r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmif

2010-ckESpf twGufpkpnf;csuf
ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm

armifcifrif ("EkjzL)
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r*Fvmarmifr,fpmapmifwGif vpOfajzMum;onf/
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
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jrefrmpmjzpfw,fvYdk ynm&Sirf sm; vufcMH uygw,f/ jrefrmouú&mZf 747-ck(c&pfEpS f 1112
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1
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

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0Ho)? owdk;xrf;&GmrSm &Siftkef;ndK? rusnf;a,mif&GmrSm &SifacrmqkdNyD; yk*¾Kdvfav;yg;ay:
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wpfckrSwfom;zkdYuawmh tJ'Dayav;yif &Sifav;yg;qkdwJhpum;[m udkvkdeDacwf
OD;ydkif;avmufurS awGY&wJhpum;jzpfw,fqkdwmygyJ/ a&S;u pmawGxJrSm tJ'Dyk*´KdvfawG&JU
tw¬KyÜwu då kd azmfjy&mrSm ayav;yif &Siaf v;yg;taMumif; rygygbl;/ xifxif&mS ;&Sm;pawGY
&wmuawmh 1911-ckEpS rf mS OD;atmifqw dk jhJ refrmynm&SBd uD; a&;om;wJ]h ]&SiOf wårausmfEiS hf
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ay:cifuwnf;u pdwfxJrSm 0rf;omwmwkdY? 0rf;enf;wmwkdY? a'gojzpfwmwkdY ponfjzifhcH
2
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

pm;vm&&if tJ'DcHpm;csufawGudk toHtedrfhtjrifh? tjzwftawmufawGeJY xkwfazmf&Gwf

qkd&muaeNyD; EIwfajymuAsmawG ay:aygufvmw,fvkdY ynm&SifawGu rdefYqkdMuygw,f/
tJ'Dvkdqkd&if jrefrmpmayta&;tom; rvmcifuwnf;u jrefrmawG&JUEIwfzsm;rSm uAsm
awG? oDcsif;awG ay:aygufcJhrSmygbJ/
uJ? ar;xm;wJhtay: ]]jrefrmpmayrSm}}qkd&ifawmh jrefrmpmpwifay:aygufvm
wJhyk*Hacwfuwnf;u uAsmta&;tom;awGudk ausmufpmawGrSm awGYae&ygNyD/ ]]rjzpf
tkdrif;? aojcif;uGmaom? &kyfemrfcsKyf&m? om,mpGmaom}}qkdwJhav;vkH;pyfum&ef,lNyD;zGJY
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aygufw,fvkdYqkdMuygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tjiif;yGm;p&m jyóemawGvnf; &Sdygw,f/ aocsm
wmuawmh yk*Hacwfaemufydkif; ausmufpmawGrSmuwnf;u av;vkH;pyfum&ef,lNyD; zGJYwJh
uAsmta&;tom;rsKd;awG ay:aygufNyD;aemufyikd ;f yif;,acwf? tif;0acwfawGrmS uAsm
ykHoP²mef yDyDoo jzpfvmw,fvkdY qkd&rSmygyJ/
armifr,fwkdY jrefrmpmtodtjrif wkd;yGm;Muygap/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f - 2010-azaz:0g&Dv

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

3
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

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vkdYokH;wmvnf; awGY&ygw,f/ jrefrmpum;eJYjrefrmpm twlwlygvm;/ rwl&if b,fvkduGJ
jym;ygovJ/ uGJuGJjym;jym; odyg&ap&Sifh/
a':cifapm? rlvwef;jyq&mr? uefBuD;axmifhNrdKU/
ajz/ /ar;oifhwJhar;cGef;ygyJ/ ]]jrefrmpum;}}eJY]]jrefrmpm}}ukd a&ma&maxG;axG;okH;
aeMuwmvnf; awG&Y ygw,f/ trSww f rJq h &dk ifawmh twlwyl v
J Ydk xif&ayr,fh wu,fawmh
jrefrmpum;eJYjrefrmpm[m rwlygbl;/ ]]jrefrm}}udk cPxm;NyD; ]]pum;}}eJY]]pm}}udkyJ t&if
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wkH;ay:rSm? ayay:rSm? yk&ykdufay:rSm? puúLay:rSm? aemufqkH;uGefysLwmrsufESmjyifay:
rSm a&;om;ykHESdyfvkdufawmhrS pm&,fvkdYjzpfvmwmyg/ 'Dawmh pum;eJYpm rwlygbl;/ tJ 'g
ayr,fh pum;a&m? pma&m tokH;jyKykHcsif;awmh wlw,fav/ vlwpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf
qufoG,f&mrSm pum;eJYajymNyD; qufoG,fvkdYvnf; &w,f/ pmeJYa&;NyD; qufoG,fvkdYvnf;
&w,fr[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh ynm&SifawGu pum;a&m? pma&m bmompum;wpfck&JUt
oGifuGJawGyJvkdY ,lqNyD; pum;udk tajymbmompum;(spoken language)? pmudk ta&;bm
ompum;(Written Language)vkdY cGJjcm;ac:Muygw,f/
tJ-jrefrmpum;eJYjrefrmpm[mvnf; tJ'DoabmygyJ/ jrefrmpum;qkdwmu jref
rmawG aeYpOfyg;pyfuajymqkad ewJph um;oHawGygyJ/ bmompum;wkid ;f rSm tajccHtm;jzifh
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oHawG&Sdw,f/ ]]vl}}qkdwJhpum;oHudkMunfh&if ]]v}}qkdwJhAsnf;oHeJY]]tl}}qkdwJho&oH wGJpyf
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o&oHawGygyJ/ tJ-Asnf;oHusawmh o&oHrygbJ olYcsnf;oufouf&GwfvkdYr&bl;/ ]]v}}
udk Asnf;oufouf&Gwf&if]vf}qkdNyD; vQmuav;vdyfxm;wJhtaetxm;yJ&Sdr,f/ toHxif
xif&Sm;&Sm; xGufrvmEkdifbl;/ aemufu ]]tl}}qkdNyD; o&oHwGJvkdufrS ]v+tl=vl}qkdNyD;t
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jrefrmpmuawmh tJ'Djrefrmpum;oHawGudk MumMumcHatmif trSwftom;awGeJY
4
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

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auG;pmvkH;av;eJY a&;vkdufawmh pmjzpfvmwmygyJ/ ]tl}qkdwJhEIwfcrf;uav;udkpkNyD; &Gwf
qkdvkdufwJhtoHuav;udk]]-l}}(ESpfacsmif;iif)qkdwJhtacsmif;uav;ESpfacsmif;eJYa&;vkduf
awmh pmjzpfvmwmygyJ/ tJ'DESpfckaygif;awmh]va&;ESpfacsmif;iif vl}}qkdwJhpmvkH;uav;
jzpfvmwmaygh/
jrefrmpmb,fwek ;f u ay:ovJqadk wmh yk*aH cwf 11-&mpkuu ay:wmrkYd ckq&dk if
jrefrmpmay:wm ESpfwpfaxmif&SdNyDqkdygawmh? tJ-jrefrmpum; b,fwkef;u ay:ovJvkdY

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ar;&ifawmh tajz&cufygvdrrfh ,f/ jrefrmvlrsKd;&,fvYdk ay:puwnf;u jrefrmpum;ajym
MurSmqkdawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;eJYtwl jrefrmpum; ay:vmw,fvkdYajym&if obm0usygw,f/
jrefrmpmxuf trsm;BuD;apmrSmaygh/
aemufwpfcku pum;qkdwm pum;ajymwwfp t&G,fuwnf;u wwfvmwmr
[kwv f m;/ jrefrmuav;wpfa,muf toufwpfEpS af usmfEpS Ef pS af vmufq&dk if jrefrmpum;
pNyD; ajymwwfNyD/ jrefrmpmusawm h oif,lrS wwfwmav/ ausmif;rSmoGm;tyfNyD; q&m?
q&mrawGu oifay;rSwwfwm r[kwfvm;/ NyD;awmh arG;uwnf;u qGYHtaewJholr[kwf
&if jrefrmwkdif; jrefrmpum;wwfygw,f/ tJ jrefrmpmusawmh jrefrmwkdif; rwwfygbl;/
pmrwwfwJholawG&SdaevkdY tokH;vkH;oifwef;awG bmawG vkyfay;&wmaygh/ aemufxyf
pdw0f ifpm;p&mwpfcu k oifcsif&if (Ekid if jH cm;om;qkyd gawmh)jrefrmpmoifp&mrvkb d J jrefrm
pum;wwfatmif oifvkdY&w,f/ wwfvnf;wwfw,f/ tJ jrefrmpmrwwfwJhol jrefrmpm
wwfatmif oifcsif&ifawmh jrefrmpum;udk t&ifwwfxm;rS oifvkdY&r,f/ jrefrmpum;
rwwfbJ jrefrmpmoifvkdY r&bl;/ tJ'gawGuawmh jrefrmpum;eJYjrefrmpm uGJjym;wJht
aMumif;awGygyJ/
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vkYdqkd&if urÇmay:rSm rsKd;EG,fwlwJhbmompum;rsKd;pkBuD;awGxJrSm wdAufw&kwfbmom
pum;rsKd;pk(Sino Tibetan Language Family) qkw d rhJ sKd;pkBuD;&Sw
d ,f/ tJ'rD sKd;pkBuD;&JUrsKd;cGaJ wG
xJrSm ]]wdAuf-jrefrm}}rsKd;cGJqkdwm wpfckygw,f/ jrefrmpum;[m tJ'DwdAufjrefrmrsKd;cGJ
xJu bmompum;wpfckjzpfw,fvkdY rSwfom;Ekdifygw,f/
'gqkjd refrmpmuaaum b,fuqif;oufygovJ/ tdE, d´ Ekid if rH mS c&pfray:rD bDpD
ig;&mpkavmufrmS pwifay:aygufwjhJ Am[®t D a&;tom;(Brahmi Script) uqif;oufvmwJh
pmawGxJrSm jrefrmpmvnf; wpfcktygt0if jzpfygw,f/ c&pfay:pavmufu tdE´d,,Of
aus;rIta&SUawmiftm&Sukd ysHUES&YH mrSm tJ'jD Am[®t D a&;tom;u qif;oufwphJ mta&;t
5
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

om;pepfukd jrefrmawG &&Sdvkdufwm jzpfygw,f/

uJ - 'Davmufqkd&if jrefrmpum;eJYjrefrmpm taMumif; &Sif;avmufygNyD/
armifr,fwkdY jrefrmpmtodtjrif wkd;yGm;Muygap/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f - rwfv-2010
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

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twGuf rSwfom;p&mjzpfygw,f/ pum;ykHawGu uspfuspfvpfvpf? ajyajyjypfjypf zefwD;
xm;wJhpum;awGrdkY em;axmifol rSwfrdvG,fw,f/ ESpfoufp&mvnf; aumif;w,f/ wpf
a,mufew YJ pfa,muf taxmuftuljyKNyD; tjyeftvSef tusKd;&Sw d mud]k ]udik ;f uRef;rS?D uRef;
ukid ;f rD}S }? taumif;tqk;d jzpfysufajymif;vJwwfwo hJ abmudk ]]a&pD;wpfcg a&omwpfvn S }hf
6
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

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oli,fvkd}}? wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf ZeD;armifESHcsif; vkdfufzufwmudk ]]aeESifhv a&TESifhjr}}
ponfjzifh pum;ykHawGeJY trsKd;rsKd;ykHckdif;Muygw,f/ 'Dpum;ykHawGudk Munfh&if um&efawG?
toHawG ajyajyjypfjypf zGx YJ m;wmudk awGEY idk yf gw,f/ vku d ef mp&mawG? a&Smifp&mawG? rSwf
om;p&mawGudk pum;ykHawGu azmfjyaeygw,f/ pum;ykHpmtkyfawG tpOftqufay:
aygufcJhwm trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ tm;vkH;tusKd;&SdwJhpmtkyfawGygyJ/ orD;wkdY vufvSrf;rDwJhpm
tkyu f awmh jrefrmpmtzGu YJ jyKpkxm;wJ]h ]jrefrmpum;yk}H }qkw d phJ mtkyyf g/ pum;ykaH ygif; 800
ausmfudk t"dyÜg,f&Sif;jyxm;wm rSwfom;p&mygyJ/ jrefrmpmtzGJYu ]]jrefrmhqkd&kd;pum;}}qkd

