The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration

Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Memory Trick: SOHCAHTOA (Indian Tribe) n used when triangle has a 90º angle.
Rise c (Rise) SIN RISE
Sin C = OPP or
n
or B
HYP Slope a 90º triangle n COS RUN
n TAN SLOPE
Run b (Run) a n SIN and COS of any angle are between (+/-) 1
Cos C = ADJ or or c
Slope n 0º < angle < 45º COS > SIN
a
Trigonometry/Math

HYP
n 45º < angle < 90º SIN > COS
Run C
OPP
Tan C = or or c (Slope) A b
ADJ Rise b
Law of Sines n Law of Sines and Cosines are used when triangle has no
a = b = c B right angles.
Non- 90º Triangle
Sin A n Law of Sines is used when you are given more angles
Sin B Sin C
a than sides.
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc (Cos A) c
Law of Cosine
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac (Cos B) n Law of Cosines is used when you are given more sides

c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab (Cos C) A C than angles

b

Variations in L.O.A. P Properties of a Force: n A Force is defined by four properties:

Py 1. Point of Application (P.O.A.)

P 4 2. Magnitude ( #,kips )
Ø Py Ø 3 3. Sense (Arrowhead, Push or Pull, C or T)
Px PX
2 4. Line of Action (L.O.A.) , (Angle with horizontal)
1000# = 1k
1
nShallower angles (<45º) n Steeper angles (>45º) have Ø n The Resultant of several forces is a single force that
have larger horizontal larger vertical components has
components the same effect on a body as all the other forces
Components of a Force: combined.
n The Resultant is also a force and is thus defined by

P the
P PX Px four
n The properties
Equilibrant is listed above. as a force that has the
also defined
Py
Py Py same P.O.A., Magnitude and L.O.A. as the
P Py Py
P Py Resultant
PX PX P but has an opposite sense (Arrow)
n Algebraic Method for finding the Resultant of several
PX PX forces is used when force magnitudes and lines of
Forces

Variations in action for each force are known

Transmissibility:
Sense: n Algebraic Method of Force Addition
P P
1. Resolve each force into vertical and horizontal
Py P Py P components
y =
y 2. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all horizontal components
PX PX
P gives the horizontal component of the Resultant.
x x 3. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all vertical components
Force Addition:
gives the vertical component of the Resultant
Algebraic Method: Graphic Method for Force Addition:
n For finding the resultant of several forces n For finding the Resultant of several forces. n Graphic Method is used when a system is in equilibrium
and we need to calculate one or more unknown forces
Force Horizontal Vertical 2 3 2 that contribute to equlibrium
2 1 3
1 +/- +/- 2 1 R Graphic Method for Force Addition
n

1 1. Arrange all forces Head to Tail then add (independent

1
2 +/- +/- of order)
3 3 +/- +/- 2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1st
3 Force
R +/- R X = SX +/- R y = SY n Resultant begins at 1s Tail
n Tail of 2 on Head of 1 and Head at the Head of the last
n Tails at same P.O.A.nTail of 3 on Head of 2
and ends at last Head
3. Resultant can be determined through calculation
(All angles are typically known)

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 1 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions 1.
ofArrange all forces Head
the Architect to Tail thenExam-
Registration add (independent
ARE
of order)
2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1st
Force
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS and Head at the Head of the last
COMMENTS
3. Resultant can be determined through calculation
(All angles are typically known)
Moment n A & B are called Centers of Moment, or Centers of
Moment = Force X Distance Rotation
P
n The perpendicular distance (d) is called the Moment Arm,
A B or Lever
Force P creates a Force P creates a n Summing Moments (∑M = 0) to establish equilibrium
Moments and Couples

Positive Moment Negative Moment n To find Beam / Truss reactions

_ n To maintain equilbrium of members
CCW +
_ CW
about point A + about point B
d d n Overturning Moments due to Wind Loads or Hydrostatic

Pressure
Couple n Unlike a Moment, a Couple is NOT about a certain point,

but rather it is about ANY and ALL points.

P
Moment of a n A Couple depends on Force (P), and perpendicular distance (d)

Couple= P x d between two Forces that make up the couple.

d

d
(clockwise, CW) P ( CCW ) n Couple between top Chord (C) and bottom

P chord (T) in a simply supported truss

n Couple between compression in concrete ( top ) and

tension in rebar ( bottom ) of reinforced beam

Formulas Units 1. ELASTIC RANGE: straight line relationship, slope = E
P 1 2 3 4
2. PLASTIC RANGE: increase in strain, no increase in Load / Stress
F: Direct Stress PSI Fu
A 5 3. STRAIN HARDENING: material deforming in section (necking),
Stress / Strain

