2018 16th International Conference on Frontiers in Handwriting Recognition

Signature and Logo Detection using Deep CNN for Document Image Retrieval

Nabin Sharma∗ , Ranju Mandal∗ , Rabi Sharma† , Umapada Pal† and Michael Blumenstein∗
∗ University of Technology Sydney, Broadway, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
Email: {Nabin.Sharma, Ranju.Mandal, Michael.Blumenstein}@uts.edu.au
† CVPR Unit, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India 700108. Email: umapada@isical.ac.in

Abstract—Signature and logo as a query are important and logos from “Tobacco-800” dataset. Thus, the sig-
for content-based document image retrieval from a scanned nature and logo-based information will undoubtedly add
document repository. This paper deals with signature and
advantage for document indexing and searching. Detection
logo detection from a repository of scanned documents,
which can be used for document retrieval using signature and recognition of signatures and logos from documents
and/or logo information. A large intra-category variance is very significant because of its various applications.
among signature and logo samples poses challenges to tra- Signatures and logos provide rich information as a query in
ditional hand-crafted feature extraction-based approaches. document images because of their unique properties. Thus,
Hence, the potential of deep learning-based object detectors
retrieval of relevant documents from a large document
namely, Faster R-CNN and YOLOv2 were examined for
automatic detection of signatures and logos from scanned repository can be achieved using the signature and logo-
administrative documents. Four different network models based information.
namely ZF, V GG16, V GGM and YOLOv2 were considered
for analysis and identifying their potential in document image
retrieval. The experiments were conducted on the publicly
available ”Tobacco-800” dataset. The proposed approach
detects Signatures and Logos simultaneously. The results
obtained from the experiments are promising and at par
with the existing methods.
Keywords-Faster R-CNN; Deep Learning; Document re-
trieval; Signature detection, Logo detection

I. I NTRODUCTION
It is a common organisational practice nowadays to
store and maintain large databases which is an effort to
(a) Very Noisy document with (b) Document with mulitple Sig-
move towards a paperless office via digitization. Digiti- log and Signature natures
zation implies scaning and storing of hard paper docu-
ments to digital document forms (i.e. electronic copies
of documents). The major advantages obtained from such
digization process are improved preservation and easy
access of organizational documents. So, large quantities of
administrative documents are often scanned and archived
as images (e.g. “Tobacco-800” [6] dataset) without ade-
quate index information. As a consequence, a tremendous
demand has been created for robust ways to access and
manipulate the information that these images contain.
Obtaining information resources relevant to the query
information from such repositories is the main objec-
tive of document retrieval. Sample scanned documents (c) Noisy Document with Logo (d) Document with Signature
from the “Tobacco-800” dataset is shown in Fig.1. It and Signature and handwritten text
can be seen that documents are quite noisy e.g. Fig.
Figure 1: Samples of printed documents from “Tobacco-
1(a,c). Additionally, there can be multiple signatures in
800” dataset.
a document e.g. Fig. 1(b), as well as handwritten notes
e.g. Fig. 1(d). Handwritten notes are often confused with
signatures, making signature detection a challenging task. In the literature, segmentation and recognition of sig-
The signatures and logos have been found in wide range natures from scanned documents have been found to be a
of documents such as in administrative documents, legal very challenging task. Separation of handwritten annota-
documents, bank cheques, etc. Hence, signatures and logos tions/words [4], [14], [15], [16], [17], [18] from scanned
could be used as key information for searching and re- documents is addressed in most of the earlier works.
trieval of documents. Fig.2 shows some sample signatures Signature detection in scanned documents is discussed in

