VIROLOGY

INTRODUCTION DNA Viruses RNA Viruses

Double EXCEPT Single EXCEPT
stranded Parvovirus stranded Reoviridae and
Characteristics
Rotaviridae
• Small intracellular parasites (20-300 nm)
Icosahedral EXCEPT Helical/ EXCEPT
• Acellular (not cells), only composed of proteins and nucleic Poxvirus icosahedral Rhabdo à
acids à Do not replicate outside the cell (complex) helical bullet
*Naked EXCEPT Enveloped EXCEPT
Viral morphology
Hepadnavirus, Reoviridae,
• Nucleic acid core – DNA or RNA Herpes virus, Picornaviridae,
• Capsid Pox virus Calciviridae
o protein part (enveloped) (PRC)
o serves as protection and as basis of viral symmetry Replicate in EXCEPT Replicate in EXCEPT
• Envelope – way of introducing the components to host cells nucleus Pox virus cytoplasm Influenza and
(DNA are usually naked) Retrovirus
• Presence of envelope à ásusceptible to chemicals (nucleus)
Linear EXCEPT
RNA Viruses DNA Hepadnavirus,
• Positive sense: easily translated into protein Papilloma virus,
• Negative sense: converted first to positive sense then to Polyoma virus
proteins (translation)
Viral Vaccines
Life Cycle (Reproduction)
Live Attenuated Killed
• Lysogenic Stage (Avirulent Stage)
Stimulate both humoral and cell- Only initiate humoral
o No SSx to be manifested yet mediated immunity
o reproduction without cell lysis
Relatively dangerous to
• Lytic Stage (Clinical Stage) administer
o Appearance of SSx
E.g. small pox, yellow fever, E.g. rabies, influenza, salk
o Culminated in death of host cell
chicken pox, sabin, polio, MMR polio, HAV
(measles, mumps, rubella)

ANTIVIRALS
Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections
DRUGS MOA INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS
1) Neuraminidase Inhibitors • Inhibit viral relase by ü Influenza A (birds) N GI upset

a) Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) inhibiting neuraminidase

2) Inhibitors of Viral • Bind to M2 Proton channels ü Influenza A
 N Amantadine: Livedo

Uncoating (inhibition of uncoating) ü Amantadine: Parkinson’s reticularis
a) Amantadine Disease
b) Rimantadine

Treatment of Hepatic Viral Infection

DRUGS MOA INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS
1) Interferon-alpha • Degrade viral RNA ü Hepa B, C N Alopecia
N Thyroid dysfunction
2) Lamivudine, Adefovir, • Inhibit DNA polymerase ü Hepa B N Lactic Acidosis
Emtricitabine, Telbivudine N Renal + Hepatotoxicity

Treatment of Herpetic Infection (VZV, HSV, EBV, CMV: most common viral congenital infection)
DRUGS INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS
1) Needs activation by thymidine kinase ü Ganciclovir: DOC for herpetic viral N Anti-HSV: nephrotoxicity
(ATP utilization)
 infection resistant to Acyclovir N Anti-CMV: hematotoxicity (leukopenia,
ü Valganciclovir: CMV thrombocytopenia)

2) Does not need activation by thymidine ü Acyclovir resistant strains N Foscarnet: Nephrotoxicity,
kinase ü Cidofovir: CMV retinitis Hypocalcemia

“When you go thru deep waters, I wil be with you.” – Isaiah 43:2
MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES
 VIROLOGY
Treatment of Retroviral
GROUP MEMBERS MOA INDICATION SIDE EFFECTS
1) NRTI (Nucleoside • Didanosine • Inhibit HIV-RT (need ü HIV N Lactic acidosis, bone
Reverse Transcriptase • Abacavir phosphorylation) ü Zidovudine: Px marrow suppression
Inhibitors) • Zidovudine maternal fetal (Zidovudine)
(-ine/-sine) • Zalcitabine transmission
• Lamivudine
• Emtricitabine
• Stavudine
• Tenofovir
2) NNRTI • Nevirapine • Inhibit HIV RT (no ü HIV N Teratogen (Efavirenz)
(Nonnucleoside • Efavirenz phosphorylation needed)
Reverse Transriptase • Etravirine
Inhibitors) • Delavirdine

3) Protease Inhibitors • Tipranovir • Inhibit protease (Late ü 3rd line N Hyperlipidemia,

(-vir) • Saquinavir protein processing) hyperglycemia
• Ritonavir
• Indinavir
• Lopinavir
• Nelfinavir
• Atazanavir

4) Entry Inhibitors • Enfuvirtide • Enfuvirtide (Fusion ü HIV infection in N Enfuvirtide: multiple site
• Maraviroc InhibitorGP41) patients with injection rxn (pain,
• Maraviroc (CCR5 evidence of HIV- erythema)
antagonist; block CCR5 1 replication N Maraviroc: fever, N/V/D
coreceptor on surface, despite ongoing
preventing HIV from antiretroviral
entering the cell) therapy

5) Integrase Inhibitors • Raltegravir • Inhibits integrase, an ü In combination N Allergic rxn

HIV enzyme that with other HIV
integrates the viral drugs
genetic material into
human chromosomes

Anti-Retroviral Regimen

• HAART (Highly Active Antiretroviral Treatment)
• (Before) CD4 Count > 200
• (Now by WHO) At any count – can start treatment
• Initial: 2NRTI + 1 NNRTI or PI
o One pill regimen (Lamivudine, Efavirenz, Tenofovir)

“When you go thru deep waters, I wil be with you.” – Isaiah 43:2
MICROBIOLOGY LECTURE NOTES