E233 – Thermofluids

P10

Gas Turbine Power Cycle

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

Motivation …….
Gas turbines are lighter and more compact as
compared to steam power plant. They are
favoured for their high power-to-weight ratio. Gas
turbines are suited for transportation applications
such as in aircraft propulsion and marine power
plants. They are also commonly used for
stationary power generation.

Gas turbine power plants operate

on either an open or closed cycle
.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Gas Turbine Open Cycle
1-2 Isentropic compression
2-3 Constant-pressure
combustion
3-4 Isentropic expansion

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Open Cycle Processes
Path Activity
1-2 Atmospheric air is continuously drawn into the
compressor, where it is compressed to a high pressure.

2-3 The air then enters a combustion chamber (or

combustor), where it is mixed with fuel and combustion
occurs, resulting in combustion products at an elevated
temperature.
3-4 The combustion products expand through the turbine
and are subsequently discharged to the surroundings.
Part of the turbine work developed is used to drive the
compressor; the remainder is available as shaft work.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Open Cycle Analysis
GT
SFEE for Q & W Remarks
Components
1. Reversible process, s1=s2
2. Adiabatic process, Q=0
h1+Q12=h2+W12
Compressor 3. Work done on the system
Wc=-(h2-h1)=-cpa(T2-T1) (compressor), Win is
negative
1. Steady-flow process, no
h2+Q23=h3+W23 work done
Combustor
Qin=(h3-h2)=cpg(T3-T2) 2 Constant-pressure
process, no pressure loss
1. Reversible process, s3=s4
h3+Q34=h4+W34 2. Adiabatic process, Q=0
Turbine
Wt=(h3-h4)=cpg(T3-T4) 3. Work done by the system
(turbine), Wout is positive

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Open Cycle Analysis (cont’d)
Net work output is,
Wnet = Wt - Wc = ( m
& a +m & f ) c pg ( T3 - T4 ) - m& ac pa ( T2 - T1 )
Thermal (or cycle) efficiency is,
Wnet ( m
& a +m& f ) c pg ( T3 - T4 ) - m & ac pa ( T2 - T1 )
η th = =
Qin mac pg ( T3 - T2 )

=
( T3 - T4 ) − ( T2 - T1 )
( T3 - T2 )
& a <<m
Assumptions: (1) m & f and
(2) c pg ≅ c pa ≅ c p =constant

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Gas Turbine Closed Cycle
The Open Cycle can be modeled as a Closed
Cycle. The compression and expansion processes
remain the same, but the combustion process is
replaced by a constant-pressure heat-addition
process from an external source, and the exhaust
process is replaced by a constant-pressure heat-
rejection process to the surrounding air. The
working fluid undergoes a closed loop.

This Closed Cycle is the air-standard Brayton

Cycle.
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 The Brayton Cycle

1-2 Isentropic compression

2-3 Constant-pressure heat
addition
3-4 Isentropic expansion
4-1 Constant-pressure heat
rejection
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Brayton Cycle Processes
Path Activity
1-2 Atmospheric air is continuously drawn into the
compressor, where it is compressed to a high
pressure.
2-3 The air then enters a heat exchanger, the temperature
rise is brought about by a heat transfer to the working
fluid from an external source.
3-4 The high-temperature fluid expands through the
turbine. Part of the turbine work developed is used to
drive the compressor; the remainder is available as
shaft work.
4-1 The turbine exhaust passes through a heat exchanger
where heat rejection to the surroundings occurs. The
fluid is restored to the compressor inlet state.
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Brayton Cycle Analysis
The components in the Brayton cycle are steady flow
devices, the processes are analysed as steady-flow
processes. Changes in KE and PE are insignificant and
they can be neglected
(1q4
in - qout ) + ( w in - w out ) = ( hexit - hinlet )
24 3 14243 14243
qnet w net Δh
Compression 1- 2, w in = h2 - h1 = c p ( T2 - T1 )
Heat addition 2 - 3, qin = h3 - h2 = c p ( T3 - T2 )
Expansion 3 - 4, w out = h3 - h4 = c p ( T3 - T4 )
Heat rejection 4 -1, qout = h4 - h1 = c p ( T4 - T1 )
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Brayton Cycle Analysis (cont’d)
From isentropic processes 1- 2 & 3 - 4,
γ -1 γ -1
T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ ⎛ p3 ⎞ γ T3
p2 = p3 & p 4 = p1; = ⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ =
T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ p4 ⎠ T4
⎛ T4 ⎞
T1 ⎜ -1⎟
w net qout c p ( T4 - T1 ) ⎝ T1 ⎠
η t,Brayton = = 1- = 1- = 1-
qin qin c p ( T3 - T2 ) ⎛ T3 ⎞
T2 ⎜ -1⎟
⎝ T2 ⎠
1 p 2 p3
= 1- γ -1
where pressure ratio rp = =
(rp ) γ
p1 p 4