978-1-5386-5875-8/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE 416

DOI 10.1109/ICFHR-2018.2018.00079
 (a) (b)
(e) (f)
Figure 2: Sample images of logo and signature from the document repository of ‘Tobacco-800’. (a-d) Samples of logo
(e-f) Samples of signature.
previous works [12]. Zhu et al. [12] proposed a multi-
scale structural saliency approach to capture the dynamic
curvature using a signature production model for signa-
ture detection and segmentation. Signature segmentation
techniques from machine printed documents have been
proposed in some works [7], [8], [1]. To segment signa-
tures from bank cheques and other documents Madasu et
al. [7] proposed an approach based on sliding window
to calculate the entropy and finally fit the window to
signature block. A major drawback of this technique is
that a priori information about the location of the signature
is assumed. Ahmed et al. [1] proposed a Speeded Up
Robust Features (SURF) based approach for signature
segmentation from document images.
Signature-based document retrieval methods have been
discussed in a few proposed works [3], [10], [5], [9], [13].
Recent works on Logo detction methods include Wang
et. al [11] and Alaei et. al [2]. From the literature it was
observed that separate methods have been applied towards
signatures and logos detection. However, signatures and
logos are sometime present in a single document. None of
the proposed method till date considered a single pipeline
for detecting Signature and Logo in an end-to-end fashion.
To address this issue, the end-to-end deep learning-based
approaches for object detection has been investigated in
this paper to handle signatures and logos together from
scanned administrative documents.
In this paper, we proposed to use the state-of-the-art
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for detecting
signature and logo from scanned administrative docu-
ments. Specifically, we analyze the potential of Faster
Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN)
[21] and YOLOv2 [28] for the detection of the areas-
of-interest and adapt it to the document retrieval prob-
417
(c) (d)
(g) (h)
lem. Four different network architectures namely ZF[22],
VGG16[23], VGG16-M-1024[23] and Yolov2 [28] are
used in this study. The primary intension is to explore and
model the signaure and logo detection task into a standard
object detection problem. Additionally, real-time detection
of signature and logo in a single pipeline, makes it more
applicable to document retrieval.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The related
works on the Signature and Logo detection and Deep CNN
based object detection is discussed in section II. In Section
III, we explain the proposed signature and logo detection
methodology. The experimental results are presented in
Section IV. Finally, conclusions are presented in Section
V.
II. R ELATED W ORKS
In this section, the current state-of-the-art methods
for Signature and Logo detection and object detection
using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) are
discussed. Related works on Signature and Logo Detection
are discussed in Section 2A. In Section 2B the recent Deep
CNN-based object detection methods are reviewed.
A. Signature and Logo Detection methods
Signature-based document retrieval methods have been
discussed in a few proposed works [3], [10], [5], [9], [13].
Chalechale et al. [3] described a method for document im-
age decomposition and retrieval based on connected com-
ponent analysis and geometric properties of the labelled
regions. Documents having Arabic/Persian signature were
considered for the experiment. Srinivasan and Srihari [10]
proposed a method on signature-based retrieval of scanned
documents. A model based on Conditional Random Fields
(CRF) was used to label extracted segments of scanned

 


