CHAPTER 1: PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 The Project

The project is a steel structure school building which is located at 810 Moriones St., Tondo, City of
Manila and has a total area of 30,171 sqm. As we all know, in Tondo there are Filipinos who is poor
and does not have enough money to put their children in school. This (NAME OF SCHOOL) will rise at
the heart of the Tondo that will give students free tuition and will be having an easy access to the
people who lives in Tondo. This building provides best facilities to boost students to study harder and it
acquires best teachers and has advance technologies for better teaching.

1.2 Project Location

The location of this is at 810 Moriones St., Tondo, City of Manila. The setting is accessible to road,
transportation and for the people.

PROJECT SITE

Figure 1: Satellite View of 810 Moriones street, Tondo, Manila

Source:https://www.google.com/maps/place/810+Moriones+St,+Tondo,+Manila,
+Metro+Manila/@14.6094205,120.9682526,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3397ca097ed7f3bb:0x49f9d6214bcf3b5!
8m2!3d14.6094205!4d120.9704413
1.3 Project Objectives

The group aims to finish the following objectives.

1.3.1 General Objectives

 To give students easy access in the school that will be constructed in Tondo.
 To design a safe and stable steel structure school for the students and employees.
 To give students free tuition.

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

 To analyze and design a steel structure school that is in compliance with the NSCP 2015
standards, codes, provisions and Association of Structural Engineers of the Philippines 2014.
 To design a structure that will comply the needs and expectations of the client
 To give the best possible solution of the said problem with the use of a different trade-offs.

1.4 The Client

The client of the project will be the Mayor of the Manila, Mayor Francisco Moreno Domagoso or
also known as Isko Moreno or “Yorme”. The City of Manila will be providing the budget, the data that is
needed to be gathered and also the one will provide free tuition fees for the students and will be called as
“Iskolar ni Yorme”.

1.5 Project Scope and Limitation

The following are the scope of the design project:
 Basic Architectural Plan
 Structural Plan
 Structural Analysis
 Identification of the nearest fault line
 Structural Design
  Computation
 Load Combinations
 Design Criteria
 Detailing
 Concrete and Steel Take-off
 Detailed Estimate for Architectural and Structural

The following are the limitations of the design project:

 Electrical Design
 Mechanical Design
 Plumbing Design

1.6 Project Development Plan

The project is a 5 – storey structural steel school building at 810 Moiones St., Tondo, City of Manila.
1. Identify the problem – Identifying the existing problem that the designer intends to address to share
opinions and formulate solutions to the resulting problems.
2. Data gathering – After identifying the problem, the designer gather data on the said project and a
review of related concepts takes place to begin the project with its problems and possible solutions.
3. Design of architectural and structural configuration – The minimum architectural requirement and
standards are selected under the National Building Code of the Philippines
4. Constraints – The designer identifies and select constraints that affect the design of the structures.
5. Trade-offs – The designer evaluates options used for the project and approach best meets the goal
of the project.
6. Estimation of trade-offs – The designer estimates the possible expenses of trade-offs used in the
structure.
7. Structural analysis and design – The minimum design loads used in the project was selected under
the National Structural Code of the Philippines 2015 (NSCP 2015) and Association of Structural
Engineers of the Philippines 2014 (ASEP 2014)
 CHAPTER 2: DATA INPUTS AND REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

2.1 Preliminary Data

2.1.1 Demographic Profile

2.1.1 Demographic Profile

Manila is a coastal highly urbanized inland city located in National Capital Region (NCR). The city has a
land area of 38.55 sq.km or 14.88 sq.mi. Has a growing population of 1,780,148 determined by the 2015
Census. Resulting to a density of 46,178 per sq.km or 119,634 per sq.mi.

Table 1: Demographic Status of PhilAtlas from 2010 to 2015

Source: https://www.philatlas.com/

Table 2: Population development in Tondo

Source: National Statistics Office of the Philippines (web), National Statistical Coordination Board (web)
Population by Age group

According to the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in Manila is 20 to 24, with
191,512 individuals. Conversely, the age group with the lowest population is 80 and over, with 10,650
individuals.

