dagvefiqsirebina socialuri jgufis dayo-
fa da am or axal jgufs Soris warmoSobi-
li sastiki agresia. aRmoCnda, rom zogierT
SemTxvevaSi Simpanzeebma SeiZleba moklan
da SeWamon kidec Tavisi saxeobis warmomad-
genlebi. meore mxriv, Simpanzeebma ojaxis
wevrebisadmi ukiduresad xangrZlivi emoci-
uri kavSirebi gamoavlines _ kargad ganviTa-
rebuli kognituri unarebi da kulturuli
tradiciebis ganviTareba (Goodall, 1986, gv. 3-4).
kvlevis sawyis etapze bunebrivi dakvirveba
gansakuTrebiT sasargebloa. is mkvlevrebs
movlenis sazRvrebis dadgenaSi exmareba, an
warmodgenas uqmnis, romeli iqneba mniSvne-
lovani cvladi, an kavSiri. bunebrivi dakvir-
vebis monacemebi mkvlevars xSirad miniSnebebs
aZlevs konkretuli hipoTezis, an kvlevis gegmis
CamoyalibebisaTvis.
sanam fsiqologiuri gazomvis Temas davamTav-
rebT, xazi unda gavusvaT imas, rom mravali
kvleviTi proeqti TviTangariSisa da qcevis
dakvirvebis meTodebis kombinacias iyenebs. maga-
liTad, mkvlevarma SeiZleba Seiswavlos, ras
ambobs adamiani momavali qcevis Sesaxeb da
realurad rogor iqceva (ixileT me-17 Tavi).
kidev erTi: zogierTi kvleva SemTxvevis Seswav-
las warmoadgens, anu erT individze tardeba.
calke aRebuli individis intensiurma analizma
xandaxan SeiZleba bevrad meti sayuradRebo
informacia mogvces, vidre didi raodenobiT
adamianebis kvlevam. magaliTad, me-3 TavSi
SeityobT, rom tvinis dazianebis mqone cal-
keuli pacientebis yuradRebiT Seswavlam tvinSi
enis funqciis lokalizaciis Sesaxeb Teoriebis
warmoSobas daudo safuZveli.
Cven aRvwereT mkvlevrebis mier gamoyenebuli
sxvadasxva tipis procedura da sazomi instru-
menti. Semdeg qveTavSi im eTikur standartebs
ganvixilavT, romlebic am meTodebis da pro-
cedurebis gamoyenebas marTavs.
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
qvezRurblovani Setyobinebis efeqturobis
Sesamowmebel kvlevaSi mkvlevrebma monawi-
leebi moatyues, radgan kasetebze araswori
warwerebi gaakeTes. maT es ganzrax Caidines,
rom enaxaT, xom ar iwvevs monawilis molodini,
rom daexmarebian, daijeros, rom Setyobineba
sasargebloa maSinac ki, roca mexsierebisa da
TviTSefasebis obieqturi sazomebi aCvenebda, rom
es ase ar iyo. motyueba arsodes aris kargi,
magram rogor Seafasebdnen mkvlevrebi am
SemTxvevaSi araswori rwmenis placebo efeqts?
rogor unda SevadaroT kvlevis SesaZlo
sargebeli im xarjTan, romelsac swevs kvlevis
monawile, Tu procedura riskiani, tkivilis, an
stresis momyenebeli da motyuebiTia? fsiqo-
logebi amgvar kiTxvebs gamudmebiT usvamen
sakuTar Tavs (Rosentall, 1994).
adamianebis da cxovelebis ZiriTadi ufle-
bebis pativiscema yvela mkvlevris aucilebeli
movaleobaa. am uflebebis dacvisaTvis arsebobs
specialuri komitetebi, romlebic kvlevis yvela
proeqts ixilavs da SesabamisobaSi mohyavs is
aSS-is janmrTelobis departamentis mier gamo-
qveynebul mkacr instruqciebTan. universitetebs,
kolejebs, saavadmyofoebs da kvleviT dawe-
sebulebebs reviziis sabWoebi hyavT, romlebic
amgvar proeqtebs ixilaven. amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciam (1992) detaluri eTikuri standartebi
SeimuSava. ganvixiloT zogierTi maTgani.
informirebuli Tanxmoba
adamianebze Catarebuli laboratoriuli
kvlevis dasawyisSi monawileebs aRuweren
proceduras, masTan dakavSirebul potenciur
risks da im Sedegebs, romlis miRebasac moe-
lian kvlevis dasasrul. monawileebs arwmu-
neben, rom maTgan miRebuli informacia daculi
