INTRODUCTION TO TANKERS

Ship transport is watercraft carrying people (passengers) or goods (cargo). Sea transport
has been the largest carrier of freight throughout recorded history. Although the importance of
sea travel for passengers has decreased due to aviation, it is effective for short trips and pleasure
cruises. Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air.

Ship transport can be over any distance by boat, ship, sailboat or barge, over oceans and
lakes, through canals or along rivers. Shipping may be for commerce, recreation or the military.
Virtually any material that can be moved, can be moved by water, however water transport
becomes impractical when material delivery is highly time-critical. "General cargo" is goods
packaged in boxes, cases, pallets, and barrels. Containerization revolutionized ship transport in
the 1960s. When a cargo is carried in more than one mode, it is intermodal or co-modal.

WHAT IS AN OIL TANKER?

First source:-

A tanker (or tank ship or tankship) is a ship designed to transport liquids in bulk. Major types of
tank ship include the oil tanker, the chemical tanker, and the liquefied natural gas carrier.

Second source:-

An oil tanker, also known as a petroleum tanker, is a ship designed for the bulk transport of oil.
There are two basic types of oil tankers: the crude tanker and the product tanker. Crude tankers
move large quantities of unrefined crude oil from its point of extraction to refineries.[2] Product
tankers, generally much smaller, are designed to move petrochemicals from refineries to points
near consuming markets.

OIL TANKERS

The technology of oil transportation has evolved alongside the oil industry. Although
man's use of oil reaches to prehistory, the first modern commercial exploitation dates back to
James Young's manufacture of parafin in 1850. In these early days, oil from Upper Burma was
moved in earthenware vessels to the river bank where it was then poured into boat holds.

In the 1850s, the Pennsylvania oil fields became a major supplier of oil, and a center of
innovation after Edwin Drake had struck oil near Titusville, Pennsylvania The first oil well in the
United States was dug here in 1859, initially yielding around ten barrels per day Within two
years, the Titusville field was providing 3,000 barrels per day. By this time, petroleum oil had
already begun to supplant fish, whale, and vegetable oils for applications such as indoor and
outdoor lighting, and transatlantic export had already begun.
 Break-bulk boats and barges were originally used to transport Pennsylvania oil in 40-US-
gallon (150 l) wooden barrels. But transport by barrel had several problems. The first problem
was weight: the standard empty barrel weighed 64 pounds (29 kg), representing 20% of the total
weight of a full barrel. Also, barrels were leaky, and could only be carried one way. Finally,
barrels were themselves expensive. For example, in the early years of the Russian oil industry,
barrels accounted for half the cost of petroleum production.

The movement of oil in bulk was attempted in many places and in many ways. Modern
oil pipelines have existed since 1860. In 1863, two sail-driven tankers were built on England's
River Tyne. These were followed in 1873 by the first oil-tank steamer, the Vaderland, which was
built by Palmers Shipbuilding and Iron Company for Belgian owners. The vessel's use was
curtailed by U.S. and Belgian authorities citing safety concerns. By 1871, the Pennsylvania oil
fields were making limited use of oil tank barges and cylindrical railroad tank-cars similar to
those in use today.

Today, as technology develops at a very fast rate, the buildings of marine vessels are
much faster and cheaper. As in Malaysia, we could see that shipbuilding industry is developing.
As one of the petroleum supplier’s country, such as Petronas Berhad, a lot of oil tanker could be
observed sailing across Malaysian coastal. In our report here, we have decided to choose
BUNGA KASTURI EMPAT as our report thesis.
 MISSION AND DESIGN CONSTRAINT
Tankers are designed to carry the maximum amount of oil for a particular dimension, and
where the speed is not a prime concern (unlike container ships). Hence the tankers have a block
coefficient close to 0.95 and have a speed of around 15 knots. The sizes vary from small of
around 5000 TDW to the worlds largest ships of 550,000 TDW and within these certain
standardization have occured (refer the tanker sizes). Apart from the standard tankers there are
also versatile vessels that the owners tend to built so that these do not become obselete, and
vessels for specific requirement. Shuttle tankers and lightering vessels fall in to this category
As for Bunga Kasturi Empat, oil tanker, the purpose of this marine vessel is to carry tones of
petroleum or known as oil. It have been design to carry as maximum crude oil that it could bear
throughout her journey. The 300,325 tones of DWT, with 17 knots of speed we could say that
this ship is much likely reliable in carrying petroleum. The ship dimension design is as follow:

Gross Tonnage 157245

Net Tonnage 99363
Deadweight 300325 ton
Overall Length 330 m
LPP 317.69 m
Breadth 60 m
Depth 29.7 m
Draught 21.62 m
Freeboard 8118 mm

As for its hull and cargo, Bunga Kasturi Empat’s hull and cargo are built by UNIVERSAL
SHIPBUILDING CORPORATION Ariake Shipyard. The specification are as follow:

Place of build (Country) Tamana-gun, Kumamoto (JPN)

Date of Build 19 Apr 2007
Yard No 053
Hull Material Steel
No. of Watertight Comp 9
Number of Cont. Decks 1
Machinery Aft
Tanks
Number of Tanks 17
Total Capacity of tanks 340219 m³
SHIP SIZE CATEGORY

AFRA Scale Flexible market scale

New Used
Class Size in DWT Class Size in DWT
price price

General Purpose tanker 10,000–24,999 Product tanker 10,000–60,000

$43M $42.5M
Medium Range tanker 25,000–44,999 Panamax 60,000–80,000

LR1 (Large Range 1) 45,000–79,999 Aframax 80,000–120,000

$58M $60.7M
LR2 (Large Range 2) 80,000–159,999 Suezmax 120,000–200,000

VLCC (Very Large Crude Carrier) 160,000–319,999 VLCC 200,000–320,000

$120M $116M
ULCC (Ultra Large Crude Carrier) 320,000–549,999 ULCC 320,000–550,000

EXAMPLES OF TANKERS LENGTH ACCORDING TO CLASS:

As Bunga Kasturi Empat has the following design :

Deadweight : 300,325 tonne

LOA : 330 m

Bunga Kasturi Empat is categorized under Very Large Crude Carrier (VLCC) oil tanker.

STRUCTURAL ARRANGEMENT
 TYPICAL STRUCTURAL DESIGN AND ENGINEERING.

Oil tankers generally have from 8 to 12 tanks. Each tank is split into two or three independent
compartments by fore-and-aft bulkheads. The tanks are numbered with tank one being the
forwardmost. Individual compartments are referred to by the tank number and the athwartships
position, such as "one port", "three starboard", or "six center."

A cofferdam is a small space left open between two bulkheads, to give protection from heat, fire,
or collision. Tankers generally have cofferdams forward and aft of the cargo tanks, and
sometimes between individual tanks. A pump room houses all the pumps connected to a tanker's
cargo lines. Some larger tankers have two pump rooms. A pump room generally spans the total
breadth of the ship.

The above article shows the typical structural design and engineering for cude oil tanker, Bunga
Kasturi Empat have a slight different in cargo structural design,that is:

Tanks
Number of Tanks: 17
Total Capacity of tanks: 340219 m³
Cargo Handling: 3 PP 16500 M3/H
LBC: 566124

Typical structural arrangement of crude oil tanker are as follow, Bunga Kasturi Empat structural
arrangement are not to be provided as it is classified.

GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
ARRANGEMENT DRAWING
Typical G.A for crude oil tanker. Bunga Kasturi Empat are most likely the same as in the figure.