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wJhpmtkyfukdvnf; jyKpkxkwfa0xm;ao;w,f/ pum;ykHawGvkdyJ qkd&kd;pum; 1000-ausmf
udk t"dyÜg,f&Sif;jyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dhjyifpum;ykHpmtkyfawGrSmawmh pum;ykHeJYqkd&kd;rcGJbJ tm;
vkH;udk pum;ykHtjzpf owfrSwfMuygw,f/ jrefrmpmtzGJYuawmh ]]pum;ykH}}eJY]]qkd&kd;}}udk cGJ
jcm;xm;w,f/ a&SUrSm ajymcJhovkd ykHckdif;wJhoabm ryg&ifjzpfjzpf? ykHckdif;wma&m qkdvkd&if;
t"dyÜg,fa&m ESpfckwGJae&ifjzpfjzpf tJ'Dpum;rsKd;udkawmh qkd&kd;pum;vkdY owfrSwfw,f/
]]ynma&Ttkd; vlrckd;}}qkd&if ynmudk a&Ttkd;eJYckdif;EIdif;NyD; ynmwefzkd;&SdykHudk ykHckdif;xm;wm
rkdY pum;ykHvkdY owfrSwfw,f/ ]]ynm&J&ifh yGJv,fwifh}}qkd&ifawmh ykHckdif;wm r[kwfbJ wkduf
&kdufajymwmrdkY qkd&kd;vkdY owfrSwfw,f/
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,stm;jzifhawmh tm;vkH;udk jcKHNyD; pum;ykHvkdYac:aeMuwm pum;ykHpmtkyfawGudkMunfh&if
awGYEkdifygw,f/ uJ pum;ykHtaMumif; 'Davmufqkd&if &Sif;avmufygNyD/

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vnf;ac:Ekdifygw,f/ wpfa,mufeJYwpfa,muf ÓPfprf;wJhtaeeJY pum;xm0Sufwrf; u
pm;Muwm jrefrmh"avhwpfcyk gyJ/ pum;xm0Suw f thJ cg ajz&r,fo
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NyD}}qkdNyD; t&IH;ay;&w,f/ tJ'Dtcg 0SufwJholu tajzrSefudk ajymjy&w,f/ razmfEkdif&if
0SufwJholu EkdifNyD; ajzwJholu &IH;w,f/ azmfEkdif&ifawmh ajzwJholu Ekdifwmaygh/
pum;xmudk 0Sufolu topfzefwD;wm r[kwfygbl;/ tpOftquf ajymqkdcJhwJh
pum;xmawGudk rSwfom;NyD; jyefajymMu&wmyg/ tajzawGudkvnf; tJ'DvkdyJ usufrSwf
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[m pdwu f ;l pdwo
f ef; awmfawmfaumif;wmyJ/ ]]ewforD;aomufa&uef? wHwidk ;f ok;H xyf&}H }
7
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

qkwd phJ um;xm;&JUtajzu ]]tke;f oD;}}yg/ twGi;f qk;H u tke;f &nf? tjyifu tke;f oD;tjzL
om;? tkef;rIwfcGH? tkef;qHcGH okH;xyfumxm;wmaygh/ ]]rzGyfbJjzLonfhewfykqkd;? ravmif;
bJjynfhonfhewfa&tkd;}}qkdwmvnf; tkef;oD;udk0SufwJhpum;xmygyJ/ ]]toD;ay:tyif
ayguf ajcmufaxmufwpfacsmif;axmuf}}qkdwmu ]]emewfoD;}}wJh/ ]]acgif;NrD;jcKH vkHyg
ayh? qHNrdwfcs vSygayh? ausmufwef;pD nDygayh}}qkdwmu ]]ajymif;zl;}}wJh/ ]]a&v,facgif
aomifxGef; ewforD;aewJhuRef;}}qkdwmu ]]ausmufysOf}}wJh/ trsm;BuD;ygyJ/ pum;xm
awGtaMumif; q&mBuD;rif;ok0Pfu ]]onfcg0oef ysif;ajz&ef}}qkdNyD; pmwpfyk'fa&;zl;
ygw,f/ a':MunfOD;a&;wJh]]jrefrmh&kd;&mpum;xmrsm;}}qkdwJhpmtkyfvnf; &Sdygw,f/
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pum;vd r f
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pum;ygyJ/ ]]aemifrSod}} ]]edrSaomif}}vkdYajymwm pum;vdrfaygh/ pum; 3-vkH;qkdawmh t
v,fvkH;udk toHrajymif;bJ rlvtwkdif;xm;NyD; a&SUaemufajymif;vkdufawmh ]]aemif-od}}
u ]]ed-aomif}}jzpfomG ;wmaygh/ olrsm;rodapcsifwmrsKd;udk pum;vdref aYJ jymwwfMuw,f/
iSufaysmoD;eJYrwnfhwJhuav;a&SUrSm olrodatmif ajymcsif&if ]]iysD;aom}}vkdY ajymwm
rsKd;aygh/ ]]iSufaysmoD;}}rSm a&SUqkH;toHu toHwpf0ufyJqkd&wmrkdY a&SUtoHudk csefNyD;
aemuftoHESpfoHudkyJ ajymif;jyefvkyf&w,f/ 'Dawmh]]iysD;aom}}jzpfoGm;wmaygh/ aysmfp
&mupm;enf;tjzpfvnf; pum;vdr0f u S Mf uw,f/ rajzEkid &f if yef;ay;&wmaygh/ pmayawG
xJrSmvnf; pum;vdrfawG xnfha&;wwfMuw,f/ OD;wkd;&JU&mr&uefrSm ]]o'´grwwf pm
rwwf}}udk ]]o'wfrwm pwfrwm}}vkYd pum;vdref aYJ &;w,f/ vIid x f yd af cgifwifuawmh em*
q'´efabmv,frSm ]]edrSaomif aemifrSod}}wJh/ OD;yknuawmh ]]avmu"H vHua"m}}vkdYa&;
w,f/ vl&iT af wmfawGu ]]"aem'dNcdKufuif;pf}}qkNd yD; t*Fvyd pf um;vkv d dk bmvkv
d adk jymw,f
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pum;vdrfudk ESpfqifh0Sufwmvnf; &Sdao;w,f/ ]]tpfudkYr,m; tdyfcsifw,f}}qkd
wmrsKd;aygh/ tpfudkYr,m;u]]r&D;}}? tdyfcsif&if]]orf;}}w,f/ r&D;orf;]]r&ef;oD;}}aygh/
wpfcgu bkef;awmfBuD;wpfyg;ukd aemufwwfajymifwwfwJh'umwpfa,mufu ]]vifay;
&Gmudk qGr;f pm;<uygbk&m;}}vkaYd vQmufNyD; jyefomG ;owJ/h bke;f awmfBuD;u vifay;&Gmqkw d m
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av;yifq&dk if ok;H cef;&Sw
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wJh/ o*FZmq&mawmf&JUpum;ykHpmtkyfrSm awGYwJhykHjyifyg/ q&mBuD;rif;ok0Pfuvnf; ]]p
udrfvm;? pum;vdrf}}qkdNyD; pmwpfyk'fa&;zl;w,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if &Sif;avmufygNyD/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-{NyDv-2010/
8
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mcifAsm;/
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zl;ygw,f/ 7-acwfxuf ydw k ,fvv Ydk nf; Mum;zl;ygw,f/ aoaocsmcsm odyg&apcifAsm;/
armifarmifnTefY? aomifBuD;&Gm? "EkjzLNrdKUe,f/
ajz/ /jrefpmayorkdif;udk acwf 7-acwfcGJwJhtaMumif; t&ifajymjyyghr,f/ q&mBuD;
OD;azarmifwifu jrefrmpmayorkdif;udk emrnfay;xm;wJhusrf;BuD;jyKpkcJhwm wynfhwkdYod
r,fxifw,f/ udv k ekd aD cwfuwnf;u jyKpkcw hJ myg/ cktxd tpOftquf ud;k um;&wJu h srf;
jzpfygw,f/ yk*Hacwf jrefrmpmay:aygufcsdefupNyD; acwftqufquf xGef;um;vmwJh

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jrefrmpmayawG&JUorkdif;udk a&;xm;wmyg/ tJ'Dusrf;rSm q&mBuD;u jrefrmpmayudk 7-
acwf cGJxm;ygw,f/ yk*Hacwf? yif;,acwf? tif;0acwf? awmifilacwf? anmif&rf;acwf?
ukef;abmifacwf yxrykdif;eJY'kwd,ykdif;wkdYygyJ/ tJ'Dacwf 7-acwfudk tvG,fwulrSwfrd
atmif wuúov kd jf refrmpmq&mBuD;wpfa,mufu ]]yk*t H if;awmif? anmif&rf;aemif? uke;f
abmifESpfacwfcGJ}}vkdY oHaygufuav; a&;zl;ygw,f/
ckvkd acwfcGJykHu EkdifiH&JUorkdif;aemufcHacwfeJYtnD cGJwmyg/ jrefrmhorkdif;rSm rif;
awG NrdKUwnfeef;wnfNyD; pd;k rk;d tkycf sKyfcw hJ ahJ cwfawGygyJ/ NrdKUwpfNrdKUudk pwnfNyD; rif;tpOf
tquf tkyfpkd;wm[m rif;qufwpfquf? acwfwpfacwfygyJ/ tJ'Drif;quf tqkH;owf
NyD; aemufrif;wpfyg;u NrdKUwpfNrdKUajymif;wnf&if aemufrif;quf? aemufacwfaygh/ wnf
wJNh rdKUudk taMumif;jyKNyD; yk*aH cwf? yif;,acwfponfjzifh cGjJ cm;rSwo f m;cJMh uwmygyJ/ anmif
&rf;acwfudk 'kwd,tif;0acwfvkdYvnf; ac:w,f/ ukef;abmifacwfrSm &wemykHrEÅav;
NrdKUwnfwJhumvudk &wemykHacwf? rEÅav;acwfvkdYcGJNyD; ac:wmvnf; &Sdw,f/ q&mBuD;
OD;azarmifwifu ukef;abmifacwfudk yxrykdif;? 'kwd,ykdif;cGJw,f/ tavmif;rif;w&m;
u pOfhul;rif;txd yxrykdif;? bkd;awmfbk&m;u oDaygrif;txd 'kwd,ykdif;aygh/ bkd;awmf
bk&m; eef;wufNyD;wJah emufrmS jrefrmpmay[m t&Sed t f [keef zYJ NYHG zdK;wk;d wufvmcJwh t hJ wGuf
a&SUydkif;eJYuGJjym;atmif yxrykdif;? 'kwd,ykdif; cGJwmygyJ/ rcGJbJ ukef;abmifacwfvkdYjcKHNyD;
ac:vkdYvnf; &ygw,f/
7-acwfxufydkw,fqkdwmu ukef;abmifacwfukefqkH;NyD;wJhaemuf jrefrmEkdifiHudk
NAdwdoQwkdY odrf;ydkuftkyfcsKyfwJhacwfukd NAdwdoQacwfvkdYac:Ekdifygw,f/ udkvkdeDacwfvkdYt
ac:rsm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh jrefrmEkid if H vGwv f yfa&;&csdeu f pNyD; tcktcsdet f xdukd vGwv f yf
a&;acwfvkdYjcKHNyD;ac:Ekdifygw,f/ vGwfvyfa&;acwfudk xyfcGJNyD; ygvDrefacwf? qkd&S,fvpf
vrf;pOfygwDacwf? wyfrawmftpkd;&acwfqkdNyD;ac:wmvnf; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'DacwftoD;
oD;rSm ay:xGufwJhpmayawGudkvnf; acwfeJYtnD cGJjcm;ac:Ekdifygw,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if
9
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

jynfph aHk vmufygNyD/

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&ygonf/ &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; oabmraygufyg/ &Sif;jyyg&ef awmif;yeftyfygonf/
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ajz/ /jrefrmawG emrnfrn S &hf mrSm tok;H jyKwJeh o H ifo
h csFmt& *Pef;awGukd rSwo f m;wJh
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

