Inglês

Adverbs of Frequency (in hierarchy order)

-always
-usually
-often
-sometimes
-never
-occasionally
-hardly ever

Gerunds and Infinitives

-I stopped to smoke a cigarette

-I stopped smoking (gerund) cigarettes (you quit)

When a verb follows another verb the structure is usually:

-verb + ing
-verb + (to) infinitive

Some verbs are only followed by ING (the gerund)

Some verbs are followed by the infinitive

Some verbs can be followed by both, the gerund or infinitive

Verbs always followed by ING

-admit – I admit stealing the pencil
-avoid – I avoied seeing her
-propose – I proposed going by plane
-deny – He denied kissing another girl
-dislike – He disliked the racing
-risk – I fancy going to the cinema tonight
-enjoy – I enjoyed playing a game
-keep
-fancy
-finish
-imagine
-mind – Do you think he’ll mind if we borrow his car without asking?
-miss – I miss kissing you
-postpone – He postponed going on holiday until September. He was supposed to go in
July
-understand
-Can’t stand – I can’t stand your snoring. Please see a doctor.

Verbs followed by an infinitive with “to”

-afford – You couldn’t afford to buy a Porsche
-appear – Salvini appeard to be a bit made
-ask

1
-decide
-hesitate – The hesitated to buy it
-agree – I agreed to buy it
-arrange – I arranged to see her tonight
-choose – I chose to go with them
-expect – I expect to see her tonight
-hope – I hope to go to university
-learn – I’m learning to use verbs followed by an infinitive with to
-manage – I managed to pass every year

Verbs followed by either a gerund or infinitive

-begin
-continue
-attempt
-intend - (pretender)
-like
-I love – to eat/eating choco crispies
-prefer

Notes:

Look forward to is followed by gerund

Painting this room yellow will really improve(verb) it

Past Simple

Used to describe an action that started and finished in the past

Regular verbs we add –ed

But remember of irregular verbs

Past Continuous

Was/were + verbing

-Used to describe something that was happening in the past

-Used to describe an action that was interrupted by another action (in the past)

When and While

We use when and while to join a past simple sentence to a past continuous sentence

Remember! use:
When: before the past simple
While: before the past continous

Never use both at the same time.

2
Example:

-I was driving to work when I saw Fernanda Serrano

-I saw Fernanda Serrano while I was driving to work

Future Sentences

Will and Going to

Example:

1- (will) I’ll buy him a bottle of wine

2- (going to) Vera’s going to buy a dvd on amazon

1- (will) I decided to do this now (at the moment of speaking)

2- (going to) She decided to do this in the past

Predictions

1-I think Chelsea will win the Champions league

2-We will one day be able to smell things on computer

1 and 2: These are predictions which we feel or believe will happen

3-Stop! You’re going to fall off the table look at these clouds. It’s going to rain.

3: Predictions which we see or hear

Modal Verbs

1- Reporting speech or thoughtwould, could

2-speculating/making decisions might, must, would, could, can
3-commenting/criticisingshould, suppose, ought to

Present Continuous and Present Simple

Can also be used for the future

Example:

Present

- (PC) My parents are coming to Portugal for Christmas

-(PC) I’m having a party on Friday

3
-(PS) They arrive on 23rd December

-(PS) João’s Portuguese exam starts at midday

Present Continuous: We use to talk about plans and arangments that we made with
other people (it’s similar iwht GOING TO)
We usually include a “time” word with the present continuous when he use it in this
way.

Present Simple: We use for the future when we are talking about timetables and
programmes

Future Continuous and Future Perfect

Future Continuous

Form: will be + ing

Use: To describe being in the middle of doing something

Ex:

-He will be spending time with Fernanda Serrano

-He will be having lunch

Future Perfect

Form: Will have + past participle

Use: To talk about complete actions in the future

Ex:

-I’ll have gone to school

-I’ll have learnt about the future continuous and future perfect

Past Perfect

Form: had + past participle

Use: to talk about a time earlier than another time in the past, to talk about things before
that time.

