Composite Design Manual PDF

Design of Simply-Supported
Composite Beams with

Large Web Penetrations
Design Booklet DB1.3
OneSteel Market Mills

Composite Structures Design Manual
February 2001
Published by
OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited

ABN 42 004 651 325
Produced by the
Centre for Construction Technology & Research

University of Western Sydney
Contributors
Dr. Mark Patrick *

Centre for Construction Technology & Research
Dr. Cameron Chick *

Dr. Daya Dayawansa *
Dr. Chong Chee Goh *
Mr. Rodney Wilkie *
* Formerly BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories
Reviewed by
Dr. Brian Uy
The University of New South Wales
Edition 1.0 - April 1999

Edition 2.0 - February 2001
Disclaimer
While every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to
ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein, the
contributors, editors and publishers of this booklet shall not be held
liable or responsible in any way whatsoever, and expressly disclaim
any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage, cost or
expenses, howsoever incurred by any person whether the user of
the booklet or otherwise including without limitation, loss or damage,
costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the
reliance, whether whole or partial by any person as a foresaid upon
any part of the contents of this booklet. Should expert assistance be
required, the services of a competent person should be sought.
DB1.3–ii Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Design of Simply-Supported Composite Beams with Large Web Penetrations
Foreword
OneSteel is a leading manufacturer of steel long products in Australia after its spin-off from BHP Pty
Ltd on the 1st November 2000. It manufactures a wide range of steel products, including structural,
rail, rod, bar, wire, pipe and tube products and markets welded beams.
OneSteel is committed to providing to design engineers, technical information and design tools to
assist with the use, design and specification of its products. This design booklet “Design of Simply-
Supported Beams with Large Web Penetrations” was the third design booklet of the Composite
Structures Design Manual, which is now being completed and maintained by OneSteel.
The initial development work required to produce the design booklets was carried out at BHP
Melbourne Research Laboratories before its closure in May 1998. OneSteel Market Mills is funding
the University of Western Sydney’s Centre for Construction Technology and Research in continuing
the research and development work to publish this and future booklets.
The Composite Structures Design Manual refers specifically to the range of long products
that are manufactured by OneSteel and plate products that continue to be manufactured by
BHP. It is strongly recommended that OneSteel sections and reinforcement and BHP plate
products are specified for construction when any of the design models in the design booklets
are used, as the models and design formulae including product tolerances, mechanical
properties and chemical composition have been validated by detailed structural testing using
only OneSteel and BHP products.
To ensure that the Designer’s intent is met, it is recommended that a note to this effect be
included in the design documentation.
Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– iii

Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................. iv
1. SCOPE AND GENERAL
1.1 Scope ..................................................................................................... 1
1.2 General................................................................................................... 1
2. TERMINOLOGY..........................................................................................................................3
3. DESIGN CONCEPTS
3.1 Strength Design...................................................................................... 4
3.2 Deflection Calculation............................................................................. 7
4. DESIGN MODELS
4.1 General................................................................................................... 9
4.2 Strength Design Model ........................................................................... 9
4.3 Deflection Design Model........................................................................ 12
5. DESIGN APPROACH
5.1 General................................................................................................... 13
5.2 Overall Design Approach........................................................................ 13
5.3 Strength Design...................................................................................... 13
6. DESIGN RULES
6.1 General................................................................................................... 16
6.2 Application .............................................................................................. 16
6.3 Strength Design...................................................................................... 18
6.4 Design Moment and Shear Capacities - Composite Beams .................. 18
6.5 Design Moment and Shear Capacities - Bare Steel Beams................... 20
6.6 Stability Considerations .......................................................................... 21
6.7 Detailing.................................................................................................. 21
7. AIDS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN
7.1 General................................................................................................... 26
TM
7.2 WEBPEN Spreadsheet Program ........................................................ 26
7.3 Design Capacity Tables.......................................................................... 27
8. WORKED EXAMPLES
8.1 General................................................................................................... 28
8.2 Beam and Penetration Data ................................................................... 28
8.3 Example 1 .............................................................................................. 29
8.4 Example 2 .............................................................................................. 32
9. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................... 39
APPENDICES
A. Nominal Moment Capacity - Composite Beam ...................................... 40
B. Nominal Moment Capacity - Bare Steel beam ....................................... 44
C. Design Capacity Tables.......................................................................... 46
D. Notation .................................................................................................. 85
DB1.3–iv Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Preface
This design booklet forms part of a suite of booklets covering the design of simply-supported and
continuous composite beams, composite slabs, composite columns, steel and composite
connections and related topics. The booklets are part of the OneSteel Market Mills’ Composite
Structures Design Manual which has been produced to foster composite steel-frame building
construction in Australia to ensure cost-competitive building solutions for specifiers, builders and
developers.
The additional design information necessary to allow large web penetrations to be incorporated into
simply-supported bare steel and composite beams is presented in this booklet. Design issues with
respect to strength and deflection control are addressed. The non-composite bare steel state arises
during construction prior to the concrete hardening.
Large rectangular and circular penetrations are often made in the steel web of composite beams for
the passage of horizontal building services. This allows the plenum height to be reduced when using
economical, standard UB and WB steel sections. However, large penetrations weaken a composite
beam locally and reduce its overall flexural stiffness, and therefore their effect must be considered in
design.
Neither the Steel Structures Standard AS 4100 nor the Composite Beam Standard AS 2327.1
contains design provisions for large web penetrations. The rules provided in the booklet for designing
bare steel beams with large penetrations are compatible with AS 4100. For the composite state, the
rules are compatible with AS 2327.1, and have been proposed as an acceptable method of design to
be referred to in Amendment No. 1 of this Standard expected to be published this year.
Information is also given to assist design engineers to understand the engineering principles on
which the design methods are based. This includes:
(a) explanatory information on important concepts and models;
(b) the limits of application of the methods; and
(c) worked examples.
Design capacity tables are given in Appendix C to simplify the strength design process. The
information provided can be used to design for either the bare steel or composite states. The tables
®
cover a range of situations involving 300PLUS UB and WB steel sections supporting a composite
TM
slab and incorporating large web penetrations. A spreadsheet program named WEBPEN is
available to assist with the strength design calculations.
Although these design aids are intended to make the design process more efficient, it is essential
that the user obtain a clear understanding of the basis of the design rules and the design approach
by working through this document and the relevant parts of associated design Standards such as AS
4100 and AS 2327.1.
Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– v

1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 Scope
The additional design information necessary to allow large web penetrations to be incorporated into
simply-supported bare steel and composite beams is presented in this booklet. Design issues with
respect to strength and deflection control are addressed. The steel beam must be a doubly-
symmetric I-section.
The overall beam design for the bare steel and composite states is assumed to have been carried
out in accordance with AS 4100 [1] and AS 2327.1 [2], respectively.
The penetrations may be (see Fig. 1.1):
• rectangular or circular in shape (within the specified limitations);
• unreinforced, or reinforced (in accordance with the specified details) ; and
• concentric or eccentric to the centroid of the steel section.
The application of the strength design method is defined by the conditions given in Section 6.2.
(a) Circular unreinforced (b) Rectangular unreinforced
(c) Circular reinforced (d) Rectangular reinforced
Figure 1.1 Acceptable Types of Web Penetrations

This document should be read in conjunction with the design booklet Design of Simply-Supported
Composite Beams for Strength, DB1.1 [3] and AS 2327.1, noting that some relevant material from
these documents has not been duplicated herein.
In accordance with Clause 5.2.3.1 of AS 2327.1, the effect of holing of the steel beam due to a web
penetration may be ignored provided the greatest internal dimension of the penetration is not greater
than 0.1 times the clear depth of the web. It follows that penetrations larger than this should be
considered as large, and their effect determined in accordance with the information provided in this
document.
1.2 General
The strength design method presented herein is based on a method recommended by an ASCE
Task Committee [4]. The method has been verified with some experimentally-based investigations
conducted in Australia, and modified to suit Australian design practice and conform to relevant
Australian Standards. Further details about the development of the strength design method can be
found elsewhere [5,6].
Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 1

