PE Exam Review - Surveying

Demonstration Problem Solutions

I. Demonstration Problem Solutions........................................................................... 2

1. Circular Curves – Part A ................................................................................... 2
2. Circular Curves – Part B ................................................................................... 9
3. Vertical Curves – Part A.................................................................................. 18
4. Vertical Curves – Part B.................................................................................. 25
5. Spiral Curves................................................................................................... 32
6. Grade Separation............................................................................................ 41
7. Earthwork ........................................................................................................ 49
 Solved Problems – Surveying 2

Demo Problem Solutions

Module 1 Part a - Circular Curves
Situation
A circular curve is required to make the transition between two tangent sections in
a highway alignment. Use the data and sketch below to solve the following six
requirements.
• Design Speed = 60 mph
• Side Friction Factor = 0.15
• Maximum Superelevation Rate = 0.08

Requirements
ai. Based on the design speed, what is the minimum curve radius permitted?
aii. What is the maximum degree of curvature?
aiii. Using a degree of curvature of 05°30’00”, what is the station of the P.C.?
aiv. Using a degree of curvature of 05°30’00”, what is the station of the P.T.?
av. If a theodolite is set up at the P.C. of the curve with a 0°00’00” backsight on
the P.I. what is the required deflection angle to set a stake at the station 63+00 on
the curve?
avi. What is the bearing of the forward tangent?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 3

Requirement 1ai
Steps
1. V (speed) = 60 mph
2. e (Superelevation rate) = 0.08
3. f (Side friction factor) = 0.15
V2
4. Rmin (Minimum curve radius) = (AASHTO green book:
15 • (e + f )
A Policy on Geometric
Design of Highways and
Streets, 1994, p 151).
60 2
= ( ft.)
15 • (0.08 + 0.15 )
= 1,043.48 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 4

Requirement 1aii
Steps
1. Rmin (Minimum curve radius) = 1,043.48 (from 1AB)
5,729.578
2. Dmax (Maximum degree of curvature) =
R min
5,729.578
=
1,043.48
= 5.490836
= 05°29’27”

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 5

Requirement 1aiii
Steps
1. Dmax (Maximum degree of curvature) = 5.5°
2. # (Deflection angle) = 24.75°
3. Station of P.I. (Point of intersection) = 62+48.56
5,729.578
4. Rmin (Minimum curve radius) =
Dmax
5,729.578
=
5.5
= 1,041.74 ft.
∆ 
5. T (Length of subtangent) = Rmin • tan  
2
= 1,041.74 • tan (12.375)
= 228.56 ft.
6. Station of P.C. (Point of curvature) = Station of P.I.– T
= 62+48.56 – 2+28.56
= 60+20.00

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 6

Requirement 1aiv
Steps
1. Dmax (Maximum degree of curvature) = 5.5°
2. # (Deflection angle) = 24.75°
3. Station of P.C. (Point of curvature) = 60+20.00 (from 1AC)
∆
4. L (Length of circular arc) = • 100
Dmax
24.75
= • 100
5.5
= 450 ft.
5. Station of P.T. = Station of P.C + L
= 60+20.00 + 4+50.00
= 64+70.00

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 7

Requirement 1av
Steps
1. Station at given point = 63+00.00
2. Station of P.C. = 60+20.00 (from 1AC)
3. # (Deflection angle between tangents) = 24.75°
4. arc (Segment of arc length) = Station at given point
– Station of P.C.
= 63+00.00 – 60+20.00
= 2+80.00
5. L (Length of circular arc) = 450 ft. (from 1AD)
arc ∆
6. Deflection Angle = •
L 2
280 24.75
= •
450 2
= 07°42’00”

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 8

Requirement 1avi
Figure 1avi

78°26’30”

24°45’00”
Back Tangent α=S?
N 78°26’30” E E Forward Tangent

Steps
1. Angle of back tangent = 78°26’30”
2. # (Deflection angle
between tangents) = 24°45’00”
3. α (Bearing of forward tangent
in Figure 1AF) = 180° – Angle of back tangent – #
= 180 – 78°26’30” – 24°45’00
= S 76°48’30” E

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 9

Module 1 Part b - Circular Curves

Situation
The present highway layout (Curve 1) is too close to a historic building. The
proposed alignment (Curve 2) will shift the forward tangent 50’ west and parallel to
the original tangent. Using the data and sketch provided, solve the following seven
requirements.
• Design Speed is 55 miles per hour
• The P.C. of both curves is at the same station.
• Curve 1 has a degree curvature of 03°30’00”
• The railroad track is 80 feet south of and parallel to the back tangent

