.

• The material used for insulating the duct system (inside or outside) should be flame resistant and non- conductor of heat.

• Area more than 750 sq m. on individual floor should be segregated by a firewall.

• In case of buildings more than 24 m. in height, in non-ventilated lobbies and corridors, smoke extraction shaft should be provided.

6. REFUGE AREA
• The refuge area shall be provided on the periphery of the floor & open to air at least on one side protected with suitable railing.
• For floors above 24m & up to 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 24m.
• For floors above 39m one refuge area on the floor immediately above 39m & so on after 15m refuge area shall be provided.

7. SERVICE DUCTS
• All the services ducts, if provided, should have to be enclosed by walls of at least 2 hour fire resistance & should have to be sealed at every alternate floor with
non-combustible materials having at least 2 hour fire resistance. The sealing at floor level is to prevent travel of smoke & fire to the upper floors through the
ducts.

8. FIRE EXITS
• Exit-that unobstructed component of means of egress which is between
the exit access and the exit discharge or public way. Exit components
include exterior exit doors at the level ofexitdischarge, interior exit
stairways, exit passageways, exterior exit stairways and exterior exit
ramps.
FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES
BUILDING PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE PREVENTION –
9. FIRE FIGHTING SHAFTS
• Firefighting shaft (fire tower)—an enclosed shaft having protected area of 120 min fire resistance rating comprising protected lobby, staircase
and fireman’s lift, connected directly to exit discharge or through exit passageway with 120 min fire resistant wall at the level of exit discharge to
exit discharge.
• These shall also serve the purpose of exit requirement/ strategy for the occupants. The respective floors shall be approachable from fire-fighting
shaft enabling the fire fighters to access the floor and also enabling the fire fighters to assist in evacuation through fireman’s lift. The firefighting
shaft shall be equipped with 120 min fire doors. The firefighting shaft shall be equipped with firemen talk back, wet riser and landing valve in its
lobby, to fight fire by fire fighters.

10. SPRINKLER SYSTEM

• Sprinkler system is a must for basement parking & other risk areas where large quantities of combustible materials are stored.

• Each sprinkler should have coverage radius of 8’.

• Normally a separate sprinkler should be provided for a separate car.

• Sprinklers may connect to main water tank & pump, but capacity of the tank & pump shall be increased in that proportionate.

• The capacity of water tank shall be calculated on the basis of sprinklers.

FIRE FIGHTING SERVICES
BUILDING PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS FOR FIRE PREVENTION –
11. FIRE MAINS (WET RISERS AND DRY RISERS)
• Dry Riser –An arrangement of firefighting within the building by means of vertical rising main not less than 100 mm internal diameter
with valves on each floor/landing, which is normally dry but is capable of being charged with water usually by pumping from fire
service appliances.
• Wet Riser -An arrangement for firefighting within the building by means of vertical rising mains not less than 100 mm nominal
diameter with landing valves on each floor/landing for firefighting purposes and permanently charged with water from a pressurized
supply
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
The electric power industry covers the generation, transmission, distribution and sale of electric power to the general public
and industry. The commercial distribution of electric power started in 1882 when electricity was produced for electric lighting. In
the 1880s and 1890s, growing economic and safety concerns lead to the regulation of the industry. What was once an
expensive novelty limited to the most densely populated areas, reliable and economical electric power has become an
essential aspect for normal operation of all elements of developed economies.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
POWER SUPPLY
Electrical supply is sanctioned by government .
Supply at high voltage is received at (11KV) and is
metered in the metering room and is stepped down by
the transformers at 440v and moved to the electrical
panels from where the supply is directed to the entire
building.
ELECTRICAL LOAD ESTIMATION
The electrical load of the Hotel is estimated with
the following technical parameters considering the
green building concept:-

Transformer:
Demand Factor = 0.6
Power Factor = 0.95
Maximum demand calculated as 1563 kVA
Therefore we recommend for two Transformers of
1000 kVA each.

