Exercise 4E

1 5sin q + 12cosq º Rsin q cos a + Rcosq sin a b This is the graph of y  cos q , translated
Comparing sin q : R cos a  5 by π3 to the left and then stretched in the
Comparing cos q : R sin a  12 y direction by scale factor 2.
Divide the equations:
sin a 12 12
  tan a 
cos a 5 5
Square and add the equations:
R 2 cos 2 a + R 2 sin 2 a  52 + 12 2
R 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a )  132
R  13
since cos 2 a + sin 2 a º 1

2 3sin q + 6 cosq Meets y -axis at (0, 1)

º 3cos q cos a + 3sin q sin a
 π   7π 
Meets x -axis at  , 0  ,  , 0 
Comparing sin q : 3  3sin a (1) 6   6 
Comparing cos q : 6  3cos a (2)
5 a Let 7cosq - 24sin q º Rcos(q + a )
Divide (1) by (2) :
º R cos q cos a - R sin q sin a
3 1
tan a   Compare cos q : R cos a  7 (1)
6 2
Compare sin q : R sin a  24 (2)
So a  35.3
Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  24
7

3 2sin q - 5 cosq  a  73.7

º -3cos q cos a + 3sin q sin a Square and add: R 2  242 + 7 2
Comparing sin q : 2  3sin a (1)  R  25
Comparing cos q : + 5  +3cos a (2) So 7 cos q - 24sin q º 25cos(q + 73.7)
Divide (1) by (2) :
b Graph meets y-axis where q  0,
2
tan a  i.e. y  7 cos 0 - 24sin 0  7
5
so coordinates of P are (0, 7)
So a  41.8
c Maximum value of 25cos(q + 73.7) is
4 a Let cosq - 3sinq º Rcos(q + a )
when cos(q + 73.7)  1
º R cos q cos a - R sin q sin a
So maximum is 25
Compare cos q : R cos a  1 (1)
Minimum value is 25(-1)  -25
Compare sin q : R sin a  3 (2)
π
Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  3  a 
3
Square and add : R  1 + 3  4  R  2
2

 π
So cos q - 3 sin q º 2 cos  q + 
 3

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5 d i The line y  15 will meet the graph 7 a Set cos 2q - 2 sin 2q º R cos(2q + a )
twice in 0  q  360, so there are cos 2q - 2sin 2q
2 solutions. º R cos 2q cos a - R sin 2q sin a

ii As the maximum value is 25 it can Comparing sin 2q : R sin a  2 (1)

never be 26, so there are 0 solutions. Comparing cos 2q : R cos a  1 (2)
iii As - 25 is a minimum, line y  -25 Divide (1) by (2)
only meets curve once, so only R sin a
 tan a  2
1 solution. R cos a
So a  1.107
6 a Let sin q + 3cos q º R sin q + a 
R 2 cos 2 a + R 2 sin 2 a  12 + 22
º R sin q cos a + R cos q sin a
R 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a )  5
Comparing sin q : R cos a  1 (1)
R 5
Comparing cos q : R sin a  3 (2)
Divide (2) by (1) So cos 2q - 2 sin 2q  5 cos(2q + 1.107)

R sin a
 tan a  3 b 5 cos(2q + 1.107)  -1.5
R cos a 1.5
cos(2q + 1.107)  -
So a  71.56 (2 d.p.) 5
R 2 cos 2 a + R 2 sin 2 a  12 + 32  1.5 
cos -1  -   2.306 (3 d.p.)
R 2 (cos 2 a + sin 2 a )  10  5
As 0 q  π, the interval for
R 2  10
R  10, a  71.6
 2q + 1.107  is
1.107 2q + 1.107  2π + 1.107
b Use the value of a to 2 d.p. in calculating
values of q to avoid rounding errors So 2q + 1.107  2.306, 2π - 2.306
2q + 1.107  2.306, 3.977
10 sin(q + 71.56)  2
2 q  0.60, 1.44
sin(q + 71.56) 
10
 2 
sin -1    39.23 (2 d.p.)
 10 
As 0 q  360, the interval for
q + 71.56 is
71.56 q + 71.56  431.56
So q + 71.56  180 - 39.23,
and q + 71.56  360 + 39.23
q + 71.56  140.77, 399.23
q  69.2, 327.7

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8 a Write 6sin x + 8cos x in the form c Let 8cosq + 15sin q º Rcos(q - a )
R sin( x + a ), where R  0, 0  a  90 º R sin x cos a + R cos x sin a

So 6sin x + 8cos x Compare cos q : R cos a  8 (1)