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jzpfvnf; rSwfMuygw,f/ jrefrmawG emrnfrSnfh&mrSm aeYoifheHoifhwJhpmvkH;awGeJY rSnfhMu
w,fr[kwfvm;/ tJ'DpmvkH;awGudk *Pef;ocsFmeJYjy&if tJ'Dvkdjyygw,f/ aeYeH*Pef;tpOf
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pae-7(odkYr[kwf)oknaygh/
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&mZf 1115-ckESpfrSm ukef;abmifNrdKUwnfw,fvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ ]]tkwfuspfausmfat;
rEÅav;}}qkdwmuvnf; 1221-ckrSm rEÅav;NrdKUwnfw,fvdkYrSwfom;wmyg/ tJ'DvkdyJrSwf
om;wmawG trsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ rif;uGef;acgif;avmif;BuD;&JUaMu;ydómcsdefudk]]rif;jzL
rSerf eS af jym}}vkrYd w
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bk&m;aygif;}}vkdYrSwfom;&mrSmawmh a&SUu ]]vSnf;0if&kd;oH}udk t"duqkdvkdw,fvkdY,lqMu
ygw,f/ 4446-qlaygh/ ]wnHn}H txd,&l ifawmh ]4446733}vk, Yd &l rSmrkYd odyrf sm;aew,f/
yk*HrSm bk&m;aygif;tJ'Davmuf r&SdEkdifbl;vkdYqkdMuygw,f/ 'gu qufpyfNyD; &Sif;jywmyg/
jrefrmpmayawGrSm ckESpf ouú&mZfudef;*Pef;awGudk tJ'Denf;eJY azmfjyavh&SdMuygw,f/ w
jcm;ocsFmenf;awGvnf; &Sdygao;w,f/ 'Davmufqkd&if jynfhpkHNyDxifygw,f/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-ar-2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
10
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
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ajymqkdaeMuwm jrifae Mum;ae&ygw,f/ wcsKdUu ]]olr}}vkdYokH;wm rrSm;ygbl;? ]]vlBuD;
olr}}vkdYokH;wm rSefwmyJvkdY ajymMuygw,f/ &Sif;jyaypapvdkygw,fcifAsm;/
aersKd;OD;? jrpfBuD;em;NrdKU/
ajz/ /'DtaMumif;udk q&mwkdY&JUq&mBuD;awG tBudrfBudrf a&;zl;ygw,f/ q&mvnf;
av;ig;Budrf a&;zl;ygw,f/ ]]olr}}qkdwm emrfpm;taeeJYtokH;r&Sdbl;/ jrefrmpum;? jref
rmpmaytpOftquf ]]olr}}udk emrfpm;tjzpf rokH;cJhbl;/ jrefrmpum;&JUobm0eJYvnf;

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rukdufnDbl;/ 'gaMumifh ]]olr}}ukd rokH;oifhbl;vkdY ajymcsifygw,f/

emrf p m;ok H ; rsKd ;

jrefrmpum;rSm tajccHuswJhemrfpm; 3-rsKd;&Sdw,f/ ajymolemrfpm;u]]ig}}? em
olemrfpm;u ]]eif? oif? rif;}}? tjcm;olemrfpm;(tajymcHemrfpm;)u ]]ol}}aygh/ 'Demrfpm;
awGudk a&S;uwnf;u okH;vmwmyg/ (cifAsm;? uRefawmf? &Sif uRefrqkdwJhemrfpm;awGu
aemufrS ay:vmwmyg/) tJ'Dt&if;cHemrfpm;awGudk Munfhyg/ ]]ig}}[m a,musfm;vm;?
rde;f rvm;vkaYd r;&if b,fvadk jzrvJ/ ]]ig}}[m a,musfm;a&m? rde;f ra&m ok;H wJh ajymolemrf
pm; r[kwfvm;/ ]]oif? eif? rif;}}wkdY[mvnf; a,musfm;a&m rdef;ra&mokH;wJhemolemrf
pm;ygyJ/ tJ'DvkdyJ ]]ol}}qkdwJhemrfpm;[mvnf; a,musfm;a&m? rdef;ryg okH;wJhemrfpm;ygyJ/
uJ? q&mwkdY aeYwkdif; obm0usus ajymqkdaewJhjrefrmpum;udkyJ rlwnfpOf;pm;
Munfhyg/ qdkygawmh/ jrjrqkdwJh rdef;uav;taMumif;ajym&if ]]jrjr[m olYrdom;rSm orD;
tBuD;qkH;rkdY tdrfrIudpöawGudk olyJ wm0ef,lae&w,f}}vkdY ajymrSmyJ r[kwfvm;/ ]]jrjr[m
olrrdom;pkrmS orD;tBuD;qk;H rdYk tdrrf u I pd aö wGukd olryJ wm0ef,al e&w,f}}vkdY b,foal jym
rSmvJ/ tJ'Dvkdajym&if &,fp&m jzpfoGm;rSmaygh/ tJ'DvkdyJ ]][m-axG;axG;xGufoGm;NyD/ olY
pmtkyf arhusefcJhwm vkdufay;vkdufyg}}vkdY ajym&if ykHrSefajymwmyJ/ ]][m-axG;axG;xGuf
oGm;NyD? olrpmtkyf arhusefcJhwm vkdufay;vkdufyg}}vkdYawmh b,folrS rajymygbl;/
jrefrmpum;rSm ]]olr}}qkdwJhemrfpm; r&SdwJhtwGuf o'´gpmtkyfawG tbd"mefawG
rSm ]]olr}}qkdwJhpum; rygygbl;/
'gqkd&if tJ'D]]olr}} bmaMumifh ay:vm&ovJvkdYar;Ekdifygw,f/ udkvkdeDacwfu
eufpzD;a&;wJh t*Fvyd o f '´gukd jrefrmbmomjyefwq hJ &mBuD;u]]he}}uk]d ]ol}}? ]]she}}ukd ]]ol}}
vkdYyJ bmomjyefcJhwmyg/ 'gayr,fh she [mrdef;r? trudk qkdvkdaMumif; odomatmif ol
aemufu uGif;av;eJY(r)vkdYxnfhNyD; ol(r)vkdY jycJhwmyg/ tJ'gudk ]]olr}}vkdYokH;&if; tokH;
11
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

wGifus,fvmwmyg/ 'gaMumifh ]]olr}}[m jrefrmpum;rSm r&SdwJhtokH;yg/ q&mBuD;wpf

a,mufuawmh]]olr}}ok;H csif&if 'Djh yifemrfpm;awGuykd g cGNJ yD; ]]igr}}wk?Yd ]]eifr}}wk?Yd ]]oifr}}
wkdY okH;ygvkdY [movkyfcJhzl;ygw,f/

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ar;cGef;rSmygwJh]]vlBuD;olr}}rSm]]olr}}u emrfpm;r[kwfygbl;/ ]]r}}[m ]]BuD;
onf}}vkdY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ ]]ollr}}qkdwm ]]olBuD;}}ygyJ/ ]]vlBuD;olBuD;}}udk]]vlBuD;olr}}
vkdYpum;y&d,m,feJYtvJtvS,fokH;wmyg/ ]]vrf;r}}? ]]cef;r}}wkdYvkdyJ]]olr}}[m olBuD;vkdY
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t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
wcsKdUu q&mrBuD;*sme,fausmfrrav;&JU]]olr}}0w¬Kudk ud;k um;NyD; ]]olr}}tok;H
&Sdw,fvkdYoufaoxlcsifMuw,f/ tJ'Dolr[mvnf; emrfpm;r[kwfygbl;/ q&mBuD;OD;cspf
armifu ]]ol}}0w¬Ka&;wmudk q&mrBuD;u qifw]l ]olr}}vk0Yd w¬Kemrnfay;NyD; csD;usL;p&m
trsKd;orD;wpfa,muftaMumif; a&;wmyg/ tJ'D0w¬KxJrSmygwJh trsKd;orD;Zmwfaqmif
awGudk &nfnTef;wJhemrfpm;awGrSm ]]olr}}wpfvkH;rS rygygbl;/ 'Davmufqkd&if &Sif;avmuf
ygNyD/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-ZGe-f 2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
]]udk}}ESifh]]tm;}}tokH;udk &Sif;vif;azmfjyay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/
ajcjrefawmfarmifausmf? awmif'*kH/
ajz/ /]]udk}}eJY]]tm;}}tokH;udk cGJjcm;rSwfom;r,fqkd&if ]]ukd}}u jyKvkyfcH&ol? jyKvkyfcH
&wJt h &mudjk ywJ0h bd wf? ]]tm;}}u vufco H ?l vufcw H t
hJ &mudk jywJ0h b
d wfvcYdk jJG cm;rSwo
f m;
Ekdifygw,f/ ]acG;onf aMumifudkudkuf\}? ]q&monf uRefawmhfudk csD;usL;\}qkdwJh0gus
awGrSm aMumif[m tudkufcH&wJhowå0g? uRefawmf[m csD;usL;cH&wJholjzpfaMumif; ]ukd}u
azmfjyaew,f/ vG,v f ,
G af jym&&if wpfcck t
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h jl zpfaMumif;]ud}k
u azmfjyw,f/ wkduf&kduftvkyfcH? tajymcH&wmvkdY em;vnfEkdifw,f/
]]tm;}}uawmh wkduf&kduftvkyfcH? tajymcH&wm r[kwfbl;/ wpfckckudk vufcH&
12
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

wmrdkY]]udk}}vkd wkduf&kdufrusbl;/ ]q&monf pmtkyfudk uRefawmhftm; ay;\}qkdwJh0gusukd

Munf&h if pmtkyu f tay;cH&wJyh pön;f ? uRefawmfu pmtkyu f kd vufc&H who
J jl zpfaMumif;awGY
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f ,f/ ]OD;xGe;f a&Tonf vSLzG,yf pön;f rsm;udk q&mawmfBuD;tm; qufuyfvLS 'gef;onf}
qkdwJh0gusrSmvnf; tJ'DoabmygyJ/ vufcHjyyg&ifawmh uHvnf;ygw,fvkdY em;vnfEkdifyg
w,f/
vufcHjy0dbwf]tm;}udk rokH;bJ aevkdY&w,f/ vufcHjy0dbwf]tm;}ae&mrSm ]udk}
ok;H NyD; uH0b
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uRefawmhfudk pmtkyfay;\}/ ]OD;xGef;a&Tonf q&mawmfBuD;ukd vSLzG,fypönf;rsm; vSL'gef;