Fy 6
7 and in length
DL 8 4. FAILURE: Material is gone!
e: Unit Strain in / in

Stress (F=P/A)
Lo 5. YIELD POINT/ YIELD STRENGTH: material is no longer elastic,
Modulus of deformation is permanent
Elasticity: E
F Modulus of
(slope) 6. ULTIMATE STRENGTH: material is about to fail
E:
e Elasticity=
Stress / Strain
PSI
Unit Strain ( DL/ L0 ) 7. RUPTURE: Kiss it Good-Bye
e 8. E: Modulus of Elasticity.Measures material's resistance to deformation

DL: deformation, changes in Length (in) n EA36,A-50= 29,000 KSI DL = a (DT) L0 n Shortening or Elongation of members along their axis
caused by Axial Load (P) DL: Deformation, change in length (in), Change (Expansion & Contraction) of shape
Axial Loads

DL= PL0 P : Axial Load (#,k) n kP k DL caused by change in temperature due to Temperature
L0 : Original, undeformed Length (in. not ft.) (ºF)
AE A : Cross Sectional Area (in2) n k L0 k DL n Examples include Columns, Trusses, Cables, Cross
DT: Change in temperature
E : Modulus of Elasticity (PSI, KSI) n kA m DL Bracing
a : Coefficient of thermal
n kE m DL expansion/contraction
b = width Y Radius of = r = I n If a Member is inadequate in Shear, increasing the Area
A = bd Area (In2) Shear d = depth Gyration A (either Width (b) or Depth (d)) is effective.
Geometry

2
d/
c n If a Member is inadequate in Deflection, increasing the
Moment c = location of
Ixx = bd
3
Moment of Inertia (Width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
d

of Inertia (In4) Deflection

12 Neutral Axis x x cubed and) is much more effective in reducing Deflection.
Ixxbd 2 Section Bending CG ; Center of n If a Member is inadequate in Bending, increasing the
Sxx = C = 6 Modulus (In3) Y Gravity section modulus (width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Moment b squared and) is much more effective in reducing Bending.
Roller: 1 Reaction ( V ) Pin / Hinge: 2 Reactions ( V , H ) Simply Supported:(Determinate) n Statically Determinate (Simply Supported) loading = three
1 2 H unknown reactions, and can be solved using the
Support Conditions

2 1
2 1 equation of Static equilibrium.
V V 3 n Statically Indeterminate loading > 3 unknown Reactions
Call your engineer.
Fixed / Moment: 3 Reactions (V , H , M)
Continuous: Multiple Reactions Indeterminate Loading: n Pin/Hinged connections iclude most wood to wood, bolted
steel, and precast concrete connections.
3 H 2 2 n fixed connections include most welded steel / steel

V 3 3 connections and cast-in-place concrete.

M 3 1

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 2 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Example 1: 12k P
n L< R nM = Moment
n L = 5' x 12k = 4k V =Shear
L R w,W n
10' 5' n Equilibruim = ∑ F = 0; ∑ F = 0; ∑ M =0
15' Load/ x y Any

n R = 10' x12k = 8k 15' FBD n Sum of Areas in Shear Diagram = Moment

n Magnitude of drop = Concentrated Load
15'
n Between concentrated loads, Moment Diagram Slopes
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

n Uniform loads create gradual drop in Shear ( straight line )

Example 2: + n Uniform loads create curve (downward cup) in Moment
V=0 Diagram
12k 18k 12k 12k 6k - n Overhangs and cantilevers will always have a negative
w = 1k/ft. Moment in Moment Diagram. Simply supported beams
W = 18k = +
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 12' 6' always have positive Moments
18' 18' 18' n VMAX always occurs at support Moment is minimum
L = 23k R = 25k L = 21k R = 21k L = 2k R = 4k
M=0 n M occurs where V = 0
MAX
L = 21k + 2k R = 21k + 4k L = 6'/18' x 6k = 2k
L = 23 k R = 25 k
n Uniform load coefficient, w, = slope in Shear Diagram
R = 12'/18' x 6k = 4k
n Point of Inflection (P.O.I.) is a point on the
Moment Diagram where M = 0
n Point of Inflection only happens when a beam has an

overhang
n If Loading Diagram (FBD) is symmetrical, then the Shear

Diagram and the Moment Diagram are also symmetrical.

n Maximum Shear dictates how much Beam area is needed

n Maximum Moment dictates how much Bema Depth is needed

n If a hole must be punched out of a Beam to allow for passage

of pipe or similar reduction, this must happen at a location of

low Shear and low Bending Moment

Possible n A Truss is inherently stable due to triangulation

n Truss is stable in its own plane but needs bridging or
Zero Members cross-bracing perpendicular to its own plane
n All joints in an honest Truss are Pinned Joints
Method of Method of n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in less Deflection
C C C C C Sections: Joints: than
Pinned Joints (Advantage)
C C C T n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in larger size
T T T T
members
T T T T T than Pinned Joint Trusses since members will have
C C C C C to
resist V and M in addition to C or T (Disadvantage)
C C C C C n Members carrying Tension can be much smaller than
Trusses