º R sin x cos a + R cos x sin a
Compare sin x: R cos a  6
Compare cos x: R sin a  8
Divide (2) by (1): tan a  4
3
 a  53.13 (2 d.p.)
R 2  62 + 82  R  10
So 6sin x + 8cos x º 10sin( x + 53.13)
Compare sin q : R sin a  15 (2)
(1) Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  158
(2)  a  61.93 (2 d.p.)
R 2  82 + 152  R  17
Solve 17 cos(q - 61.93)  10,
in the interval 0 q 360
So cos q - 61.93   10
17 ,

Solve 10sin( x + 53.13)  5 3, -61.93 q - 61.93 298.07

in the interval 0 x 360 cos-1  17
10
  53.97 (2 d.p.)
3
so sin( x + 53.13) 
2
 x + 53.13  60, 120
 x  6.9, 66.9

b Let 2cos3q - 3sin3q º Rcos(3q + a )

º R cos 3q cos a - R sin 3q sin a
Compare cos 3q : R cos a  2 (1)
Compare sin 3q : R sin a  3 (2)
So q - 61.93  -53.97, + 53.97
Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  3
 q  8.0, 115.9
2

 a  56.31 (2 d.p.)
R 2  22 + 32  R  13
Solve 13 cos(3q + 56.31)  -1,
in the interval 0 q 90
1
so cos(3q + 56.31)  -
13
for 56.31  3q + 56.31  326.31

 3q + 56.31  106.10, 253.90

 3q  49.8, 197.6
 q  16.6, 65.9

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 x x 9 a Set 3sin 3q - 4 cos3q º R sin(3q - a )
8 d Let 5sin - 12 cos
2 2 3sin 3q - 4 cos 3q
x º R sin 3q cos a - R cos 3q sin a
º R sin - a
2 Compare sin 3q : R cos a  3 (1)
x x Compare cos 3q : R sin a  4
º R sin cos a - R cos sin a (2)
2 2
Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  4
3
x
Compare sin : R cos a  5 (1)  a  53.13 (2 d.p.)
2
x R 2  32 + 42  25  R  5
Compare cos : R sin a  12 (2)
2 So 3sin 3q - 4 cos 3q º 5sin(3q - 53.13)
Divide (2) by (1) : tan a  125
 a  67.38 (2 d.p.) b The minimum value of 3sin 3q - 4 cos 3q
is −5. This occurs when
R  13
sin(3q - 53.13)  -1
x 
Solve 13sin  - 67.38   -6.5, 3q - 53.13  270
2 
q  107.7
in the interval - 360 x 360
x  1 c 5sin(3q - 53.13)  1 ,
So sin  - 67.38   - ,
2  2 in the interval 0 q  180
-247.4
x
- 67.4 112.6 So sin(3q - 53.13)  15 ,
2 in the interval
-53.13 3q - 53.13  506.87
3q - 53.13  11.54,168.46, 371.54
q  21.6, 73.9,141.6

1- cos 2q
10 a As sin 2 q  and
2
1 + cos 2q
cos 2 q 
2
So 5sin q - 3cos 2 q + 6 sin q cos q
2

From quadrant diagram:

1 - cos 2q 1 + cos 2q
x º5 -3
- 67.38  -150, - 30 2 2
2 + 3(2sin q cos q )
x
  -82.62, 37.38 º 52 - 52 cos 2q - 32 - 32 cos 2q + 3sin 2q
2
 x  -165.2, 74.8 º 1 - 4 cos 2q + 3sin 2q