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

onf}vkdY a&;Ekdifygw,f/
pma&;&mrSm tawGY&rsm;wJhtrSm;wpfckuawmh ]udk}ae&mrSm ]tm;}okH;wJhtrSm;
ygyJ/ ]uRefawmfwkdYonf tcrf;tem;tm; usif;yonf}? ]taronf w,fvDzkef;tm; quf
onf}? ]q&monf pm;yGJtm; vufESifhykwfonf}qkdwmrsKd;awG awGYae&ygw,f/ pmawGxJ
rSm ]tm;}awGrsm;vGef;vkdY q&mBuD;wpfa,mufu ]wtm;tm;eJY usD;uef;BuD;tmaeovkd
yJ}vkdY &,fp&m ajymzl;ygw,f/ wpfcsufu ]tm;}udk pmokH;taeeJYyJ okH;awmhw,f/ ]udk}udk
usawmh pmokH;rSma&m? tajymokH;rSma&m okH;ygw,f/ olYae&meJYol rSefatmifokH;zkdY txl;
ojzifh ]udk}okH;&rJhae&mrSm ]tm;}udk azmazmoDoD okH;aeMuwJhtrSm;rsKd; a&SmifzkdYygyJ/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh/
&efuek wf idk ;f &JUNrdKUe,ftcsKdUrSm rGeaf 0g[m&trnfrsm;jzpfw,fvYdk Mum;od&ygw,f/
&efukefay:&Sd rGefa0g[m&rS qif;oufvmaomtrnfrsm;udk &Sif;vif;ajzMum;ay;yg&ef
arwåm&yfcHtyfygw,f/
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ajz/ /[kwfygw,f/ &efukefwkdif;u NrdKUe,ftcsKdUtygt0if NrdKU&Gma'oawG&JUtrnf
awmfawmfrsm;rsm;[m rGet f rnfawG jzpfygw,f/ ]&efuek }f &JUrlvtrnfu]'*k}H qkw
d m orD;
odrSmyg/ &efawG ukefpifwJht"dyÜg,feJYtavmif;rif;w&m;BuD;u &efukefvkdY trnfajymif;
vkdufwmyg/ rlvtrnf]'*kH}u rGefa0g[m&]'*kif? vGKif}wkdYu qif;oufNyD; ]'*kH}jzpfvmwm
yg/ tJ'Demrnfu a&Twd*kHapwDawmfBuD;udk ay;wJhbGJYtrnfygyJ/ rGefbk&ifrBuD;&Sifapmyku
a&Tw*d aHk pwDawmfjrwfBuD;&JUÓPfawmfukd jr§iNhf yD; wnfaqmufNyD;awmh usyf'*ki(f usKdu'f *k-H
'*kHbk&m;)vdkY bGJYtrnfay;vkdufwmygyJ/ wcsKdUynm&SifawGuawmh]awmifokH;vkH;NrdKU}vkdYt
"dygÜ ,f&wJ]h wdurk eÇ *&}qkw d yhJ gVda0g[m&u qif;oufaMumif;? wdurk u Ç wdurk ?f wukr?f '*kH
vkdY ajymif;vJvmaMumif; qkdMuygw,f/ rGefa0g[m&uvnf; ukef;jrifhay:uapwDvkdY t"d
13
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

yÜg,f&ygw,f/
]urm&Gw}f uawmh u®m&wfqw dk hJ rGeaf 0g[m&u qif;oufwmyg/ ]u®m}u ]a&uef}
]&wf}u ]&wem}aygh/ 'Dawmh urm&Gwfqkdwm &wemuefaygh/ tif;vsm;uefudk qkdvkdwm
yg/ tif;vsm;uefem;u &yfuGufukdvnf; urm&GwfvkdYac:vkdufwmygyJ/
]r*Fvm'kH}u ]r*Fvm!Kif}qkdwJhrGefa0g[m&u qif;oufw,f/ ]r*Fvm}qkdwm vl
OD;acgif;eJYorifudkf,f? 'grSr[kwf orifOD;acgif;eJYvludk,f&SdwJhxl;qef;wJhowå0gvkdYtqkd&Sd
w,f/ ]!Kif}u ]NrdKU}vkdYt"dyÜg,f&w,f/ 'Dawmh r*FvmqkdwJhowå0gaexkdifusufpm;wJhNrdKU
aygh/ ]r*F&m!Kif}u qif;oufvmwmvkv Yd J qkw d ,f/ ]rif*&m}qkw
d m ]orif'&,f}aygh/ orif
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

'&,faygwJhNrdKUvkdYt"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
]tif;pdef}qkdwm]tifpkdif}qkdwJhrGefa0g[m&u qif;oufw,f/ ]tif}qkdwm ]tif;
tkdif}? ]pkdif}qkdwm ]qif}'Dawmh ]qiftif;}vkdYt"dyÜg,f&w,f/ qifawG aexkdifusufpm;wJh
tif;vkdYqkdvkdwmaygh/
]usKdufuqH}u ]uspfoif}qkdwJhrGefa0g[m&u qif;oufw,f/ ]uspf}(usKdufvkdY
toHxGufw,f)u bk&m;? ]oif}u ]oCFm}'Dawmh oCFmrsm;qnf;uyfudk;uG,fwJhbk&m;vkdY
t"dyÜg,f&w,f/ bk&m;bGJYawGrSm ]usKduf}ygwJhbGJYawG awmfawmfrsm;rsm; &Sdw,f/ usKdufxD;
&kd;? usKdufra&m? usKdufyGefponfjzifhaygh/
]oCFef;uRef;}uawmh]uHoif? utfoif}qkdwJhrGefa0g[m&u qif;oufNyD; ]uH?
utf}u uRef;? ]oif}u oCFm? oCFmawmfawGpka0;aexkdif&mjzpfvkdY oCFef;uRef;(oCFm
uRef;)ac:w,fvkdY tqkdtrdefYawG&Sdygw,f/
]usKdufxkd? usKdufyd? usKdufyGef}qkdwJhae&mrSm a'otrnfawGuvnf; bk&m;udk t
pGJjyKwJhtrnfawGygyJ/ xkd(axm)qkdwm ]a&T}? ]yd}qkdwm ]okH;ck}? ]yGef}qkdwm]av;ck}? 'Dawmh
usKdufxdkqkdwm a&Tbk&m;? usKdufydqkdwm bk&m;okH;ql? usKdufyGefqkdwm bk&m;av;qlvkdYt
"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/
'Dwpfywfawmh 'DavmufygyJ/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-Zlvkdifv-2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

14
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
,cktcg jrefrmpma&;om;&mü uGif;puGif;ydwf(...)rsm;xnfhoGif;tokH;jyKae
onfukd awGY&ygw,f/ tokH;jyKykHukd &Sif;jyay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfygonf/
rif;xufausmf? a'gykHNrdKU/
ajz/ /uGif;puGif;ydwfokH;ykHudk om;wkdYausmif;rSmoif&wJhjrefrmo'´gpmtkyfawGrSm azmf
jyxm;ygw,f/ yOörwef;? q|rwef;? owårwef;o'´gawGrmS pkpH v Hk ifvif avhvmEkid yf gw,f?
]]yk'jf zwfy'k &f yfoauFwrsm;}}tcef;rSm yk'u f av;(wpfacsmif;yk')f ? yk'rf (ESpaf csmif;yk')f wkYd
upNyD; oauFwtm;vkH; &Sif;jyxm;wmyg/ ck om;odcsifwJhuGif;puGif;ydwfudk 0dkufuGif;vkdY

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ac:ygw,f/ ocsFmrSmawmh 0dkufuGif;(...)? axmifhuGif;«...»?wGefYuGif;{...}qkdNyD; uGif;
okH;rsKd;okH;ygw,f/ 'DaemufrSm 0dkufuGif;okH;ykHawGudk &Sif;vif;csufeJYom"uwGJNyD; azmfjyyg
r,f/
1/ aiGaMu;ta&twGuu f kd *Pef;eJaY zmfjyNyD; aemufupmeJY wdwu d susazmfjy&if 0kud uf iG ;f
okH;w,f/
ykHpH - 4268d^25d; (av;axmifESpf&majcmufq,fh&SpfusyfESpfq,fhig;jym;wdwd)
2/ pmtkyftrnfaemufu xkwfa0wJhXme? 'grSr[kwf pma&;ol&JUemrnfudk azmfjy&if 0kduf
uGif;okH;w,f/
ykHpH - jrefrmtbd"mef(jrefrmpmtzGJY)
yxrjrefrmrsm;(rif;,ka0)
pmayavmu(aZmf*sDESifhrif;ok0Pf)
3/ emrnfwlolawGudk cGJjcm;EdkifzkdY tazemrnfudk 0kdufuGif;eJYaemufu jyw,f/
ykHpH - jrjrpdef(OD;omxGef;)
jrjrpdef(OD;aygufp)
4/ emrnfwlolawGudk cGJjcm;EkdifzkdY tvkyftudkifudk 0dkufuGif;eJYaemufu jyw,f/
ykHpH - a'gufwmausmfxGef;(jrefrmpmygarmu©)
a'gufwmausmfxGef;(cGJpdwfukq&m0efBuD;)
5/ tJ'DvkdyJ emrnfwlolawGudk cGJjcm;EkdifzkdY ae&yfudk 0dkufuGif;eJYaemufu jyw,f/
ykHpH - OD;jr(aysmfbG,f)
OD;jr(&efukef)
6/ pmykd'fcGJtrSwfpOfjywJh*Pef;wdkY? tu©&mwkdYudk 0dkufuGif;eJYjyw,f/
ykHpH - tif;0acwfwGif ysKdUa&;zGJYaom &[ef;pmqkdrsm;rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf/
(u) &Sifr[moDv0Ho
15
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

(c) &Sifr[m&|om&
(*) &Siftkef;ndK
(C) &SifawaZmom&
(i) &Sift*¾orm"d
(u) (c) ae&mrSm (1) (2) ponfjzifhvnf; okH;Ekdifw,f/
7/ t"dyÜg,fwlwJhtokH;tEIef;udk 0dkufuGif;eJYaemufujyw,f/
ykHpH - [Hom0wD(yJcl;)
jrefrmouú&mZf 1372-ckESpf(c&pfESpf 2010-jynfhESpf)
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

acsmif;qkd;aoG;ygtqkwfem(wDbD)
8/ emrnf&if;aemufu uavmifemrnfazmfjy&mrSm 0kdufuGif;okH;w,f/
ykHpH - OD;azodef;(a&TOa'gif;)
OD;xGef;jrihf(wuúokdvfrif;armf)
a':cifpk(cifESif;,k)
tjyeftvSev f nf; ok;H Ekid yf gw,f/ a&TOa'gif;(OD;azode;f )qkw
d mrsKd;aygh/ uavmif
emrnfqkd&mrSm yef;csDq&m? *Dwynm&Sif? tqkdawmf? &kyf&Sifo&kyfaqmifpwJhyk*¾KdvfawG&JU
emrnf&if;r[kwfwJhemrnfawGudkvnf; 'DykHpHeJYazmfjyygw,f/ ykHpHjy&&if OD;oefYpif(yef;csD
wifxGef;)? rqifh(aroef;Ek)qkdwmrsKd;awGaygh/
9/ &kH;pmawGrSm vufrSwfxkd;wJhwm0ef&Sdyk*¾Kdvf&JUvufrSwfatmufrSm olYemrnfudk 0dkufuGif;
eJaY zmfjyw,f/
ykHpH - (vSjrifh)
ausmif;tkyfq&mBuD;
10/ wm0ef&Sdyk*¾Kdvf&JUudk,fpm;vufrSwfxkd;&&if vufrSwfxkd;ol&JUemrnfeJY&mxl;udk wm0ef
&Sdyk*¾Kdvf&JU&mxl;atmufrSm uGif;eJYjyw,f/
ykHpH - ygarmu©csKyf(ukd,fpm;)
&efukefwuúokdvf
«ausmfodef;? XmerSL;(oifMum;a&;)»
11/ taMumif;t&mwpfckck&JUaemufu qufpyfaewJhrSwfcsufwpfckcka&;&if 0dkufuGif;eJYjy
w,f/
ykHpH - &Sifr[m&|om&onf touf 16-ESpfwGif bl&d'wfvuFmBuD;udk a&;zGJYonf/(bl&d
'wfvuFmBuD;onf tapmqkH;ay:aygufvmaomysKdUjzpfonf[krSwf,lMuonf/)
12/ pmom;xJrSm azmfjywJh *Pef;udk 0dkufuGif;eJYazmfjyw,f/
16
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ykHpH - wpfaeY(3)Budrf
trSwfpOf(6)
trSwf(2)tajccHynmtv,fwef;ausmif;
pmykd'ftrSwf(4)wGif azmfjyxm;onf/
pma&;&mrSm vufESdyfpuf&kduf&mrSm pmeJY*Pef;a&mrSmpdk;vdkY *Pef;udk 0dkufuGif;xJ
xnfjh yavh&w dS ,f/ 'DaeY uGeyf sLwmpmvk;H awGrmS awmh pmeJ*Y Pef;uGjJ ym;wJt
h wGuf 0du
k u
f iG ;f
rokH;bJ pmeJY*Pef; wpfqufwnf; &kdufwmrsKd;vnf; &Sdygw,f/ 0dkufuGif;okH;&ifawmh ydkNyD;
uGJuGJjym;jym; &Sdwmaygh/ uJ-'Davmufqkd&if jynfhpkHygNyD/

