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PRELIMINARIES

I. Fundamental or Basic Identities

A. Reciprocal Identities
1 1 1
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
sin θ cos θ tan θ
B. Quotient Identities
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ
C. Pythagorean Identities

sin2 θ + cos 2 θ = 1 tan2 θ + 1= sec 2 θ cot 2 θ + 1= csc 2 θ

II. Identities for Negatives

sin(−θ) = − sinθ cos(−θ) = cosθ tan(−θ) = −tanθ

III. Co - function Identities

0
sin(90 ± θ ) = cos θ sin(θ ± 90 0 ) = ± cos θ
cos(90 0 ± θ ) = ∓ sin θ cos(θ ± 90 0 ) = ∓ sin θ

IV. Sum and Difference Identities

tan α ± tanβ
sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sinβ tan(α ± B) =
1∓ tan α tanβ
cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sinβ

V. Double - Angle Identities

sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ
cos2θ = cos2 θ − sin2 θ = 1− 2 sin2 θ = 2cos2 θ −1
2tanθ
tan2θ =
1− tan2θ
1- cos2θ 1+ cos2θ
sin2θ = cos 2 θ =
2 2
VI. Half - Angle Identities

1 1− cos θ 1 1+ cos θ
sin θ = ± cos θ = ±
2 2 2 2

1 1− cos θ sin θ 1− cos θ

tan θ = ± = =
2 1+ cos θ 1+ cos θ sin θ

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 VII. Properties of Logarithmic Functions

1. lna + lnb = lnab 3. lnab = b lna

a
2. lna − lnb = ln
b

3.1 Derivative of Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

d
1. (ln u) = 1 • du
dx u dx
d u du
2.
dx
( )
a = au ln a
dx
d u du
3.
dx
( )
e = eu
dx

3.2 Derivative of Trigonometric Functions

d
1. (sin u) = cos u du 4.
d
(sec u) = sec u tan u du
dx dx dx dx
d
2. (cosu) = − sinu du 5.
d
(csc u) = − csc u cot u du
dx dx dx dx
d
3. (tan u) = sec 2 u du 6.
d
(cot u) = − csc 2 u du
dx dx dx dx

3.3 Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d
1.
d
(arcsinu) = 1 2 du 4. (arc cot u) = − 1 2 du
dx 1− u dx dx 1+ u dx
d
2. (arccosu) = − 1 2 du 5.
d
(arc sec u) = 12 du
dx 1− u dx dx u u − 1 dx
d
3. (arctan u) = 1 2 du 6.
d
(arc csc u) = − 12 du
dx 1+ u dx dx u u − 1 dx

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 Exercise No. 8
DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL & LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
dy
I. Find of the following function:
dx
2 2 1− x 2
1. y = ln b − x 2. y = 4 ln
1+ x 2
1
3. y = (7 − 3e −5 x )5 4. y = 6 − 5e −6 x + 19
1
⎛ x ⎞
5. y = ln⎜ 8 − e 2 ⎟ 6. y = e −3 x ln x
⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
−2 x 3
7. y=5 8. y = 5 −2 x x 2

9. y = x 2 e2 x 10. y = x 3e−3 x

11. x lny + y lnx = c 12. y lnx – x lny = 1

II. Do as indicated.
1. Given y = c1e x + c 2 e − x , show that y II − y = 0 .
2. Given y = c1e 2 x + c 2 e 3 x , show that y II − 5y I + 6y = 0 .
3. Given y = c1e x + c 2 xe x , show that y II − 2y I + y = 0.
4. Given y = c1e −2 x + c 2 xe −2 x , show that y II + 4y I + 4y = 0

Exercise No. 9
DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
dy
I. Find of the following function:
dx
1 1 1
1. y = x − sin 2 x 2. y = sin 2 2 x + cos 4 x
2 4 2
3. y = sin x + cos2 x
2
4. y = sec 2 x − tan 2 x
cos x
5. y = cos (x − 2)sin (x + 2) 6. y=
1+ sin x
7. y = csc 3 3x − 3 csc 3x 8. y = sec 3 4x − 3 sec 4x
3 x x x 3 x x x
9. y = tan5 − tan3 + 3 tan − x 10. y = − cot 5 + cot 3 − 3cot − x
5 3 3 3 5 3 3 3
11. y = 3 sec 2x tan 2x + 4x cot2 3x
3 2
12. y = 3 csc 3x cot 3x − 2x tan 2 2x
3 2 2

13. y = ln cos x 14. y = − ln sin x

15. y = ln cose x 16. y = ln sine-x
1− sinx 1− cosx
17. y = ln 18. y = ln
1+ sinx 1+ cosx
x y x y
19. cos = 20. sin =
y x y x

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II. Do as indicated.
1. Given y = c1 sinbx + c2 cosbx , where b is a parameter not to be eliminated,
show that y II + b 2 y = 0 .
2. Given y = c1e x sin x + c2 e x cos x , show that y II − 2y I + 2y = 0 .

Exercise No. 10
DIFFERENTIATION OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

dy
I. Find of the following function:
dx
1. y = 1− x 2 + x arcsin x
1
2. y = 1− x 2 + x arc csc
x
x b
3. y = arctan + arctan
b x
2+x
4. y = arctan + arc cot x
1− 2 x
x x
5. y= − arcsin
b2 − x 2 b
6. y = −2x + x arcsin2 x + 2 1− x 2 arcsin x
x+a
7. y = arc cot
1− ax
⎛ x 2 − b2 ⎞
8. y = x 2 − b 2 + b arc cot⎜ ⎟
⎜
⎝ b ⎟
⎠
x y
9. arcsin + arccos = 1
y x
x
10. arc cot = y − x
y