Requirements
bi. What is the subtangent length for Curve 1?
bii. What is the station of the P.C.?
biii. What is the degree of curvature for Curve 2?
biv. What is the station of the P.T. for Curve 2?
bv. Using a degree of curvature of 04°15’00”, what is the horizontal sight distance
for Curve 2?
bvi. Using a 55 mile per hour design speed, what is the maximum horizontal sight
distance (rounded for design) for Curve 2?
Bvii. Using a degree of curvature of 04015’00”, what is the station at the
intersection of the railroad track and Curve 2?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 10

Requirement 1bi
Steps
1. D (Degree of curvature) = 03°30’00”
= 3.5°
5,729.578
2. R (Curve radius) =
D
5,729.578
=
3.5
= 1,637.02 ft,
3. ∆ (Deflection angle between tangents) = 32°36’00”
= 32.6°
∆ 
4. T (Length of subtangent) = R • tan  
2
= 1,637.02 • tan (16.3)
= 478.70 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 11

Requirement 1bii
Steps
1. Station of P.I. (Point of intersection) = 75+98.70
2. T (Length of subtangent) = 478.70 ft. (from 1BA)
3. Station of P.C. (Point of curvature) = Station of P.I. – T
= 75+98.70 – 4+78.70
= 71+20

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 12

Requirement 1biii
Figure 1BC-1
c
Back Tangent
32.6° 32.6°

50ft.

Forward Tangent

Steps
1. ∆ (Deflection angle between tangents) = 32.6°
50
2. c = (Figure 1BC-1)
sin (∆ )
50
=
sin (32.6)
= 92.80 ft.
3. T1 (Length of subtangent of Curve 1) = 478.70 ft. (from 1BA)
4. T2 (Length of subtangent of Curve 2) = T1 – c
= 478.70 – 92.80
= 385.90 ft.
T2
5. R2 (Radius of Curve 2) =
∆ 
tan 
2
385.90
=
tan(16.3 )
= 1,319.68 ft.
5,729.578
6. D2 (Degree of curvature for Curve 2) =
R2
5,729.578
=
1,319.68
= 4.34°
= 04°20’30”

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 13

Requirement 1biv
Steps
1. ∆ (Deflection angle between tangents) = 32.6°
2. D2 (Degree of curvature for Curve 2) = 4.34° (from 1BC)
∆
3. L2 (Length of Curve 2) = • 100
D2
32.6
= • 100
4.341667
= 750.86 ft.
4. Station of P.C.2 (Point of curvature
for Curve 2) = 71+20.00 (From 1BB)
5. Station of P.T.2 (Point of tangency
for Curve 2) = Station of P.C.2 + L2
= 71+20.00 + 7+50.86
= 78+70.86

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 14

Requirement 1bv
Steps
1. D2 (Degree of curvature for Curve 2) = 4.25°
5,729.578
2. R2 (Radius of Curve 2) =
D2
5,729.578
=
4.25
= 1,348.14 ft.
3. Sight distance for Curve 2(S2)
• Assume S2 < L2
¾ M2 (distance from the centerline
of roadway to obstruction) =25 ft.
¾ S2 (Sight distance) = 8 • R 2 • M2 (if S2 < L2)
= 8 • 1,348.14 • 25
= 519.26 ft.
¾ ∆ (Deflection angle
between tangents) = 32.6°
¾ D2 (Degree of curvature) = 4.25°
∆
¾ L2 (Length of Curve) = • 100
D2
32.6
=• 100
4.25
= 767.05 ft.
• 519.26 < 767.06, so assumption and S formula correct.
• S2 = 519.26 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 15

Requirement 1bvi
Table 1BF-1
Stopping Sight Distance
Design Assumed Speed
Speed (mph) (mph) Rounded for
Computed (ft)
Design (ft)

20 20 - 20 106.7 - 106.7 125 - 125

25 24 - 25 138.5 - 146.5 150 - 150
30 28 - 30 177.3 - 195.7 200 - 200
35 32 - 35 217.7 - 248.4 225 - 250
40 36 - 40 267.0 - 313.3 275 - 325
45 40 - 45 318.7 - 382.7 325 - 400
50 44 - 50 376.4 - 461.1 400 - 475
55 48 - 55 432.0 - 537.8 450 - 550
60 52 - 60 501.5 - 633.8 525 - 650
65 55 - 65 549.4 - 724.0 550 - 725
70 58 - 70 613.1 - 840.0 625 - 850
From A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Copyright 1994
by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C. Used by permission.

Steps
1. Maximum stopping sight distance = 550 ft. (Table 1BF-1)

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 16

Requirement 1bvii
Figure 1BG-1

P.C.
Back Tangent

80 ft.