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-Mo*kwv f -2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

ar;/ /'umq&mBuD;/
1/]]t&dyo f ;Hk yg;udk em;rvnfb;l }}qkMd u&mü t&dyo f ;kH yg;t"dygÜ ,fukd &Si;f &Si;f vif;
vif;odvdkygonf/
2/ &efukefwkdif;ü&Sdaom ]]ouFef;uRef;NrdKUe,f}}[kvnf;aumif;? ]]oCFef;uRef;
NrdKUe,f}}[kvnf;aumif; 'Gd[jzpfaeí trSefudk &Sif;vif;ay;apvkdygonf/
3/ ]]jrefrmpmESifhArmpum;}}uGJjym;pGm odvkdyg\/
t&SifZm*&d,(ausmufxk)/
ajz/ /t&Sifbk&m;? ar;jref;csufrsm;udk wynfhawmf ajzMum;vkdufygonf/
(1) t&dyo f ;Hk yg;rSm ]]t&dyo
f ;Hk yg; em;rvnfacsoli,fusm;pmjzpf}}[laompum;
ykHrS pum;jzpfygonf/ xkdpum;ykHudk zGifh&mwGif usm;\t&dyfta,mif? toHAvH? teHYt
ouf[al om t&dyt f jcnfo;Hk yg;udk r&dypf m;rdaomacsoli,fonf usm;\tpmjzpf&mouJh
odkY tcgumv? 0ef;usiftaetxm;? twkdif;tqudk csifhcsdefem;rvnfolonf 'ku©jzpf&
onf[k zGifhqkdygonf/ (jrefrmpmtzGJYxkwf jrefrmpum;ykHpmtkyfwGif awGYEkdifygonf/) xkdY
aMumifh rlvt"dyÜg,frSm usm;\t&dyftjcnfokH;yg;udk qkdvkdjcif;jzpfNyD; t&dyftjcnfrodí
'ku©a&muf&onfhtjcm;udpörsm;wGifvnf; xkdt"dyÜg,fudk csJUxGifokH;jcif;jzpfygonf/
(2) ]oCFef;uRef;}[k tokH;rsm;ygonf/ rlvu a&ywfvnf0dkif;aeNyD; &[ef;oH
Cmrsm; pka0;oDwif;ok;H &m ae&mjzpfí rGeb f momjzifh ]uHoif? ]utfoif}[krn S ahf c:onf/
17
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

jrefrmvkd bmomjyefvQif ]oCFmuRef;}[kt"dygÜ ,f&onf/ ]oCFmuRef;}[kac:&mrS ]oCFe;f

uRef;}jzpfvmonf[k NrdKU&Gm&yfuu G q
f idk &f m rGet
f rnfrsm;\&if;jrpfukd okawoejyKcJah om
q&mBuD;OD;aratmif(ukv d ekd aD cwfu jynfxaJ &;0efBuD;? pmayynm&Si)f u rdeq Yf zdk ;l ygonf/
tcsKdUu ]ouFef;}ESifhqkdifonf[k,lqNyD; ]ouFef;uRef;}[kokH;jcif;jzpfygonf/
(3) ]jrefrmpm}ESi]hf Armpum;}wGi]f jrefrm}ESi]fh Arm}udk OD;pGm&Si;f jyygrnf/ ]]jrefrm}}
[laoma0g[m&rSm yk*Hacwfuwnf;u okH;aoma0g[m&jzpfygonf/ ouú&mZf 552-ck
ESpfxkd;? awmif*leDbk&m;ausmufpmwGif ]ukvm;yefwsm}? ]jrefrmyefwsm}[laoma&;xkH;udk
awGY&onf/ xkdxufapmaom usefppfom;rif;\eef;awmfrGefausmufpmwGif jrefrmukd rGef
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

bmomjzifh ]rd&}® m[ka&;onfukd awG&Y onf/ aemufyikd ;f wGif ]jrHrm}? ]jrr®m}[laoma&;xk;H rsm;
vnf; awGY&onf/ odkYaomf ]jrefrm}u t&if;cHusNyD; ckdifrmygonf/ a&S;tdE´d,wkdif;om;
rsm;u jrefrmjynfudk ]jA[®yk&}[ka&;onf/ tdE´d,wkdif;om;wkdYu ]jA[®m}udk ]A&f[rm}[k
toHxGuf&m tdE´d,ESifhqufqH&aomt*FvdyfwkdYuvnf; jrefrmjynfudk tdE´d,wkdif;om;
rsm;\tac:twkdif; ]A&frm}[krSwf,lcJhMuonf/ xkd]Am&frm}rS]Arm}[líjzpfvmonf/ rGef
wkdYwGifvnf; ]r&}[lrm aom a&S;rGefa0g[m&rS ]Arm}[laomacwfrGefa0g[m&odkY ajymif;vJ
oGm;onf/ ]jrefrm}ESifh]Arm}uGJjym;ykHudk ynm&Sifrsm;u þodkY,lqMuygonf/
]]jrefrmpm}}[laoma0g[m&ukd jrefrmEkid if &H dS wkid ;f &if;om;tm;vk;H tok;H jyKaom
pm[k jcKHí t"dyÜg,fzGifhEkdifonf/ ]Arm}pm[kqdkvQifrl wkdif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;xJu ]Arm}
vlrsKd;\pm[k t"dyÜg,fzGifhEkdifonf/ jrefrmEkdifiHwGif jrefrmpmonf &kH;okH;bmompum;jzpf
onfqkdaom owfrSwfcsufrSm jrefrmwpfEkdifiHvkH; vTrf;jcKHaomt"dyÜg,faqmifonf/
pum;rSmvnf; xkdYtwlyif/ ]jrefrmpum;}[k vTrf;jcKHokH;Ekdifovkd ]Armpum;}[k
ArmvlrsKd;\pum;tjzpfvnf; ok;H Ekid o f nf/ jrefrmpmtzGu YJ jyKpkaom jrefrmtbd"mefwiG f
]jrefrm}udk ^rsefrm? Arm^[ktoHxGufESpfrsKd; jyonf/
(1) jrefrmEkid if w
H iG f tpOftquf aexkid cf MhJ uaomwkid ;f &if;om;rsm;udk jcKHac:aomtrnf/
(2) Arm[k t"dyÜg,f 2rsKd;zGifhonf/ ]Arm}udkrl wdAufjrefrmtkyfpk0if bmompum;wpfrsKd;
udk ajymaomwkdif;&if;om;wpfrsKd;[k t"dyÜg,fwpfrsKd;om zGifhygonf/ xkdYaMumifh jrefrm
onf wkdif;&if;om;tm;vkH;[kvnf; t"dyÜg,f&í ]Arm}[kvnf; t"dyÜg,f&aMumif;? Arm
rSmrl ArmvlrsKd;wpfrsKd;udo k m &nfneT ;f aomt"dygÜ ,f&aMumif; cGjJ cm;odEidk yf gonf/ ]jrefrm
pum;}? ]Armpum;}[kokH;vQif yg;pyfuajymaom pum;oHrsm;udk t"duqkdvkdNyD; ]jrefrm
pm}]Armpm}[kokH;vQif a&;aompmudk t"duqkdvkdygonf/ jrefrmpum;onf wdAufw&kwf
bmompum;rsKd;&kd;BuD;rS qif;oufvmaom ]wdAufjrefrm}rsKd;cGJrSmygonfh bmompum;
wpfckjzpfonf/ wdAufpum;ESifhjrefrmEkdifiH&Sd ucsif? u,m;? u&if? csif; ponfhwkdif;&if;
18
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

om;bmompum;rsm;onf wdAuf-jrefrmrsKd;cGw J iG yf g0ifaom bmompum;rsm;jzpfonf/

xkt
d xJwiG f Armpum;udv
k nf; oD;jcm;cGaJ jymí&onf/ ]jrefrmpm}rSmrl tdE,
d´ Ekid if w
H iG f c&pf
ray:rDu xGe;f um;aom ]jAm[®tD u©&m}rS qif;oufaompmjzpfonf/ c&pfEpS t f pykid ;f wGif
tdE´d,,Ofaus;rI ta&SUawmiftm&SodkYysHUESHYvm&m pmta&;tom;vnf; ygvmonf/ jref
rmwkdYonf jAm[®Dtu©&mrS qif;oufvmaomtu©&mrsm;udk tajcjyKí 11-&mpkwGif jref
rmpmta&;tom; pwifwDxGifonf[k ynm&Sifrsm; rdefYqkdMuygonfbk&m;/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

(1) &mZukrm&fausmufpmxufapmNyD; a&;xk;d xm;aom ausmufpmrsm;&Sad Mumif;
od&ygonf/ odkYjzpfygvsuf ]]jrefrmpmaytp aus;Zl;odwwfjcif;u}}[laompum;rSm t
b,faMumifh ay:aygufvm&ygoenf;/ aus;Zl;jyKí ajzMum;ay;yg/
(2) &uefuAsmwGif trsm;qkH;okH;pGJavh&Sdaom]cGmaxmufpyfenf;}taMumif;
aus;Zl;jyKNyD; &Sif;vif;ay;ygcifAsm;/
armifausmfqef;vif;/

ajz/ /(1)ar;oifw h ahJ r;cGe;f ygyJ/ &mZukrm&fausmufpmxufapmNyD; a&;xk;d wJah usmuf

pmawG &SdEkdifw,fvkdYq&mvnf; ,lqygonf/ a&;xdk;wJhtu©&mykHwkdY? pmvkH;aygif;wkdYMunfh
NyD; tJ'Dvkd ,lqp&m&SdwJhausmufpmawG &Sdygw,f/ 'gayr,fh tJ'DausmufpmawGrSm a&;xkd;
wJch Ek pS o
f uú&mZf rygygbl;/ 'gaMumifh &mZukrm&fausmufpmtaMumif;ajymwJt h cgrSm ]]awGY
&orQwGif ckESpfouú&mZf tckdiftrmygaom tapmqkH;ausmufpm}}vkdY &nfnTef;avh&Sdyg
w,f/ tJ'DrSm]]awGY&orQ}}qkdwJhpum;eJY]ckESpfouú&mZftckdiftrmygaom}qkdwJhpum;awG
[m ta&;BuD;ygw,f/ wu,fvYdk &mZukrm&fausmufpmxuf ckEpS o f uú&mZfapmwJah usmuf
pm xyfawGYvmr,fqkd&if tJ'Dtqkdukd jyifzkdYygyJ/ NrdKUa[mif;awG? bk&m;ukef;awG wl;azmf
&mrSm ausmufpmawG xyfxyfawGY&vkdY q&mBuD;a'gufwmoef;xGef;u tJ'Dvkdausmufpm
awGudk ]aESmif;awGYausmufpmrsm;}qkdNyD; pmtkyfwpftkyfxkwfxm;ygw,f/ 'gayr,fh &mZ
ukrm&fausmufpmxufapmwJh? ouú&mZfygwJhausmufpmudkawmh xyfrawGY&ao;ygbl;/
'Dawmh tJ'Dvkd ouú&mZftckdiftrmygwJhausmufpmudkyJ tapmqkH;ausmufpmt
jzpf pdwfcsvufcs ,lq&rSmyg/ ynm&yfoabmt& tcsuftvufckdifrmrIudk t"duxm;
&ygw,f/
tJ'D&mZukrm&fausmufpm[m tapmqkH;jrefrmpmta&;tom;jzpfNyD; aus;Zl;
odwwfrt I aMumif; a&;om;xm;wmrkYd jrefrmpmay[m aus;Zl;odwwfreI pYJ w,fvYdk jrefrm
19
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

pmayynm&SifBuD;jzpfwJhq&mBuD;OD;azarmifwifu tav;teufrdefYMum;cJhwmyg/ q&m

BuD;&JUtqkdtrdefYudk ynm&Siftrsm;pku av;av;pm;pm; udk;um;NyD; 'Dpum;udk tokH;jyK
aeMuwmjzpfygw,f/ uJ 'Davmufqkd&if vkHavmufygNyD/