The deflection design method has been developed from work originally presented by Tse and
Dayawansa [7]. Further information about this method can be found in [5].
Large rectangular and circular penetrations are often made in the steel web of composite beams for
the passage of horizontal building services. This allows the plenum height to be reduced when using
economical, standard UB and WB steel sections. However, large web penetrations weaken a
composite beam locally and reduce its overall flexural stiffness. Neither the Steel Structures
Standard AS 4100 nor the Composite Beam Standard AS 2327.1 contains design provisions for
large web penetrations.
The strength design method was adopted after a detailed review of four proposed methods, viz.
ASCE Task Committee [4], Redwood and Cho [8], Lawson [9] and Oehlers and Bradford [10]. The
method adopted for Australian design practice, proposed by ASCE Task Committee [4], has been
modified to conform to the relevant Australian Standards. The suitability of the modified method has
been verified on the basis of an Australian experimental program. A reliability analysis has been
conducted using the results of the experimental program and other experimental data available from
overseas literature, to determine an appropriate value for the strength factor, φ [11]. In this regard,
consideration has also been given to the improved performance of a composite beam that can be
™
derived by placing DECKMESH [12] in the region of a penetration [13]. Accordingly, it is
recommended herein that this reinforcing product is used in the region of each web penetration when
the profiled steel sheeting is deemed perpendicular to the steel beam. (Note: this product is not
suitable to be used in situations when the sheeting is parallel to the steel beam – refer to design
booklet DB1.2 for further guidance.)
The cost implications of choosing between reinforced or unreinforced web penetrations is an
important consideration during the design stage, noting that the intention of using penetrations is not
only to obtain an acceptable floor-to-floor height, but also a more cost-effective structure. For this
purpose, it is recommended that a rational method of costing steelwork is used which takes into
account the specific labour and material costs involved in fabricating the penetrations including any
steel plate reinforcement [14].
DB1.3–2 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

2. TERMINOLOGY
Some important terminology used in this booklet is summarised in this section. Reference should
also be made to Section 2 of DB1.1 and Clause 1.4.3 of AS 2327.1 for additional terminology.
Bottom T-Section
The portion of the steel beam cross-section lying below the penetration.
High Moment End (HME)

The end of a penetration subjected to the higher primary bending moment.
Low Moment End (LME)

The end of a penetration subjected to the lower primary bending moment.
Primary Bending Moment

The bending moment at a beam cross-section due to overall bending action ignoring secondary
effects (see Fig. 3.2).
Rigid Arm
A part of a beam assumed to be rigid in the model used for deflection calculations.
Secondary Bending Moment

The additional bending moment induced in the top and bottom T-sections as a result of Vierendeel
action over the length of the penetration (see Fig. 3.2).
Steel T-Section
The bottom T-section or the top T-section, excluding the concrete flange in the case of a composite
beam.
Top T-Section
The portion of the steel beam cross-section lying above the penetration, inclusive of the concrete
flange in the case of a composite beam.
Vierendeel Action
The development of secondary bending moments in the top and bottom T-sections due to the
presence of vertical shear force across the penetration.
Web Penetration Reinforcement

Steel plates or flat bars continuously welded to one or both sides of the web of the steel beam, as
close as practicable to the top and bottom horizontal edges of the penetration.

3. DESIGN CONCEPTS
3.1 Strength Design
Behaviour in the Region of a Web Penetration

A large rectangular or circular penetration made in the steel web of a simply-supported steel or
composite beam weakens the beam locally by reducing both the moment and shear capacities. This
reduction in strength can be partly overcome by welding steel plates or flat bars to the web along the
horizontal edges of the penetration as reinforcement. However, the economics of using web
penetration reinforcement needs careful consideration.
In the absence of vertical shear force, the moment capacity of a beam cross-section at a large web
penetration is reduced as a direct result of the loss of steel web area. Vertical shear force at the
penetration gives rise to a more complex state of equilibrium as a result of Vierendeel action
occurring over the length of the penetration. This action causes additional secondary moments to
develop in the top and bottom T-sections. Its effect becomes more pronounced as the penetration
length increases and as the shear-to-moment ratio increases, which explains why both of these
factors need to be controlled during design.
The main features that become visible in the region of a web penetration at ultimate load are shown
in Fig. 3.1. The most-highly stressed areas are located at the high- and low-moment ends of the
penetration, denoted HME and LME, respectively. These features are briefly explained as follows.
The secondary moments may be sufficiently large to cause the slab to crack perpendicular to the
steel beam, both in the top face at the LME and the bottom face at the HME. The combined effects
of flexure, shear and Vierendeel action can lead to yielding in the top and bottom T-sections, and
plastic hinges can form at their ends.
In many cases, large differential vertical deflection between the two ends of the penetration occurs
when a major diagonal crack forms in the concrete slab directly above the penetration. This crack
can lead to a sudden drop in the load-carrying capacity of the composite beam, significantly reducing
its ductility [13]. Large tensile forces develop in the shear connectors at the HME region of the
penetration [15], particularly prior to the onset of the diagonal crack. The likelihood of diagonal
cracking in the slab can be influenced by a number of factors, such as: the moment-shear ratio; the
geometry of the profiled steel sheeting; the orientation of sheeting ribs; and the slab reinforcement.
Top T-Section
Concrete Diagonal
cracking cracking
Concrete
crushing
Primary
Shear bending
force moments
LME
HME
Support
Steel yielding Bottom T-Section
Figure 3.1 Behaviour at Ultimate Load

When the sheeting ribs are orientated perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the steel beam, the
diagonal crack initiates at the top of the ribs and rapidly propagates through the cover slab causing
failure. Tests show that the behaviour of a composite beam with the sheeting laid perpendicular to
the steel beam can be significantly improved if the width of this crack is controlled using special steel
reinforcement in the concrete slab [13]. This steel reinforcement was originally developed to prevent
rib shearing failure in composite edge beams [16,17,19], and is now commercially available as
DECKMESH [12].
Primary and Secondary Bending Moments

The existence of primary and secondary bending moments in the region of a large web penetration is
illustrated in Figure 3.2.
Top T-Section
M*L M*H
Primary bending
moments
LME HME
Bottom T-Section
(a) Primary bending moments on beam at web penetration
V*t Top T-Section
V*t Secondary bending

moments
V*b
Vierendeel deformation
in T-Sections
LME
V*b
Bottom T-Section
HME
(b) Secondary bending moments on T-Sections
Figure 3.2 Primary and Secondary Bending Moments in the Region of a Web Penetration
Effect of Web Penetrations on Maximum Compressive Force in Concrete Flange

In a simply-supported composite beam, the maximum compressive force that can develop in the
concrete flange at any particular cross-section can be governed by various factors such as the
strength and distribution of the shear connectors, the tensile capacity of the steel section, the
compressive strength of the concrete, etc. When a web penetration is incorporated in the steel
beam, this can reduce the compressive force that can develop in the concrete flange at some of the
other cross-sections of the composite beam, as shown in Fig. 3.3 (where it is assumed that the
shear connector distribution remains unchanged after the introduction of the web penetration, and
that they are uniformly spaced). Design rules to cater for this situation are given in Clause 6.6 of AS
2327.1.
Design Moment Capacity

The design moment capacity at the web penetration is calculated at the HME, in accordance with the
requirements of AS 2327.1, while accounting for:
(a) the depth of the penetration;

(b) any horizontal reinforcement at the top and bottom edges of the penetration; and
(c) the degree of shear connection ( β ) at the HME of the penetration.
The effect of vertical shear force is ignored, and therefore, so are secondary bending moments
arising from Vierendeel action.
nH shear connectors
Maximum moment
cross-section
Force in concrete
flange Fcc
Beam with no
web penetration
F = (nH)afds
Fcc
Beam with
web penetration
Case (a) Force in concrete flange is not affected by web penetration (i.e. F = nHfds ≤=Fcc)
Beam with no
Force in concrete
web penetration
flange
Fcc
F = (nH)bfds
Beam with
Fcc
web penetration
x
Case (b) Force in concrete flange is affected by web penetration (i.e. F = nHfds >=Fcc)
Assumptions:
(a) fds corresponds to (nH)a in Case (a) and (nH)b in Case (b)
(b) Shear connectors are uniformily distributed
Figure 3.3 Influence of Web Penetration on Maximum Compressive Force in Concrete Flange
Design Vertical Shear Capacity