(a) Faster R-CNN object detection framework






(b) YOLOv2 framework
Figure 3: Object Detection Frameworks
documents as machine-printed, signature and noise. Next,
a classification technique based on Support Vector Ma-
chine (SVM) was used to remove noise and printed text
overlapping the signature images. Finally, a global shape-
based feature was computed for each signature image.
In [9], Roy et al. presented a signature based document
retrieval technique from documents with cluttered back-
ground. Zernike Moment feature was extracted from each
blob and the K-means clustering algorithm was used to
create the codebook of blobs. During retrieval, Generalized
Hough Transform (GHT) was used to detect the query
signature and a voting was casted to find possible location
of the query signature in a document.
Wang [11] proposed an algorithm for logo detection and
recognition using a Bayesian model. A mutli-level step-
by-step approach was used for recognition of logos and the
logo matching process involved a logo database. Here, a
region adjacency graph (RAG) was used for representing
logos, which models the topological relations between the
regions. Finally, Bayesian belief networks were employed
as well in a logo detection and recognition framework.
Recently, Alaei and Delalandre [2] proposed a system for
detection and recognition of logos from document images.
A Piece-wise Painting Algorithm (PPA) and some prob-
ability features along with a decision tree were used for
logo detection and a template-based recognition approach
was proposed to recognize the logo.
The methods proposed till date focused on detection
of either signature or logo as two separate pipelines.
Most of the existing methods are based on connected
component analysis (CCA) and doesn’t work at real-time
due many customized processing steps involved. Hence,
418
considering Deep CNN is quite intuitive given the recent
success in the basic computer vision problems. This paper
investigates the possibility of modelling the signature and
logo detection task as a standard object detection problem.
B. CNN-based object detection methods
In this section, the current state-of-the-art methods for
object detection using Deep Convolutional Neural Net-
works (CNN) are discussed. In particular, a brief overview
of R-CNN [20], Fast R-CNN [19], Faster R-CNN [21] and
YOLOv2 [28] are presented.
Recent advances in object detection techniques pre-
sented the community with Region-Based Convolutional
Neural Network (R-CNN) and its successors (Fast and
Faster R-CNN). R-CNN [20] uses Selective Search (SS)
to compute (nearly 2K) object proposals of different scales
and positions. For each of these proposals, image regions
are warped to fixed size (227X227) pixels. The warped
image regions are then fed to the CNN for detections. The
proposed network architecture uses classification head for
classifying region into one of the classes. The SS does not
necessarily provide perfect proposals. Therefore, to make
up for the slightly wrong object proposals, regression head
uses linear regression to map predicted bounding boxes
to the ground-truth bounding boxes. R-CNN is very slow
at test time where every individual object proposals are
passed through CNN. The feature extracted are cached to
the disk. Finally, a classifier such as SVM is trained in
an offline manner. Therefore, the weights of the CNN did
not have the chance to update itself in response to these
offline part of the network. Moreover, the training pipeline
of the R-CNN is complex.
 In Fast R-CNN [19] the order of the extracting region
of proposals and running the CNN is exchanged. In this
architecture, the whole image is passed once through the
CNN and the regions are now extracted from convolutional
feature map using Region of Interest (ROI) pooling. This
change in architecture reduces the computation time by
sharing the computation of convolutional feature map be-
tween region proposals. The region proposal are projected
to the corresponding spatial part of convolutional feature
volume. Finally, fully connected layer expect the fixed
size feature vector and therefore the projected region is
divided into grid and Spatial Pyramid Pooling (SPP) is
performed to get fixed size vector. SPP deals with the
variable window size of pooling operation and thus end-
to-end training of the network is very hard. The generation
of the region proposals is the bottle neck at the test
time. In above mentioned approaches, CNN was used
only for regression and classification. The idea was further
extended to use CNN also for region proposals.
The latest offspring from the R-CNN family, the Faster
R-CNN [21] proposed the idea of small CNN network
called Region Proposal Network (RPN), build on top
of the convolutional feature map. A sliding window is
placed over feature map in reference to the original image.
The notion of anchor box is used to capture object at
multiple scales. The center of the anchor box having
different aspect ratio and size coincide with the center
