VENTILATION SYSTEMS

VENTILATION
• Ventilation is the process of changing air in an enclosed space.

• A portion of the air in the space should be continuously withdrawn and replaced by
fresh air drawn from outside to maintain the required level of air purity, health,
comfort and safety of building occupants.

• Ventilation is required to control the following:

➢ Oxygen content
➢ Carbon dioxide and moisture
➢ Other hazardous gases, such as, CO, NOx, SO2, etc
➢ Odours and contaminants
➢ Bacteria
➢ Heat

1. NATURAL VENTILATION

2. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
Sick building syndrome.

The sick building syndrome (SBS) is used to describe a situation in which the
occupants of a building experience acute health- or comfort-related effects that
seem to be linked directly to the time spent in the building. No specific illness or
cause can be identified. The complainants may be localized in a particular room or
zone or may be widespread throughout the building.

Indicators of SBS include:

• Building occupants complain of symptoms associated with acute discomfort,
e.g., headache; eye, nose, or throat irritation; dry cough; dry or itchy skin;
dizziness and nausea;
• difficulty in concentrating; fatigue; and sensitivity to odors.
• The cause of the symptoms is not known.
• Most of the complainants report relief soon after leaving the building.

Causes of Sick Building Syndrome.

The following have been cited causes of or contributing factors to sick building syndrome
• Inadequate ventilation:
• Chemical contaminants from indoor sources:
• Chemical contaminants from outdoor sources
• Biological contaminants
Factors affecting the types of ventilation systems:

Following considerations affect the type of ventilation system selected for a

particular application and sizing of the ventilation plant:

a. The climatic zone in which the building is located is a major consideration.

b. Sitting (and orientation) of a building
c. The comfort level required is another consideration.

ACPH – Air Changes Per Hour

❑ No. of times Volume of air is replaced in an hour

❑ E.g.
General Ventilation Rate for
Non Air Conditioned Areas

TYPES OF VENTILATION SYSTEMS

1. NATURAL VENTILATION

2. MECHANICAL VENTILATION
 NATURAL VENTILATION

• Process of supplying and removing air through

an indoor space without using mechanical
systems.

• It refers to the flow of external air to an indoor

space as a result of pressure or temperature
differences

• The benefits of natural ventilation include:-

i. Improved Indoor air quality (IAQ)

ii. Energy savings
iii.Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions
iv. Occupant control
v. Reduction in occupant illness associated with
Sick Building Syndrome
vi. Increased worker productivity
 MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• Mechanical ventilation systems circulate fresh air using ducts and fans rather than
relying on airflow through small holes or crack’s in a home’s wall, roof or windows.
•
• It usually consists of fans, filters, ducts, air diffusers and outlets for air distribution
within the building
Advantages of using mechanical ventilation
✓ Better indoor air quality –can remove pollutants, allergens, and moisture
that can cause mold problems.

✓ More control – provide proper fresh air flow along with appropriate
locations for intake and exhaust.

✓ Improved comfort – allow a constant flow of outside air into the home and
can also provide filtration, dehumidification, and conditioning of the
incoming outside air.

✓ These systems employ an electrically driven fan or fans to provide the

necessary air movement;

✓ They also ensure a specified air change and the air under fan pressure can be
forced through filters.

✓ There are three types of mechanical ventilation systems:

1. Natural inlet and mechanical extract (exhaust system).
2. Mechanical inlet and natural extract
3. Mechanical inlet and extract
1. NATURAL INLET & MECHANICAL EXTRACT

• This is the most common type of system and is used for kitchens, workshops,
laboratories, internal sanitary apartments, garages and assembly halls.

• The fan creates negative pressure on its inlet side, and this causes the air
inside the room to move towards the fan, and the room air is displaced by the
fresh air from outside the room.
2. MECHANICAL INLET & NATURAL EXTRACT

• This system includes delivery of fresh air supply mechanically into the space.

• The system may be used for boiler rooms, offices and certain types of factories.

• The air may be heated in a central plant and ducted to the various rooms, or a
unit fan convector may be used.
3. MECHANICAL INLET & EXTRACT

• This provides the best possible system of ventilation, but it is also the most
expensive and

• Used for many types of buildings including cinemas, theatres, offices, lecture
theatres, dance halls, restaurants, departmental stores and sports centers.

• The system is essential for operating theatres and sterilizing rooms.

FANS

1. Propeller/Axial Fan

• does not create much air

pressure and has limited effect in
ductwork.

• Ideal for use at air openings in

windows and walls.

2. Centrifugal Fan
• can produce high pressure and has the capacity
for large volumes of air.

• Most suited to larger installations such as air

conditioning systems.

• It may have one or two inlets..