In the case of composite beams without large web penetrations designed in accordance with
AS 2327.1, it is assumed that the shear force is resisted by the steel beam alone when calculating
the design vertical shear capacity. This simplifying assumption is considered too conservative at
cross-sections within a web penetration when a significant portion of the steel web has been
removed. It is assumed that the concrete slab also contributes to the design shear capacity of the
composite beam, if the combined design shear capacity of the top and bottom steel T-sections is
insufficient to resist the design vertical shear force.
The model used to determine the nominal vertical shear capacity of a composite beam in the region
of a web penetration is presented in Section 4.2.
Moment-Shear Interaction

In accordance with the strength design method given in AS 2327.1, the nominal moment capacity of
a cross-section of a composite beam without a web penetration is assumed to be affected by shear
when the shear ratio, γ , is greater than 0.5 (see Clause 6.4 of AS 2327.1). In this case, the nominal
moment capacity is assumed to reduce linearly with the shear ratio until the entire steel web is fully
utilised resisting shear, and hence makes no contribution to moment capacity. When γ = 10 . , the
only contribution to the moment capacity from the steel section is due to the steel flanges. The
resulting tri-linear moment-shear interaction curve is shown in Fig. D3.2 of AS 2327.1.
It should be noted that a different moment-shear interaction relationship, defined by a continuous
cubic equation, as shown in Fig. 4.1, is adopted in the web penetration design method. This same
moment-shear interaction equation is used by ASCE Task Committee [4], Redwood and Cho [8] and
Oehlers and Bradford [10].
Penetration Reinforcement
There are numerous ways of reinforcing web penetrations to minimise the loss of strength and
stiffness that can arise due to their presence. Some of these reinforcing arrangements are shown in
Fig. 3.4. However, the strength design formulae given in Section 6 have been derived assuming the
steel plate or flat bar reinforcement is continuously welded to the web, as close as practicable to the
top and bottom horizontal edges of the penetration. Therefore, only the reinforcement arrangements
shown in Fig. 3.4(a) are valid for use with this document.
3.2 Deflection Calculation

The method given in this booklet can be used to calculate the total deflection of a simply-supported
bare steel or composite beam incorporating a large web penetration.
Basis of Calculation for Composite Beam

The method requires the following two deflection components to be calculated and added together to
obtain the total deflection of a composite beam:
(a) total deflection of the beam with no web penetration, calculated in accordance with the
simplified method given in AS 2327.1; plus the
(b) additional deflection due to the presence of the web penetration.
The simplified method given in AS 2327.1 accounts for the effects of long- and short-term loading
and partial shear connection. The additional deflection component due to the presence of the
penetration can be calculated for both long- and short-term loading conditions. The second moments
of area of the T-sections required for this calculation are determined ignoring the effects of partial
shear connection.
In calculating the additional deflection component in (b), the bending, shear and Vierendeel
deformations within the length of the penetration are taken into account, and the remaining parts of
the beam on either side of the penetration are assumed to be two rigid arms. These rigid arms are
assumed to undergo no deformation, but their rotations contribute to the deflection of the beam.
The method assumes linear elastic behaviour and hence does not account for deflections due to
plastic or buckling deformations in any part of the beam. Concrete shrinkage and creep effects are
accounted for separately.
The additional deflection for a beam with multiple penetrations can be obtained by summing the
additional elastic deflections due to the individual penetrations.

(a) Horizontal reinforcement welded to web
(b) Horizontal and vertical reinforcement welded to web
(c) Penetration edge reinforced with flats
(d) T-Sections strengthened
(e) Diagonal reinforcement
Note: The design method is applicable for penetrations with reinforcement

arrangement (a) only.
Figure 3.4 Arrangements of Web Penetration Reinforcement

4. DESIGN MODELS
4.1 General
The design models used in the strength and deflection design methods and their limits of application
are briefly explained in this section. The limits of application arise mainly from the parameter ranges
covered in experimental and theoretical studies undertaken to verify the models. This may explain
somewhat arbitrary nature of some of the limits of application. Nevertheless, the limits encompass a
range sufficiently wide for most practical applications. These limits are described in detail in
Section 6.
4.2 Strength Design Model
Strength Design Criterion

The strength design criterion for a web penetration in a bare steel or composite simply-supported
beam is represented as the following cubic moment-shear interaction equation,
3 3
M* æ V* ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ ≤ 1.0 (4.1)
φM b è φVu
where, M * and V * are the design bending moment and shear force, respectively, at the mid-length
of the penetration; φM b is the design moment capacity of the beam cross-section at HME of the
penetration; and φVu is the design shear capacity for the segment of beam over the length of the
penetration.
A value of 0.9 has been chosen for the capacity factor, φ , in Eq. 4.1 based on the findings of a
reliability analysis on the experimental results [11]. This value is the same as that used for bending
and shear strength, in AS 4100 for bare steel beams and in AS 2327.1 for composite beams.
The curve described by Eq. 4.1 is shown graphically in Fig. 4.1, and the design combinations of
(M ,V ) falling within the shaded area represent satisfactory designs which satisfy the criterion.
* *
M*
φMb
3 3
A M* V* ≤ 1.0
1.0 Region where +
φMb φVu
Q
P
B V*
0
0 1.0 φVu
P - Corresponding to a satisfactory design
Q - Corresponding to an unsatisfactory design
Figure 4.1 Moment-Shear Interaction Model

When the design bending moment, M * , and design shear force, V * , at the mid-length of the
penetration have been calculated, the next step of the strength design calculation is to determine the
values of φM b and φVu at the penetration.

The design moment capacity, φMb , at a penetration is calculated at the HME in accordance with
AS 2327.1 using rectangular stress block theory. In this calculation, the shear force at the cross-
section is assumed to be zero. The degree of shear connection, β , at the cross-section is calculated
using Clause 6.6 of AS 2327.1 and accounting for the reduced steel section due to the penetration.
Design Shear Capacity

The design shear capacity, φVu , at a web penetration is calculated as the sum of the contributions
from the top and bottom steel webs and the concrete flange. In this calculation, the effect of overall
bending at the cross-section is ignored, while the flexural stresses in the top and bottom T-sections
caused by Vierendeel action due to shear are determined.
The following assumptions are made in the calculation:
(a) the net axial force in the top and bottom T-sections is zero;
(b) a simplified version of the von Mises yield criterion is used to account for the interaction
between shear and bending stresses;
(c) the plastic neutral axes of the top and bottom T-sections due to Vierendeel action lie in their
respective steel flanges; and
(d) a width of 3Dc of the concrete flange contributes to the shear capacity of the top T-section, if
the shear capacity of the steel web of the top T-section is fully utilised.
These assumptions greatly simplify the design model while not significantly affecting the accuracy of
the calculation.
Limits of Applicability of the Strength Design Model

The strength design model is primarily formulated for rectangular web penetrations in a simply-
supported bare steel or composite beam. Circular web penetrations are designed by converting the
circular penetration into an equivalent rectangular penetration. Web penetration size, shape and
location limits are given in Section 6.2.
x
Reinforcement
Reinforcement
(a) Single-sided reinforcement (b) Double-sided reinforcement

Section x-x
Figure 4.2 Web Penetration Reinforcement Arrangements

Web penetrations may be either unreinforced or reinforced, and possibly eccentric to the centroid of
the steel beam section. It is assumed that any web penetration reinforcement is continuously welded
as close as practicable to the top and bottom horizontal edges of the penetration. In addition, the
reinforcement shall be rectangular in cross-section and shall not exceed the dimensions specified in
Section 6.7. Acceptable reinforcement arrangements are shown in Fig. 4.2 for a rectangular
penetration.
Top T-Section P
Bottom T-Section Rigid arms

RA RB
a L0 b
L
(a) Idealised beam model for calculation of additional deflections
θL
θL θH P θH
(b) Additional deflection due to bending
δ's
a L0 b
L
(c) Shear deformation and induced discontinuity
θ'L
θ'L θ'H P θ'H
(d) Additional deflection due to shear
Figure 4.3 Deflections of the Beam

The steel section shall be compact or non-compact in accordance with the requirements of
AS 2327.1. Slenderness limitations have been imposed in the region of the web penetration to avoid
buckling of the webs of the T-sections and overall buckling of the top T-section in compression.
These limitations are given in Section 6.6. As the resistance of bare steel and composite beams to
lateral and flexural-torsional buckling may be lowered with the introduction of a web penetration, the
effect of reduced lateral and flexural-torsional buckling loads also needs to be considered in design.
The strength design method is not applicable to beams subjected to significant load fluctuations,
which may lead to fatigue.
4.3 Deflection Design Model
Deflection Component Without a Web Penetration

The deflection of the beam without a penetration is determined by the simplified method specified in
Appendix B of AS 2327.1. This method is based on elastic bending theory, and uses the effective
second moments of area of the beam, which accounts for partial shear connection.
Additional Deflection Components due to Web Penetration

The additional deflection components due to bending and shear deformations at the web penetration
are determined using a model where only the top and bottom T-sections at the penetration are
assumed to undergo deformation. The remaining parts of the beam on both sides of the penetration
are assumed to be rigid (see Fig. 4.3(c)). These rigid arms, which are connected to each end of the
penetration, rotate in order to maintain compatibility with the local deformations at the penetration, as
shown in Fig. 4.3.