Back up power with Diesel Generators:

Demand Factor = 0.5
Power Factor = 0.8
Max demand is 1280 kVA
Diesel generator selected is 625 kVA one number,
400kVA one number and 250 kVA one number
which gives better flexibility.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
POWER BACKUP SYSTEM

• Generator sets should not be allowed above ground floor

or below the first basement of building.
• The ceiling of dg room should be ground floor slab.
• Ventilation to be provided.
• The height of diesel generating (DG) set rooms shall be
not more than 3000mm above the DG set height, unless
required due to DG room ventilation requirements.
• Space should be provided for storage of fuel.
• The emergency power supply (such as Generating Sets)
should not be allowed to be installed above ground floor
or below first basement level of building. There shall be
provision of separate direct escape and entry into these
areas from outside so that in case of fire, electrical
supplies can be disconnected to avoid additional losses
which may be caused due to electrical supply, present at
the time of fire.

Design Considerations :-

The capacity of a substation depends upon the area of

the building and its type. The capacity of substation
may be determined based on the load requirements.
After calculating the electrical load on the building, a
load factor of 70-90 percent is to be applied to arrive at
the minimum capacity of substation. The area required
for
substation and transformer room for different
capacities is given in table for general guidance. For
reliability, it would be
necessary to split the load into more than one
transformer and also provide for standby transformer
as well as multiple sources, bus section, etc.
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
SWITCH BOARDS

 An electric switchboard is a device that

directs electricity from one or more sources of supply to
several smaller regions of usage. It is an assembly of
one or more panels, each of which
contains switches that allow electricity to be redirected.
A switchboard is divided into different interconnected
sections, generally consisting of a main section and a
distribution section.
 A clear space of not less than 1 m in width shall be
provided in front of switchboard.
HIGH VOLTAGE SWITCH ROOM

• In case of substation having one transformer and one

source of supply, the owner is required to provide one
high voltage switch.
• In case of single point supply with two or more
transformers the number of switch required will be one
for incoming supply and one for each transformer.
• In case of duplicate supply two switches shall be
provided with mechanical/electrical in locking
arrangement where necessary in cables with switches.
• In case the number of incoming and outgoing switches
exceed five, bus coupler of suitable capacity should
invariably be provided.
• The floor area required in case of a single switch is
roughly 4 m × 4 m and for every additional switch the
length would be increased by 1 m.
MEDIUM VOLTAGE SWITCH ROOM

• The floor area required in respect of medium voltage

switchgear room may be determined keeping in view the
number and type of incoming/outgoing bus coupler
switches including likely expansion in future.
 D.G Spacing Guidance
ELECTRICAL SERVICES
DG set with Acoustic Enclosure
DESIGN REQUIREMENTS OF ROOMS
Description Open DG set in room.
in Open Area in Closed Area
• All the rooms shall be provided with partitions up to the
ceiling and shall have proper ventilation. Special care
Free space on both sides Min. 1.5 m Min. 1.5 m Min. 2 m
should be taken to ventilate the transformer rooms and
where necessary louvers at lower level and exhaust
fans at higher level shall be provided at suitable Free space at front side (Radiator
Min. 3 m Min. 3 m N/A
Hot air outlet at Front)
locations.
• In order to prevent storm water entering the transformer
and switch rooms through the soak-pits, the floor level, Free space at front side (Radiator
Min. 1.0 m Min. 1.5 m N/A
the substation shall be at least 15 cm above the highest Hot air outlet at Top)
flood water level that may be anticipated in the locality.
Free space at rear side
Also, facility shall be provided for automatic removal of Min. 2 m Min. 2 m Min. 2 m
(Alternator)
water.
• The minimum height of high voltage switchgear room Fresh air inlet opening area N/A N/A
Min 1.5 times of the Radiator
shall be 3.6 m below the soffit of the beam. area.
• FIRE COMPARTMENTATION: It is advisable to provide
fire compartmentation of buildings and segregation of Min 2.5 times of the Radiator
Hot air discharge opening area N/A N/A
area.
associated wiring. Busbar trunking of horizontal and
vertical distribution type in place of cable based
Min 1.5m between
distribution system shall be used. Min 1.5m between Min 1.5m between two
Distance between two sets two
two canopies foundation
STANDARD SIZE OF CONDUITS canopies