C
members carrying Compresion
n Method of Joints is used to analyze Force / Stress in
T T T T T n m + 3 = 2 j ; where m = Number of Members
every j = Number of Joints
Top and Bottom Chord Stress Web Stresses member of a Truss
n Method of Joints is also used to analyze Force / Stress in
a
member that is close to a support (not in middle of
truss)
n Method of Sections is used to analyze only a few (3 max)
members of a truss
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is

in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
points; otherwise we have combined stresses
( T or C + V and M )
June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA n Joints that have three or less members framing into them,
PAGE : 3 OF 4
may potentially have Zero Members
 members of a truss
The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is

in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS points; otherwise we have combined stresses
COMMENTS
( T or C + V and M )
n Joints that have three or less members framing into them,
may potentially have Zero Members

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Information Needed to Successfully Pass the General Structures Division of the Architect Registration Exam - ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

MATERIAL: Fv , F b , E LOAD: L, w, W, P, FBD GEOMETRY: A = bd Shear nBeam design must satisfy Shear, Bending Moment and
I = bd3/ 12 Deflection
Deflection requirements
FC , FT , F P VMAX, M MAX S = (bd2) /6 Bending
n The Allowable Stress (F) of a species of wood or a Grade
MMAX of steel depends on the material itself and is tabulated
DESIGN FOR f v < F v ; Fv a V MAX DESIGN FOR f b < F b ; F b =S DEFLECTION: Dactual = CONST.x (W or P) (Lx12"/ft.) 3

A MIN MIN
Dactual < Dallow in Manuals and Building Codes
SHEAR: BENDING: EI
n The Actual Stress ( f ) is an outcome of the application of
w P w w w a load ( W , P ) on a member
W = wL W = wL n When a Load is applied perpendicular to the axis of a
L W/2 L/2 L/2
W/2 W/2
member ( Normal Loading), Shear and Bending
P/2 W/2 W/2
W/2 stresses develop
W/2 n The Strain associated with Bending is called Deflection
P/2 and the deflected shape of a Beam is the inverse
VMAX = W/2 VMAX = P/2 VMAX = W/2 (upside/down) of the Moment Diagram
n When a load is applied along the axis of a member,
Axial Compression and Tension Stresses develop
General Beam Design

WL/8 n The strain associated with Tension is Elongation and the

PL/4 WL/8
MMAX = WL / 8 strain associated with Compression is Shortening
MMAX = PL/4 MMAX = WL/8 n For the same Magnitude and span, a Uniform Load will
= wL2/ 8 = wL2/8 cause less Deflection than a Concentrated Load
DMAX = 5 WL = 5 wL DMAX = 1 PL3
3 4
for the same material and geometry
384 EI 384 EI 48 EI n The the same Load and Span, a Cantilever will deflect
P P P P P w more than a simply supported beam
W=wL n For the same Load, Material and Geometry a slight

P P L L L increase in Span will create a huge increase in

L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
L/3 L/3 L/3 0.4W 1.1W 1.1W 0.4W Deflection
n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
3P/2 0.5W 0.6W Modulus of Elasticity, E, ( a stronger material), will result
P 0.4W
in less Deflection
VMAX = P VMAX = 3P/2 VMAX = 0.6 W n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
Moment of Inertia, I , (a deeper member) will result in
PL/2 0.4W less deflection
PL/3 0.6W 0.5W n The Points of Inflection on the Moment Diagram of the

. - . . -.
0.08WL 0.08WL Continuous beam (Left) indicate the locations of curve
MMAX = PL/3 MMAX = PL/2 0.025WL MMAX (+) = 0.08 W L reversal, and are the locations where reinforcing steel
23 PL3 19 PL3
+ + +
DMAX = DMAX = P.O.I. M (-) = - 0.1 W L would be flipped from bottom to top of the beam.
MAX
648 EI 348 EI
- 0.1WL - 0.1WL

WOOD BEAMS: STEEL BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS:

n For all beams; Dactual = CONST.(W or P)(Lx12"/ft.)3
Shear: FV = 3 VMAX Shear: F V = VMAX bf Shear: Concrete: f 'c
b b EI
2 A MIN b, d, f 'c n Allowable Deflecion is specified by model codes as
AWEB AV
Stirrups: f y a fraction of the span Dallow = L / 240, L / 360,...
AS
Beams

AW f y, f, A v, spacing
d

h
d
d

Bending: F = M Bending: F = M Bending Concrete: f'c

b MAX b MAX
SMIN b, d, f 'c
SMIN
Fb= 24 KSI Fb< 24 KSI Rebars: f y
A=bxd
(full lateral support) (partial lateral support) f y, (f, # rebars), A s
Sxx tables LUNB , M-Charts

WOOD COLUMNS: STEEL COLUMNS: n FC = P/A

Slenderness: Slenderness: n Long and thin ( slender ) columns tend to
slenderness
ratio kLUNB. be
LUNB./ dLeast
Columns

governed by buckling
r n Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be
k=0.5 k=1 k=2 governed by crushing
kwood= 0.671 E n Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be
wood 11 k 50 L/d go
Fc steel 200 KL/r

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4