5. DESIGN APPROACH
5.1 General
The purpose of this section is to explain the design approach adopted in this booklet. Rules for the
strength and deflection design of simply-supported bare steel and composite beams incorporating
large web penetrations are covered in Section 6. The restrictions applicable to the strength design
method are given in Section 6.2.
The overall design approach covering strength and deflection design is illustrated in Fig. 5.1 as a
flowchart.
5.2 Overall Design Approach

It is assumed in the overall design approach that a preliminary design of the beam without web
penetrations has been completed prior to the web penetration design. Therefore, the basic
parameters such as relevant material properties, the size of the steel beam, dimensions of the
concrete slab, distribution of shear connectors, etc., are all assumed to be known. It is also assumed
that the deflection of the beam without web penetrations has been calculated and that any specific
deflection criteria are known.
The aim of the web penetration design procedure is to determine whether the proposed web
penetration can be placed at the preferred location without violating the strength and deflection
design criteria. An unreinforced penetration is initially tried with the aim of minimising cost.
If the design criteria are not satisfied for a trial size and location of the web penetration, the options
available to the designer for improving the design include:
(a) changing the location of penetration;
(b) changing the steel beam size; or
(c) adding penetration reinforcement.
The parts of the overall design approach that are covered by the strength and deflection design
methods provided herein are shown below the horizontal dashed line in Fig. 5.1.
5.3 Strength Design

The aim of the strength design procedure presented in this section is to ensure that the strength
design criterion given by Eq. 4.1 is not violated in the region of the web penetration.
When multiple web penetrations are made in a beam, the method can be used to design each
penetration separately provided the geometric restrictions in relation to the spacing of the web
penetrations are satisfied.
The main steps of the strength design procedure are described in the following sub-sections.
Size and Location of Web Penetration

The size and location of the web penetration shall satisfy the geometric constraints given in Section
6.2. These represent the limits of applicability of the strength design method.
Design Action Effects
The design action effects, M * and V * , are calculated at the mid-length of the web penetration.

The strength design criterion for a web penetration is represented by the cubic moment-shear
interaction equation given as Eq. 4.1. Therefore, once M * and V * are known, the strength design
method simply consists of calculating the design moment and shear capacities, φMb and φVu , and
checking that Eq. 4.1 is satisfied.

Start
Strength design of
beam without web penetration
Design of beam
without web penetration Calculation of deflection
of beam without web penetration
Choose the size of the

Web penetration
web penetration
design
Choose the location of

the web penetration
Calculate M* & V*
Geometric No
constraints
satisfied
?
Yes
Strength design
calculation
Strength No Change Yes

design criterion location of web
satisfied penetration
? ?
Yes No
Add
Stability & No penetration Yes Add
detailing criteria reinforcement reinforcement
satisfied ?
?
Yes No
Calculate additional deflection Change steel

due to web penetration section
Deflection No
design criteria
satisfied
?
Yes
Design complete
Stop
Figure 5.1 Flowchart of the Overall Design Approach

The design moment capacity, φMb , is calculated at the HME using rectangular stress block theory
given in AS 2327.1, while accounting for the height of the web penetration, any web penetration
reinforcement present and the degree of shear connection β at the HME.

In the calculation of φMb , it is necessary to know the compressive force in the concrete flange at the
HME, FcH , which depends on the distribution of shear connectors along the beam, previously
determined for the strength design of the beam without any web penetrations.
The shear force, V * , at the cross-section is assumed to be zero for this calculation. Hence the value
of φMb represents the point “A” on the moment-shear interaction curve shown in Fig. 4.1.
The design shear capacity, φVu , is determined as the summation of the nominal shear capacities of
the top and bottom T-sections, Vt and Vb , respectively, times the capacity factor, φ . Although the
overall bending moment at the penetration is assumed to be zero for this calculation, Vierendeel
action due to vertical shear force acting across the penetration is accounted for which gives rise to
secondary bending moments. The value of φVu represents the point “B” on the moment-shear
interaction curve shown in Fig. 4.1.
The total deflection is calculated as the sum of three components (as shown in Fig. 5.2), viz:
(a) deflection of beam without a web penetration, calculated in accordance with the requirements
of AS 2327.1 (Fig. 5.2(a));
(b) deflection due to secondary bending within the length of the penetration (Fig. 5.2(b)); and
(c) deflection due to shear deformation within the length of the web penetration (Fig. 5.2(c)).
The design method has been formulated assuming only one web penetration in the beam. However,
deflections from multiple penetrations may be superimposed as linear elastic behaviour is assumed.
P
a L0 b
x
L
δg(x)
θL (a) Bending deflection of beam with no penetration

θH
δH(x)
θ' L
(b) Additional bending deflection (from rigid-arm model)
θ' H
δv(x)
(c) Additional shear deflection (from rigid-arm model)
δt(x)
(d) Total deflection of beam
Figure 5.2 Deflection Components of Beam

6. DESIGN RULES
6.1 General
The design rules for the strength and deflection design of simply-supported bare steel and composite
beams incorporating large web penetrations are presented in this section. The web penetrations may
be circular or rectangular in shape, unreinforced or reinforced, and located either concentrically or
eccentrically to the centroid of the steel section.
The restrictions applicable to the strength design rules are given in Section 6.2.
The strength design objectives and criteria are given in Section 6.3.
The design rules for calculating the design moment and shear capacities, φMb and φVu , for
composite beams are given in Section 6.4.
The design rules for calculating φMb and φVu for bare steel beams, a special case of the more
general method applicable to composite beams, are given in Section 6.5.
The stability considerations applicable to the strength design are given in Section 6.6, and the
detailing requirements are given in Section 6.7.
Design rules for calculating the additional vertical deflection due to a web penetration are given in
Section 6.8.
6.2 Application
The proposed size and location of the web penetration must be checked prior to performing the
design calculations to ensure compliance with the requirements of the strength design method given
in this section. In addition, the size and location of penetrations may also be governed by the stability
considerations given in Section 6.6.
Circular Penetrations
The design formulae presented are for rectangular penetrations. However, circular penetrations can
be designed using the same formulae by assuming that a circular penetration of diameter D is
equivalent to a rectangular penetration of the following dimensions.
(a) L0 = 0.45D .
(b) For unreinforced circular penetrations:
h 0 = D for the calculation of Mb ; and
h 0 = 0.9D for the calculation of Vu .