Combining Age group details

From the given data, Manila has a potential members of work force for about 67.43% (1,200,381) that
constitutes of people aged 15
Age group Population Age group percentage
up to 64. On the other hand,
(2015)
population aged 14 and below
that are Under 1 36,266 2.04% categorized as
infants/babies, children and
1 to 4 150,390 8.45%
young adolescents,
makes up of 5 to 9 164,283 9.23% about 28.55%
(508,272) of the total
population. 10 to 14 157,333 8.84% Lastly, people
aged 65 and 15 to 19 177,571 9.98% above consists
of about 4.02% (71,495) from
the total 20 to 24 191,512 10.76% population of
Manila.
25 to 29 170,895 9.60%

30 to 34 144,641 8.13%

35 to 39 123,318 6.93%

40 to 44 106,882 6.00%

45 to 49 94,891 5.33%

50 to 54 80,114 4.50%

55 to 59 63,388 3.56%

60 to 64 47,169 2.65%

Table 3: Population 65 to 69 31,013 1.74% by Age group

(2015)
70 to 74 17,942 1.01%

75 to 79 11,890 0.67%

80 and over 10,650 0.60%

Total 1,780,148 100.00%

 Source: https://www.philatlas.com/

Figure 2.1.1 Population by age group (2015)

Source: https://www.philatlas.com/

2.1.2 Topographic Map

A visual representation of a large – scale detail of contour lines interconnecting places of equal elevations
near the project location. 810 Moriones St., Tondo, City of Manila is suited at approximately 120.9704413
longitude, 14.6094205 latitude. Elevation at these corrdinates is estimated at 6 meters or 20 feet above
mean sea level.
 Figure 2.1.2: Topography of the project location
Source: http://elevation.maplogs.com/

2.1.3 Hazards
2.1.3.1 Earthquake

Earthquake is a sudden shaking of the ground caused by seismic waves within the earth’s crust.
 Figure 2.1.3.1: Ground shaking hazard map of Tondo, Manila
Source: https://mangomap.com/

2.1.3.2 Flood

Figure 2.4.2 shows that in a span of 25 years, the flood hazards reaches a 0.5m height
 PROJECT SITE

Figure 2.1.3.2: 25 Year Flood Hazard of 810 Moriones street, Tondo, Manila

Source: http://www.nababaha.com/

2.1.3.3 Liquefaction

Liquefaction is a phenomenon wherein the sudden rise of pore water pressures during an
earthquake decreases the interacting forces between soil particles, which in effect reduces the soil’s shear
strength. Liquefaction commonly occurs with saturated, loose to medium dense cohesionless soils, and
even non plastic silts.

The liquefaction susceptibility was assessed using the methods suggested in the 1998
NECCER/NSF Workshop on Evaluation of Liquefaction Resistance of Soils. For the analysis, a magnitude
7.2 earthquake and a ground acceleration of 0.40g was considered.

Results on the liquefaction study using SPT data for the project show that liquefaction risk is plausible in
the event of a major earthquake for soil between elevation -13.5m to -19.5m. Ground settlement of the
untreated in-situ soil using the aforementioned earthquake scenario is estimated to be around 270mm.
 Figure 2.1.3.3: Preliminary Liquefaction Hazard Map of Tondo, Manila
Source: https://mangomap.com/

2.2 Geotechnical Investigation Reports

The site is generally underlain by clay and silt of increasing consistency with depth, overlain by medium
dense sand and very stiff clay. This 9m thick, topmost layer is hereto referred as Material A. Dense sand
and hard clay lenses are also found within Material A.

Meanwhile, the predominant clay stratum composed of low and high plasticity clay and silt can be
further subdivided according to their consistency: Material B with a medium stiff consistency and an
average N value of 10, Material C, very stiff with average N value of 26, and Material D, hard with average
N value of 49.

The groundwater depth was observed at 3.5m below the natural grade line. It should be noted that the
groundwater levels my fluctuate due to seasonal variations.

The geotechnical recommendations are as outline by the following segments.

2.3 Laboratory Testing

The retrieved soil and rock samples were subsequently tested in the laboratory to determine the soil
classification and strength parameters needed for analysis and recommendation. A summary of the
laboratory works are as follows:

The following laboratory tests were carried out on the site-obtained samples in accordance with the
procedures from the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM):

Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock (ASTM D 2216)

This standard describes methods to obtain the moisture content of a soil sample expressed as a
percentage of the oven-dried soil weight.