(2) ar;xm;wJh ]cGmaxmufum&ef}qkdwmu a&SUuum&efudk tydk'fjcm;NyD; aemuf

rSjyef,w
l uhJ m&efrsKd;udk ar;vkw d ,fvYdk xifygw,f/ av;csKdUzG&YJ mrSm yxr? 'kw, d tcsKd;awG
&JUtqkH;um&eftwkdif; wwd,tcsKd;tqkH;ykd'frwkdifrDtykd'f&JUtqkH;um&ef quf,l&wm
cGgaxmufum&efy/J ]uGyo f rd ;f csuf}vkv
Yd nf;ac:w,f/ ]um&efjyef}vkv Yd nf;ac:w,f/ uAsm
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

wpfyk'fudk om"ujyr,f/
(1) awmifrif&kd;
cdk;rifoef;wa0a0/
(2) r[mNrdKifomwJeh ef;
yef;uwaxGaxG/
(3) acsmif;jrpfa&
awGawGuGJYvGefomarm/
(4) psmefykdif&Sifax&f&[ef;
vGrf;zG,fhonfawm/

tJ'aD v;csKd;rSm yxrtcsKd;? 'kw,d tcsKd;awG&UJ tqk;H yk'd u

f m&efjzpfw]hJ a0}eJ]Y axG}
qdkwJhum&efeJYwlatmif wwd,tykd'ftqkH;ykd'frwkdifciftykd'fjzpfwJh ]acsmif;jrpfa&}u]a&}
qkdwJhum&ef ,lw,fr[kwfvm;/ tJ'D]a&}[m cGmaxmufum&efygyJ/ wwd,tcsKd;rSm 2-
ykd'fxufykdyg&ifvnf; tqkH;ykd'frwkdifcif uyfvsuf&SdwJhtykd'frSm cGmaxmufum&efeJYtqkH;
owf&ygw,f/ 'gqkd&if em;vnfavmufygNyD/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-pufwifbmv-2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

20
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
atmufygpum;&yfwkdY\t"dyÜg,fESifhtokH;jyKykHudk odvkdygonfcifAsm;/
(1) NyD;awmhrS? (2) aeNyD;awmhrS? (3) t&rf;
,cktcg þpum;&yfrsm;udk ok;H EIe;f ajymqkad &;om;onfrsm;ESiyhf wfoufí tcsKdU
ae&mrsm;ü racsmrarGYjzpfaeonfxifí ar;ygonfcifAsm;/
OD;atmifoef;
oxkHNrdKUe,f? r&rf;ukef;aus;&Gm?
odrfqdyfpmwkduf/

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

ajz/ /t&if;cHpum;uawmh ]NyD;}ygyJ/ wpfckNyD;wpfck jzpfysufwJhteufeJY a&SUBud,mudk
aemufBud,meJYqufpyfay;wJhpum;vkH;jzpfygw,f/ xrif;pm;NyD; a&aomufr,fqkdwmrsKd;
aygh/ ]NyD;awmh}vkdYoHk;&ifawmh ]awmh}u av;eufatmifxnhfwmyg/ av;eufapwJhteuf
&Sdygw,f/ ]xrif;pm;NyD;awmh a&aomufr,f}qkdwmrsKd;aygh/ ]NyD;awmhrS}qkd&ifawmh]rS}u
aemufudpöjzpfzkdY a&SUudpöay:rlwnfaMumif; azmfjywmyg/ ]xrif;pm;NyD;awmhrS a&aomuf
r,f}qkd&if a&aomufwmu xrif;pm;wmay:rSm rlwnfw,f/ xrif;pm;vkdYrNyD;ao;bJ
a&raomufbl;vkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ ]NyD;rS}vkdYvnf; okH;ygw,f/ ]NyD;awmhrS}udk a&SUuBud,meJY
wpfqufwnf; okH;ovkd a&SU0guseJYaemuf0gusudk qufpyfay;wJhpum;tjzpfvnf; okH;yg
w,f/ ]xrif;pm;vkdufOD;r,f/ NyD;awmhrS rif;qDvmcJhr,f}qkdwmrsKd;yg/
]aeNyD;awmhrS}u]rEÅav;rSm wpfvavmuf aeNyD;awmhrS &efukefjyefr,f}qkdwJh
pum;rsKd;rSmawmh aexkdifNyD;awmhrSvkdY t"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ ]tazu okH;vavmuf 'kv’b
&[ef;0wfaeNyD;awmhrS bmjzpfvYdk vlxu G cf sifpw
d af y:vmwmvJ}qkw
d mrsKd;ok;H &ifawmh ]0wf}
qkdwJhBud,meJYwGJNyD; ]ae}udk qufvufvkyfudkifaewJht"dyÜg,feJYokH;wmygyJ/
]t&rf;}uawmh ]tvGef}qkdwJht"dyÜg,feJY 'DaeYawmfawmfrsm;rsm; okH;Muwm Mum;
&ygw,f/ wDAaDG Mumfjimwpfcrk mS ygwJh ]]t&rf;&rf;ukd aumif;wmygyJ&iS }f }qkw
d phJ um; ay:NyD;
uwnf;u ]t&rf;}awG awmfawmfokH;vmMuw,f/ tcrf;tem;rSm qk,lwJhrdef;uav;u
]orD;&JUrdbESpfyg;udk t&rf;aus;Zl;wifygw,f&Sifh? 'DaeY <ua&mufcsD;jr§ifhwJhvlBuD;rif;rsm;
udkvnf; t&rf;aus;Zl;wifygw,f&Sifh}ponfjzifh ajymoGm;wm olYpum;vnf;qkH;a&m ]t
&rf;}awG q,fvkH;avmuf ygoGm;wmrsKd; Mum;zl;ygw,f/ ]t&rf;}qkdwm &rf;um;wJh? qkd;
wJht"dyÜg,foufa&mufvkdY ]t&rf;,kwfrmwmyJ}? ]t&rf;aomif;usef;wmyJ}qkdwmrsKd;okH;
&if qDavsmfayr,fh aumif;wJht"dyÜg,feJYwGJokH;&ifawmh rqDavsmfygbl;/ ]t&rf;}ae&mrSm
]odyf} ]tvGef} ]tifrwef}pwJhpum;awG okH;Ekdifygw,f/ ]odyfaumif;wmyJ} ]tvGefaysmf
21
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

p&maumif;w,f}]tifrwefaus;Zl;wifygw,f}qkdwmrsKd; okH;Edkifygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
(1) ],k*ef}udk t"dyÜg,fzGifh&mü ]jrif;rkd&fawmif\t&efjzpfaom} ]jrif;rkd&fawmif
\t&Hjzpfaom}? ]awmif&efwpfvkH;}[k teufzGifhygonf/ ]t&ef}ESifh]t&H}? ]awmif&ef}ESifh
]awmif&H} rnfonfu trSefjzpfaMumif; &Sif;jyay;apvkdygonfq&mBuD;cifAsm;/
(2) tqifoifh? tqifajy[ka&;oifhygovm;/ ]tpOfoifh? tpOfajy}[ka&;oifh
ygovm;/ &Sif;jyay;apvkdygonf/
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

OD;oef;xGef;? a';'&JNrdKU/

ajz/ /(1) ]&H}eJ]Y &ef}pmvk;H aygif;jyóemygyJ/ ]&H}u ywfvnfr0S ikd ;f xm;onfvt Ydk "dygÜ ,f
&NyD;]&ef}u &nfrSef;onf? vsmxm;onfvkdYt"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ a&S;u ]]eef;&H}}vkdYoHk;&if
eef;awmfudk 0dkif;&HaewJhtjcHt&HNrdKUpm;? e,fpm;awGudk qkdkvdkNyD; ]]eef;&ef}}vkdYokH;&if xD;
eef;twGif bk&ifjzpfzkdY vsmxm;wJhtdrfa&SUrif;udk qkdvkdygw,f/ toif;tzGJYawGrSm&SdwJhaiG
udk ]&efykHaiG}vkdYa&;&rvm;/ ]&HykHaiG}vkdYa&;&rvm; aqG;aEG;wm&Sdzl;ygw,f/ okH;p&m&Sd&if
okH;zdkYvsmxm;wJhaiGjzpfvkdY ]&efykHaiG}vkdYokH;rSrSefygw,f/ ]&HykHaiG}qkd&if tjcHt&Htjzpfodrf;
xm;zkdYyJ &SdwmrkdY rqDavsmfbl;aygh/ ]]awmif&H}}qkdwmvnf; jrif;rdkd&fawmifudk 0kdif;&Haewm
udk qkdvkdwmrdkY ]t&H}]awmif&H}vkdYa&;rS rSefygw,f/
(2) ]tqifoifh? tqifajy}u trSefyg/ ]tpOfoifh? tpOfajy}qkdwJhtokH;rsKd;u
awmh ]tpOftNrJ oifhavsmfw,f}]tpOftNrJ ajyvnfw,f}vkdY t"dyÜg,faumuf&ygvdrfh
r,f/ tJ'DtokH;awG okH;&kd;okH;pOf r[kwfygbl;/ jzpfEkdifwmu 'DaeYvli,fawG]q}udk toH
ryDbJ ]p}vkdYyJ toHxGufwwfMuwmrkdY ]q&m}udk ]p&m}? ]qlyg}udk ]plyg}? ]qD;&D;}ukd ]pD;&D;}vkdY
toHrSm;xGufovkd ]q}oHudk ]p}oHeJY rSm;xGuf&mu ]tpOfoifh}? ]tpOfajy}jzpfukefwmxif
ygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
,aeY jrefrmEkdifiHü jrefrmpmyg&*l (Ph.D) bGJY&,lNyD;olOD;a&aygif; b,favmuf&Sd
ygovJ/ ¤if;wdkYteuf yxrqkH; jrefrmpmyg&*lbGJY&&Sdol\trnf? &&SdonfhckESpf? v? &uf?
aeY usrf;acgif;pOftrnf? ,if;usrf;acgif;pOfygtESpfcsKyf? ta&;BuD;tokH;0ifykHudk &Sif;
vif;ajzMum;ay;yg&ef yefMum;tyfygonfcifAsm;/
22
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

qvkdif;vdef;Ekdif(xufjy)
t-x-u(1)? rif;wyfNrdKU/

ajz/ /q&mqvkdif;vdef;Edkif&JUar;cGef;u pdwf0ifpm;p&maumif;ygw,f/ odoavmuf

ajzyghr,f/ yxrqkH;jrefrmpmyg&*lbGJY&ol&JUtrnfu a'gufwmatmifjrifhOD; jzpfygw,f/
2000-jynfhESpfu ]yk*Hacwf jrefrmpmta&;tom;pepf}udk okawoejyKNyD; &efukefwuú
okdvfrSm usrf;wifoGif;cJhygw,f/ yk*Hacwf[m jrefrmpmta&;tom; pwifay:aygufwJh
acwfyg/ yk*aH cwfwpfacwfv;Hk &JUausmufpm? rifpmawGukd okawoejyKNyD; jrefrmpmta&;