• ½´´ → 16 mm
• ¾´´ → 20 mm STANDARD MOUNTING HEIGHTS OF WIRING
• 1´´ → 25mm ACCESSORIES
• 1¼´´→ 32 mm
• 2´´ → 50 mm • All switches → 1250 mm
• 3´´ → 75 mm • AFFL (After Finish Floor Level) Light , fan , w/h , w/m
• 4´´ → 100 mm .Sockets →450 mm
Note • AFFLTel/sockets →450 mm
• ½ ´´conduits are not recommended • AFFLSockets in kitchen → 250 mm above kitchen plat form
• ¾´´ (20 mm) 0r 1´´ (25 mm) conduit can be • s/o for w/h , w/m , A/C , near theequipment
use for wiring lighting.
• 1´´ (25 mm) or (32mm) conduit can be used for
wiring of s/o , w/h , w/m , c/r , pumps and low
current system like fire alarms wires , CCTV
telephone and TV wires.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ELEVATORS

A lift or elevator is an appliance designed to transport men or materials between

two or more floors in a vertical direction by means of a guided car or platform.

GENERAL TERMS
• Hoisting Beam - A beam, mounted immediately below the machine room
ceiling/machinery space ceiling, to which lifting tackle can be fixed for raising
or lowering parts of the lift machine.
• Landing Door - The hinged or sliding portion of a lift well enclosure, controlling
access to a lift car at a lift landing.
• Lift Well - The unobstructed space within an enclosure provided for the vertical
movement of the lift car(s) and any counterweight(s), including the lift pit and
the space for top clearance.
• Lift Pit - The space in the lift well below the level of the lowest lift landing
served.
• Rated Load (Lift) - The maximum load for which the lift car is designed and
installed to carry safely at its rated speed.
• Rated Speed (Lift) - The mean of the maximum speed attained by the lift car in
the upward and downward direction with rated load in the lift car.
• Safety Gear - A mechanical device attached to the lift car or counterweight or
both, designed to stop and to hold the car or counterweight to the guides in
the event of free fall, or, if governor operated, of over- speed in the descending
direction. Any anticipated impact force shall be added in the general drawing
or layout drawing.
• Sheave - A rope wheel, the rim of which is grooved to receive the suspension • Interval (INT) - Time period between successive car arrivals at
ropes but to which the ropes are not rigidly attached and by means of which the main terminal floor with cars loaded to any value.
power is transmitted from the lift machine to the suspension ropes. • Nominal Travel Time (NTT) - The nominal travel time is
• Suspension Ropes - The ropes by which the car and counter weight are defined as the time it would take to run a distance of the total
suspended. travel at the rated speed of the lift without taking into account
• Total Headroom - The vertical distance from the level of the top lift landing to the acceleration and deceleration of the car or the
the bottom of the machine room slab. intermediate stops of real runs. Round Trip Time
• Travel - The vertical distance between the bottommost and topmost lift • (RTT) - The average time taken by a single lift to make a trip
landings served by the lift. from the main terminal back to the main terminal, starting
• Elevators Handling Capacity (HC) - The number of passengers that a lift from the time the car doors open at the main terminal until the
system can theoretically transport during the up-peak traffic condition with car car doors re-open at the main terminal after serving all
occupancy of 80 percent of the actual capacity expressed as a percent of the demand along the way.
total building population.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ELEVATORS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

There are many variables which affect elevator system design. However,
the key ones to be specified are:

• Number of floors to be served.