Particle Size Analysis (ASTM D 422)

The soil is allowed to pass a series of sieves of decreasing opening sizes. The weight retained on each
sieve is recorded and presented on a particle size distribution chart.

Atterberg Limit of Soils (ASTM D 4318)

The Atterberg Limits are the liquid limit (LL) and plastic limit (PL) of the soil. The liquid limit is the moisture
content at the boundary between the plastics and liquid phase. Meanwhile, the plastic limit is the moisture
content at the boundary between the semi-solid to plastic phase. The range of moisture content at which
the soil is in plastic state is defined as the plasticity index and is given by the difference between the LL and
PL.
Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) (ASTM D 2487)

This standard outlines a system of classification for inorganic and organic soils for engineering purposes
based on the particle size analysis, liquid limit and plasticity index.

2.4 Results of the Site Investigation

The stratigraphy of the area consists of the following formations by age: Guadalupe Formation, overlain by
deltaic deposits.

The Guadalupe formation consists of flat-lying, tuffaceous fine to medium grained sandstone from
Pleistocene age. The formation, particularly the Diliman Tuff member, covers large portions of Pasig City,
Makati City and their adjoining areas. Resting on the tiff is the deltaic formation deposited by Pasig River as
water flows out into Manila Bay, carrying volcanic ashes and eroded soils. The delta is composed of loose,
generally fine-grained materials.

The potential seismic sources for the project include the Valley Fault System, and Digdig and Infanta
sections from the Philippine Fault Zone.
2.4.1 Test Pit Soil Profile
2.4.2 Subsurface Conditions

Based on the field and laboratory test results, the site subsurface conditions may be generalized as follows:

The site is generally underlain by clay and silt of increasing consistency with depth, overlain by
medium dense sand and very stiff clay. This 9m thick, topmost layer is hereto referred as Material A. Dense
sand and hard clay lenses are also found within Material A.

Meanwhile, the predominant clay stratum composed of low and high plasticity clay and silt can be
further subdivided according to their consistency: Material B with a medium stiff consistency and an
average N value of 10, Material C, very stiff with average N value of 26, and Material D, hard with average
N value of 49.

The groundwater depth was observed at 3.5m below the natural grade line. It should be noted that the
groundwater levels my fluctuate due to seasonal variations.

The geotechnical recommendations are as outline by the following segments.

2.5 Soil Properties
2.5.1 AASHTO Soil Specifications

2.5.2 USCS Soil Classification System

2.6 Architectural Plans
2.6.1 Floor Plans
2.6.2 Elevations
2.7 Recommended Seismic Design Criteria
2.7.1 Earthquake and Site Preparation

All backfilling works for the foundation or any engineering fill that may be necessary shall be
compacted to 95% of maximum dry density, unless specified otherwise. Excavation for foundations works
up to a depth of 2.0m. shall maintain a slope of 1V:2H, unless more detailed calculations or shoring
protection indicate the soundness of a steeper slope. Deeper excavations require benching of the face of
excavation as per NSCP 2010 provisions

2.7.2 Foundation Design Recommendation

2.7.2.1 Foundation Condition

The results of the ground investigation suggest the presence of alluvial deposits made of
compacted sand and a thick clay layer. Considering the possible loads from the monument, a shallow
foundation may be used.

The bottom of shallow foundations shall be embedded at least 2.0m from natural grade line, or as required
by stability analysis. Lean concrete shall be provided with a minimum thickness of 50mm under all shallow
foundations.

2.7.2.2 Allowable Bearing Capacity and Settlement

For the design of shallow foundations, an allowable soil bearing capacity of 150kPa may be used.
An increase of 33% for the value stated is permitted for load cases involving wind or seismic loads.

Provided the applied loads do not exceed the allowable soil bearing capacity, the settlement is
unlikely to exceed 25mm under normal service conditions.
2.8 Possible Types of Slope Protection
2.8.1 Geosynthetics
Geosynthetics are fibrous materials made of elements such as individuals fibers, filaments, yarns,
tapes, etc. that are long, small in cross section and strong in tension. It must be sufficiently durable to last a
reasonable length of time in the hostile environment. Use of geotextile in civil engineering structures are
rapidly expanding in terms of volume, types of products and range of applications. The largest area of
application of these materials in Civil Engineering is Geotechnical Engineering. Based on a few laboratory
work and numerical analysis, few investigators reported geosynthetics in slope reinforcement, a review of
related last works shows that not much research has been done to define performance of geosynthetics in
slopes, a problem that is often encountered in field. The paper observed the performance of geosynthetics
in slope reinforcement.