Curve 2
Railroad
A Track
α

Radius

Center of
Circle
Steps
1. R2 (Radius of Curve 2) = 1,348.14 ft.
2. A (Length from center to railroad track) = R2 – 80
= 1,348.14 – 80
= 1,268.14
 A 
3. α (Angle at center of Curve 2) = arccos  (Figure 1BG-1)
 R2 
 1,268.14 
= arccos 
 1,348.14 
= 19.83748°
= 19°50’15”
4. D2 (Degree of curvature for Curve 2) = 4.25°
5. L2 (Length of Curve 2
α
from P.C. to Railroad track) = • 100
D2
19.83748
= • 100
4.25
= 466.76 ft.
6. Station of P.C.2 (Point of curvature
for Curve 2) = 71+20.00 (From 1BB)
7. Station where Curve 2

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 17

intersects Railroad track = Station of P.C.2 + L2

= 71+20.00 + 4+66.76
= 75+86.76

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 18

Module 2 Part a - Vertical Curves

Situation
A parabolic curve is used to make the vertical transition between the two tangent
sections in a highway alignment for an equal tangent crest curve. Using the design
data and the information in the sketch below, solve the following requirements.
• Design Speed = 60 m.p.h.
• Elevation on top of 36” pipe = 137.16 ft.

Requirements
ai. Using the design speed and stopping sight distance (rounded for design), what
is the minimum length of the vertical curve required to make the grade transition?
aii. What is the elevation on the vertical curve at station 37+25.50?
aiii. What is the elevation of the high point on the curve?
aiv. If six feet of cover is required over the pipe at station 34+00, what is the
maximum length of vertical curve that can be used?
av. What is the actual passing sight distance for the vertical curve?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 19

Requirement 2ai
Table 2ai
Stopping Sight Distance over a Crest Vertical Curve

Stopping Rate of Vertical Curvature, K

Assumed (length [ft] per percent of A)
Sight
Design Speed Speed for
Distance
(mph) Condition
Rounded for Rounded for
(mph) Computed
Design (ft.) Design

20 20 - 20 125 - 125 8.6 - 8.6 10 - 10

25 24 - 25 150 - 150 14.4 - 16.1 20 - 20
30 28 - 30 200 - 200 23.7 - 28.8 30 - 30
35 32 - 35 225 - 250 35.7 - 46.4 40 - 50
40 36 - 40 275 - 325 53.6 - 73.9 60 - 80
45 40 - 45 325 - 400 76.4 - 110.2 80 - 120
50 44 - 50 400 - 475 106.6 - 160.0 110 - 160
55 48 - 55 450 - 550 140.4 - 217.6 150 - 220
60 52 - 60 525 - 650 189.2 - 302.2 190 - 310
65 55 - 65 550 - 725 227.1 - 394.3 230 - 400
70 58 - 70 625 - 850 282.8 - 530.9 290 - 540
From A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Copyright 1994
by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C. Used by permission.

Steps
1. K (Rate of vertical curvature) = 190 (minimum value in
Table 2AA-1)
2. g1 (Gradient 1) = +3.5%
3. g2 (Gradient 2) = -2.5%
4. A (Total change in grade of the curve) = g1 – g2
= 3.5% – (–2.5%)
= 6.0%
5. L (Length of curve) =K•A
= 190 • 6
= 1,140 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 20

Requirement 2aii

Steps
1. L
(Length of vertical curve) = 1,200 ft.
= 12+00.00
2. Station at PVI (Point of
vertical intersection) = 38+50.00
3. Station of PVC
L
(Point vertical curvature) = Station of PVI –
2
= 38+50.00 – 6+00.00
= 32+50.00
4. ElevPVI (Elevation PVI) = 160.25
5. g1 (Gradient 1) = +3.5%
 L
6. ElevPVC (Elevation PVC) = Elev PVI −  g1 • 
 2
= 160.25 − (3.5 • 6 )
= 139.25
7. P = Point at 37+25.50
8. Xp (Horizontal distance
from PVC to P) = 37+25.50 – 32+50.00
= 4+75.50
9. g2 (Gradient 2) = –2.5%
10. R
g2 − g1
(Rate of change of grade) =
L
- 2.5 − 3.5
=
12
= –0.5
 R • XP 2 
11. Yp (Elevation of P) = YPVC + (g1 • XP ) +  

 2 
 - 0.5 • 4.7550 2 
= 139.25 + (3.5 • 4.7550 ) +  
 2 
= 150.24

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 21

Requirement 2aiii

Steps
1. P = Highest point on curve.
2. L (Length of vertical curve) = 1,200 ft.
= 12+00.00
3. g1 (Gradient 1) = +3.5%
4. g2 (Gradient 2) = –2.5%
5. Xp (Horizontal distance
g1 • L
from PVC to P) =
g1 − g2
3.5 • 12
=
3.5 − ( −2.5)
= 7.0 stations
6. Station of PVC
(Point vertical curvature) = 32+50.00 (from 2AB)
7. Station of P = Station of PVC + Xp
= 32+50.00 + 7+00.00
= 39+50+00
8. ElevPVC (Elevation PVC) = 139.25 (from 2AA)
9. R (Rate of change of grade) = –0.5 (from 2AA)
 R • X2 
10. Yp (Elevation of P) = YPVC + (g1 • X ) +  
 2 
 - 0.5 • 7.0 2 
= 139.25 + (3.5 • 7.0 ) +  
 2 
= 151.50