• Floor to floor distance.
• Population of each floor.
• Location of building.
• Specialist services within building.
• Type of building occupancy.
• Maximum peak demand in passengers per five minute period.
• Elevator speed.
• Elevator car dimensions.
• Load.
• Number of elevators.

.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
TRACTION ELEVATORS HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS

• Elevator pulled above by wire hoist ropes. • Rise to 27' to 44'

• Operating machinery positioned above elevator • Maximum 4 stops
hoistway. • 2- or 3-piece telescoping pistons
• Moderate to high speed. • No need for in-ground well hole for cylinder
• Medium and high-rise

.
.

.
.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
FREIGHT ELEVATORS

. • Freight elevators are typically

larger and capable of carrying
heavier loads than a passenger
.
elevator, generally from 2,300 to
4,500 kg capacity. Freight elevators
may have manually operated doors,
and often have rugged interior
finishes cab (which
called enclosure) to prevent
damage while loading and
unloading. Both traction and
hydraulic freight elevators exist.
These elevators are specially
constructed to withstand the rigors
of heavy loads.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
PNEUMATIC ELEVATORS

.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
PANORMIC ELEVATORS

.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
DUMB WAITERS

A dumbwaiter is a small freight elevator or lift intended to carry food.

Dumbwaiters found within modern structures, including both commercial, public
and private buildings, are often connected between multiple floors. When
installed in restaurants, schools, hospitals, retirement homes or in private
homes, the lifts generally terminate in a kitchen

.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ESCALATORS

• An escalator is a moving staircase – a conveyer transport device for

carrying people between floors of a building.
• The benefits of escalators are many. They have the capacity to move
large numbers of people.
• Escalators are used around the world to move pedestrian traffic in
places where elevators would be impractical.

TYPES OF ESCALTORS

• Moving walkways
• Paired Discontinuous Escalator
• Paired Continuous Escalator
• Single Discontinuous Escalator
• Single Continuous Escalator
• Crossing Escalator

COMPONENTS OF ESCALATOR

• Landing platforms
• Truss
• Tracks
• Steps
• Handrail
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ESCALATORS

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

• Escalators are a form of vertical building transportation designed as a

staircase that moves with the assistance of a motor-driven mechanism.
Escalators are used to connect floors with an angle of rise between
30°-35°. The escalator must also provide space for a lower zone of
mechanical equipment.
• For the safety of users, escalators must incorporate 3’ (.91 m) handrails
and preserve a minimum vertical headroom clearance of 7’6” (2.29 m).
Adequate space should be provided at each loading or discharge
platform of an escalator for easy queuing and waiting at peak hours—
typically 7’6” (2.29 m) at the bottom and 8’ (2.44 m) at the top.
• The widths of escalators and moving walkways can be adjusted to
meet various demands of pedestrian traffic, use, travel speed, and
distance.
• When calibrating the appropriate width of an escalator or moving
walkway, three standard design widths for use are 24”, 32”, 40” (61, 82,
102 cm). 24” (61 cm) widths are suitable for only one person at a time
and are best used when traffic is limited or space is a concern. 32” (82
cm) wide designs offers more flexibility for the users and allow enough
space for a second person to pass by. 40” (102 cm) widths provide
space for two people and also are wide enough for two lanes of traffic.
• Inclinations of 30° and 35° are the common international standard for
escalators.
• 30° inclination This inclination provides the highest traveling comfort and
maximum safety for the user.
• 35° inclination The 35° escalator is the most efficient solution as it requires
less space and can be implemented more cost-effectively. However, this
inclination is perceived as too steep if rises exceed 5 m –particularly in
downward travel. According to EN 115, a 35° inclination is not permissible
with rises of more than 6 m. This inclination is not permitted in countries that
stipulate the US ANSI standard.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ESCALATORS

OPTIMAL SPEED

Speed not only has a considerable impact on the

potential transportation capacity of escalators and
moving walks, but it also influences the space
requirements. The tables below summarize the
different product configurations depending on
speed.
0.5 m/s for continuous customer flow
This is the optimal speed for all escalators and
moving walks in the commercial sector. The
combination of sufficient transportation capacity,
optimal safety and minimum space requirement
makes this speed the worldwide standard for
this application.