Geosynthetica
Source: http://www.ejge.com/2012/Ppr12.229alr.pdf
 2.8.2 Gabions
Gabions have been used throughout the world as wall elements for erosion control projects, soil
reclamation work, retaining structures and stream channel linings. Though they vary in shape and size,
gabion units are generally rectangular containers (baskets) made of hexagonal woven galvanized steel wire
mesh and filled with cobble-size rock. Units can be used individually or can be laced together and stacked
atop one another to form a flexible gravity-type wall.

Gabion Mattress

Some advantages of gabion walls are:

 Ease of handling and transportation.
 Speed of construction.
 Flexibility (Gabions tolerate movement)
 Permeability to water (Good drainage)
 Gabions offer an easy-to-use method for decreasing water velocity and protecting
slopes from erosion.
Disadvantages of gabion walls are:
 Site Condition – If the ground is relatively soft, you will need to create a concrete or stone base for
the baskets to sit on top of (lest they sink into the mud). This can add significant time and cost. If
the ground is relatively hard, you will be able to build the wall immediately.
 Availability of Materials & Equipment – If the supplier has baskets and rock in stock, you will be
able to erect the gabions as soon as you get everything home. If they have to order materials in,
you will have to wait until they’re delivered. Equipment may also be required.
 Availability of Manpower – Filling the baskets with rock is something that is done by hand, which
can be time consuming (if you have a lot of baskets to fill) and can lead to injury if you’re not
careful. If you have helpers, you will get the project done faster.

Source: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/retaining-wall-types-use/24566

2.8.3 Retaining Walls

Retaining walls are built to withstand lateral pressure of soil, lateral pressure could be “earth filling,
liquid pressure, sand, and other granular materials behind the retaining wall structure”. They keep soil intact
preventing to collapse.

 Types of Retaining Wall:

1. Gravity Retaining Wall

2. Crib Retaining Wall
3. Gabion Retaining Walls
4. Cantilever Retaining Wall
5. Counter-fort / Buttressed Retaining Wall
6. Anchored Retaining Wall
7. Piled Retaining Wall
8. Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) Retaining wall
9. Hybrid Systems
 Source: https://theconstructor.org/geotechnical/retaining-wall-types-use/24566/

Benefits of Retaining Wall

 providing functional support for keeping soil in place,
 preventing sink holes and eliminating the eye sore of dirt piles and hills
 helpful in preventing flooding
 reduces maintenance and prevents erosion
 prevent damage to property or surrounding structures

2.8.4 Sheet Pile

Sheet pile sheet are section of sheets materials with interlocking edges that are driven into the ground used
to support excavation and retains soil. Sheet pile can be timber, reinforced, or steel.

Advantages
 A sustainable option as made of recycled stell and the piles can often be reused.
 Available in numerous combinations of size and weight.
 Immediate barrier to prevent soil loss and sloughing during excavation.
 Permanent sheet piles are designed to provide long service life.
 Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcivilengineeringbible.com%2Farticle.php%3Fi
%3D10&psig=AOvVaw2DZgedsf6DkeyS9XleeMeF&ust=1579282414302000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCJ
CDgs3TiOcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

 Disadvantages
The main disadvantages of steel sheet pile construction are listed below.
The sections are rarely able to be used as part of a permanent structure. Permanent sheet piles will stay in
the ground and act as a long-lasting retaining structure. Most are used as temporary structures and are
used to provide safe access roads or paths for construction projects. They are removed once the project is
completed.
It is extremely difficult to install steel sheeting in soil that is rocky or has large boulders. Many times the
sheeting cannot be installed to the required depth.
Driving the sheets may cause neighborhood disturbance. The vibrations from driving the sheets can make
the close properties settle and cause problems.

2.8.5 Riprap

It is commonly used to protect soil from erosions in a runoff area. Riprap consists large rocks or stones that
are interlocked together that serves as a barrier on slopes. Having a large problem with a large flow of
water, it can help to stabilize slopes to provide support and prevent soil erosion cause by the water.
Constructing riprap, the requirement of the rock must be well-graded rock of different sizes, ranging 2 -24
inches that withstand freeze and thaw cycles. Blocky rocks with similar shapes dimensions will make it
easier to build a riprap.
In order to control the erosion more efficiently, “Consider using chain link fencing or wire mesh to secure
riprap installations, especially on steep slopes or in high flow areas. You can use galvanized wire mesh for
better efficiency and durability.