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 22

Requirement 2aiv

Steps
1. ElevTopPipe
(Elevation at top pipe) = 137.16 ft.
2. D (Depth of cover) = 6 ft.
3. Elevcurve
(Elevation of curve) = ElevTopPipe + D
= 137.16 + 6
= 143.16 ft.
4. L = Length of new vertical curve.
5. P = Point at top of new curve.
6. Station at P = 34+00.00
7. Station at PVI
(Point vertical intersection) = 38+50.00
8. ElevPVI
(Elevation of PVI) = 160.25 ft.
9. XP = Horizontal distance from PVC to P.
L
= – (Station at PVI – Station at P)
2
L
= – (38+50.00 – 34+00.00)
2
L
= – (4.5 stations)
2
10. g1 (Gradient 1) = +3.5%
11. g2 (Gradient 2) = –2.5%
12. R (Rate of change
g2 − g1
of grade) =
L
- 2.5 − 3.5
=
L
−6
=
L
 R • XP 2 
13. Yp (Elevation of P) = YPVC + (g1 • XP ) +  

 2 
New PVC is unknown, so express in terms of PVI, g1, and L
  L  R • XP 2 
=  Elev PVI − g1 •   + (g1 • XP ) +  
  2  2 
 

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 23

XP unknown, so express in terms of L

 2

 R •  L − 4.5 
  L  L   2  
=  Elev PVI − g1 •   +  g1 •  − 4.5  +   
2 2 2 
       
 
 
 L  
2
- 6 •  − 4.5 
  L   L   2  
= 160.25 − 3.5 •   +  3.5 •  − 4.5   +  
  2   2   L •2

 
 
14. Simplifying equation for YP
L2 – (19.79 • L) + 81 =0

Solving for L with X =

−b± (b−4•a•c
2
)
2•a
L = 14 stations or 5.8 stations
= 1,400 ft. (max length as requested)

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 24

Requirement 2av

Steps
1. Sight distance for Curve (S)
• Assume S < L
¾ L (Curve length) = 1,200 ft.
¾ A (Total change
in grade of the curve) = 6.0% (from 2AA)
L
¾ S = 55.61• (if S < L; AASHTO Green
A
Book)
1,200
= 55.61•
6
= 786.44 ft.
• 796.44 < 1,200, so formula is correct.
• S = 786 ft. (rounded down)

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 25

Module 2 Part b - Vertical Curves

Situation
A parabolic vertical sag curve is used to make the transition between two equal
tangent sections in a highway alignment. Using the design data and the
information on the sketch below, solve the following requirements:
• Design Speed = 50 m.p.h.
• Elevation on underside of bridge structure = 147.36 ft.
• Bridge located at station 74+65.50

Requirements
B. At what station on the vertical would a pair of catch basins or drainage inlet
structures be required?
C. What is the curve elevation at the lowest point on the vertical curve?
D. If the river flowing under the highway floods to elevation 133.0, what is the
minimum station to which the flooding would extend?
E. If the river flowing under the highway floods to elevation 133.0, what is the
maximum station to which the flooding would extend?
F. What is the bridge clearance at station 74+65.50?
G. Using the design speed and stopping sight distance (rounded for design), what
is the maximum length of the vertical curve required to make the grade
transition?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 26

Requirement 2bi

Steps
1. Station of PVI
(Point of vertical intersection) = 76+35.00
2. L (Length of curve) = 8 stations.
3. Station of PVC
L
(Point of vertical curvature) = Station of PVI −  
2
= 76+35.00 – 4
= 72+35.00
4. g1 (Gradient 1) = –2.2%
5. g2 (Gradient 2) = +1.8%
6. P = Point at lowest point of curve.
7. XP (Horizontal distance
g1 • L
from PVC to P) =
g1 − g2
− 2.2 • 8
=
- 2.2 − 1.8
= 4.4 stations
8. Station at P = Station of PVC + XP
= 72+35.00 + 4+40.00
= 76+75.00