(c) For reinforced circular penetrations:
h 0 = D for the calculation of Mb and Vu .
Steel Section
The steel section shall be a doubly symmetric I-section. The design methods are only applicable if
the steel beam plate elements are compact or non-compact in accordance with the requirements of
AS 2327.1. Only the effective portion of any non-compact plate elements shall be used in the
strength and deflection calculations. The steel section shall also conform to the stability
considerations given in Section 6.6.
Profiled Steel Sheeting

The profiled steel sheeting shall conform to the requirements of AS 2327.1. For the purposes of
design, the sheeting shall be considered to be parallel to the steel beam (i.e. λ = 10
. ) if the angle

between the beam and the sheeting ribs is less than or equal to 15 degrees. Otherwise it shall be
considered perpendicular (i.e. λ = 0.0 ).
Size of Rectangular and Circular Penetrations

Acceptable geometry for a beam incorporating web penetrations is given in Fig. 6.1. The location and
dimensions of web penetrations shall be such that:
(a) (L 0 / h 0 ) ≤ 3.0
(b) h 0 ≤ 0.7 Ds
(c) s t ≥ 0.15D s
(d) For bare steel beams, sb ≥ 0.15Ds ; and
for composite beams, sb ≥ 0.12Ds
(e) (L0 / s t ) ≤ 12 and (L0 / s b ) ≤ 12
(f) For bare steel beams, (L0 / h 0 + 6 h 0 / Ds ) ≤ 5.6; and
for composite beams, (L0 / h 0 + 6 h 0 / Ds ) ≤ 6.0
P
Mid-height of
L0/st ≤ 12 st ≥=0.15Ds
penetration
+ve e
Ds L0/h0 ≤ 3 h0 ≤=0.7Ds
Centroidal axis
of steel beam
L0/sb ≤ 12 sb ≥=0.15Ds (bare steel)
sb ≥=0.12Ds (composite)
a ≥=Ds L0
Figure 6.1 Beam Geometry
Proximity to Concentrated Loads and Supports

The distance from the nearer end of the penetration to the edge of a support shall be not less than
the overall depth of the beam, Ds . When a beam with a web penetration is subjected to a
concentrated load, the following requirements shall also be satisfied.
(a) No concentrated load shall be located within the length of a web penetration.
(b) Bearing stiffeners shall be provided at the loading point when a concentrated load is applied;
- closer than D s 2 to the nearer edge of the penetration unless,
d1 f yw bf − t w f yf
ç ÷ ≤ 70 and ç ÷ ≤9 (6.1)
tw 250 2t f 250
- closer than D s from the nearer edge of the penetration unless,
æ d1 ö f yw æ bf − t w ö f yf
ç ÷ ≤ 87 and ç ÷ ≤ 11 (6.2)
è tw 250 è 2t f 250
The design of bearing stiffeners shall be in accordance with the requirements of Clause 5.14 of
AS 4100.

6.3 Strength Design
Design Objectives
The objective of the strength design method is to ensure that the strength design criterion is not
violated in the region of the web penetration. It is also necessary to check that the beam is
sufficiently strong to resist any local instability of the steel beam plate elements around the
penetration, which can cause lateral buckling of the top T-section or flexural-torsional buckling of the
beam. The latter two modes of buckling apply only to bare steel beams.

The strength design criterion is given in the form of a cubic moment-shear interaction equation:
3 3
M* æ V* ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ ≤ 1.0 (6.3)
φM b è φVu
where, M * and V * are the design action effects at the mid-length of the penetration; and φMb and
φVu are the design moment and shear capacities at the penetration, respectively. The value of φ
shall be taken as 0.9.
6.4 Design Moment and Shear Capacities - Composite Beams

The design moment capacity, φMb , at the HME of the web penetration is calculated using
rectangular stress block theory in accordance with AS 2327.1. The design moment capacity of the
net section at the penetration, including any web penetration reinforcement, shall not exceed that of
the composite cross-section without the web penetration.
The formulae needed to calculate φMb are given in Appendix A. The calculation procedure is briefly
described below.
(a) Calculate the compressive force in the concrete flange, FcH , and the degree of shear
connection, β , using Para. A2.
(b) Determine the depth of the compressive zone in the concrete flange, d c , and the force
components in the cross-section using Para. A3.2.
(c) Determine the design moment capacity, φMb , using the appropriate case given in Para. A3,
depending on the depth of the compressive zone in the cross-section, dh .
The formulae given in Appendix A are based on the following assumptions:
(a) the composite beam cross-section is comprised of a concrete flange and a doubly-symmetric
steel I-section;
(b) penetrations may be either reinforced or unreinforced;
(c) the reinforcement, if any, above and below the penetration are of the same dimensions and
are located horizontally as close as practicable to the edges of the penetration; and
(d) sheeting ribs are deemed to be either perpendicular or parallel to the steel beam.

The design shear capacity in the region of a web penetration in a composite beam is given as:
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb ) (6.4)
where Vt and Vb are the nominal shear capacities of the top and bottom T-sections, respectively. The
nominal shear capacity, Vu , shall satisfy the conditions given in Eqs 6.37 or 6.41, as applicable.
The nominal shear capacity of the bottom T-section, Vb , is calculated as follows:

6 + µb
Vb = Vpb ≤ Vpb (6.5)
νb + 3
2Fr d r
where, µb = (6.6)
Vpb sb
sb = (D s − h 0 ) 2 + e0 (6.7)
L0
νb = (6.8)
sb
sb = s b , or (6.9)
= s b − Ar (2bf ) [when the penetration is reinforced and
6 + µb
≤ 1]
νb + 3
Vpb = 0.6f yw s b t w (6.10)
The nominal shear capacity of the top T-section, Vt , is calculated as follows:
6 + µt
Vt = Vpt ≤ Vpt + 0.29 f c' Avc (6.11)
νt + 3
2Fr d r + FctHd ctH − FctL d ctL
where, µt = (6.12)
Vpt s t
st = (D s − h 0 ) 2 − e0 (6.13)
L0
νt = (6.14)
st
st = s t , or (6.15)
= s t − Ar (2bf ) [when the penetration is reinforced and
6 + µt
≤ 1]
νt + 3
Vpt = 0.6f yw s t t w (6.16)
Fr = f yr Ar (6.17)
FctH = min.(Fc , n H f ds , (Ftf + Ftw + Fr )) (6.18)
The distance d ctH from the top of the steel cross-section to the line of action of FctH is determined
as:
FctH
d ctH = Dc − (6.19)
1.7 f c' bcf
FctL = FctH − (nH − nL ) f ds (6.20)

where, fds is calculated in accordance with AS 2327.1 based on nH shear connectors.
The distance from the top of the steel section to the line of action of FctL is determined as:
FctL
d ctL = (1 − λ )hr + (6.21)
1.7f c' b cf
6 + µt
If > 1.0 in Eq. 6.11, then the nominal shear capacity of the top T-section, Vt , shall be
νt + 3
limited by the following condition:
FctH ≤ f yf t f (bf − t w ) + Ar f yr (6.22)

In this case, d ctH , FctL , and d ctL are all to be recalculated based on the value of FctH in Eq. 6.22,
and µ t shall be recalculated from Eq. 6.12. The nominal shear capacity of the top T-section is then
determined as:
µt
Vt = Vpt (6.23)
νt
but limited by,
Vpt ≤ Vt ≤ Vpt + 0.29 f c' Avc (6.24)

where, Avc = (
3D c D c − (1 − λ )h r ) (6.25)
6.5 Design Moment and Shear Capacities - Bare Steel Beams

The design rules given in this section for bare steel beams have been derived using the more
general rules for composite beams given in Section 6.4.

The design moment capacity, φMb , at the HME of the penetration is based on the net section at the
penetration and determined using rectangular stress block theory. The value of φMb shall not
exceed the design moment capacity of the steel section without the penetration.
The formulae presented in Appendix B for the calculation of φMb are only applicable when the
following requirements are satisfied:
(a) the steel beam is a doubly-symmetric I-section; and
(b) the reinforcement, if any, above and below the penetration is of the same dimensions and is
located as close as practicable to the horizontal edges of the penetration.