Source: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineclean.com%2FRip-Rap
%2F&psig=AOvVaw2uUnbNMHeYmbM08J7-
CPIa&ust=1579281503705000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLjVoKHQiOcCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAP

2.9 Review of Related Literature and Studies

Local Literature and Studies
In designing a house, or any structure, there are three things commonly considered by the
structural engineer; these are represented in the safety–serviceability–cost triangle. Safety and
serviceability ensure that the structure can fulfill its intended purpose by satisfying code requirements on
strength, ductility, and deflections. Addressing economy, on the other hand, requires value engineering to
produce an optimum design with reasonable cost. However, the triangle is increasingly found to be
incomplete. There is the question of environmental impacts the structure may bear on society. But what
parameter may be used to guide structural designers to make their structures “greener”? This paper
proposes the use of a “Structural Sustainability Index (SSI)”, a single-score based on the Life Cycle
Assessment (LCA) framework. The SSI was derived from five environmental impacts, whose respective
weights were determined from a survey of Civil engineering professionals. The impacts and their weights
are: Global Warming Potential (36%), Ocean Acidification (10%), Human Toxicity (12%), Abiotic Materal
Depletion (16%), and Energy Use (26%). The concept was applied to low-cost housing units in the
Philippines. Four models with approximately 60 sq.m. floor area were investigated. structural systems of
these houses are conventional reinforced concrete, modular block system, I beam, and modified system.
Among the four, the I beam house incurred the lowest SSI of 0.682 while the conventional had the greatest
at 0.986. The I beam, however, was found to have the largest contribution in abiotic material depletion due
to heavy steel usage. This could be lessened through recycling of steel, as the manufacturing stage was
found to contribute the most damage. Significant improvements were made in all impact categories when
converting from a conventional to a modified system using T-joists and wall stiffeners, for a total of 9.87%
decrease in SSI. Costs likewise decreased. With the SSI and LCA framework, sustainability concerns can
be quantified by structural engineers and significant improvements can be made in designing.
Source: Arcilla, N.R. & Ong, J.K. (2013). Life Cycle Analysis of Structural Systems of Residential Housing Units.

Structural Assessment is a process to analyze a structural system in order to predict the responses
of the real structure under the excitation of expected loading and external environment during the service
life of the structure. This allows the calculation of the forces and deformations of the various structural
components. A well-designed structure will be able to resist all loadings besides the static loads design.
Dynamic loads such as wind load and seismic response also needs to be considered into structural design.
Structural assessment can be initiated, when there has been a change in resistance such as structural
deterioration due to time-depending processes like corrosion and fatigue or structural damage by
accidental actions. Also, when there will be a change in loading, increase in lateral loads for example, or an
extension of the design working life. Assessment can also be carried out to analyze the current structural
reliability for environmental hazards like earthquake or extreme winds and waves.
Source: Ehiorobo, J.O. & Izinyon, O.C. & Ogirigbo, R.O. (2013). Structural Assessment of the Three-Storey Engineering Building
at Laguna State Polytechnic University, Sta. Cruz Campus.

The Philippine basic education system is a highly centralized one. The structure of the system is
hierarchical, where all academic and administrative policies are defined in the central office of the
Department of Education (henceforth, DepEd). Within this structure, school improvement efforts are mostly
centralized, as well. This chapter explores the school improvement efforts within this centralized education
system, and discusses the consequences of the centralized school improvement approaches.
There have been many programs initiated to improve the many different elementary and high
schools in the Philippines. The programs initiated and implemented by the Department of Education, and
then the various programs from the private sector, NGO sector, and the local school levels.
 Improvement of School Facilities
 Improvement of Learning Resources
 Teacher Development Programs
 Curriculum Development
  Enhancing Students’ School Readiness
 Decentralization of Management
 Recent Initiatives

Some educational scholars might object to counting the provisions of basic school requirements
(e.g., school buildings, classrooms, desks, textbooks) as ‘school improvement efforts. However, in the
context of an impoverished basic educational system like that of the Philippines, steps taken to ensure
the presence of basic requirements are very real efforts that lead towards improving the delivery of
educational services and bettering educational outcomes.
Source: Lee, J.C. & Williams, M. (2006). School Improvement: International Perspectives.