da xelSeuxebeli iqneba gareSe pirTaTvis. maTi
monacemebi dafiqsirdeba da specialur ad-
gilze Seinaxeba; xelmisawvdomi iqneba mxolod
kvlevis eTikuri sakiTxebi
mkvlevrebisaTvis, xolo, Tu mkvlevars kvlevis
Sedegebis moxsenebis survili gauCndeba, mona-
wileTa Tanxmobis gareSe amas ver gaakeTebs.
monawileebs xels awerineben gancxadebaze,
sadac weria, rom kvlevis Sesaxeb sruli in-
formacia miawodes da isini Tanaxma arian mona-
wileobaze. garda amisa, monawileebs afrTxi-
leben, rom maT nebismier momentSi SeuZliaT
datovon kvleva da oficialuri pirebis sakon-
taqto monacemebs aZleven, Tu maT Civilis
survili gauCndebaT. 39
 reqciebidan da pasuxebidan mkvlevari raRac
riskis/sargeblis Sefaseba axals igebs im movlenis Sesaxeb, romelsac
swavlobs, xolo monawiles unda SevatyobinoT
fsiqologiuri kvlevis umetesoba ar aris
kvlevis miznebi, hipoTeza, SesaZlo Sedegebi da
dakavSirebuli raime riskTan, miT umetes, roca
kvlevis mosalodneli sargeblianoba. eq-
mis monawileebs rutinuli davalebebi eZlevaT,
sperimentis dasasrul yovel monawiles unda
magram aris iseTi eqsperimentebi, romlebic
CavutaroT kvlevis Semdgomi interviu, sadac
adamianis bunebis ufro pirad aspeqtebs swav-
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
lobs, rogoricaa emociuri reaqcia, me-s xati,
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sanam
konformuloba, stresi an agresia, romlebmac
ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli, dabneuli,
SeiZleba aaRelvos, an fsiqologiurad Seawuxos
an damorcxvebuli ar aris. Tu kvlevis romelime
adamiani. amitom amgvari kvlevisas riski mini-
etapze monawilis motyueba aucilebelia,
mumamde unda iyos dayvanili. monawileebs unda
eqsperimentatori dawvrilebiT uxsnis mas, ratom
SevatyobinoT riskis Sesaxeb da winaswari zomebi
gaakeTa es. dabolos, monawileebs ufleba aqvT
unda miviRoT, rom Zlier reaqciebs gavumklav-
gaauqmon TavianTi monacemebi, Tu miaCniaT, rom
deT. aseT riskian SemTxvevebSi sabWoebi yurad-
maTi uflebebi dairRva.
RebiT ixilaven, aucilebelia kvleva Tu ara,
SesaZlebelia Tu ara riskis gareSe misi Cata-
reba, ramdenad bevris momtania amgvari kvleva
cxovelTa kvleva: mecniereba,
mecnierebisa da sazogadoebisaTvis.
eTika, politika
SeiZleba Tu ara cxovelebis gamoyeneba
ganzrax motyueba fsiqologiur da samedicino kvlevebSi? es
kiTxva xSirad Zalian polarizebul pasuxebs
zogierT kvlevaSi monawileebisaTvis sruli
iwvevda. erT mxares arian mkvlevrebi, romlebic
informaciis miwodeba SeuZlebelia, radgan es
miuTiTeben, rom cxovelebze Catarebulma
kvlevis Sedegebze imoqmedebs. magaliTad, roca
kvlevebma umniSvnelovanesi aRmoCenebi misces
agresiaze televiziiT Zaladobis yurebis zemoq-
mecnierebas (Domjan and Purdy, 1995; Petrinovich, 1998).
medebas swavlobT, ar unda uTxraT Tqveni mizani
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevebis miRwevebia
kvlevis monawiles. zogierT mkvlevars miaCnia,
iseTi wamlebis gamogoneba da gamocda, romlebic
rom monawilis motyueba arc erT SemTxvevaSi
SfoTvas da fsiqikur daavadebebs mkurnaloben,
ar aris gamarTlebuli (Korn, 1987). amerikis fsi-
narkomaniis Sesaxeb mniSvenlovani codnis miReba
qologTa asociaciis (1992) instruqciebi amis
(Miller, 1985) da sxv. cxovelebze Catarebuli
Taobaze sakmaod naTelia: (1) kvlevas sakmarisi
kvlevebi Tavad cxovelebisaTvisac gamosadegia.
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi