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 27

Requirement 2bii

Steps
1. g1 (Gradient 1) = –2.2%
2. g2 (Gradient 2) = +1.8%
3. L (Length of curve) = 8 stations.
g − g1
4. R (Rate of change in grade) = 2
L
1.8 − (− 2.2)
=
8
= 0.5
5. ElevPVI (Elevation of Point
of vertical intersection) = 126.80 ft.
6. ElevPVC (Elevation of Point
 L  
of vertical curvature) = Elev PVI −  g1 •   
 2 
= 126.80 – (–2.2 • 4)
= 135.60 ft.
7. P = Point at lowest point of curve.
8. XP (Horizontal distance
from PVC to P) = 4.4 stations
9. YP (Vertical distance
 R • X 2P 
from PVC to P) = Elev PVC + (g1 • XP ) +  
 2 
 0.5 • 4.4 2 
= 135.60 + (- 2.2 • 4.4 ) +  
 2 
= 130.76 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 28

Requirement 2biii

Steps
1. P = Point where elevation is 133 ft.
2. g1 (Gradient 1) = –2.2%
3. g2 (Gradient 2) = +1.8%
4. R (Rate of change in grade) = 0.5 (from 2BB)
5. ElevPVC (Elevation of Point
of vertical curvature) = 135.60 ft (from 2BB)
6. XP = Horizontal distance PVC to P
 R • XP 2 
7. YP (Vertical distance PVC to P) = Elev PVC + (g1 • XP ) +  

 2 
 0.5 • XP 2 
133.0 = 135.60 + (- 2.2 • XP ) +  

 2 
8. Simplifying equation for XP
XP2 – (8.8 • X) + 10.4 = 0

Solving for XP with X =

−b± (b−4•a•c
2
)
2•a
XP = 1.4067 stations & 7.3933 stations
9. Station of PVC
(Point of vertical curvature) = 72+35.00 (from 2BA)
10. Minimum station of flooding = Station of PVC + Minimum XP
= 72+35.00 + 1+40.67
= 73+75.67

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 29

Requirement 2biv

Steps
1. Station of PVC
(Point of vertical curvature) = 72+35.00 (from 2BA)
2. XP (Maximum) = 7.3933 stations (from 2BC)
3. Maximum station of flooding = Station of PVC + Maximum XP
= 72+35.00 + 7+39.33
= 79+74.33

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 30

Requirement 2bv

Steps
1. P = Point on curve at Station 74+65.50.
2. Station of PVC
(Point of vertical curvature) = 72+35.00 (from 2BA)
3. ElevPVC = 135.60 ft (from 2BB)
4. g1 (Gradient 1) = –2.2%
5. R (Rate of change in grade) = 0.5 (from 2BB)
6. XP = Horizontal distance from PVC to P
= Station at P – Station at PVC
= 74+65.50 – 72+35.00
= 2+30.50
= 2.305 stations
7. YP
 R • XP 2 
(Vertical distance PVC to P) = Elev PVC + (g1 • XP ) +  

 2 
 0.5 • 2.305 2 
= 135.60 + (- 2.2 • 2.305 ) +  
 2 
= 131.86 ft
8. ElevBridge
(Elevation bridge structure) = 147.36 ft.
9. Bridge clearance = ElevBridge – YP
= 147.36 – 131.86
= 15.50 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 31

Requirement 2bvi
Table 2bvi
Stopping Sight Distance on a Sag Vertical Curve

Stopping Rate of Vertical Curvature, K

Assumed (length [ft] per percent of A)
Sight
Design Speed Speed for
Distance
(mph) Condition
Rounded for Rounded for
(mph) Computed
Design (ft.) Design

20 20 - 20 125 - 125 14.7 - 14.7 20 - 20

25 24 - 25 150 - 150 21.7 - 23.5 30 - 30
30 28 - 30 200 - 200 30.8 - 35.3 40 - 40
35 32 - 35 225 - 250 40.8 - 48.6 50 - 50
40 36 - 40 275 - 325 53.4 - 65.6 60 - 70
45 40 - 45 325 - 400 67.0 - 84.2 70 - 90
50 44 - 50 400 - 475 82.5 - 105.6 90 - 110
55 48 - 55 450 - 550 97.6 - 126.7 100 - 130
60 52 - 60 525 - 650 116.7 - 153.4 120 – 160
65 55 - 65 550 - 725 227.1 - 394.3 130 - 180
70 58 - 70 625 - 850 282.8 - 530.9 150 - 220
From A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, Copyright 1994
by the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials,
Washington, D.C. Used by permission.