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Irreversibilities and Losses
Irreversibilities and losses are present due to:
1. Friction within the compressor and turbine
2. Pressure losses within the heat exchangers. These
losses are less significant and they are usually neglected.

The effects of irreversibilities

and losses are reflected on the
T-s diagram as in increase in
compressor work (1-2) and
reduction in turbine work (3-4).
Irreversibilities and losses are
accounted for by introducing
the isentropic efficiencies

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Irreversibilities and Losses (cont’d)
Compressor isentropic efficiency is, Y
T
w in,1-2s h2s - h1 c p ( T2s - T1 ) 2s

ηc,isen = = = Win
w in,1-2 h2 - h1 c p ( T2 - T1 )
X s

Similarly, turbine isentropic efficiency is,

T Z
w out,3-4 h3 - h4 c p ( T3 - T4 )
η t,isen = = = Wout
w out,3-4s h3 - h4s c p ( T3 - T4s )
4s [ s

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Jet Propulsion – The Turbojet Engine
A turbojet engine schematic
and its component layout are
shown. Turbojet engine
consists of three main
sections: the diffuser (a-1),
the gas generator
(comprising a compressor,
combustor and turbine, 1-2-
3-4) and the nozzle (4-5).

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Turbojet Engine Cycle

a-1 Deceleration in diffuser

1-2 Compression in compressor
2-3 Combustion in combustor
3-4 Expansion in turbine
4-5 Acceleration in nozzle

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Turbojet Engine Processes
Path Activity

a-1 The diffuser decelerates the incoming air. A slight pressure

rise known as the ram effect is associated with this
deceleration.
1-2 Air is compressed isentropically by the compressor.
2-3 The compressed air mixes with the fuel in the combustor,
where the mixture is burnt at constant pressure to produce
high-temperature and high-pressure combustion gases.
3-4 The combustion gases partially expand isentropically in
the turbine, producing just sufficient power to drive the
compressor and auxiliary equipment.
4-5 The high-energy gases that exit the turbine expands
isentropically and accelerates through the nozzle to high
velocity jet to produce the thrust to propel the aircraft.

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Flow Through a Turbojet Engine
m& f
ignore
m& a m& a + m& f
Ca Cj
j, p j = patm
a, pa = patm
Relative to the aircraft travelling
at velocity Ca, atmospheric air is
being taken in by the turbojet
engine also at Ca

High velocity jet exhausting from

the turbojet engine with velocity Cj
relative to the aircraft

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 The Thrust Equation
The propulsive force, referred to as thrust in aircraft
propulsion, developed in a turbojet engine is the
unbalanced force that is caused by the difference in the
momentum of the low-velocity air entering the engine and
the high-velocity exhaust gases leaving the engine, and it is
determined from Newton’s second law. The pressures at
the inlet and the exit of a turbojet engine are atmospheric
pressure; thus, the net thrust developed by the engine is:

& aC j - m
Thrust, T = m & a ( C j - Ca )
& aCa = m

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Propulsive Power
The power developed from the thrust of the engine is called
the propulsive power, P, which is the thrust times the
aircraft velocity:

& a ( C j - Ca ) Ca
Power, P = TCaircraft = m

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Performance Parameters
Qin = m& f ( CV )

Ca Thrust
Cj
j
a
1 2
1 2 &
mC
&
mCa 2
j

21444444Δ2444444
KE 3
1 m& C 2 − 1 m& C 2
2 a j 2 a a

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Efficiencies
Propulsive Power
Propulsive efficiency, ηprop =
ΔKE
ΔKE
Thermal efficiency, η th =
Qin
Propulsive Power
Overall efficiency, ηo =
Qin
Propulsive Power ΔKE
=
ΔKE Qin
= ηpropηth