mecnieruli da saganmanaTleblo mniSvneloba

magaliTad, fsiqologiurma kvlevebma aCvena,
unda hqondes, rom motyueba gavamarTloT, (2)
rogor unda SevamciroT zooparkSi, galiebSi
mkvlevarma unda aCvenos, rom motyuebis gaereSe
myofi cxovelebis stresi. cxovelTa daswavlisa
mizans ver miaRwevs, (3) monawileebi arasodes
da socialuri organizaciis sferoSi gake-
unda movatyuoT im sakiTxebSi, ris gamoc maT
Tebulma mignebebma maTi volierebis ukeTesi
SeiZleba saerTod uari Tqvan monawileobaze,
dagegmareba da janmrTelobisaTvis ufro
(4) kvlevis dasasrul monawileebs unda avuxsnaT,
sasikeTo garemo pirobebis Seqmna gamoiwvia (Nicoll
ratom movatyueT. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, amgvari
et al., 1988).
eqpserimentebi SesaZloa sabWom SezRudos, an
miRwevaTa amgvari CamonaTvali ar aris
saerTod ar miiRos ( Steininger et al; 1984).
sakmarisi sabuTi cxovelTa uflebebis damcve-

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu (Debriefing) _

kvlevis Semdgomi interviu
fsiqologiur kvlevaSi monawileoba yovel-
Tvis mkvlevarsa da monawiles Soris informa-
40 ciis ormxriv gacvlas gulisxmobs. monawilis
mkvlevari maqsimalur informacias miawodebs
kvlevis Sesaxeb da ar gauSvebs monawiles, sa-
nam ar darwmundeba, rom is aRelvebuli,
dabneuli, an damorcxvebuli ar aris.
lebisaTvis. maTi azriT, adamianebs jer kidev
mcdarad miaCniaT, rom „homo sapiensis sxva qmni-
lebebisagan gamoyofa moralurad gamarTle-
bulia~ (Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 136; Shapiro, 1998).
am Secdomis gamosasworeblad gvTavazoben „la-
boratoriuli kvlevebidan minimalurad ma-
nipulaciur kvlevebze gadavideT, romlebic
bunebriv da naxevrad bunebriv garemoSi tardeba~
(Bowd and Shapiro, 1993, gv. 140). yoveli specialisti
gansakuTrebuli sifrTxiliT unda miudges cxo-
velebis kvlevas.
cxovelebis kvlevaSi gansakuTrebul sif-
rTxileze miuTiTebs, agreTve, gamokiTxvis Sede-
gebi, romelSic fsiqologiis fakultetis 1188
studenti da amerikis fisoqologTa asociaciis
3982 wevri monawileobda (Plous, 1996a, 1996b):
gamokiTxulTa daaxloebiT 80%-s miaCnia,
rom bunebriv garemoSi Catarebuli dak-
virveba dasaSvebia. ufro naklebi (30-dan
70%-mde) mxars uWers iseT kvlevebs, rom-
lebic galiaSi Casmul cxovelebze tardeba,
rac nawilobriv cxovelis tipzea damo-
kidebuli (magaliTad, virTxebi, mtredebi,
ZaRlebi, an primatebi). rogorc studentebma,
ise, leqtorebma uaryves tkivilis mimye-
nebli an sikvdilis gamowvevi kvlevebi
cxovelebze.
orive jgufis umravlesobam (daaxloebiT
60%-ma) mxari dauWira fsiqologiis saswav-
lo kursebSi cxovelebis gamoyenebas, magram
orive jgufSi mxolod erTma mesamedma
CaTvala, rom cxovelebTan laboratoriuli
muSaoba bakalavris xarisxis mosapovebel
aucilebel moTxovnad unda iyos miCneuli.
Tqven ras fiqrobT? rogor SeafasebdiT
cxovelebze Catarebuli kvlevis sargebels da
xarjs?
Sejameba
fsiqologiurma gazomvam imgvari Sedegebi
unda mogvces, romlebic erTdroulad sandocaa
da validuric. sakuTari Tavis Sefasebis gazomva
kiTxvarebis da interviuebis saSualebiT xdeba.
fsiqologi iyenebs, agreTve, qcevis sazomebs,
rogoricaa uSualo dakvirveba da bunebrivi
dakvirveba. adamianis kvlevis mniSvnelovani
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi
eTikuri sakiTxebia informirebuli Tanxmoba,
kvlevis riskis da mogebis Sefaseba, ganzrax
motyuebis gamoyeneba da kvlevis Semdgomi
intervius aucilebloba. mkvlevrebma frTxilad
unda ganixilon cxovelebze Catarebuli kvle-
vebis eTikuri Sedegebi.
rogor gamoviyenoT sworad
mecnieruli kvlevis
Sedegebi
am Tavis bolo qveTavSi ganvixilavT kri-
tikuli azrovnebis im unarebs, romlebic imi-
saTvis gWirdebaT, rom fsiqologiuri codna
brZnulad moixmaroT. es nebismieri pirovne-
bisaTvisaa aucilebeli Cvens dinamikur sazo-
gadoebaSi, im situaciaSi, romelic aRsavsea
WeSmaritebaze pretenziebiT, „saRi gonebis~
mcdari miTebiTa da konkretuli interesebis 41
 fsiqologia XXI saukuneSi