Steps
1. K (Rate of vertical curvature) = 110 (maximum value in Table 2BF-1)
2. g1 (Gradient 1) = –2.2%
3. g2 (Gradient 2) = +1.8%
4. A (Total change
in grade of curve) = g2 – g1
= 1.8% – (–2.2%)
= 4.0%
5. L (Length of curve) =K•A
= 110 • 4
= 440 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 32

Module 3 - Spiral Curves

Situation
Two tangent sections in a horizontal highway alignment study intersect at an angle
of 40°20’00”. The change in direction will be accomplished using a circular curve
with a transition spiral at each end. Using the data and sketch below, solve the
following requirements:
• Design Speed = 60 m.p.h.
• Station of the PI = 46+12.32
• Degree of curvature = 6°00’

Requirements
a. Based on the design speed, what is the minimum length of the spiral required?
b. Using a 400 foot long spiral curve, what is the value of the spiral angle (θs)?
c. What is the total tangent distance (from PI to TS)?
d. What is the station of the SC?
e. What is the length of the circular arc between the SC and CS?
f. What is the station of the ST?
g. What is the value of the total external distance (ES)?
h. A theodolite is set up at the TS with a 00°00’00” backsight on the PI. What is
the deflection angle to set a stake at station 43+00.00?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 33

Requirement 3a

Steps
1. D (Degree of curvature) = 6°
2. V (Design speed) = 60 mph
3. C (Rate of increase of
centripetal acceleration) = 2 (for comfort and safety)
5,729.578
4. RC (Curve radius) =
D
= 954.93 ft.
3.15 • V 3
5. L (Minimum length of spiral) = (AASHTO Green book)
RC • C
3.15 • 60 3
=
954.93 • 2
= 356 ft (rounded down)

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 34

Requirement 3b

Steps
1. L S (Length from TS to SC) = 400 ft.
2. DC (Degree of curvature) = 6°
L • DC
3. θS (Spiral angle) = S
200
400 • 6
=
200
= 12°

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 35

Requirement 3c

Steps
1. θS (Spiral angle) = 12° (from 3A)
2. L (Length of spiral) = 400 ft. (from 3B)
3. p (Offset distance from
initial tangent to Point Curvature) = 0.017426 • L (From Hickerson,
Route location
and design,
5th Edition,
McGraw-Hill.)
= 0.017426 • 400
= 6.97 ft.
4. k (Abscissa of shifted PC referred
to Tangent to spiral point [TS]) = 0.499270 • L (From Hickerson)
= 0.499270 • 400
= 199.71
5. RC (Curve radius) = 954.93 ft. (from 3A)
6. ∆ (Angle between tangents) = 40°20’00”
7. DC (Degree of curvature) = 6°
∆ 
8. TS (Total tangent distance) = (R C + p ) • tan  + k
2
 40 o 20'00" 
= (954.93 + 6.97 ) • tan  + 199.71
 2 
= 552.98 ft

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 36

Requirement 3d

Steps
1. Station of PI (Point of intersection) = 46+12.32
2. TS (Total tangent distance) = 552.98 ft. (from 3C)
3. Station of TS (Tangent to spiral point) = Station of PI – TS
= 46+12.32 – 5+52.98
= 40+59.34
4. L S (Length of spiral) = 400 ft. (from 3B)
= 4+00.00
5. Station of SC (Spiral to curve) = Station of TS + L S
= 40+59.34 + 4+00.00
= 44+59.34

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 37

Requirement 3e

Steps
1. ∆ (Angle between tangents) = 40°20’00”
2. θS (Spiral angle) = 12° (from 3A)
3. DC (Degree of curvature) = 6°
4. ∆C (Central angle of circular arc) = ∆ – (2 • θS)
= 40°20’00” – 24°00’00”
= 16°20’00”
∆ • 100
5. L C (Length of circular arc) = C
DC
16.33 • 100
=
6
= 272.22 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 38

Requirement 3f

Steps
1. Station of SC (Spiral to curve) = 44+59.34 (from 3D)
2. L C (Length of circular arc) = 2+72.22 (from 3E)
3. L S (Length of spiral) = 4+00.00 (from 3B)
4. Station of CS (Curve to spiral) = Station of SC + L C
= 44+59.34 + 2+72.22
= 47+31.56
5. Station of ST (Spiral to tangent) = Station of CS + L S
= 47+31.56 + 4+00.00
= 51+31.56

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 39

Requirement 3g

Steps
1. RC (Curve radius) = 954.93 ft. (from 3A)
2. p (Offset distance from
initial tangent to Point Curvature) = 6.97 ft. (from 3C)
3. ∆ (Angle between tangents) = 40°20’00”
 ∆  
4. ES (Total external distance) = (R C + p ) •  sec   − 1 + p
 2 
= (954.93 + 6.97 ) • (sec[20.167] − 1) + 6.97
= 69.79 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 40

Requirement 3h

Steps
1. Station of Point P = 43+00.00
2. Station of TS (Tangent to spiral point) = 40+59.34 (from 3D)
3. L S (Length of spiral) = 4+00.00 (from 3B)
4. θS (Spiral angle) = 12° (from 3A)
5. L (Length along spiral curve) = Station of P – Station of TS
= 43+00.00 – 40+59.34
= 2+40.66
2
1  L 
6. θ (Deflection angle) = •   • θ S
3  LS 
2
1  240.66 
= •  • 12
3  400 
= 1°26’52”