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

tom;pepfukd azmfxw k x
f m;wJu
h srf;jzpfygw,f/ jrefrmpum;rSm&Sw
d AhJ snf;oH? o&oH? wuf
usoH(u? um? um;? yefY? yef? yef;vkdY toHtwuftus)awGudk tdE´d,uqif;oufvmwJh
jAm[®tD u©&meJaY &;om;&mrSm b,fvpdk epfezYJ pYJG nf;xm;w,fqw
dk m pepfwusazmfxw k x
f m;
ygw,f/ rdrwd &Ydk UJ bmompum;eJpY mta&;tom;udk qufvufoak woejyKolawG? avhvm
olawG pepfwus todtjrif&EkdifwJhusrf; jzpfygw,f/ (a'gufwmatmifjrifhOD;[m tck
&efukefwuúodkvf jrefrmpmXmerSm ygarmu©yg/)
jrefrmpmyg&*lbGJY&olawGudk &efukefwuúokdvfa&m? rEÅav;wuúokdvfua&m ESpf
pOfarG;xkwaf y;aeygw,f/ ta&twGuf twdtusuawmh oufqidk &f mwuúov dk Xf meawG
urS ajymEkdifygvdrfhr,f/ teD;pyfqkH;uawmh &efukefa&m? rEÅav;a&maygif;&if 2009-ck
ESpftxd jrefrmpmyg&*lbGJY&NyD;ol 300-ausmf&Sdygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;&Sifh/
*kPfrsm;taMumif;udk uGJuGJjym;jym;od&atmif &Sif;jyay;apvkdygw,f&Sifh/
tPÖ0gvif;? e0rwef;? NrdwfNrdKU/

ajz/ /*kPfq,fyg;taMumif; orD;wkdYoif&wJhjrefrmpmpmtkyfawGrSm ygavh&Sdygw,f/

q&m? q&mruvnf;&Sif;jyrSmaygh/ *kPfawGu pmta&;tom;udk avhvm&mrSm pum;t
okH;tEIef;awGudk ajyajyjypfjypf jzpfatmif wefqmqifwJhtqifwefqmawGyg/ wefqm
qifNyD;a&;wJhenf;awGyg/ ygVdvkd ]]o'´gvuFm&}}vkdYac:NyD; jrefrmvkd]]pum;wefqm}}vkdY
ac:w,f/ pum;udk wefqmqifvkdY pum;wefqmvkdYac:wmyg/ (o'´gvuFm&udk]toHwef
qm}vkrYd mS ;NyD; rSwo
f m;xm;wmawG &Sad ew,f/ o'´gvuFm&qkwd m pum;wefqmvktYd "dygÜ ,f
&w,f/ o'´(toH)r[kwfbl;? o'´g(pum;)jzpfw,f/ *kPfq,fyg;rSm toHajyjypfatmif
wefqmqifwJh*kPfokH;av;yg;yJygw,f/ usefwmawGu toHeJYrqkdifygbl;/ tJ'gudk uGJuGJ
23
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

jym;jym;rSwfom;zdkY vkdygw,f/)
*kPfq,fyg;rSm yom'*kPf(pum;tquftpyf&Sif;vif;NyD; t"dyÜg,fodvG,fwm)?
MoZ*kP(f pum;udk tESpo f m&&Sad tmif tusOf;csKH;NyD;a&;wm? tus,fcsJUNyD;a&;wm)? r"k&
wm*kPf(toHwlwJhtu©&mcsnf; eD;eD;uyfuyf xm;NyD; toHcsKdomatmif a&;wm)? orm"d
*kPf(toufr&Sdwmudk touf&SdouJhokdY wifpm;a&;wm? tJ'DvkdyJ taumiftxnfr&Sdwm?
t&omr&Sdwm? t&nfr[kwfwm? jyKvkyfwwfolr[kwfwmawGudk &SdouJhodkY? [kwfouJhodkY
wifpm;wm? tcsKyfajym&&if r[kwfwmudk [kwfouJhodkY? r&Sdwmudk &SdouJhodkY a&;wm)tJ'D
*kPfav;yg;u jrefrmpmayavhvm&mrSm tokH;trsm;qkH; *kPfawGygyJ/
E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

orwm*kP(f Xmefww l m? tcsDtcswlwm)? okcrk mvwm*kP(f El;nHw h thJ oHerYJ El;nHh

wJt
h oHrQa&;wm)? odavo*kP(f pum;r&kid ;f atmif y&d,m,feaYJ &;wm? toHrMurf;atmif
a&;wm)? O'g&wm*kP(f csD;usL;a&;wm)? uEÅ*d P k (f tajymBuD;w,frxif&atmif a&;wm)?
tw¬Aswåd*kPf(t"dyÜg,fxif&Sm;atmif a&;wm)? tJ'D*kPfajcmufyg;uawmh ausmif;om;
vli,fawGtwGuf todcufwJhtjyif ygVdbmomeJYydkqDavsmfNyD; jrefrmbmomeJYrqDavsmf
wJh*kPfawGygaewmrkdY yxr*kPfav;yg;avmuf tokH;rrsm;wmudk awGY&ygw,f/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-atmufwkdbmv-2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

24
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
(1) ]yx0D}bmom&yfudk t&ifu ]0if}rygbJ okH;pGJcJhNyD; aemufydkif;rSm ]0if}xnhf
NyD;]yx0D0if}vkdY okH;pGJ&wJhtaMumif; &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/
(2) 'DaeYacwfay: Aef;pum;rsm;jzpfwJh]txmay;}? ]tDpDuvD}? ]ausmNyD}wkdY&JU
t"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;vif;azmfjyay;yg&ef/
(3) ]rsufESmvGJcJypf}? ]apmufrSef;uef;rSef;rod}qkdwJhpum;awG&JUt"dyÜg,fudk &Sif;
jyay;yg&ef/
(4) ]usm;qkd;vkduf&m 0gBuD;0gi,f rpOfaumif;ygbl;}qkdwJh qkd&kd;pum;t"dyÜg,f

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

udk &Sif;jyay;yg&ef/
OD;jrifhvGif(oufjynfhtNidrf;pm;)
10-&yfuGuf? rvIdifNrdKU/

ajz/ /(1)]yx0D}qkdwJhygVdpum;u ]ajr"mwf}? ]ajrBuD;}qkdwJht"dyÜg,fawG&ygw,f/ t

&ifwkef;u ausmif;rSmoifwJhbmom&yfudkvnf; ]yx0D}vkdYac:cJhygw,f/ ]yx0D0if}vkdYokH;
wmuawmh ]urÇmajrESiphf yfvsOf;aomynm&yf}? ]urÇmajrrsufEmS jyifukd avhvmaomynm
&yf}qkdwJht"dyÜg,f&atmif ]0if}udk jznfhokH;wmyg/ ]0if}u]0Ho}qkdwJhygVdpum;u qif;ouf
NyD;]tEG,ftquf}vkdYt"dyÜg,f&ygw,f/ ]&mZ0if}rSmygwJh]0if}vkdygyJ/ ajrBuD;eJYqufET,fae
wJhtaMumif;t&mawGudk oifMum;wJhynm&yfvkdY qkdvkdwmyg/
(2) tJ'DAef;pum;awGu ][efay;? [efvkyf}? ]jr§LqG,fwJhtrlt&mjy}? ]pD;ydk;}qkd
wJht"dyÜg,fawG&ygw,f/ Aef;pum;qdkwmuawmh tpkta0;tvkduf? ay:yifokH;wJhpum;
awGygyJ/ topfay:wJph um;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f/ aysmufomG ;wJph um;awGvnf; &Syd gw,f/
tJ'DAef;pum;awGxJu tokH;wGifwJhpum;awGuawmh aeYpOfokH;pum;tjzpf wnfwHhoGm;
wmygyJ/
(3) ]rsufESmvTJcJypf}udk]jzpfvkd&mjzpfap[k wm0efrJhoabmxm;vsuf}vkdYtbd"mef
rSm zGifhygw,f/ ]om;ausmif;tyfzkdY udpöudk rsufESmvTJcJypf rvkyfygeJY}vkdYtaru tazukd
ajymwmrsKd;aygh/ rl&if;t"dyÜg,fu ]rMunfhbJ rsufESmvTJxm;NyD; xdcsif&mxdqkdwJhoabmeJY
cJvkH;eJYypfwJhtjyKtrludk qkdvkdwmyg/ tJ'DoabmrsKd; wm0efrJhjyKrlw,fqkdwJh t"dyÜg,fu
awmh wifpm;okH;wJht"dyÜg,fyg/
]apmuf(aZmuf)rSe;f uef;rSe;f rod}qdw k mu apmuf(aZmuf)eufwu hJ rf;yg;BuD;vm;?
ajyaewJhurf;vm; cGJjcm;rodbl;vkdY qkdvkdwmyg/ taumif;vm;? tqkd;vm;? oifhovm;?
roifhovm; cGJjcm;rodbl;qkdwJht"dyÜg,feJYwifpm;okH;ygw,f/
25
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

(4) ]usm;qk;d vku d &f m 0gBuD;0gi,f rpOfaumif;ygbl;}qkw

d phJ um;yku
H usm;qk;d vku
d f
vkdYtoufvkNyD; xGufajy;&wmudk a&SUaemuf0gBuD;0gi,fpOfaer,fqkd&if tcsdefMuefYMum
NyD; usm;pmjzpfoGm;rSmudk ajymwmyg/ 'gaMumifh tEÅ&m,f&SdwJhudpörsKd;? csufcsif;vkyf&r,fh
udpörsKd;rSm BuD;pOfi,fvkdufa&G;NyD; vkyf&wmrsKd;udk rvkdtyfbJ rvkyfoifhbJ tvkyfvkyf&if
'Dpum;ykHeJY ckdif;EIdif;avh&Sdygw,f/

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
uRefawmfu e0rwef;wuf&awmhr,fhausmif;om;yg/ aus;Zl;jyKNyD; tvuFmeJY
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&orsm;taMumif; jynfhpkHpGm ajzMum;ay;yg/ aemufNyD; pmpDpmukH;ajzqkd&mwGif owdcsyf

p&mrsm; azmfjyay;ygcifAsm;/
armifaumif;ol? Munfhjrifhwkdif/

ajz/ /tvuFmeJ&Y otaMumif;awGu om;wku Yd kd jrefrmpmoifwq hJ &m? q&mrawG oif

jyay;rSmyg/ tvuFmtaMumif;? &otaMumif; tus,f&Sif;xm;wJhpmtkyfawGvnf; t
rsm;BuD;&Sdygw,f/ 'Du@rSmawmh ausmif;oifcef;pmudk wkduf&kduf&Sif;vif;ajzMum;wJhykHpH
r[kwfbJ ausmif;oifcef;pm tygt0if jrefrmpmavhvmrItwGuf taxmuftuljyKr,fh
odaumif;p&mawG? rSwfom;p&mawGudk t"dutm;jzifh &Sif;vif;ajzMum;aeygw,f/
ausmif;oifcef;pmeJYwkduf&kdufqkdifwJhtaMumif;tcsufawGudkawmh pmtkyfpmwrf;awGrSm
avhvmEkdifygw,f/
tJ. . . pmpDpmukH;taMumif;uawmh a,bk,soabmjzpfwJhtwGuf owdcsyfp&m
awGudk ajymyghr,f/ t"dutcsufuawmh 3-csufygyJ/
(1) pmudk tvGwfrusufygeJY/
(2) pmrsm;rsm; zwfyg/
(3) rsm;rsm;avhusifhyg/
tJ'gqkd&if pmpDpmukH; aumif;aumif;a&;Ekdifvmygvdrfhr,f/ wcsKdUqkd&if pmpDpm
ukH;utp oifcef;pmtar;tajzawGudk ]\? í? oif? eif}rusef tvGwfusufNyD; usuf
xm;wmudkyJ jyeftefcswwfygw,f/ tJ'DtavhtusifhpGJoGm;&if pmudk ukd,fydkifta&;t
om;eJYacsmacsmarGYarGY a&;wwfrSm r[kwfygbl;/ tvGwfrusufyJ em;vnfatmifzwfNyD;
ud,
k of w
d mudk ud, k yf idk t
f a&;tom;eJjY yefa&;wwf&if tyifyef;cHNyD; tvGwu f sufp&mrvkd
awmhygbl;/ tJ uAsmwkdY? ocsFmeJYodyÜHazmfjrLvmwkdYudkawmh tvGwfusuf&rSmaygh/ 'djyifpm
awGuawmh rsm;rsm;zwf&if a&;wwfvmrSmyg/ rsm;rsm;zwfqkdwm ausmif;pma&m? tjyif
26
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

pma&m zwf&rSmyg/ A[kowk todtjrif wk;d yGm;r,fo

h wk pmawGa&m? pdwu
f kd zGNYH zdK;apwJ0h w¬K?
uAsm? &opmwrf;? tw¬KyÜwådpwJh&opmawGa&m zwf&rSmyg/ tjyifpmvkH;0rzwfbJ
ausmif;pmcsnf;zwfwuhJ av;xuf ausmif;pma&m? tjyifpma&mzwfwu hJ av;u ydNk yD;pm
awmfwmrsm;ygw,f/ NyD;awmh pmpDpmukH;a&m? 0goemyg&m pmawGa&m rsm;rsm;a&;wJht
avhtx tusifhvkyf&if pmpDpmukH;a&;wm tvkdvkdawmfvmygvdrhfr,f/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-Ek0d ifbmv-2010/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