The design shear capacity, φVu , of a bare steel beam in the region of a web penetration is
determined by evaluating the geometric parameters µ t , ν t , µ b and ν b for the top and bottom T-
sections, and summing the components Vt and Vb , whereby;
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb ) (6.26)

where Vt and Vb are the nominal shear capacities of the top and bottom T-sections, respectively.
The nominal shear capacity of the bottom T-section shall be calculated as follows:
6 + µb
Vb = Vpb ≤ Vpb (6.27)
νb + 3
2Fr d r
where, µb = ; (6.28)
Vpb sb
sb = (D s − h 0 ) 2 + e 0 (6.29)
Vpb = 0.6f yw sbt w (6.30)
Fr = f yr Ar (6.31)
L0
and νb = ; (6.32)
sb
sb = s b , or (6.33)
= s b − Ar (2bf ) [when the penetration is reinforced and
6 + µb
≤ 1]
νb + 3

The nominal shear capacity of the top T-section, Vt , can be calculated using Eqs 6.27 to 6.33 with
Vt , µ t , ν t , Vpt and s t substituted for Vb , µ b , ν b , Vpb and sb , respectively.
6.6 Stability Considerations
Web Buckling
The strength design method is generally applicable to the design of web penetrations in beams for
which,
d1 f yw
ç ÷ ≤ 87 (6.34)
tw 250
More specifically,
(a) for beams where,
æ d1 ö f yw
ç ÷ ≤ 70 (6.35)
è tw 250
L0
then ≤ 3.0 (6.36)
h0
and Vu ≤ 0.4f yw t w D s + Vc (6.37)
where, Vc = min.( Vpt (µ / υ − 1) ≥ 0 , 0.29 fc' Avc ) (6.38)

for composite beams, and
= 0 for bare steel beams.
(b) for beams where,
æ d ö f yw
70 < ç 1 ÷ ≤ 87 (6.39)
è tw 250
L0
then ≤ 2.2 (6.40)
h0
and Vu ≤ 0.27f yw t w D s (6.41)
Buckling of Top T-sections
For rectangular penetrations where M * / (V * D s ) > 20 and ν t > 4 , the top T-section of a bare steel
beam shall be designed as a compression member with an effective length equal to L0 , in
accordance with the requirements of AS 4100. Buckling is unlikely to occur in the top T-section of a
composite beam or in reinforced T-sections.
Flexural-Torsional Buckling
In the case of bare steel beams, the effect of the penetration on flexural-torsional buckling of the
member shall be considered. No specific guidelines are provided in this document.
Note: Some guidance on buckling of beams with web penetrations can be found in [18].
6.7 Detailing
Spacing Between Multiple Penetrations

To be treated as an individual penetration, the clear spacing, S , between multiple penetrations in
both composite and bare steel beams shall satisfy the following requirements.

For rectangular penetrations:
é æ V* öù
ê ç ÷
ê ç φVu ÷
S ≥ max . h0 , L0 ç ÷ (6.42)
ê *
ê ç 1- V ÷
ç φV ÷
ëê è u ø
For circular penetrations:
é æ V* öù
ê ç ÷
ç φVu ÷
S ≥ max .ê1.5D , Dç ÷ (6.43)
ê *
ê ç 1- V ÷
ç φV ÷
êë è u ø
where, Vu is the nominal shear capacity of the steel beam without a penetration and D is the
diameter of the penetration.
The spacing between multiple penetrations in composite beams shall also satisfy,
S [
≥ max. L0 , 2D s ] (6.44)
When these criteria are not satisfied, the possible reduction in the strength of the member due to
interaction between penetrations shall be considered. However, no guidelines are provided in this
document for this assessment.
Penetration Reinforcement
Typical reinforcement details are shown in Fig. 4.2. The reinforcement shall be provided in
accordance with the following requirements.
(a) The outstand of the reinforcement shall be compact in accordance with the requirements of
AS 4100.
(b) The reinforcement shall be continuously welded parallel and as close as practicable to the
horizontal edges of the penetration.
(c) The area of reinforcement along each edge of the penetration shall satisfy the condition:
fyw
Ar ≤ 0.3t w L0 çç ÷ (6.45)
fyr ÷
(d) The reinforcement shall be extended beyond each end of the penetration by a distance not
less than L0 / 4 or (0.87Ar ) / t w , whichever is greater.
(e) The design capacity of the weld within the length of the penetration shall not be less than twice
the nominal tensile capacity of the reinforcement.
(i.e. design capacity of weld ≥ 2 × f yr × cross-sectional area of one reinforcement plate or flat
bar.)
(f) The design capacity of the weld beyond each end of the penetration shall not be less than the
nominal tensile capacity of the reinforcement.
(i.e. design capacity of weld ≥ f yr × cross-section area of reinforcement.)
(g) Reinforcement shall be provided equally along the top and bottom horizontal edges of the web
penetration.
A single-side reinforcement arrangement shall not be used unless all of the following conditions are
satisfied:
Af
Ar ≤ (6.46)
3

L0
≤ 2.5 (6.47)
h0
st f yw
≤ 23 (6.48)
tw 250
sb f yw
≤ 23 (6.49)
tw 250
M*
and ≤ 20 at the mid-length of the penetration. (6.50)
V * Ds
Slab Reinforcement
TM
It is recommended that DECKMESH be provided in region of the web penetration when the
sheeting ribs are deemed perpendicular to the steel beam (see Fig. 6.2), to control the diagonal
cracking shown in Fig. 3.1. Only one panel width (450 mm) is required.
min. (600,a) L0 min. 600
DECKMESH
BHP DECKMESH
LME HME
Notes:
Notes:
(a)
(a) DECKMESH is available
BHP DECKMESH in modules
is available of length
in modules 600 mm
of length 600and
mmwidth 450 mm.
(b)
(b) DECKMESH is required
BHP DECKMESH only when
is required sheeting
only when ribs are
sheeting ribsdeemed perpendicular
are deemed to steel
perpendicular to beam
beam
TM
Figure 6.2. DECKMESH Recommended in the Region of a Web Penetration.
Corner Radii
The corner radii of a rectangular penetration shall be not less than 2t w or 16 mm, whichever is
greater.
General
The total deflection δ t ( x ) at a point x (see Fig. 5.2) on the beam is expressed as:
δ t (x) = δ g (x ) + δb (x ) + δ v (x ) (6.51)
where,
δ g(x) = deflection at point x of the beam without the penetration;
δb (x ) = deflection at point x due to bending from Vierendeel action within the length of
the penetration; and
δ v (x ) = deflection at point x due to shear deformation within the length of the penetration.
Shear Force Carried by Top T-Section
The design shear force, V * , is assumed to be shared between the top and bottom T-sections as
Vt* and Vb* , respectively. For bare steel and composite beams, Vt* shall be determined as follows:

(a) For concentric penetrations in bare steel beams:

V*
Vt* = (6.52)
2
(b) For eccentric penetrations in bare steel beams:
V*
Vt* = (6.53)
(1 + R )
L30 k L
ê + B 0 ú
where, R = ê 12EI b Gt w s b ú (6.54)
ê L3 k L ú
ê 0
+ T 0 ú
ê 12EI t Gt w s t ú
k T and kB are the appropriate shear coefficients for top and bottom T-sections. A value
for R of 1.2 is considered suitable for I-sections used in practice.
(c) For composite beams:
Vt* = V* (6.55)
Additional Bending Deflection

The additional deflection due to secondary bending occurs as a result of the rotations of the rigid
arms as shown in Fig. 4.3(c) and 4.3(d).
To determine these rotations, the differential primary moment across the penetration and the
secondary moment due to Vierendeel action must first be determined.
The differential design bending moment, M d* , acting across the web penetration is calculated as:
M d* = MH* − ML* (6.56)

where, MH* and ML* are the design bending moments at the high and low moment ends, respectively.
The secondary moment induced by Vierendeel action across the web penetration is defined as:
Vt * L 0
*
M se = − (6.57)
2
where Vt* is the shear force carried by the top T-section, and is calculated using Eqns 6.52, 6.53 or
6.55, as appropriate.
Hence, the rotations at the low and high moment ends of the web penetration are given as:
θL
ç
= ç
*
M se ( )
I 0 L20 − 2L0 (3b + 2L 0 ) − M d* I t L0 (3b + 2L 0 )
÷
6EI 0 I t L ÷ (6.58)
θH
ç
−ç
(M I*
d t + 2M se
*
I 0 L0 ) ÷
=
2EI 0 I t ÷ − θL (6.59)
where I0 is the second moment of area of the gross cross-section including the web penetration, I t
is the second moment of area of the top T-section, and b and L are the dimensions shown in
Fig. 4.3(a).
The additional bending deflection, δ b , of the beam due to the web penetration is given as:
For x ≤ a ;
δb (x) = xθ L (6.60)

For x ≥ a + L0 ;
δb (x) = (L − x )θ H (6.61)
Additional Shear Deflection

The additional deflection due to shear deformation in the T-sections causes the rigid arms to rotate
as shown in Fig. 4.3(c) and (d). These rotations, θ L' and θ H' , are calculated as follows:
2L0 δ 's
θL' = (6.62)
3 bL
δ'
θH' = çç s ÷÷ − θ L' (6.63)
b
where the additional shear deflection ignoring geometric continuity (see Fig. 4.3(c)) is given by:
kVt* L0
δ 's = (6.64)
Gs t t w
The additional deflection, δ v , of the beam due to the web penetration is given as:
For x ≤ a ;
δ v (x ) = xθ L' (6.65)
For x ≥ a + L0 ;
δ v (x ) = (L − x )θ H' (6.66)