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 41

Module 4 - Grade Separation

Situation
As part of a design process for a new by-pass highway, a grade separation
structure (bridge) is required to carry traffic on an existing road (Smith Lane) over
the by-pass. Based on the design data and sketch below, solve the following
requirements:
• By-pass Grade = –4.5% from West to East
• Smith Lane Grade = Crest Vertical Curve
• PVI Station = 63+50.00
• PVI Elevation = 126.50
• Curve Length = 600 ft.
• g1 = +3.2%
• g2 = –3.2%
• Intersection Equation: Bypass = Station 107+35; Smith Lane = 62+10
• Minimum Bridge Clearance = 16 ft.
• By-pass Transverse or Cross Slope = 1/4” per foot
• Smith Lane Cross Slope = 3/8” per foot

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 42

Requirements
a. What is the centerline station on Smith Lane opposite Point X?
b. What is the centerline elevation on the vertical curve on Smith Lane at Station
61+70.90?
c. What is the elevation at X on Smith Lane bridge?
d. Using the minimum bridge clearance permitted, what is the maximum elevation
at X on the by-pass?
e. What is the maximum elevation on the centerline of the by-pass at station
106+00.00?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 43

Requirement 4a
Figure 4a

Steps
1. θ (Angle between roads) = 67°30’00”
2. A (Angle DXE) = 180° – 90°– 67°30’00”
= 22°30’00”
3. WB (Width by-pass lane) = 30 ft.
4. WS (Width Smith Lane) = 16 ft.
5. Station at C = 62+10’00”
WB
6. CD =
cos(A )
30
=
cos(22.5 )
= 32.47 ft
7. DE = WS • tan(A)
= 16 • tan(22.5)
= 6.63 ft.
8. Center of Smith opposite X = Station at C – CD – DE
= 62+10’00” – 0+32.47 – 0+06.63
= 61+70.90

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 44

Requirement 4b

Steps
1. ElevPVI (Elevation of Point of
vertical intersection) = 126.50 ft.
2. Station of PVI = 63+50.00
3. g1 (Grade 1) = +3.2%
4. g2 (Grade 2) = –3.2%
5. L (Curve length) = 600 ft.
g − g1
6. R (Rate of change of grade) = 2
L
- 3.2 − 3.2
=
6
= –1.0667
7. P = Point at Station 61+70.90
8. ElevPVC (Elevation of Point of
 L  
vertical curvature) = Elev PVI −  g1 •   
 2 
 6
= 126.50 −  3.2 •   
 2
= 116.90 ft.
L
9. Station of PVC = Station of PVI −  
2
6
= 63+50.00 –  
2
= 60+50.00
10. XP (Horizontal distance
from PVC to P) = Station of P – Station of PVC
= 61+70.90 – 60+50.00
= 1+20.90
 R • X 2P 
11. YP (Elevation at P) = ElevPVC + (g1 • R) +  
 2 
= 116.90 + (3.2 • –1.0667)
 - 1.0667 • 1.2090 2 
+  
 2 
= 119.99 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 45

Requirement 4c

Steps
1. P = Point X on Smith Lane Bridge
2. YP (Elevation at P) = 119.99 ft. (from 4B)
3. θ (Cross slope) = 3/8” per foot.
4. W (Pavement width) = 32 ft.
 W 
5. ElevX (Elevation of X) = YP − θ • 
 2 • 12 
 3 32 
= 119.99 −  • 
 8 24 
= 119.49 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 46

Requirement 4d

Steps
1. P = Point X on Smith Lane Bridge
2. ElevX (Elevation of X) = 119.49 ft. (from 4C)
3. CMin (Minimum Clearance) = 16 ft.
4. DSlab (Depth of slab) = 12 inches.
5. DBeams (Depth of beams) = 36 inches.
D + DBeams
6. D (Depth of bridge structure) = Slab
12
12 + 36
=
12
= 4 ft.
7. ElevMax (Maximum elevation of X) = ElevX – D – CMin
= 119.49 – 4 – 16
= 99.49 ft

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 47

Requirement 4e
Figure 4E-1

Steps
1. P = Point at Station 106+00.00
2. A (Intersection angle) = 22°30’00”
3. WS (Width Smith Lane) = 16 ft.
4. WB (Width by-pass lane) = 30 ft.
5. gBP (Grade by-pass lane) = 4.5%
6. Station at C = 62+10’00”
7. Station at IP (Intersection point) = 107+35.00
8. ElevEP
(Elevation at edge pavement) = 99.49 ft. (from 4D)
9. θ (Cross slope) = 1/4” per foot.
WS
10. CF =
cos(A )
16
=
cos(22.5 )
= 17.32 ft
11. FG = WB • tan(A)
= 30 • tan(22.5)
= 12.43 ft.
12. Station at G = Station at IP – CF – FG
= 107+35.00” – 0+17.32 – 0+12.43
= 107+05.25
θ • WB
13. ElevG (Elevation of G) = ElevEP +
12
1 • 30
= 99.49 +
4 • 12

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 48

= 100.12 ft.
14. XP (Horizontal distance G to P) = Station at G – Station at P
= 107+05.25 – 106+00.00
= 1+05.25
15. YP (Elevation at P) = ElevG + gBP • XP
= 100.12 + (4.5 • 1.0525)
= 104.86 ft.