OVERHEAD CLEARANCE FREE SPACES

The free overhead clearance at every point along To ensure safe use of the escalators and moving walks, sufficiently large free
the step/pallet band must be at least 2.3 m. spaces must be provided at the upper and lower landings (see the figure for
According to ANSI the dimension is 7 ft minimum dimensions according to EN 115).
(2130 mm). For moving walks that are expected to have a high traffic volume and that are
also designed for transporting shopping and baggage carts, the free spaces
SAFETY CLEARANCE should have a length of at least 5 m. If the carts are pushed into one another
when transported on the moving walks, the free spaces are to be adapted
The horizontal clearance from the outer edge of accordingly (see also Moving walk operation with shopping carts). Safety,
the handrail to the walls or other obstacles must regulation-compliant Balustrade height.
always be at least 80 mm. This clearance must Balustrades are available in heights of 900, 1000 and 1100 mm. The advantage of
be maintained up to a height of at least 2.1 m 900-mm balustrades is that even small children can easily reach the handrail. For
above the step/pallet band. With vertical walls, greater fall heights we recommend balustrades with a continuous height of 1000
all Schindler escalators and moving walks provide mm. A balustrade height of 1100 mm is also available if required under national
the specified safety clearance of 80 mm. regulations.
MECHANICAL SERVICES
ESCALATORS
PLUMBIMNG SERVICES
Distribution Systems in Multi-Storeyed Buildings
There are four basic methods of distribution of water to a multi-storeyed buildings.
a) Direct supply from mains to ablutionary taps and kitchen with WCs and urinals supplied by overhead tanks.
b) Direct Pumping Systems
c) Hydro-Pneumatic Systems
d) Overhead Tanks Distribution

DIRECT SUPPLY SYSTEM

This system is adopted when adequate pressure is available round the clock at the topmost floor. With limited pressure available in
most city mains, water from direct supply is normally not available above two or three floors.

DIRECT PUMPING SYSTEM

Water is pumped directly into the distribution system without the aid of any overhead tank, except for flushing purposes. The pumps
are controlled by a pressure switch installed on the line. Normally a jockey pump of smaller capacity installed which meets the
demand of water during low consumption and the main pump starts when the demand is greater. The start and stop operations are
accomplished by a set if pressure switches are installed directly on the line. In some installation, a timer switch is installed to restrict
the operating cycle of the pump.
Direct pumping systems are suitable for buildings where a certain amount of constant use of water is always occurring. These
buildings are all centrally air conditioned buildings for which a constant make up supply for air conditioning cooling towers is
required.
The system depends on a constant and reliable supply of power. Any failure in the power system would result in a breakdown in the
water supply system.
The system eliminates the requirements of overhead tanks for domestic purposes (except for flushing) and requires minimum
space.

HYDRO-PNEUMATIC SYSTEMS

Hydro-pneumatic system is a variation of direct pumping system. An air-tight pressure vessel is installed on the line to regulate the
operation of the pumps. The vessel capacity shall be based on the cutin and cut-out pressure of the pumping system depending
upon allowable start/stops of the pumping system. As pumps operate, the incoming water is the vessel, compresses the air on top.
When a predetermined pressure is reached in the vessel, a pressure switch installed on the vessel switches off the pumps. As
water is drawn into the system, pressure falls into the vessel starting the pump at preset pressure.
PLUMBIMNG SERVICES
The air in the pressure tank slowly reduces the volume due to dissolution in water and leakages from pipe lines. An air compressor
is also necessary to feed air into the vessel so as to maintain the required air-water ratio. The system shall have reliable power
supply to avoid breakdown in the water supply.