7. AIDS FOR STRENGTH DESIGN

7.1 General
To assist the design of penetrations in accordance with the method given in Section 6, a series of
TM
design tables and a spreadsheet program named WEBPEN are provided.
TM
Details about WEBPEN are given in Section 7.2.
The major calculation effort in the strength design method is spent determining φMb and φVu at the
penetration. The design tables allow these values to be readily determined for a wide range of
situations covering both bare steel and composite beams. These design tables are suitable for use
during the preliminary design stage as well as for final design. A brief description of the tables is
given in Section 7.3 and the tables are given in Appendix C.
7.2 WEBPENTM Spreadsheet Program

TM ® TM
The WEBPEN spreadsheet program runs on Microsoft EXCEL Version 7. The design tables
TM
given in Appendix C were generated using WEBPEN .
The input data required for the spreadsheet includes:
(a) Steel section data - chosen from an in-built section library that includes all relevant properties
for UB and WB sections.
(b) Concrete flange data: bcf , D c , f c' and ρ c .
(c) Profiled steel sheeting data: rib height; and angle of sheeting ribs to steel beam longitudinal
axis.
(d) Geometry of the penetration: rectangular/circular, height/diameter, length and eccentricity.
(e) Shear connector data: nominal shear capacity; number of shear connectors from the HME to
the nearer end of beam; and number of shear connectors within the length of the penetration.
(f) Penetration reinforcement data: plate width; thickness; and nominal yield stress.
(g) Design action effect data: M * and V * values at the mid-length of the penetration.
For a given configuration with M * and V * values at the penetration having been determined, the
spreadsheet will calculate the design capacities φM b and φVu and plot the design point in relation to
the moment-shear interaction curve, allowing the designer to determine whether or not the trial
geometry and location of the penetration is satisfactory. The designer can easily trial several
combinations of penetration geometries and locations until a satisfactory solution is obtained. A
TM
typical moment-shear interaction curve output from WEBPEN is shown in Fig. 7.1.

WEBPENTM RESULTS
900
800
700
MOMENT (kNm)
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
0 200 400 600 800
SHEAR FORCE (kN)
TM
Figure 7.1 Typical Output of WEBPEN
7.3 Design Capacity Tables

The design capacity tables given in Appendix C can be used to calculate φM b and φVu for a wide
range of bare steel and composite beams with concentric web penetrations of various proportions.
The parametric range covered in the tables is given in Table 7.1. A detailed description of the
parameters given in the tables and how the tables may be used to calculate φM b and φVu is given in
Paragraphs C2 and C3, respectively.
Table 7.1 Parametric Range of Design Capacity Tables
Parameter Range
Flange width ( bcf ) 1200, 1600 and 2100 mm
Concrete strength ( f c' ) Grades 25 and 32
Slab thickness ( D c ) 120 mm
Direction of sheeting ribs Perpendicular ( λ = 10 . ) and

parallel ( λ = 0 ) to steel beam
Steel beam 700WB115 to 800WB192
®
(300PLUS ) 310UB32 to 610UB125
Penetration size Circular: h 0 / D s = 0.3, 0.5 & 0.7
Rectangular:
h 0 / D s = 0.3, 0.5 & 0.7; and
L0 / h 0 = 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0

8. WORKED EXAMPLES
8.1 General
Two worked examples are presented to demonstrate the strength and deflection design methods
given in Section 6. They involve the design of a web penetration in an unpropped simply-supported
composite beam for Construction Stage 3 (i.e. bare steel beam), and the in-service condition, as
defined in AS 2327.1:
Example 1
Strength design of a bare steel beam with a rectangular web penetration for Construction Stage 3,
using hand calculations and the design capacity tables given in Appendix C.
Example 2
Strength and deflection design of a composite beam with a rectangular web penetration for the in-
service condition, using hand calculations and the design capacity tables given in Appendix C.
It is assumed that the composite beam without the penetration has been designed in accordance
with AS 2327.1.
8.2 Beam and Penetration Data

The beam data and the preferred size and location of the penetration are given in Table 8.1:
Table 8.1 Worked Example Geometry and Properties
Span ( L ) = 10.5 m
Spacing of secondary beams = 2.6 m
®
Steel beam = 410UB53.7, 300PLUS
( D s = 403 mm, bf = 178 mm, t f = 10.9 mm, t w = 7.6 mm,
d1 = 381 mm, f yw = 320 MPa, f yf = 320 MPa )
Slab depth ( Dc ) = 120 mm (composite slab, hr = 55 mm)

Orientation of sheeting = Sheeting ribs perpendicular to the steel beam
Concrete strength ( fc′ ) = 25 MPa
3
Density of concrete = 25 kN/m (including allowance for reinforcement)
Superimposed dead load = 0.3 kPa (services and ceilings)
Reducible Live load = 4.0 kPa
Shear connectors = 19 mm diameter
Penetration = Penetration centreline located at 3300 mm from the support
h0 = 225 mm ( = 0.56D s ) , L0 = 425 mm ( = 19
. h0 )
Concentric with no reinforcement (see Fig. 8.1), therefore

s t = sb = (Ds − h 0 ) 2 = 89 mm
The assumptions made in the calculations are as follows:

(a) the steel and composite beams are assumed to be simply-supported during construction and
the in-service condition; and
(b) the maximum ponding deflection of the profiled steel sheeting equals 10.4 mm.

f'c= 25 MPa
Dc=120
410UB53.7, BHP-300PLUS
h0=225
x
3088 L0=425 6987
3300
L=10500
Figure 8.1 Beam Geometry
8.3 Example 1
This worked example demonstrates the strength design procedure for a web penetration in a bare
steel beam for Construction Stage 3, using hand calculations and design capacity tables given in
Appendix C.
Calculation of Design Action Effects at Mid-Length of Web Penetration

The minimum nominal loads for construction given in Paragraph F2 of AS 2327.1 are used.
The effective span and tributary area are calculated in accordance with the requirements of
AS 2327.1.
Span (L ) = 10.5 m
2
Tributary area = 27.3 m
Steel beam self-weight = 0.5 kN/m

3
Weight of slab (including ponding) = (0.12 m + 0.7x2.6/250) x 25 kN/m x 2.6 m = 8.3 kN/m
Dead load (G) = 0.5+8.3 = 8.8 kN/m
Reducible Construction live load [
= 10. − (27.3 − 23 ) / (46 − 23) × (10 ]
. − 0.6) × 2.6 = 2.4 kN/m
∴ Live load (Q) = 2.4 kN/m
Design load (W) = 1.25 x 8.81 + 1.5 x 2.4 = 14.6 kN/m
Support reaction = 76.6 kN
∴ At mid-length of web penetration:

M * = 173 kNm
V * = 28.4 kN
Preliminary Check
Ensure the conditions given in Section 6.2 are satisfied:
• ( )
h 0 = 225 mm = 0.56D s ≤ 0.7Ds Satisfactory
• for bare steel beams: (L0 h 0 + 6 h 0 Ds ) = 5.2 ≤ 5.6 Satisfactory in Construction Stage 3
• (
s t = 89 mm ≥ 0.15Ds = 60.5 mm ) Satisfactory
• for bare steel beams: sb = 89 mm ≥ 0.15D s Satisfactory in Construction Stage 3
• no concentrated loads are applied to the beam, thus loading does not restrict the position of the
web penetration Satisfactory

• distance to nearest end support = 3088 mm > Ds Satisfactory
• the ratios L0 s t , L0 s b = 425/89 = 4.8 < 12 Satisfactory
• the slenderness of the web will also influence the maximum allowable length-to-height ratio of a
penetration and the maximum nominal shear capacity of the member (see Section 6.6).
d1 f yw
For 410UB53.7, ç ÷ = 56.7 < 70
tw 250
L0
Therefore, ≤ 3.0; and
h0
for bare steel beams, Vu ≤ 0.4f yw t w D s
Strength Design by Hand Calculation