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 49

Module 5 - Earthwork
Situation
The centerline of a proposed highway has been established in the field. Cross
sections showing pre-construction conditions have been taken at every half station
(50 feet), and other selected stations where there is any significant change in
ground conditions. A template showing the final design of the highway has been
plotted on each of the cross sections. Based on the design information plotted on
each of the cross sections and using a planimeter, the areas of cut and fill have
been determined. Shown below is a listing of these areas for a 400-foot section on
the highway. Using the given design data, solve the following requirements.

Earthwork Data
Station Cut Area (ft2) Fill Area (ft2)
10+00 120 490
10+40 106 620
10+50 85 1,180
11+00 163 1,375
11+50 640 920
11+80 1,002 240
12+00 1,365 110
12+50 1,260 90
13+00 1,139 120
13+30 710 180
13+50 505 360
14+00 240 369

Requirements
a. If the shrinkage of the soil is 12%, how much of a surplus exists, if any, when
using the average end area method to calculate the amount of material needed
to construct the highway subgrade.
b. What is the station of the balance point on the mass diagram? (Assume the
mass diagram ordinate at station 10+0 = 0).
c. For this requirement, assume a freehaul of 1,000 feet, the center of mass of
the excavated material is at station 22+85, and the center of mass of the
embankment is at station 41+25. Based on these assumptions and the
portion of a mass diagram shown with the requirement, what is the overhaul
in cubic yard stations?

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 50

Requirement 5a
Table 5a
Cut Area Cut Volume Fill Area Fill Volume
Station
(ft2) (yds3) (ft2) (yds3)
10+00 120 490
10+40 106 167 620 921
10+50 85 35 1,180 373
11+00 163 230 1,375 2,650
11+50 640 744 920 2,380
11+80 1,002 912 240 722
12+00 1,365 877 110 145
12+50 1,260 2,430 90 207
13+00 1,139 2,221 120 218
13+30 710 1,027 180 187
13+50 505 450 360 224
14+00 240 690 369 756
Total 9,783 8,783
• Ai = Cut Area at Station i
• L = Length between stations
= 50 ft.

• Cut Volumei =
(A i + A i-1 ) • L (divide by 27 to convert from ft. to yds3)
2 • 27
• Bi = Fill Area at Station i
(B + Bi-1 ) • L • 112 (add 12% for shrinkage)
• Fill Volumei = i
2 • 27 • 100

Steps
1. Surplus = Total Fill Volume – Total Cut Volume (Table 5A-1)
= 9,783 – 8,783
= 1,000 yds3

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 51

Requirement 5b
Table 5B-1
Cut Volume Fill Volume Mass Diagram
Station
(yds3) (yds3) Ordinate (yds3)
10+00 0
10+40 167 921 -754
10+50 35 373 -1,092
11+00 230 2,650 -3,512
11+50 744 2,380 -5,148
11+80 912 722 -4,958
12+00 877 145 -4,226
12+50 2,430 207 -2,003
13+00 2,221 218 0
13+30 1,027 187 +840
13+50 450 224 +1,066
14+00 690 756

Steps
(Cut Volume i − Fill Volume i ) yds3
j
1. Mass Diagram Ordinatej = ∑
i=0

2. Balance Point = Station where Mass diagram ordinate

is zero.
= 13+00.00

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.

 Solved Problems – Surveying 52

Requirement 5c
Figure 5C-1

Steps
1. CMEmbankment
(Center of mass for embankment) = 41+25.00
2. CMExcavation
(Center of mass for excavation) = 22+85.00
3. LFreehaul (Length of freehaul) = 10 stations
4. LOverhaul (Length of overhaul) = CMEmbankment – CMExcavation – LFreehaul
= 41+25.00 – 22+85.00 – 10+00.00
= 8+40.00
5. HLOrdinate (Horizontal-line ordinate
in Figure 5C-1) = 2,260 yds3
6. VOverhaul (Volume of overhaul) = HLOrdinate • LOverhaul
= 2,260 • 8.4
= 18,984 cubic yard stations

© 2003 SmartPros Ltd.