OVERHEAD TANK DISTRIBUTION

This is the most common of the distribution systems adopted by various type of buildings. The system comprises pumping water to
one or more overhead tanks placed at the top most location of the hydraulic zone. Water collected in the overhead tank is
distributed to the various parts of the building by a set of pipes located generally on the terrace.
SANITATION SERVICES
It is the arrangement provided in a house or building for collecting or conveying waste water through drain pipes, by gravity, to join
either a public sewer or a domestic septic tank is termed as house drainage or building drainage.
In sanitation system pipes is designated upon their functions .
1:- Soil pipe-carrying human waste from wc.
2- waste pipe- pipe carrying sullage
3- vent pipe –it is a pipe installed to provide flow of air to or from the drainage system or to provide circulation of air in the drainage
system.
4- Anti siphonage pipe- it is the pipe which is installed to preserve the water seal in the trap through proper ventilation
5- Rain water pipe- a pipe carrying rain water only .

TYPES OF TRAPS

Depending upon the shapes the traps are classified as:

• P-Trap
• Q-Trap
• S-Trap

P-TRAP

Q-TRAP S-TRAP
Based on the Use, the traps are classified as:
• Floor Traps (Nahni Trap)- This trap is generally used to admit sullage from the floors of rooms, bathrooms, kitchen etc.
• Gully Traps- A Gully trap or gully is provided at a junction of a roof drain and other drain coming from kitchen or bathroom.
• Intercepting Traps- Intercepting traps is provided at junction of a house sewer and muncipal sewer for preventing entry of foul
gases
SANITATION SERVICES
PIPE SYSTEM

• SINGLE STACK SYSTEM

There is no trap ventilation and the stack
itself acts as vent through roof.

• ONE PIPE PARTIALLY VENTILATED

SYSTEM
The piping system in which soil and waste
pipes are connected to a single vertical
stack with additional vent pipe for
ventilation of traps of water closets.

• ONE PIPE FULLY VENTILATED

SYSTEM
The piping system in which the waste
pipes from the sinks, baths and wash
basins, and the soil pipe from water closet
are connected to a single vertical stack.

• TWO PIPE SYSTEM

1) Two pipe system with common vent
pipe: In addition, a common vent stack
is provided for ventilation of soil and
waste stacks.
2) Two pipe system with independent
vent pipes: There are independent a
vent stacks provided for respective
ventilation of soil and waste stacks.
 SANITATION SERVICES

ONE PIPE FULLY VENTILATED ONE PIPE PARTIALLY VENTILATED SINGLE STACK SYSTEM
SYSTEM SYSTEM
SANITATION SERVICES
SANITATION SERVICES
SANITARY FITTINGS

1-Wash Basin-These are plumbing fixtures mainly used for handwashing.

630 mm x 450 mm
550mmx 400 mm
450 mm x 300 mm
2-Sinks- the plumbing fixtures provided in kitchens for cleaning utensils.
600 x 400 x 150 mm
600 x 450 x 250 mm
750 x 450 x 250 mm
3-Bath Tubs- the plumbing fixtures provided in the bathroom for taking bath.
1254 x 762 x 576 mm
1371 x 685 x 381 mm
1828 x 813 x 487 mm
4-Water closet- A water closets is a pan like water flushed plumbing fixture
designed to remove human excreta directly and dispose the same in to the
soil pipe through trap
The water closets are of three types:
• Indian Type
• European Type
• Anglo Indian Type
RAINWATER HARVESTING
Rainwater harvesting system, also called rainwater collection
system or rainwater catchment system, technology that collects
and stores rainwater for human use. Rainwater harvesting
systems range from simple rain barrels to more elaborate
structures with pumps, tanks, and purification systems. The
nonpotable water can be used to irrigate landscaping, flush
toilets, wash cars, or launder clothes, and it can even be purified
for human consumption. With water scarcity a pressing problem
for many densely populated regions, rainwater harvesting
systems can supply households and businesses with water for
use in dry seasons and lessen the demand on municipal systems.
Given that rainfall is sporadic and that only a small proportion of
global precipitation is easily available for human use, rainwater
harvesting can be an efficient means of capturing
that precious resource. In cities, much of the rain that falls on
buildings, roofs, roads, and other hard landscaping does
not percolate into the soil and is instead directed into storm
sewers for disposal. Impermeable surfaces cause
urban flooding in many areas and generate contaminated
unusable water that is directed away from potable water
resources. During dry months, local groundwater can be
depleted, and many localities struggle to consistently provide
enough potable water to meet demand. Rainwater harvesting for
nonpotable functions, such as gardening and washing clothes,
significantly reduces both the demanded amount of the total fresh
water and the strain on stormwater infrastructure.

