2020-04-02

Webinar Lectures

ANÁLISIS Y MODELAMIENTO EN
MECÁNICA DE ROCAS

Lecture #2
Análisis & Procesamiento de Ensayos de
Laboratorio en Mecanica de Rocas

Christian Obregon

1-Apr-2020

Suggested books for Rock Mechanics …

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Suggested books for Underground Rock Mechanics …

Suggested books for Surface Rock Mechanics …

All these e-books are available for download through https://www.mcgill.ca/library/

Webinar Lectures - Topics

Week Date Topic Software*

Introduccion a la Mecanica de Rocas

1 25-Mar Dips
Conceptos & Definiciones
Análisis & Procesamiento de Ensayos de
2 01-Apr RocData
Laboratorio
Análisis de Estabilidad de Taludes Mineros RocPlane/Swedge/
3 08-Apr
(Parte-1) RocTopple
Análisis de Estabilidad de Taludes Mineros
4 15-Apr Slide2D/3D
(Parte-2)
Análisis de Estabilidad de Excavaciones
5 22-Apr Unwedge
Subterráneas (Parte-1)
Análisis de Estabilidad de Excavaciones
6 29-Apr RS2/RS3
Subterráneas (Parte-2)

Miercoles 7:00 – 8:30 pm IIMP - Oficial

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Figure 2.16 Approaches in stability analysis: a) Deterministic and b) Probabilistic

Figure 2. Probability density functions for: a) Capacity and Demand, b) Margin of Safety and
c) Factor of Safety (Savely, 1987)

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Variability in Rock Mass Properties

① ②
Almost everything in life is variable:

• You body temperature

• Your weight
• Travelling time to work
• Car’s fuel consumption
• And many more Joint Set 1

Why should rocks be different??

❑ Rock mass properties

(e.g. joint orientation) Joint Set 2
are variable.

❑ This (inherent/natural)
variability is not the
same.

Uncertainty in Rock Mass Properties

a) b)
Lack of knowledge, due to :

• limited available information.

• limited lab or field testing.

❑ It can be reduced by further data.

N=10
④
① Well-posed N=20
problem N=30
Data

③
Data-limited ②
problem

Understanding

UCS value

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Important Note!!

This lecture is based upon the assumption the rock lab testing
is carried out by following the ISRM suggested methods
and/or ASTM standards.

Rock mass characterization framework

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Test specimen preparation workflow

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Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)

❑ Most commonly used rock engineering parameter ASTM-D7012
❑ Collapse load under uniaxial loading of a
cylindrical specimen
❑ Mostly for hard brittle rocks (UCS >25MPa)
❑ Peak strength of an ‘intact rock’
❑ Depends on: loading rate, specimen geometry,
specimen size, etc

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Uniaxial Compressive Strength (UCS)

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Formato Reporte de Ensayos UCS (Peru)

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Triaxial Compressive Strength (TX)

ASTM-D4543
Triaxial testing allows us to quantify the
significant increase in rock strength with
increasing confining pressure
σ1 > σ2 = σ3 > 0
Confining pressure should be @ 0.3 – 0.5 UCS
If using H-B criterium → estimate ‘mi,

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Formato Reporte de Ensayos TX (Peru)

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Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS)

ASTM-D3967
Direct tensile strength (DTS) testing is rarely carried out in practice
mainly because of two main difficulties
i) the preparation of the rock specimens and
ii) the gripping of the rock core

Apparatus used for the Brazilian test

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Brazilian Tensile Strength (BTS)

BTS obtained in standard testing is generally greater than the equivalent DTS and that this
relationship is rock type dependent. The factor f, in DTS =f*BTS, was found to be
approximately 0.9 for metamorphic, 0.8 for igneous and 0.7 for sedimentary rocks.

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Formato Reporte de Ensayos BTS (Peru)

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Intact Rock Strength Envelope

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Why Probabilistic?
▪ To account for the uncertainties and variability in rock strength properties.
▪ Rock strength envelope → Defined from laboratory testing.

(Hoek & Brown Equation)

0.5
𝜎3
𝜎1 = 𝜎3 + 𝜎𝑐 𝑚𝑖 +1
𝜎𝑐

Mean Regression
(Strength) Curve PI

(Prediction Interval Equation) @ a given

Confidence
Level

Upper & Lower

(Strength) Bounds

▪ To define an expected upper and lower rock strength envelopes

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Criterio generalizado (2002)

a
  
 1 =  3 +  ci  mb 3 + s 
  ci 

 GSI − 100  mi = para roca intacta

mb = mi exp  
 28 − 14 D  mb = para roca fracturada
 GSI − 100  GSI = Geological Strength Index
s = exp  
 9 − 3D  D = factor que depende del grado
de alteración a que el macizo ha
a = + ( e −GSI 15 − e − 20 3 )
1 1 sido sometido debido a explosiones
2 6 y relajación de tensiones

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Rock Mass Strength Envelope

▪ By implementing a probabilistic analysis we can systematically incorporate the
uncertainties and variability of rock mass properties into the slope design process.

UCS: Uniaxial Compressive Strength

BTS: Brazilian Tensile Strength
TX: Triaxial Compression Test
E: Young’s modulus
v: Poisson’s ratio

RMR: Rock Mass Rating

GSI: Geological Strength Index

▪ The result of this is a family of rock mass

strength envelopes varying within the upper
and lower bounds, each with a different
probability of occurrence. 24

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Current Approach to Interpreting

Direct Shear Data

neither peak nor residual values are evident

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Derivation of Hencher & Richards (1989) area correction equation for direct shear testing

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Line-Fitting Method To Interpreting Direct Shear Data

This method was developed at Piteau Associates in 2013

Typical data interpretation of direct shear data using the line-fitting method

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3.5

MOHR COULOMB
3.0 LINEAR CRITERION

2.5

2.0 y = 0.5357x + 0.3387

Shear Stress (MPa)

R² = 0.7951

1.5
May-2017 Nov-2018
Dec-2017 Feb-2020
1.0
Rock Type I
0.5 Rock Type II
Rock Type II Linear regression

0.0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50
Normal Stress (MPa)

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Principal Stresses
250

200
Major principal stress (MPa)

150

100

50 BTS
UCS
TCS

0
-15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Minor principal stress (MPa)

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Young’s modulus (Ei) and Poisson’s ratio (vi)

The intact rock elastic parameters (E and v) should be scaled up for the rock mass
Ei

Hoek and Diederichs (2006)

GSI/RMR

No empirical correlation of widespread use exist in the literature for scaling νi of the
intact rock to νrm of the rock mass, the value of νrm is then assumed equal to νi

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- Failure envelopes
- Combination: bi-linear failure envelope consisting of 5 regions
- Below damage threshold; no damage occurs
- Above damage threshold
- High confinement below failure envelope: seismicity (acoustic emissions)
- High confinement above failure envelope: shear failure
- Low confinement: spalling occurs
- In tensile stress conditions; tensile failure takes place

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Q&A Session

Christian Obregon
MEng Graduate Research Assistant
Mine Design and Numerical Modelling Laboratory
Mining and Material Engineering Department
McGill University - QC - Canada

Gracias ​E-mail: christian.obregon@mail.mcgill.ca

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