Present Perfect

Form: have/has + past participle

4
Use:
-To tell us about an indefinitive in the past EX: “João has been to Spain”
-Unfinished time
-To describe something which started in the past and continues up to the present. It’s in
these cases that we use for and since.

-João has been to Spain

These things all happened in the past.
-Catarina has eaten snails
We don’t know when exactly
-Inês has driven a car
-Nuno has kissed a girl

For and Since

We can use with the Present Perfect

Use:
-Since: With a point an time
-For: With a period of time

Ex:

-Nuno has lived in Areeiro for 2 years

-Nuno has lived in Areeiro since 2005

Already, yet and just.

Already: You finished it a while ago

Yet: You already done it

Just: You finished it very recently

Ex:

Have you done your homework yet?

-Yes, I’ve already done it

-Yes, I’ve just done it

Relative Pronouns

Who: people
Which/that: things
Where: places
Whose: position/possession

5
Conditionals

Forms

0 If + present simple + present simple

1 If + future will + infinitive

2 If + past simple + would + infinitive

3 If + past perfect + would have + past perfect

Use: For situations that are always true (included scientific facts)

Ex:

-If you boil water it evaporate

-If you eat too much, you get fat

Use: Possible/likely situations

Ex:

If I have time, I’ll phone you

Use: Things that are impossible or unlikely/untrue

Ex:

-If I won the lottery, I’d travel around the world

Use: Hypothetical situations in the past. THEY CANNOT BE CHANGED

Ex: If Salvini hadn’t spoken in Portuguese he wouldn’t have had to do press ups.

Can/Could

Can:

Use: For ability (could for past hability) and requests (less polite)

6
Ex: I can hold my breath for a minute

Could

Use: For requests (more polite)

Ex: I could swim 25 m underwater in the past. I can’t now

Be able to and Was Able to

Be able

Use: Like “can”, be able is used to express present ability

Ex: Salvini is able to hold his breath for over a minute

Was Able to

Use: To say that somebody managed to do something on one occasion (usually

something that was not easy)

Ex: Asafa Powell was able to run 100 m in 9,77 seconds.

Past Habits

Form: used to + infinitive

Use: Things that we did but no longer to

Ex: I used to live

Form: be/get used to + gerund | be/get used to + noun

Use: Things that we or not accustomed to do

Ex: was used to driving

Comparatives and Superlatives

Word Comparative Superlative

One-syllable adjetives Cheap Cheaper than The cheapest
Two or more syllable Reliable More reliable than The most reliable
adjetives: Smoothly Less smoothly than The least smoothly
Adverbs
Irregular adjetives Good Better The best
Bad Worse The worst
Far Farther/further (time) The farthest/furthest
(time)
Irregular adverbs Well Better The best
Badly Worse The worst
Little Less The least
much more The most

7
Passive Voice

Ative: Present Simple Passive: am/is/are + past participle

Ative: Past Simple Passive: was/were + past participle

Ative: Present Continuous  Passive: am/is/are being + past participle

Ative: Past Continuous  Passive: was/were being + past participle

Ative: Present Perfect  Passive: has/have been + past participle

Ative: Past Perfect  Passive: had been + past participle

Reported Speech

Direct Speech: Present Simple  Reported Speech: Past Simple

Direct Speech: Past Simple  Reported Speech: Past Simple/Perfect

Direct Speech: Present Continuous  Reported Speech: Past Continuous

Direct Speech: Past Continuous  Reported Speech: Past Continuous/ Perfect

Continuous

Direct Speech: Present Perfect  Reported Speech: Past Perfect

Direct Speech: Past Perfect  Reported Speech: Past Perfect

NOTES:

Willwould
Cancould
Musthad to
Maymight
Don’t not to do
Now them
Yesterdaythe day before
Two days ago two days before
Todaythat day
Tomorrowthe following day
Herethere
This placethat place
These placesthose places

The Causative

Form: SHOP Subject + have + object + past participle

Ex: Opticions: Where you have your eyes checked

8
Informal Letter

Dear xxxx:

Body:
-How are you?
-Now I’m doing….
-I’ve been thinking the same as you
…..

Lots of love/ a hug/ best regards