Rainwater mixes with both soluble and insoluble materials from the
surfaces on which it lands and collects dust and pollutants as it flows
down through the atmosphere. Contaminants may be plants, fungi, and
other organic materials, as well as inorganic substances such as
dissolved minerals, metals, chemicals, or water-soluble paints. Although
collected rainwater does not need a high degree of purity for garden or
agricultural applications, rainwater collected from unclean surface
runoffs is not suitable for drinking or cooking. Separation of the first
flush of rainwater from the roof, gutters, and other collection surfaces
can improve water quality in the rainwater storage tank.
RAINWATER HARVESTING

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Design your roof well for rainwater collection
A flat roof can be gently sloped to drain water towards the storage system. A 'nahani trap' or 'floor trap' can be placed at the
time of casting the roof just near the inlets of the down water pipes.
Sloping roofs should have a gutter of PVC or zinc sheet to collect water & channel it to the down water pipe system.
Roofs should be uncluttered & should be easy to clean by sweeping & swabbing if necessary.
• Down water pipes should be designed well
90mm dia. PVC pipes resistant to UV rays appear to be the best bet as downwater pipes. Of course, this depends upon the
roof area to be drained.
3 to 4 downwater pipes seem sufficient for 1000 to 1200 sft area
• Filter the rainwater before storage
Filtering can be as basic as a floor trap placed before the water enters the downwater pipe or a piece of sponge placed at the
inlet of the downwater pipe. PVC bucket with gravel, sand & charcoal is a good filter before rainwater is stored or a small two
chamber inspection/ filter tank can also be devised.
• Locate the storage system properly
Roof level storage tanks may need to be at the rear of the house or on the sides so that it is neither obtrusive nor visually
offensive.
Ground level drums or tanks occupy space and should not hinder movement or appear unsightly.
Below the ground sump is a good option since most new constructions in Bangalore go in for sumps anyway. Sumps are
hidden from view, less costly to build and do not obstruct movement.
• Always provide for an outlet for excess collection of water from the storage system
RAINWATER HARVESTING

RAINWATER TANKS SIZING OF RAINWATER PIPE FOR ROOF DRAINAGE

The size of the tank is dependent of the amount and purpose Average rate of rainfall in mm/h
of the water but also of the annual rainfall and the size of the Diameter
roof. A normal sized tank for a roof of 20 to 40 square of pipe 50 75 100 125 150 200
metres is 10 cubic metres. (mm)
50 13.4 8.9 6.6 5.3 4.4 3.3
WATER TANK DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
65 24.1 16.0 12.0 9.6 8.0 6.0
• A solid secure cover
75 40.8 27.0 20.4 16.3 13.6 10.2
• A coarse inlet filter
• An overflow pipe 100 85.4 57.0 42.7 34.2 28.5 21.3
• A manhole, sump, and drain to facilitate cleaning
• An extraction system that does not contaminate the water; 125 - - 80.5 64.3 53.5 40.0
e.g., a tap or pump
• A soak away to prevent spilled water from forming puddles 150 - - - - 83.6 62.7
near the tank
mm/h :- millimetre per hour
COMPONENTS OF RAINWATER TANK

• PLASTIC TANK:- Available as finished products in various

capacities. The cost of these tanks ranges from Rs 2/litre to
about Rs 3.5/litre.