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10 b Write 3sin2q - 4cos 2q in the form
R sin(2q - a )
The maximum value of R sin(2q - a ) is R
The minimum value of R sin(2q - a )
is –R
You know that R 2  3 2 + 42 so R  5
So maximum value of
1 - 4 cos 2q + 3sin 2q is 1 + 5  6
and minimum value of
1 - 4 cos 2q + 3sin 2q is 1 - 5  -4
c 1 - 4cos 2q - 3sin 2q  -1
 3sin 2q - 4cos 2q  -2
Write 3sin2q - 4cos 2q in the form
R sin(2q - a )
So R sin(2q - a )  -2
 5sin(2q - 53.13)  -2
(By solving in same way as Question 9,
part a)
Look for solutions in the interval
-53.13 2q - 53.13  306.87
2q - 53.13  -23.58, 203.58
q  14.8,128.4
11 a Let 3cosq + sin q º Rcos(q - a )
º R cos q cos a + R sin q sin a
Compare cos q : R cos a  3
Compare sin q : R sin a  1 (2)
Divide (2) by (1): tan a  13
 a  18.43 (2 d.p.)
R 2  32 + 12  10  R  10  3.16
Solve 10 cos(q - 18.43)  2,
in the interval 0 q 360
2
 cos(q - 18.43) 
10
 q - 18.43  50.77, 309.23
 q  69.2, 327.7
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b Squaring 3cosq  2 - sin q
gives 9cos2 q  4 + sin 2 q - 4sin q
 9(1- sin 2 q )  4 + sin 2 q - 4sin q
 10sin 2 q - 4sin q - 5  0
c 10sin 2 q - 4sin q - 5  0
4  216
 sin q 
20
4 + 216
For sin q  , sin q is positive,
20
so q is in the first and second quadrants.
 q  69.2, 180 - 69.2
 69.2, 110.8
4 - 216
For sin q  , sin q is negative,
20
so q is in the third and fourth quadrants.
 q  180 - (-32.3), 360 + (-32.3)
 212.3, 327.7
So solutions of quadratic in (b) are
69.2, 110.8, 212.3, 327.7
d In squaring the equation, you are also
including the solutions to
3cosq  -(2 - sinq ) ,
which when squared produces the same
(1) quadratic. The extra two solutions satisfy
this equation.
5
12 a cot q + 2  cos ecq b cos q + 3 sin q  2
cos q 1 Set 3 sin q + cos q º R sin(q + a )
 +2
sin q sin q º R sin q cos a + R cos q sin a
Multiplying both sides by sin q gives So R cos a  3 and R sin a  1
cos q + 2sin q  1 R sin a 1
 tan a 
R cos a 3
b cos q + 2sin q  1
 1  π
Set 2 sin q + cos q º R sin(q + a ) a  tan -1  
º R sin q cos a + R cos q sin a  3 6
2
So R cos a  1 and R sin a  1 R 2  3 + 12  4  R  2
R sin a 1  π
 tan a  2sin  q +   2
R cos a 2  6
-1 1
a  tan 2  26.57 (2 d.p.)  π
sin  q +   1, in the interval
R 2  2 2 + 12  R  5  6
5 sin(q + 26.57)  1 π π 11π
So q+
1 6 6 6
sin(q + 26.57)  , in the interval  
5 q+ 
26.57 q + 26.57  386.57 6 2

q + 26.57  26.57, 153.43 q
3
q  0, 126.9
14 a Set 9 cos q + 40 sin q º R cos(q - a )
As both cot q and cosecq are undefined
at 0, q  126.9 is the only solution. º R cos q cos a + R sin q sin a
So R cos a  9 and R sin a  40

13 a

2 cos  q -  +
 4
 
3 - 1 sin q  2 R sin a
 tan a 
40
R cos a 9
 
 2 cos q cos + 2 sin q sin  40 
4 4 a  tan -1  
 9 
+ 3 sin q - sin q  2
So a  77.320
 1 1 
 2 cos q + sin q  R 2 cos2 a + R 2 sin 2 a  402 + 92
 2 2 
R 2 (cos2 a + sin 2 a )  1681
+ 3 sin q - sin q  2
R  41
 cos q + sin q + 3 sin q - sin q  2 So 9 cos q + 40 sin q  41cos(q - 77.320)
 cos q + 3 sin q  2
18
b i g(q ) 
50 + 41cos(q - 77.320)
The minimum value of g(q ) is when
cos(q - 77.320)  1
18 18
So the minimum value is 
50 + 41 91

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14 b ii The minimum occurs when
cos(q - 77.320)  1
q - 77.320  0
q  77.320

15 a Set 12 cos 2q - 5 sin 2q º R cos(2q + a )

º R cos 2q cos a - R sin 2q sin a
So R cos a  12 and R sin a  5
R sin a 5
 tan a 
R cos a 12
-1 5
a  tan 12
So a  22.62 (2 d.p.)
R 2 cos2 a + R 2 sin 2 a  122 + 52
R 2 (cos2 a + sin 2 a )  169
R 2  169
R  13 and a  22.6

b 13cos(2q + 22.62)  -6.5

6.5
cos(2q + 22.62)  - , in the interval
13
22.62 2q + 22.62  382.62
2q + 22.62  120, 240
q  48.7, 108.7

c 24 cos 2 q - 10sin q cos q

 cos 2q + 1 
º 24   - 5sin 2q
 2 
º 12 cos 2q - 5sin 2q + 12
So a = 12, b = −5 and c = 12

d 24 cos 2 q - 10 sin q cos q

º 12cos 2q - 5sin 2q + 12
From part (a)
12 cos 2q - 5sin 2q + 12
 13cos(2q + 22.62) + 12
The minimum value is therefore when
cos(2q + 22.620)  -1
It is 13( - 1) + 12  -1

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