fsiqologiuri kvleva da informaciis afeTqeba

internetSi fsiqologii- Tavsebuli, romelTa ume- vreba~, magram, zogadad, es

sadmi miZRvnil uamrav gverds
waawydebiT. magaliTad, Si-
zofrenia erT-erT misamarTze
83.760 gverdze iyo naxsenebi
(ix. Tavi 15). sxva misamarTze
imave Temaze 63.812 gverdi
vipoveT. ueWvelia, am wignis
gamosvlamde es raodenoba
kidev ufro gaizrdeba. es
monacemebi naTlad aCvenebs,
ratom uwodeben Tanamedrove-
obas informaciis afeTqebis
periods. yvela Cvenganisa-
Tvis namdvili gamowvevaa am
informaciis brZnuli mox-
mareba. rogor ganvsazRvroT,
internetSi ganTavsebul
romel informacias vendoT
da romels ara?
biblioTekaSi bevrad uf-
ro advilia informaciis
wyaros gansazRvra, radgan aq
Z i r i Ta d a d s e r i o z u l i
samecniero Jurnalebia mo-
Tavi 2 / fsiqologiis kvlevis meTodebi
tesoba amerikis fsiqologTa
asociaciis, an amerikis fsi-
qologiuri sazogadoebis
gamocemulia. rodesac kvleva
JurnalSi igzavneba, is Semow-
mebis rTul process gadis.
redaqcia mas 2-dan 5-mde
aRiarebul specialists ug-
zavnis, romlebic naSroms
detalurad ixilaven misi
Te o r i u l i s a f u Z v l e b i s ,
meTodologiis da Sedegebis
TvalsazrisiT. Tu eqspertebi
moiwoneben kvlevas, is qveyn-
deba. magaliTad, 1998 wels
amerikis fsiqologTa asocia-
ciis mier (1999) gamoqveynebul-
ma Jurnalebma mowodebuli
naSromebis 69% uaryves. ra
Tqma unda, es procesi srul-
yofili ar aris, zogierTi
Rirebuli Sroma usamarTlod
ukuigdeba, xolo zogi Seda-
rebiT susti rogorRac „gaZ-
procesi garantias gvaZlevs,
rom JurnalTa umetesoba
maRal standartebs akmayofi-
lebs.
amitom, rodesac infor-
macias internetSi naxavT,
yovelTvis dainteresdiT,
saidan modis is, ra aris misi
wyaro. SegiZliaT internet-
Si seriozuli samecniero
Jurnalebis eleqtronuli
versiebi ixiloT. aseve, nebis-
mieri informacia unda Sei-
cavdes gamoyenebuli lite-
raturis CamonaTvals da
aqedanac mixvdebiT, ramdenad
seriozul wyarosTan gaqvT
saqme. `fsiqologia da cxov-
rebaSi~. moyvanili informa-
ciis sandoobaSi eWvi ar unda
SegeparoT, radgan yvelgnaa
m i Ti Te b u l i s a Ta n a d o
samecniero wyaro, amitom,
internetSi muSaobisas imave
principiT imoqmedeT!