• CONDUIT :- Conduits are pipelines or drains that carry
rainwater from the catchment or rooftop area to the
harvesting system. Conduits can be of any material like
polyvinyl chloride (PVC) or galvanized iron (GI), materials
that are commonly available.
• FILTER :- The filter is used to remove suspended
pollutants from rainwater collected over roof. A filter unit
is a chamber filled with filtering media such as fibre
coarse sand and gravel layers to remove debris and dirt
from water before it enters the storage tank or recharge
structure. Charcoal can be added for additional filtration.
RAINWATER HARVESTING

RECHARGE STRUCTURES

1. RECHARGING OF DUGWELLS AND ABANDONED 2. SETTLEMENT TANK (CHAMBER)

TUBEWELLS
Settlement tanks are used to remove silt and other floating
impurities from rainwater. A settlement tank is like an
ordinary storage container having provisions for inflow
(bringing water from the catchment), outflow (carrying
water to the recharge well) and overflow. A settlement tank
can have an unpaved bottom surface to allow standing
water to percolate into the soil.
In case of excess rainfall, the rate of recharge, especially
of borewells, may not match the rate of rainfall. In such
situations, the desilting chamber holds the excess amount
of water till it is soaked up by the recharge structure. Thus,
the settlement chamber acts like a buffer in the system.
Any container, (masonry or concrete underground tanks,
old unused tanks, pre-fabricated PVC or ferrocement
tanks) with adequate capacity of storage can be used as a
settlement tank.

3. RECHARGING OF SERVICE TUBEWELLS

In this case the rooftop runoff is not directly led into the
service tubewells, to avoid chances of contamination of
groundwater. Instead rainwater is collected in a recharge
well, which is a temporary storage tank (located near the
service tubewell), with a borehole, which is shallower than
the water table. This borehole has to be provided with a
casing pipe to prevent the caving in of soil, if the strata is
loose. A filter chamber comprising of sand, gravel and
boulders is provided to arrest the impurities.
RAINWATER HARVESTING
RECHARGE STRUCTURES
4. RECHARGE PITS
A recharge pit is 1.5m to 3m wide and 2m to 3m deep. The
excavated pit is lined with a brick/stone wall with openings
(weep-holes) at regular intervals. The top area of the pit can be
covered with a perforated cover. Design procedure is the
same as that of a settlement tank.
5. SOAKAWAYS / PERCOLATION PIT
Percolation pits, one of the easiest and most effective means
of harvesting rainwater, are generally not more than 60 x 60 x
60 cm pits, (designed on the basis of expected runoff as
described for settlement tanks), filled with pebbles or brick
jelly and river sand, covered with perforated concrete slabs
wherever necessary.
6. RECHARGE TRENCHES
A recharge trench is a continuous trench excavated in the
ground and refilled with porous media like pebbles,
boulders or broken bricks. A recharge trench can be 0.5 m
to 1 m wide and 1 m to 1.5 m deep. The length of the
recharge trench is decided as per the amount of runoff
expected. The recharge trench should be periodically
cleaned of accumulated debris to maintain the intake
capacity. In terms of recharge rates, recharge trenches
are relatively less effective since the soil strata at depth of
about 1.5 metres is generally less permeable. For
recharging through recharge trenches, fewer precautions
have to be taken to maintain the quality of the rainfall
runoff. Runoff from both paved and unpaved catchment
can be tapped.
7. RECHARGE TROUGHS
To collect the runoff from paved or unpaved areas draining
out of a compound, recharge troughs are commonly
placed at the entrance of a residential/institutional
complex. These structures are similar to recharge
trenches except for the fact that the excavated portion is
not filled with filter materials. In order to facilitate speedy
recharge, boreholes are drilled at regular intervals in this
trench. In design part, there is no need of incorporating
the influence of filter materials. This structure is capable of
harvesting only a limited amount of runoff because of the
limitation with regard to size.
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