of sliding window. RPN generates region proposals of
different sizes and aspect ratios at various spatial locations.
RPN is a two layered network which does not add to
the computation of overall network. Finally, regression
provides finer localization with the reference to the sliding
window position.
Although Fast R-CNN and its predecessors perform
well with high accuracy, they are computationally very
expensive and time consuming, make them undesirable for
real-time applications. Faster R-CNN [21] works at a rate
of 7 frames per second, while maintaining high accuracy.
A brief overview of the object detection frameworks are
shown in Fig. 3.
Another class of the object detector is YOLOv2 [28]
which use a single feature map and detects object in
a single pass. Hence, the name ’You Only Look Once’
(YOLO). It considers detection as a regression problem to
spatially seperated object bounding boxes and their class
probabilities. Although YOLOv2 detects objects quite
faster and at real-time, but the accuracy is lower than its
counterparts on different problems and applications.
Based on the brief investigation of the state-of-the-
art, Faster R-CNN and YOLOv2 was considered in this
study for experiments on Signature and Logo detection.
Different CNN architectures were used with Faster R-
CNN and YOLO for analysis.
III. P ROPOSED M ETHODOLOGY
Faster R-CNN [21] with Caffe [26] deep learning
library and YOLOv2 [28] were considered for our ex-
periments. The Caffe-based pre-trained models are pub-
419
lically available for most of the object detectors. There
are less number of images in the dataset for a deep
learning system to learn from scratch. Hence, to take
full advantage of network architectures, transfer learning
technique from ImageNet [25] was used to fine-tune
our models. The fine-tuning process helps our system to
converge faster and perform better. We have used various
network architectures such as ZF [22], VGG16 [23],
and VGG CNN M 1024 [24] to train the system and
evaluate the performance on the dataset. ZF is a 8 lay-
ered architecture containing 5 convolutional layers and
3 fully-connected layers. Whereas, VGG16 is a much
deeper layered architecture with 16 layers, comprising 13
convolutional layers and 3 fully connected layers.
YOLOv2 considered for experiments consists of 22
convolutional layers and 5 max pooling layers. The input
image size was 416X416. The network was fine-tuned
using weight that are pre-trained on Imagenet.
The ground truth or annotations for Signature and Logo
present on the scanned documents of Tobacoo-800 dataset
are available in standard PASCAL VOC XML format.
IV. R ESULTS AND D ISCUSSION
The Tobacco-800 dataset used for experiments
comprises of 1290 scanned administrative documents.
Four different network architectures namely, ZF,
VGG CNN M 1024, VGG16, and YOLOv2 were used
for experiments. Implementation details and the detection
results are detailed in the subsections given below.
A. Implementation Details
We trained the Faster R-CNN models with Nvidia
Quadro P6000 GPU, 24GB, on a Ubuntu server (Core
i7 processor, 64 GB RAM) with a learning rate of
0.001 and batch size of 64. The RPN batch size is
kept constant at 128 for region based proposal networks
(RPN). Regions proposal networks were trained end-to-
end using backpropagation and stochastic gradient desecnt
(SGD). Inorder reduce redundancies arising from RPN
proposals, non-maximum supression (NMS) was applied
to the proposals based on the class scores. Performance of
each network architecture at a different iterations was also
analysed. For training using the YOLOv2 architecture, the
batch size used was 64 and the learning rate of 0.0001 was
considered. In the training phase, the snapshot of trained
models were saved at an interval of 10k iterations. Detec-
tions with overlap greater than the 50% Intersection Over
Union (IOU) threshold with the corresponding ground-
truth bounding box are considered as true positive and all
other detections as false positive as shown in Eq.1 [27].
area (BBoxpred ∩ BBoxgt )
IOU = (1)
area (BBoxpred ∪ BBoxgt )
where, BBoxpred and BBoxgt denotes predicted
bounding box and ground truth bounding box respectively.
The ground truth box with no matching detection are
considered false negative detection. To evaluate the de-
tection performance, we use Average Precision calculated
from the area under the Precision-Recall (PR) curve [27]. Table III: Performance of various network architectures on
While, mean Average Precision (mAP ) is used for a set of individual class using Set 2 (30% Train)
detections and is the mean over classes, of the interpolated Class ZF VGG M VGG16
AP for each class. Signature 0.884 0.892 0.896
To analyze the effect of transfer learning, different sets Logo 0.879 0.879 0.892
of experiment were conducted. The Tobacco-800 dataset mAP 0.882 0.886 0.894
Iterations 60K 60K 40K
was divided into four different sets based on different Time (per image) 0.044 sec 0.048 sec 0.130 sec
number of documents used for training, as detailed in the
Table I.