 Underground Car Park Ventilation

• Ventilation is essential in enclosed car parking areas to dilute the level of toxic gases
such as carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), presence of petrol/ diesel
fumes and smoke from engine exhaust

• The ventilation rate required for an enclosed parking facility depends primarily
on four factors:

i. Numbers of cars in operation during peak usage (N),

ii. Length of time of operation
iii. Car emission rate
iv. Contaminant level criteria

❑ For enclosed U.G car parks, a minimum ventilation rate of 6 air changes per hour shall
be provided to keep contaminants within acceptable hygiene limits.
Regardless of which system is used, the following elements should be
considered in planning:
a) Accounting for the contaminant level of outside air drawn in for ventilation.

b) Avoiding short circuiting supply air.

c) Avoiding a long flow field that allows contaminants to exceed acceptable levels at
the end of the flow field.

d) Providing short flow fields in areas of high contaminant emission, thereby limiting the
extent of mixing.

e) Providing efficient, adequate airflow throughout the structure.

The required ventilation rate, Q for a given car park may be calculated from the
following equation:
AP-315
Building Automation System (BAS)
• Building Automation Systems (BAS) also known as Building
Management Systems (BMS) ,Building Management and Control
System (BMCS), Direct Digital Controls (DDC) and Building
Controls (BC)
• A computerized,
intelligent network
of electronic
devices designed
to monitor and
control the
mechanical,
electronic and
lighting systems in
a building.
Building Automation System (BAS)
Systems and Services
These systems and services include:
• Air conditioning
• Ventilation
• Lighting
• Hydraulics
• Access control
• CCTV
• Fire detection
• Fire fighting
• Lifts
• Etc.
❑ CONCEPT

“self know, self decide and self respond”

Self know Self decide Self respond

SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
• BAS links the functionality of individual pieces of building
equipment so that they operate as one complete integrated
system
 What does an BAS do?
1. Day to day building operation
The most common primary function of the BAS is the control of the
building HVAC system including;
• Chilled Water Plant
• Cooling Towers
• Heating Water Plant
• Exhaust Systems
2. Building Control Applications

• Zone temperature monitoring and

control
• Zone Variable Air Volume (VAV)
• CO2 monitoring and control (Air
Quality)
• Air handling unit
• Air flow/pressure control
• Toilet, car park, kitchen and general
exhaust fan control
• After Hours Building Control
3. Measuring and Monitoring building performance
• Data
• Graphical User Interface (GUI)
• Dashboards
• Graphs
• Alarms
• Reports
4. Interaction with other building systems

• Lighting system
• Emergency lighting system
• Fire protection system
• Security system
• CCTV system
• Meter system
• Etc.
BENEFITS

• Real-time monitoring
• Documentation
• Customized control strategies
• Flexibility and ease of changes
• Integration of all building systems
• Automated recovery of failure
• Running/operational cost reductions
• Reduce labor cost
• Tenants’ comfort
• Indoor quality
• Safety and security
 IBs Protocols(infini band)
Concept

• Building systems (HVAC, security/access, lighting control, building safety, and

physical plant control) talk to one another using a common language
(protocol)

• ASHRAE • LonTalk
• BACnet • Midac
• DALI • OPC
• Dynet • Open Therm
• Energy • Open WebNet
Star, • S-Bus
• EnOcean • ZigBee
• KNX
ELEVATORS
• The sizing of the lift car and doors should be such that a standard hospital stretcher and
attendant can be easily accommodated.
• Where the hospital bed is likely to be moved the lift car should be able to
accommodate the standard hospital bed including the auxiliary support equipment like
oxygen cylinders, etc.

• In large hospitals it is
recommended that the
lifts for the
patients/hospital beds
(or stretchers) should
be separated from the
lifts for staff/visitors.
 TYPES OF ELEVATORS

TRACTION

GEARLESS → MEDIUM AND HIGH SPEED PASSENGER

GEARED → LOW SPEED PASSENGER

HYDRAULIC

PLUNGER
HOLE-LESS
ROPED
 TRACTION LIFT
Geared Traction Machines
➢A geared traction machine has a worm
and gear interposed between the driving
motor and the hoisting sheave. The
driving motor can therefore be smaller
and cheaper.
➢These are used for car speeds up to
2.3 m/s and maximum rise about 90 m.
Gearless Traction Machines
➢A gearless traction machine consists of
a DC or AC motor, the shaft of which is
directly connected to a brake wheel and
driving sheave. The elevator hoist ropes
are placed around this sheave.
➢These are generally used for high-speed
lifts, i.e. speeds from 2.5 m/s to 10 m/s.
MINIMUM CIVIL DIMENSIONS FOR
PASSENGER ELEVATORS

Ref . - Otis Planning

Guide
 KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS — LIFTS
The key factors to be specified are
➢ Number of floors to be served
➢Floor to floor distance
➢Population of each floor and type of occupancy
➢Specialist services within building
➢The number, capacity, speed and disposition of the lifts necessary to give
adequate lift service.
➢Maximum peak demand in passengers per five minute period

Information to be provided by the architect to the lift manufacturer:

➢The provision of adequate access to the machine room.
➢The loads which the lift will impose on the building structure, and the holes to be left in the
machine room floor and cut-outs for wall boxes for push-buttons and signals
➢Type of insulation to minimize the transmission of vibration and noise. to other parts of
building
➢Number, type and size of lifts and position of lift well
➢ Size. position, number and type of landing doors
➢ Number of entrances
➢ Provision of ventilation and, if possible, natural lighting of machine room
➢Size and position of any footings or grillage foundations, if these are adjacent to the lift pit
 KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS — LIFTS

Preliminary Lift Planning

➢ Population or the number of people who require lift service: a definite population
is obtained by probable population density which varies from one person per
4sqm to one person per 20 sqm

➢Handling capacity of the maximum flow rate required by these people : The
passenger handling capacity of the lifts during the peak periods and is measured in terms of
the number of passengers handled during five-minute peak period of the day.

