Lecture – 11 & 12

IC Engines

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 Otto cycle & Diesel cycle

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Limitation of Carnot cycle

 Carnot cycle is impracticable due to following reasons:

 High pressure ratio
 High volume ratio
 Low mean effective pressure

 Constant temperature heat addition is not possible

 Adiabatic expansion (fast) ---- not feasible in practical system

 Isothermal expansion (slow) ---- not feasible in practical system

 Compressing
 Liquid (possible)
 Gas (possible)
 Liquid and gas both (not feasible

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The Otto Cycle

 Nicolaus Otto (1876), proposed a constant volume heat addition cycle.

 Otto cycle forms the basis for today’s spark ignition engines.

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The Otto Cycle

 0-1: Suction

 1-0: Exhaust
“The effect of both of these is nullified when
engine is working at full throttle”

 1-2: Isentropic compression

 2-3: Isochoric heat addition (Combustion)

 3-4: Isentropic expansion

 4-1: Isochoric heat rejection

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Thermal Efficiency

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Thermal Efficiency

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Thermal Efficiency

Where, r is compression ratio and γ is ratio of specific heats.

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Thermal Efficiency

 Thermal efficiency can be increased by

increasing the compression ratio as γ
remains constant for a working fluid.

 Moreover, for given γ value, efficiency

increases with higher value of γ.

 Efficiency of independent of heat

supplied and pressure ratio.

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Work Output

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Work Output

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Mean Effective Pressure

 Work output increases with pressure ratio (rp), as mean effective which is an
indication of internal wok is directly proportional to pressure ratio given that the
value of r and γ remains same.

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Numerical Problem # 01

 An engine working on Otto cycle has the following conditions : Pressure at the
beginning of compression is 1 bar and pressure at the end of compression is 11 bar.
Calculate the compression ratio and air-standard efficiency of the engine.
Assume γ = 1.4.

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Numerical Problem # 01

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Numerical Problem # 02

 In an engine working on ideal Otto cycle

the temperatures at the beginning and
end of compression are 50 ◦C and 373
◦C. Find the compression ratio and the
air-standard efficiency of the engine.

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Numerical Problem # 02

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Numerical Problem # 03

 In an Otto cycle air at 17 ◦C and 1 bar is

compressed adiabatically until the
pressure is 15 bar. Heat is added at
constant volume until the pressure rises
to 40 bar. Calculate the air-standard
efficiency, the compression ratio and the
work done for the cycle. Assume Cv =
0.717 kJ/kg K and R = 8.314 kJ/kmol K.

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Numerical Problem # 02

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Numerical Problem # 02

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 Any Questions?

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