E-book is created by www.shanyoma.org

ar;/ /q&mBuD;cifAsm;/
jrefrmAsnf; 33-vkH; jzpfay:vmykHESifhxkdAsnf;rsm;\trnfay;ykHrsm;taMumif;
od&Sdvkdygojzifh ajzMum;ay;yg&ef arwåm&yfcHtyfygonf/
armifcsrf;Nidrf;ausmf? tdrfrJNrdKU/

ajz/ /jrefrmAsnf; 33-vkH; jzpfay:vmykHtaMumif;ajym&mrSm Asnf;a&m? o&a&m jref

rmtu©&m b,fvkdjzpfay:vmw,fqkdwmu pajymzkdYvkdrSmaygh/ jrefrmtu©&m[m tdE´d,
EkdifiHrSm bDpD 500-avmufu 700-ausmftxd xGef;um;cJhwJh jAm[®D(Brahmi)tu©&mu
qif;oufvmaMumif; ynm&SifawGu rdefYqkdMuw,f/ c&pfESpfOD;ydkif;avmufrSm tdE´d,EkdifiH
om;awG ta&SUawmiftm&Sukd oabFmBuD;awGeYJ &Guv f iT v hf m&mrSm Ak'b ¨ mom? [dEL´ bmom?
tu©&m? eDwdusrf;? "r®owfusrf;pwJh ,Ofaus;rIawGygvmNyD; ta&SUawmiftm&SEdkifiHawG
rSm xGef;um;wmyg/ tJ'Dtu©&m[m rGefvlrsKd;awGqD t&ifa&mufNyD; tJ'DurSwpfqifh jref
rmawGqDa&mufw,f/ jrefrmawGu tJ'Dtu©&mawGudk jrefrmpum;oHawGeJY tH0ifcGifus
jzpfatmif vkdtyfovkd rGrf;rHtokH;jyK&mu jrefrmtu©&may:aygufvmw,fvkdY,lqMuyg
w,f/ jrefrmtu©&mqkd&mrSm Asnf;a&m? o&a&m yg0ifygw,f/
Asnf;awGukd trnfay;yku H pdw0f ifpm;p&maumif;ygw,f/ b,fwek ;f u pNyD;]]u
BuD;? cacG;? *i,f? CBuD;}}pwJhtrnfawG ay;wmvJvkdY pOf;pm;Munfh&if jrefrmtu©&mawG
udk ay&Guaf y:rSm unpfet YJ 0dik ;f ykaH &;awmhrS jzpfvrd rhf ,fvq Ydk cdk sifygw,f/ ausmufpmpa&;
xk;d wJyh *k aH cwfwek ;f uawmh tu©&mykaH wG[m ckv0dk ikd ;f 0dik ;f pufpufr[kwaf Mumif; yk*aH usmuf
pmawGuMkd unf&h if odEikd yf gw,f/ tJ'w D ek ;f uawmh ausmufay:rSm aqmufw?Ydk bmwkeYd x YJ iG ;f
&wmrkdY av;axmifhykHawG xGif;w,f/ r0dkif;ao;bl;/ ]0 0uav; 0dkif;0dkif;a&;}vkdYajymvkdY
27
 ar;vkd&m&m jrefrmpm-(2010-ckESpf pkpnf;csuf)

r&ao;bl;/ ayay:rSma&;awmh av;axmifha&;&if tqifrajybl;/ ay&GuftaMumawG

u pkwjf ywfEikd wf ,f/ t0dik ;f a&;awmh ydt k qifajyw,f/ tJ'v D tdk 0dik ;f a&;wJah cwfa&mufrS
Asnf;awG&JUykHoP²mefudkMunfhNyD; trnfay;wmyg/ 'Dawmh jrefrmAsnf;awG[m r0dkif;cif
wkef;u uBuD; cacG; pwJhtrnfawG r&ao;bJ u? cvkdYyJ ac:vdrfhr,fxifw,f/
Asnf;awGukd trnfay;&mrSm *kPt f &nftaoG;t& trnfay;wma&m? yko H P²mef
t& trnfay;wma&m awGY&w,f/ ]uBuD;? CBuD;? PBuD;? VBuD;}qkdwJhtu©&mav;vkH;udk
]BuD;av;vkH;}vkdYac:Muw,f/ tJ- CBuD;? PBuD;? VBuD;wkdYrSmawmh *i,f? ei,f? v(i,f)
qkdwJhtwGJawG&Sdw,f r[kwfvm;/ 'gaMumifh tBuD;ti,fcGJNyD; ti,fawGxuf t&G,fyrm
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PBuD;wJhtu©&mawGudk ]BuD;}xnhfNyD;ac:Muwmaygh/ ]uBuD;}usawmh ]ui,f}r&SdbJ bm

jzpfvkdY uBuD;vkdYac:&ovJvkdYar;p&maygh/ Asnf; 33-vkH;rSm a&SUqkH;u acgif;aqmifAsnf;
jzpfvkdY uBuD;vkdYac:w,fvkdYvnf; ,lqMuw,f/ 33-vkH;rSm tBuD;qkH;aygh/ ykHoP²mefu
*i,fxuf 2-qBuD;aevkdY uBuD;vkdYac:w,fvkdYvnf; qkdMuw,f/
ykHoP²meft& trnfay;wJhAsnf;awGudk Munfhyg/ acGacGuav;aevkdY cacG;? vkH;
vkH;uav;aevkdY pvkH;? vdrfacGaevkdY qvdrf? atmufuuGJaevkdY ZuGJ? ab;ursOf;qGJxm;
vdkY psrsOf;qGJ? &ifuav;aumufaevkdY !&ifaumuf? 0rf;ylaevkdY w0rf;yl? ti,ftaxG;
av;jzpfvkdY 'a'G;('axG;)? atmufydkif;uNcdKuf(csKdif;)aevkdY "atmufNcdKuf? rwfrwfapmuf
apmuf&SdvkdY yapmuf? txufydkif;uNcdKuf(csKdifh)aevkdY AxufNcdKuf? ukef;aevkdY bukef;? yuf
vufvefaevkdY ,yufvuf? tzsm;uaumufaevkdY &aumufqkdNyD; ykHoP²meft& trnf
ay;wm awGYEkdifygw,f/
tu©&mwcsKdU&JUtrnfawGu yko H P²mefukd &k;d &k;d azmfjywmr[kwb f J yko
H P²mefwwl hJ
t&m0w¬KawGeJY ckdif;EIdif;trnfay;wmjzpfygw,f/ a&S;u okH;wJhoHvsif;vkdYac:wJhxrf;pif
rSmygwJhcsdwfuav;vkd aumufaumufuav;rkdY #oHvsif;csdwf? 0rf;bJeJYwlvkdYX0rf;bJ? a&
rIwfeJYwlvkdY ¡a&rIwf? qif&JUajcaxmufudk cwf&wJhxl;vkd tuGif; 2-uGif;ygvkdY xqifxl;
vkdYac:aMumif; awGYEkdifygw,f/
i? r? 0? o? [wkdYudkawmh trnfray;wm awGY&ygw,f/ n? ,? vwkdYudk omref
tm;jzifh trnfray;ayr,fh vkdtyfwJhtcg nBuD;? ,yufvuf? v(i,f)vkdYtrnfay;yg
w,f/ Ú udk Úuav;? nudk nBuD;vkdYcGJjcm;ac:ygw,f/ jrefrmAsnf; 33-vkH;rSm n(n
BuD;)yJygw,f/ Ú(Úuav;)udkawmh towftu©&mtjzpfyJ okH;w,f/ ]oHa,mZOf}wkdY?
]0dnmOf}wk?Yd ]tpOftNrJ}wkrYd mS ok;H ovkad ygh/ 'Dae&mrSm ygVdbmomrSmok;H wJn h eJjY refrmbmom
rSmokH;wJhnudk cGJjcm;rSwf&r,f/ ygVdAsnf; 33-vkH;rSm n rokH;bl;/ ÚyJokH;w,f/ ygVdrSm
n[m Ú 2-vkH;wGJjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh yknudk ykOf+Ú vkdYtoHxGuf&wmaygh/ a&SUu nudk
28
 armifcifrif("EkjzL)

towfoHxGuf&w,f/^ykefnmh^vkdYtoHxGuf&wmaygh/ 'DvkdyJ ynm=yOf+Ó^ysifnm^?

okn=okOf+Ú^okefnmh^vkdYtoHxGuf&w,f/ tcsKyftm;jzifh ygVdrSm n[m Ú 2-vkH;wGJ
jzpfw,f/ Úa&m? na&mokH;w,f/ jrefrmrSmawmh nBuD; Úuav;vkdY cGJokH;w,f/ Asnf;
33-vkH;rSm nBuD;okH;NyD; towfrSm ÚokH;w,fvkdY cGJjcm;rSwfom;Ekdifygw,f/
jrefrmpmrSm ÚeJYOeJYa&maxG;wwfw,f/ Ú(Úuav;)u ajcaxmuf&Snfw,f/
O(bJO? MuufOrSmygwJhtu©&mO)u ajcaxmufwkdw,f/
,yufvufudk &aumufeJY,yufvufvkdY cGJjcm;ac:w,f/ a&SUu&udk &BuD;? ,udk
,i,fvkdYvnf; ac:ao;w,f/ &BuD;eJY&i,faygh/ vukdvnf; VeJY,SOfNyD; vi,fvkdYac:Ekdif

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ygw,f/
tu©&mtrnfawGeyYJ wfoufNyD; ajymp&mwpfcu k "atmufNcdKufukd atmufucsKdihf
aevkYd "atmufNcdKufac:w,fajymNyD; a&;awmh atmufu rcsKdiyhf gvm;vkYd ar;p&m&Sw d ,f/
yk*Hacwf ausmufpmawGrSm pa&;wkef;u "[m tckvkd atmufuydwfraebl;/ A apmuf
xkd;a&;ovdk atmufu csKdifhaew,f/ ykHpHrsKd;aygh/
A
ps(psrsOf;qG)J udk ]pvk;H ,yif}h qkNd yD; rSm;oifwq
hJ &mruav;awG&w dS ,fvYdk Mum;&w
w,f/ ps[m rlvtu©&mrSm oD;jcm;yko H P²mef&ydS gw,f/ pvk;H udk ,yifx
h m;wmr[kwyf gbl;/
ab;u rsOf;qGJxm;vkdY psrsOf;qGJac:w,fvkdY rSwfoifhygw,f/ uJ-'Davmufqkd&if jynfhpkHNyD
xifygw,f/
armifcifrif("EkjzL)
r*Fvmarmifr,f-'DZifbmv-2010/

Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä

29