RELATED REVIEW LITERATURE

Autonomous vehicle's pros and cons

Campbell et al. explained that modern autonomous vehicles can sense their local

environment, classify different types of objects they detect, analyze sensory information in order

to classify suitable navigation paths while complying with transport rules. The combination of a

variety of technologies from different disciplines which span computer science, mechanical

engineering, electronics engineering, electrical engineering, and control engineering, etc., is

critical for effective autonomous navigation in such situations (Deshpande, 2014). Transportation

incidents were one of the world's common causes of death. By 2020, by implementing new and

innovative methodologies and investments in road safety from global to international level, this

world could prevent 5 million deaths and 50 million serious injuries. The Global Road Safety

Commission believes that stopping this unnecessary and dreadful emergence in road

complications and facilitating year-on-year reductions is very essential (Campbell, 2010).

Deshpande et al. reported nearly 3000 deaths due to road accidents every day, with more than

half of the people not traveling in a car.

Autonomous cars are also difficult to connect on the same path as human-driven vehicles.

Another problem for autonomous cars is that who is liable for damage — the car manufacturer,

the occupants / owners of the vehicle, or the government. As a result, the number of traffic

collisions will decrease significantly due to the increased efficiency and quicker reaction time of

an autonomous system compared to humans. It would also reduce traffic disruption, therefore

increasing road capacity as autonomous vehicles would result in a decreased need for safety gaps
and better management of traffic flow. Furthermore, a major problem is the implementation of a

law and the development of autonomous vehicle government regulations. The reliability of

technology is also a major issue. There's a possibility that a car's computer or communication

system may be compromised.

Throughout their recent models, modern automotive companies continue to come up with

new autonomous technologies. For these aspects specifically, technological advances seen every

day in areas such as information technology, connectivity, data analysis and storage, etc. These

days, the realm of autonomous cars is also advancing at a rapid rate. A continued growth of

digital technology as well as the need accommodate for the growing population in developed

countries has made Autonomous Vehicles a requirement and a critical business paradigm

possible. Given the emergence of new concepts and innovations such as social networks, smart

phones, and Autonomous Vehicles, some researchers have clearly advised that the transportation

landscape is changing rapidly. An example is Uber, which is invading cities even as taxi

companies struggle to maintain business and remain competitive. Manyika et al. includes

robotics of vehicles on the list of future top ten disruptive technologies.

Capabilities and Usages

The wide range of related innovations has encouraged vehicle automation taxonomies

that are nuanced–and indeed performing. Among these, the levels of driving automation of the

International Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) most systematically capture the emerging

explanatory prevailing view and are displayed appropriately. As with all processes, these

elevations mainly describe how the "adaptable driving function" is divided between human and

machine: it is performed exclusively by a Level 0 human driver (no automation) and completely

by a Level 5 automated driving device (full automation). The mission must be performed
effectively or sequentially in the "mushy middle"(Smith, 2014a), which creates complicated

human-machine communication issues.

Self-driving cars experience, and generally try, an incredible variety of contexts —

geographic areas, types of roadways, traffic conditions, weather conditions, and events /

incidents— for which automated vehicles still need to be designed and proven. Complete

development projects tend to follow one of two systematic ways. First is to improve the

automated driving systems available in traditional vehicles so that more of the complex driving

role can be transferred to these systems by human drivers. The second requires the deployment

of vehicles without a driver and the eventual extension of this activity into more contexts. These

two methods can be defined in a simplistic way as “something everywhere” and “everything

somewhere.”

Benefit and Cost Summary

This review shows that there are likely to be benefits and costs for autonomous vehicles

(Milakis, van Arem and van Wee 2017). Few of these factors have a direct impact on drivers,

including higher vehicle costs, decreased driver pressure, and productivity gains. Others,

including differences throughout the benefit of the road, congestion, risk of accidents, pollution,

and non-driver mobility options, are external impacts. The actual significance of these impacts

may depend on how technology affects vehicle travel: enhanced convenience and efficiency may

increase vehicle travel, traffic issues such as congestion, injuries, pollution emissions and road

costs that increase, as ride-hailing services have done in large quantities (Schaller 2017).

Furthermore, unless more efficient shared transportation solutions allow consumers to reduce

their ownership of vehicles and thus exploit reductions in total car travel, traffic problems will

decline.
 Autonomous operation can increase traffic, power, emissions, and road costs under many

circumstances. Optimistic people believe that autonomous vehicles can reduce pollution because

they will all be electric and mostly distributed, but most consumers would actually prefer private

autonomous vehicles because consistently applied laws and policies such as high fossil fuel taxes

and high-occupancy car lanes on congested roadways support electric and shared vehicles.

Additional materials are required for self-driving technologies, and vehicle manufacturers are

likely to market seats that turn into beds and mobile offices that can increase overall energy

consumption and pollution.