➢Interval or the quality of service required: Is measured in terms of waiting time of

passengers at various floors
20 to 30 seconds Excellent Fair

Type of Building Handling Capacity

30 to 35 seconds Fair
Office— Diversified tenants 10 to 15 percent 34 to 40 seconds Good

Office — Single tenant 15 to 25 percent 45 seconds Satisfactory

Residential 7.5 percent 45 seconds Over Unsatisfactory
 KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS — LIFTS

Handling Capacity
H=300XQX100/TxP
H= Handiling capacity as the percentage of the peak population handled during 5
rnin period
Q=Average number of passengers carried in a car
T= waiting interval in seconds
P=Total population to be handled during morning peak hours

The waiting interval is calculated by the following formula

T= RTT/N
T= waiting interval in seconds
N= No. of lifts
RTT= Round trip time . The average time required by each lift taking one full load
of passengers from ground floor, discharging them at various upper floors and
coming back to ground floor.
 KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS — LIFTS

RTT CALCULATION RTT= TU+TD+TP+TO

If probable number of stops is S1 then the following formula is applied:

S1= S {(S-1)/S}N
Where S = Maximum number of floors
N = Number of people or car capacity

Upward Journey Time Tu = S1 (L/SV + 2V)

Where L = Lift Travel = Floor height x number of stops
V = Car Speed

Downward Journey Time Td = L/V + 2V

Passenger Travel Time TP = 2XN

Door Opening Time TO = 2(S1+1)W / Vd

Where W = Door Width
Vd= Door Opening sped
 KEY DESIGN PARAMETERS — LIFTS

Numerical example
Let us take a 15 Storey Residential Tower Block with Gross area per floor = 1200 sqm
Out of this total area , Net Usable Area = 1000 sqm
Number of Floors served by Lifts = 15
Assuming a population density of 12 sqm/person
Probable population (P) = (15 - 1) x 1000/12 = 1165 persons
Let us take 10 passenger Lift with speed 2.5 M/s.
In such a case, the RTT comes out to be 160 seconds
Considering 80% carriage on an average, the calculation for Q = 10 (P) X 0.8% = 16
Let us take, for example 4 Lifts;
Hence, N=4,
T = RTT/N = 160/4 = 40 seconds
H = 300 X 8 X 100 / 40 X 1165 = 5.58%

For N = 6
T = RTT/N = 160/6 = 26 seconds
H= 300 X Q X 100/T X P = 300 X 8 X 100/ 26 X 1165 =7.9%
 Indian Standards & Codes:— for LIFTS

IS 14665 : Electric Traction Lifts

IS 14671 : 1999 Code of Practice for installation and maintenance of
hydraulic lifts

IS 15330 : 2003 Code of Practice for installation and maintenance of

lifts for handicapped persons

IS 15785 : 2007 Code of Practice for installation and maintenance of

lift without conventional machine rooms

EN 81-20 : 2014 Safety rules for the construction and installation of

lifts . Lifts for the transport of persons and goods .
Part 20: Passenger and goods passenger lifts

EN 81-77 : 2013 Safety rules for the construction and installations of

lifts. Particular applications for passenger and goods
passenger lifts. Lifts subject to seismic conditions
 Indian Standards & Codes:— for LIFTS

EN 81-50 : 2014 Safety rules for the construction and installation of lifts
Examinations and tests . Part 50: Design rules,
calculations, examinations and tests of lift components

ISO 18738-1 : 2012 Measurement of ride quality . Part 1: Lifts (elevators)

ISO 7465 : 2007 Passenger lifts and service lifts . Guide rails for lift cars
and counterweights . T-type

ISO/TS 18870 : 2014 Lifts (elevators) . Requirements for lifts used to assist
in building evacuation

ISO 3008-2 : 2014 Fire-resistance tests . Part 2: Lift landing door

assemblies

ISO 3864-1 : 2011 Graphical symbols . Safety colours and safety signs .
Part 1: Design principles for safety signs and safety
markings
 Indian Standards & Codes:— for LIFTS

ISO 4190-1 : 2010 Lift (Elevator) installation . Part 1: Class I, II, III and
VI lifts

ISO 4190-5 : 2006 Lift (Elevator) installation . Part 5: Control devices,

signals and additional fittings