Table I: Dataset split for different experiements



 

Dataset Train % Validation % Test %
Set 1 20 10 70
Set 2 30 10 60
Set 3 40 10 50
Set 4 50 10 40

B. Performance of Faster R-CNN

Signature and Logo detection results obtained from
different experiments using three different network ar- 
 

chitectures are detailed in Table II. The mean average Figure 4: AP analysis of each class using VGG16 on Set
precision (mAP) obtained from different networks are 2 (Train 30%)
given the respective columns of the table. Experiments
were conducted on each of the sets (refer Table I) and
the highest mean average precision obtained on the corre- 0.778 was achieved at 90K iteration, and there were no
sponding test sets are presented in Table II. significant performance change at higher iterations. The
It can be noted that there was no significant increase in average precisions for each classes are also detailed in
the accuracy while increasing the amount of documents the first two rows of the Table IV. The performance of
in the training set. Mean average precision of 0.894 was YOLOv2 is significantly less than that of Faster R-CNN
obtained on Set-2 using VGG16 on just training/fine- with VGG16 network.
tunning with 30% of the total samples in the tobacco- The mAP analysis for all the four network architectures
800 dataset. Average precision obtained for each class are presented in the figure 6. The graph shows that VGG16
(i.e Signature and Logo) considering Set-2 are detailed in converged much faster than others, with a higher mAP.
Table III. It can be noted from Table III and the average
precision graph in Figure 4, that VGG16 converged quite Table IV: Performance of YOLOv2 CNN architectures on
faster(40K iterations) than other network architectures individual class using Set 2 (30% Train)
with higher mAP.
Class Y OLOv2
Sample results for Signature and Logo detection ob-
Signature 0.788
tained from VGG16 are shown in Figure 5. The perfor- Logo 0.769
mance of VGG16 was very good considering the very mAP 0.778
noisy documents as shown in Figure 5(a, c). Multiple Iterations 90K
Time (per image) 0.04 sec
signature in Figure 5(b) were also detected successfully.
Moreover, the CNN network did not confuse much with
the other handwritten text present in a document, and D. Comparative study
successfully detected the Signature, as shown in Figure
In this section we attempt to compare the previously
5(d).
proposed methods on signature detection on Tobacco-800
Table II: Mean Average Precision (mAP) obtained from dataset. Table V shows the performance of the previ-
various network architectures ously proposed approaches on signature detection from
documents. An accuracy of 92.8% was reported on the
Dataset ZF VGG M VGG16
‘Tobacco’ dataset for signature detection using a multi-
Set 1 (20% train) 0.887 0.846 0.89
Set 2 (30% train) 0.882 0.886 0.894 scale structural saliency-based [5] approach. A recall of
Set 3 (40% train) 0.885 0.888 0.877 78.4% and a precision of 84.2% were reported by Srini-
Set 4 (50% train) 0.888 0.888 0.895 vasan and Srihari [10] for the signature-based document
retrieval task. In a previously proposed approach [8],
C. Performance of YOLOv2 95.58% accuracy was achieved on signature components
detection. On the contrary, using the proposed Deep CNN
The performance of YOLOv2 on Set-2 (Train 30%) based approach we achieved 89.6% mAP. In principle,
is detailed in Table IV. A mean Average Precision of a fair comparison with the previously report methods is

420
 Table V: Comparison of signature detection performance
on ‘Tobacco’ document repository.
Approach Dataset Accuracy (%)
Multi-scale structural
saliency [5] Tobacco-800 92.80
Conditional Random
Field [10] 101 documents 91.20
Gradient-based
feature with SVM [8] Tobacco-800 95.58
Proposed Deep CNN
(Faster R-CNN with VGG16) Tobacco-800 89.6

(a) Very Noisy document with (b) Document with mulitple Sig- considered both Signature and Logo for experiment.
Logo and Signature natures
Table VI: Comparison of logo detection performance on
the ‘Tobacco’ document repository.

Approach Detection Accuracy (%)

Alaei and Delalandre [2] 99.31
Wang [11] 94.70
Proposed Method
(Faster R-CNN with VGG16) 89.2

(c) Noisy Document with Logo
and Signature
Figure 5: Samples Signature and Logo detection results
from “Tobacco-800” dataset.
(d) Document with Signature
and handwritten text
V. C ONCLUSION
In this study, detection of Signature and Logo from
administrative documents is modeled as a standard object
detection problem. Analysis of the state-of-the-art Deep
CNN based object detectors are explored in the paper,
inorder to understand their potential in real-time docu-
ment image retrieval. Given the complexity involved in
detecting Signatures and Logos in noisy documents, the
performance of Deep CNN is also promising. Moreover,
the previous work based on handcrafted feature, required


 

 detection results to eleminate unwanted text and touching
Figure 6: Mean Average Precision analysis of all the CNN
networks on Set 2 (Train 30%)
difficult, because of the different samples and dataset split
used of experiments. Although, the performance of the
proposed method is less than the previsously reported
accuracies, it is comparable because an end-to-end system
is used in the current study and two classes (Signature and
Logo) were considered for the experiment, rather than one
class.
Table VI shows the comparative study of logo detection
performance on the ‘Tobacco’ document dataset. A fair
comparison with the exsiting method is not possible due to
the different samples and dataset split used of the experi-
ments. Additionally, none of the previously report methods
421
multiple customized steps for detection. To the best of our
knowledge, none of the previous works considered detect-
ing Signature and Logo using a single pipeline and in an
end-to-end fashion. The study proves that an end-to-end
object detection technique can be adapted and fine-tuned
to detect objects of interest from scanned documents, with
various application potential. The results obtained from
the experiments are very encourging. The outcome of the
present study form the basis of future research to refine the
charcters present within the detected bounding boxes. This
is will facilitate the Signature and Logo recognition with
higher accuracy.
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