Environmental Benefits

Environmental concerns have been the driving forces behind the development of electric

vehicle (EV) innovation, along with higher oil prices in the last decade. The EV is struggling

from some technical disadvantages including a distance-traveling range restricted to the battery

size and durability. It prevents the EV to short-range mobility and can lead in anxiety in the

process of finding charging stations (Melis, 2014). Throughout this context, natural and organic

synergies can be found between shared Autonomous Vehicles (AV) fleets and EV technology:

an AV fleet can address the practical limitations of EVs, including anxiety about travel ranges,

access to charging infrastructure and time management.

According to Chen (2015), fleet-managed AVs are relieving such concerns based on

demand for actual-time travel and destinations for charging stations. The financial analysis

suggests that the total value of charging stations, vehicle capital and maintenance, electricity,

insurance, and AV fleet registration ranges from $0.42 to $0.49 per preoccupied mile. Shared

AV operation can therefore be provided to minimum-mileage residences at the same per-mile

cost of private vehicle ownership. As certain, automatic electric cars are likely to compete with
existing manually operated car-sharing systems and are significantly less expensive than driver-

operated transport services on demand.

Preparation of Autonomous Vehicles in Urban

Several methods in urban planning were either to facilitate the vehicle by devoting land

and parking space and extra lanes to suit heavy traffic, while others attempted to reduce relying

on automobiles by encouraging public transportation, bicycling, carpooling, and pedestrian

access. Considering the impact of autonomous vehicles on these different methods will be

important for current and future urban planners as it will transform transportation decisions.

Another potential result is that autonomous vehicles may increase overall use of private or

sharing vehicles as the amount of time expended in traffic is reduced for other purposes while in

a car. At same point, autonomous vehicles could expand the coverage area for other types of

public transportation, thus promoting greater importance on autonomous vehicles combined with

a high-capacity railway or bus service — and enhanced pedestrian traffic in dense urban centers.

Some urban areas have enjoyed a renaissance as younger generations and seniors have tried to

move back to the city center for physical accessibility, easy access to businesses and services,

and the competitive advantages of denser populations. Eventually, for cities that have already

planned hoping an income stream from parking meters, parking fees, car tags, and other revenue

instruments dependent on road usage and driver requirements, this income is likely to dry up if

public, autonomous vehicle use becomes the rule in most major areas. This might create new

problems in funding a wide range of local government operations and transportation needs, while

at the same time freeing up property used for parking and processing of cars for new projects.

Transportation in Rural Areas

 Most of the emphasis on autonomous vehicle testing and marketing has been on their

impact in urban areas. Nonetheless, some of the biggest advantages for customers in terms of

mobility, availability, and networking will exist in America. Several of these communities have

already been introduced to the features and benefits of advanced technology by automating

agricultural equipment. Lawmakers and developers will begin to explore the implications of the

introduction of autonomous vehicles in rural areas amid exposure to more developed areas, both

socially and economically. For lawmakers, researchers, and private sector leaders, discussing and

preparing for these outcomes — as well as other second and third-order impacts that will result

from a future of autonomous vehicles. A wide variety of new technologies could render many of

these findings a possibility, but consumer choice will be the principle as these new vehicles

become more and more convenient for the American people.

Tesla’s Autopilot Features

Tesla insists that Autopilot gives drivers more confidence behind the wheel, improves

overall road safety, and allows driving on the highway more comfortable. Although fully

autonomous cars are still a couple of years away, Tesla Autopilot operates much like the systems

used by aircraft pilots when situations are perfect. The driver was still in charge on the

automobile and eventually in control of it. It also provides the driver with insightful access to

classified information he uses to control his actions. In addition to the usual range of incident

mitigation systems such as Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS), which controls

emergency steering and braking, the Tesla Model S and Model X electric vehicle autopilot

technology allows vehicles to autonomously steer, change lanes, navigate vehicles and curves,

and park in the garage automatically.

 In the latest Autopilot, the new driver-focused layout of the instrument cluster shows the

real-time information the car uses to intelligently determine the behavior of the vehicle relative

to its environment at that moment. An addition to the autopilot functionality, each Tesla car's

driving behavior is shared with its central server when traveling through different road

conditions (Ingle & Phute, 2016).

Tesla Motors

Although several automotive companies are working towards this, there is one that has

clear expectations and ambitions for future autonomous vehicles. Tesla Motors, an automotive

company founded by three engineers, are one of the most well-known vehicle autonomy brands

(Conner, 2016). Basically, this company’s purpose is to create different vehicles, all of which

are far more environmentally friendly than every other car on the market today. Several of the

best inventions of the business is the Roadster, a vehicle that runs on a lithium ion battery

charge, producing zero emissions from any source of fuel. Its development in 2008 was able to

sustain a charge that was long enough to travel 245 miles before a recharge was needed. This

was just the first step in a long line of goals the company is hoping to achieve as time goes on.

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