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Efficiencies (cont’d)
ηprop =
&a
m ( C - C ) C = 2C
j a a a
1
2 m (
& a C j 2 - Ca 2 ) C j + Ca

ηth =
1
2
&a
m (C j
2
- Ca
2
)
& f ( CV )
m

ηo =
& a ( C j - Ca ) Ca m
m
=
& a ( C j - Ca ) C a 1
2 m (
& a C j 2 - Ca 2 )
m& f ( CV ) 1 &
2 m a C j
2
- C a
2
( ) & f ( CV )
m
= ηpropη th

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Worked Example 1
Air at 7oC enters a turbojet engine at a rate of 16 kg/s and at a velocity on
300 m/s (relative to the engine). Air is heated in the combustion chamber at
a rate of 15,000 kJ/s and it leaves the engine at 427oC. Determine the thrust
and thrust power of this turbojet engine. Take cp=1.005 kJ/kgK

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Worked Example 1 (cont’d)
h j = c p Tj = 1.005 ( 700 ) = 703.5 kJ/kg & ha = 281.4 kJ/kg
⎡ ⎛ C
2
1 ⎞ ⎛ C
2
1 ⎞⎤
0 & ⎢⎜ h j +
Q- W =m
j
⎟ - ⎜ ha + a
⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎜⎝ 2 1000 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 1000 ⎠ ⎥
⎦
⎡⎛ Cj
2
1 ⎞ ⎛ 3002 1 ⎞ ⎤
15000 = 16 ⎢⎜ 703.5 + ⎟ - ⎜ 281.4 + ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣⎜⎝ 2 1000 ⎟⎠ ⎝ 2 1000 ⎠ ⎥
⎦
C j = 1058.68 m/s
& ( C j - Ca ) = 16 (1058.68 - 300 ) = 12138.88 N
Thrust, T = m
Propulsive power, P = TCa = 12138.88 ( 300 ) = 3641.66 kW

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 Worked Example 2
A turbojet engine takes in 45.35 kg/s of air at 34.47 kPa and -0.83oC with a velocity
of 182.88 m/s. The compressor outlet pressure is 344.74 kPa and the turbine inlet
temperature is 1093.33oC. γ=1.4 and c =1.005 kJ/kgK. Calculate the thrust and the
propulsive power developed by the engine.

γ -1 0.4
T2 ⎛ p2 ⎞ γ
⎛ 344.47 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ T2 = 272.17 ⎜ ⎟ = 525.84 K
T1 ⎝ p1 ⎠ ⎝ 34.47 ⎠
& p ( T3 - T4 ) = mc
w t = w c ⇒ mc & p ( T3 - T4 )
T4 = 1366.33 - ( 525.84 - 272.17 ) = 1112.66 K
E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering
 Worked Example 2 (cont’d)
γ 1.4
p 4 ⎛ T4 ⎞ γ −1 ⎛ 1112.66 ⎞ 0.4
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ p 4 = 344.74 ⎜ ⎟ = 168.00 kPa
p3 ⎝ T3 ⎠ ⎝ 1366.33 ⎠
γ 0.4
T5 ⎛ p5 ⎞ γ −1 ⎛ 34.47 ⎞ 1.4
= ⎜ ⎟ ⇒ T5 = 1112.66 ⎜ ⎟ = 707.35 K
T4 ⎝ p4 ⎠ ⎝ 168.00 ⎠
neglect
2 2
C4 C5
Apply SFEE to 4 → 5 nozzle, h4 + = h5 +
2 2
C5 = 2c p ( T4 - T5 ) = 2 (1005 )(1112.66 - 707.35 ) = 902.60 m/s
& ( C5 - C1 ) = 45.35 ( 902.60 -182.88 ) = 32.64 kN
Thrust, T = m
Propulsive power, P = TC1 = 32.64 (182.88 ) = 5969.20 kW

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering

 What have you learned?
1. Gas Turbine Cycles & Processes
- Open Cycle
- Closed Cycle
2. Brayton Cycle
3. Irreversibility & Losses
- Isentropic Efficiency
4. Jet Propulsion Cycle
- Turbojet Engine basics
- Performance

E233 Thermofluid, School of Engineering