samsaxurSi Camdgari mikerZoebuli daskvnebiT. konsultantis jeims vikaris motyuebiTi pro-

kritikuli azrovneba niSnavs informaciis miRma
xedvas, imis siRrmeSi Wvretas, rac zedapirze
ar Cans, arsSi Cawvdomas, rom garegnulma mxarem
ar mogatyuoT.
fsiqologiuri codna fsiqologiurad dax-
vewili sazogadoebis moazrovne, mgrZnobiare
subieqtis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis mudmivad
Tanmdevi aspeqtia. samwuxarod, fsiqologiuri
informaciis didi raodenoba ara mecnieruli
wignebidan, statiebidan da kvlevebidan, aramed
gazeTebis furclebidan, tele da radio gada-
cemebidan, popularuli fsiqologiis „bul-
varuli~ wignebidan modis. davubrundeT fsi-
qikis qvezRurblovani kontrolis ideas. mar-
pagandiT daiwyo (Rogers, 1993) da, rogorc vnaxeT,
laboratoriulma kvlevam uaryo, magram es idea
jer kidev muSaobs da adamianebi isev xarjaven
fuls amgvar kasetebSi!
fsiqologiis codna monacemebze dayrdnobiT
brZnuli daskvnebis gakeTebaSi dagexmarebaT.
yovelTvis unda ecadoT fsiqologiis Seswav-
lidan miRebuli formaluri codna im ara-
formalur fsiqologiur informacias miuyenoT,
romelic gars gartyiaT. dasviT kiTxvebi Tqveni
sakuTari, an sxva adamianebis qcevis Sesaxeb,
pasuxebi racionaluri fsiqologiuri Teorebis
safuZvleze eZebeT da TqvenTvis xelmisawvdom

42 Talia, is mogebaze orientirebuli marketingis faqtebze dayrdnobiT SeamowmeT es pasuxebi.

 yovelTvis unda gaxsovdeT ramdenime zogadi
wesi, romelic informaciis zRvaSi garkvevaSi
dagexmarebaT:
korelacia mizez-Sdegobrioba ar aris.
mniSvnelovani terminebi da cnebebi ope-
raciulad unda iyos gansazRvruli ise,
rom yvelas erTnairad esmodes maTi
mniSvneloba.
sanam Teoriis, hipoTezis an Sexedulebis
damamtkicebel sabuTebs dauwyebT Zebnas,
ifiqreT, rogor SeiZleba misi uaryofa.
eWvi SeitaneT kompleqsuri kiTxvebis mar-
tiv pasuxebSi, an rTuli problemebis da
movlenebis martiv mizezebsa da gadaWris
gzebSi.
eWvi SeitaneT raime mkurnalobis, Carevis,
an produqtis efeqturobaSi, aucileblad
SeadreT is ukve arsebul saSualebas.
Ria da, amave dros, skeptikuri iyaviT:
aRiareT, rom daskvnaTa umetesoba ar aris
naTeli da xelSesaxebi, axali damamtki-
cebeli sabuTebi eZebeT, mzad iyaviT
sakuTari azris SecvlisaTvis.

rogor gamoviyenoT sworad mecnieruli kvlevis Sedegebi

yovelTvis eZebeT SemoTavazebuli axsnis
alternatiuli variantebi, gansakuTrebiT
maSin, roca axsna avtors aZlevs xels.
gaxsovdeT, rom pirovnul tendenciurobas
SeuZlia daamaxinjos realobis aRqma.
gvinda, amave Ria skeptikuri midgomiT ga-
nixiloT es wigni, ar gvinda, fsiqologiis
Seswavla TqvenTvis mxolod faqtebis aTviseba
iyos. imedi gvaqvs, rom monawileobas miiRebT
ideebis aRmoCenaSi, maT SemowmebaSi da es
siamovnebas moganiWebT.

sakvanZo
sakiTxebi
aRmoCenis etapi
kvlevis aRmoCenis sta-
diaze dakvirvebas, Se-
xedulebas, informacias
da zogad codnas mov- dasabuTebis etapi:
lenis axleburi xedvi-
saken mivyavarT. mkvlevari
Teorias da hipoTezas
ayalibebs.
obieqturobis dacvis
saSualebebi
es is fazaa, romelzec ide-
ebi mowmdeba da dastur-
deba, an uariyofa.
43