Foreign Literature and Studies

Since the Northridge earthquake of 1994, the seismic reliability of new and existing steel moment-
resisting frame (SMRF) buildings has been in question. The observed brittle fractures of welded beam-
column connections have prompted research on how brittle connection behavior affects the seismic
performance of SMRF structures. As a means for quantifying some of the effects of connection fractures, a
procedure for assessing the seismic drift demand hazard for a structure, and its reliability against a
particular collapse limit state, is presented. The procedure combines a conventional spectral acceleration
seismic hazard curve with results of a suite of nonlinear analyses, as demonstrated for a three-story SMRF
building designed according to practices prevalent before the Northridge earthquake (i.e., pre-Northridge).
The procedure combines an existing site hazard curve for spectral acceleration with drift response
results from nonlinear dynamic analyses of a model structure subjected to several ground motions at
different levels of intensity (as measured by spectral acceleration), to arrive at a drift demand hazard curve.
The procedure presented and demonstrated can be used not only to evaluate the seismic reliability
of a model structure, but also to quantify the effects of brittle connection behavior on the performance of a
structure. For the pre-Northridge three-story SMRF structure considered as an example, connection
fractures appear to have a modest effect on the drift demand and the drift demand hazard for larger
intensity ground motions (as measured by spectral acceleration), when in general the drift demand is
larger. The effect of connection fractures is less pronounced for smaller intensity ground motions and drift
demands. A comparison of the probabilities of failure for the ductile and brittle cases awaits assessment of
the dynamic story drift capacity. Obviously, many more structures, fracture parameter values, and ground
motions must be, and are in the progress of being, considered before these results can be generalized.
Source: Luco, N. & Cornell, A. (2014). Effects of Random Connection Fractures on the Demands and Reliability for a
3-Storey Pre-Northridge SMRF Structure.
 Man has always lived with earthquakes. Some of them are so small that they are not felt; others
are so strong that they can destroy an entire city, cause major damage to infrastructures (bridges,
buildings, etc.) and kill thousands of people.
Energy dissipation systems in civil engineering structures are sought when it comes to removing
unwanted energy such as earthquake and wind. Among these systems, there is combination of structural
steel frames with passive energy dissipation provided by Fluid Viscous Dampers (FVD). This device is
increasingly used to provide better seismic protection for existing as well as new buildings and bridges. A
3D numerical investigation is done considering the seismic response of a twelve-storey steel building
moment frame with diagonal FVD that have linear force versus velocity behavior. The conclusions showed
the formidable potential of the FVD to improve the dissipative capacities of the structure without increasing
its rigidity. It is contributing significantly to reduce the quantity of steel necessary for its general stability.

These systems have the ability to transmit developed forces according to the request of the structural
response. Passive control devices dissipate energy in the structure, but cannot increase it. Because of their
great ability to return a building to its original position after an earthquake, they are increasingly used in the
bracing structures in civil engineering in general and in the metallic high-rise structures in particular. The
additional cost of the damper is typically offset by the savings in the steel weight and foundation concrete
volume.
This study permitted to analyze the difference in steel structure behavior, with and without viscous damper
fluid for a seismic load. Numerical calculation with SAP2000 software was used for the analysis of a 12-
storey building. The results show that the use of the passive control device FVD in buildings generates a
very significant reduction of the structural response compared to the unbraced ones.
Source: Ras, A. & Boumechra, N. (2014). Seismic Energy Dissipation Study of Linear Fluid Viscous Dampers in Steel Structure
Design

As governments are increasingly turning to cost sharing in order to meet the growing demand for,
and decreasing government investment in, public higher education, the choice among different tuition fee
policies becomes of great importance. Tuition fee policies and the financial assistance policies that
accompany them are critical both for the very considerable revenue at stake and for the potential impact on
higher education accessibility and the implications for equity and social justice. This paper looks at tuition
fees in an international comparative perspective in the context of this rich mixture of finance, ideology, and
politics
Source: Marcucci, P. & Johnstone, D.B. (2007). Tuition Fee Policies in a Comparative Perspective: Theoretical and
Political Rationales