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Extraction cascades
xR 1 E 1
• Countercurrent extraction: n 1
n
1
xF n E
E
n 0
xin yin / K 1 1
ln 1
xout yin / K E E
(for x < 5 mol%)
N ts
ln E 2
Graphical method for immiscible systems
Y1 1
Kg solute/kg solvent
Equilibrium line
Y KX 2
3 Slope
F´
S´ 4 stages
4 Operating line
F´ F´
Yn 1 X n Y1 X0
Yn+1 S´ S´
Xn X0
Kg solute/kg carrier
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Partial miscible systems
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
Feed
Raffinate
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
Nomenclature
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
From the balance of any two components (xi,M and xj,M); the location of point M is 7
determined on the ternary diagram.
Graphical method partial miscible systems
E1 MRN RN ME1 S
M E1 RN M E1 RN
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
S
ATTENTION:
P can be located inside or outside the diagram, on the raffinate
or extract phase depending on F and S flow and tie-lines slopes
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
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Graphical method partial miscible systems
Number of stages: 6
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Graphical method partially miscible systems
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Minimum solvent-to-feed ratio
S is not specified: E1 is not fixed F Smin RN Emax M
Minimum amount of solvent: E1 is the highest
Operation line RN-S is fixed
Operation line F-Emax lies on a tie-line xi ,M M xi , F F yi ,S Smin
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Finite number of stages
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Example 1
F = 1000 kg/h, xac,F = 45%, xac,R = 10%
S FM 1
0.25
min
F M S 4
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Example 1
F = 1000 kg/h, xac,F = 45%, xac,R = 10%
S FM 375
Extraction with pure ethyl acetate F MS 1000
S FM 1
FM 0.375MS
0.25
min
F M S 4
S
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Example 1
Number of stages: 6
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Example 2
• What is Smin?
• What is N at S = 1.5.Smin?
• What are the size and
composition of E and R?
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Example 2