Determine the depth of the compressive stress zone, d h , and nominal moment capacity, M b , of the
steel cross-section at the HME of the web penetration, using the formulae given in Paragraph B2 of
Appendix B.
As the penetration is concentric and unreinforced, Ftw = Fbw (= Atw f yw = 190 kN) and Fr = 0. In
addition Ftf = Fbf (= 621 kN) (as the 410UB53.7 section is compact in accordance with AS 2327.1).
Therefore, using Eqs B1 and B2 for Case1;
t w f yw (s t + t f ) + 2Fr + Fbw + Fbf − Ftf
dh =
2t w f yw
7.6 × 320 × (89.0 + 10.9) + 2 × 0 + 190E3 + 621E 3 − 621E 3
=
2 × 7.6 × 320
= 89.0 mm
and
Mb ( ) (
) 2 + (s t − d h ) 2 ú 2
= Ftf d h − t f / 2 + t w f yw ê d h − t f
+ Fr (D s + s t − s b − 2d h ) + Fbw (D s − d h − (s b + t f ) 2)
+ Fbf (D s − d h − t f / 2)
= [
621E 3 × (89 − 10.9 / 2) + 7.6 × 320 (89 − 10.9) + 0 2
2
]2
(
+ 0 + 190E 3 403 − 89 − (89 + 10.9) 2 )
+ 621E 3(403 − 89 − 10.9 / 2)
= 303 kNm
Therefore, the design moment capacity of the cross-section at the penetration is;
φM b = 273 kNm

From Eq. 6.4,
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb )
Nominal shear capacity of the bottom T-section:
Using Eqs 6.27 to 6.33,
6 + µb
Vb = Vpb ≤ Vpb
νb + 3

2Fr d r
where, µb = = 0 (since unreinforced)
Vpb sb
L0 425
νb = = = 4.78
sb 89
and Vpb = 0.6f yw s b t w = 0.6 × 320 × 89 × 7.6 = 130 kN
6 +0
Therefore, Vb = × 130 ≤ 130 kN
4.78 + 3
= 48.9 kN
Nominal shear capacity of the top T-section:

Using the same equations as for the bottom T-section calculations,
Vt = 48.9 kN
The design shear capacity is,
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb ) = 0.9 × (48.9 + 48.9 ) = 88 kN
To satisfy the web buckling considerations given in Section 6.6,
Vu (=97.8 kN) ≤ 0.4f yw t w D s
≤ 0.4 × 320 × 7.6 × 403 = 392 kN O.K
To satisfy the considerations for buckling of the top T-section given in Section 6.6,
(
M * V * Ds ) = 15.1 < 20 criterion satisfied
Applying the moment-shear interaction relationship given in Eq. 6.3,
3 3
173 æ 28.4 ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0.29 ≤ 10
. strength criterion satisfied
273 è 88.0
Strength Design using Tables

Since h 0 / D s = 0.56 for the penetration, determine φM b and φVu values by interpolating between
the values obtained from Table C26 for h 0 / D s = 0.5 and Table C27 for h 0 / D s = 0.7 .

Values of the design moment capacity of a bare steel beam with a web penetration, φM b.0 , are given
in the fifth column of the tables. By interpolation, the design moment capacity are calculated as,
0.56 − 0.5
φM b = 269 − ç ÷ × (269 − 255) = 265 kNm
0.7 − 0.5
Values of the design shear capacity of a bare steel beam with a web penetration are given in the
columns with headings φVu.0 for different web penetration aspect ratios.
Since L0 h 0 = 19
. for the penetration, first interpolate between the columns corresponding to
L 0 h 0 = 15
. and L0 h 0 = 2.0 in each table, and then interpolate between those values to determine
φVu.0 corresponding to h 0 D s = 0.56 .
. − 15
19 .
Value of φVu.0 from Table C26 = 137 − ç ÷ × (137 − 113) = 118 kN
2.0 − 15
.
. − 15
19 .
Value of φVu.0 from Table C27 = 45 − ç ÷ × (45 − 35) = 37.0 kN
2.0 − 15
.

0.7 − 0.56
φVu = 118 + ç ÷ × (118 − 37 ) = 93.6 kN
0.7 − 0.5
Applying the moment-shear interaction relationship given in Eq. 6.3,
3 3
æ 173 ö æ 28.4 ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0.31 ≤ 10
è 265 è 93.6
8.4 Example 2
This worked example demonstrates the strength design procedure for a web penetration in a
composite beam (described in Section 8.2) for the in-service condition, using hand calculations and
design capacity tables given in Appendix C.
It is assumed that the composite beam without the penetration has already been designed in
accordance with AS 2327.1. The resulting shear connector distribution given in Fig. 8.2 shows that
the number of 19 mm shear connectors from HME to the nearer end of the beam is 9 (i.e. n H = 9 ).
14
12
Recommended shear connector
No. of Connectors
10
distribution (from COMPBEAMTM)
8
6 nL= 8 nH= 9
4
2 LME HME
0
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 10500
Position along the Beam
Figure 8.2 Shear Connector Distribution
Design Action Effects at Mid-Length of Web Penetration

The effective span and tributary area are calculated in accordance with AS 2327.1.
Span (L ) = 10.5 m
2
Tributary area = 27.3 m
Total dead load of beam (G) = 8.8 + 0.3 × 2.6 = 9.6 kN/m
350
From Section 4 of AS 1170.1, the permissible live load reduction equals, 75 − = 8%
27.3
∴ Reducible live load (Q) = 4 x 0.92 x 2.6 = 9.6 kN/m
Design load (W) = 1.25 x 9.6 + 1.5 x 9.6 = 26.4 kN/m
Support reaction = 138.6 kN
Therefore, at mid-length of the web penetration:

M * = 138.6 × 3.3 − 26.4 × 3.3 2 / 2 = 314 kNm
V * = 138.6 − 26.4 × 3.3 = 51.4 kN
Preliminary Check
In addition to the preliminary checks performed in Example 1 for the bare steel beam, the following
additional checks must be made for the composite beam.

Effective Width of Concrete Compression Flange

Using Clause 5.2.2 of AS 2327.1,
8 2 (
bcf = 2 × min. 10500 , 2600 , 178 + 8 × 120
2 )
= 2098 mm
Web Buckling
Check for web buckling conditions given in Section 6.6:
d1 f yw
For 410UB53.7, ç ÷ = 56.7 < 70
tw 250
L0
Therefore, ≤ 3.0; and
h0
Vu ≤ 0.4f yw t w D s + min.( Vpt (µ t / υ t − 1) ≥ 0 , 0.29 fc' Avc )
Compressive Force in Concrete Flange at HME

The compressive force in the concrete at the HME of the web penetration, FcH , is calculated using
the equations presented in Paragraph A2 of Appendix A.
The compressive capacity of the concrete flange, Fc , is calculated as follows:
Fc = Fc1 + Fc2
Fc1 = 0.85f c' bcf (D c − hr )
= 0.85 × 25 × 2098 × (120 − 55) = 2898 kN
Fc2 = 0.85 f c' bcf λhr
= 0.85 × 25 × 2098 × 0.0 × 55 = 0 kN
Therefore, Fc = 2898 kN
Since nH = 9,
fds = φk n f vs
æ ö
= 0.85 × ç 118
. − ç 0.18 ÷ ÷ × 89 = 84.7 kN
è 9
Therefore, nHf ds = 9 × 84.7 = 762 kN
From Eq. A7,
ne
Fs = Afi yi
i =1
= 2 × 178 × 10.9 × 320 + 2 × (89 − 10.9) × 7.6 × 320 = 1622 kN
From Eq. A8,
FcH = min.( Fc , nHf ds , Fs )
= min.( 2898, 762, 1622 ) = 762 kN
From Eqs A10 and A9,
Fcc = min.(Fc , Fs )
= min.(2898,1622) = 1622 kN
β = n H f ds Fcc ≤ 1
= 762 / 1622 = 0.47

Strength Design by Hand Calculation

Use the formulae given in Para. A3.2.
From previous calculations,
FcH = 762 kN
Fc = 2898 kN
Fs = 1622 kN
Fc1 = 2898 kN
Fr = 0 kN (penetration is unreinforced)
Since FcH ≤ Fc ,
dc = FcH (0.85b f ) cf c
'
[Eq. A11]
= 762E 3 (0.85 × 2098 × 25 ) = 17.1 mm
Since top flange is compact,
Ftf = beff t f f yf = 178 × 10.9 × 320 = 621 kN [Eq. A12]
( )
Since Fs − 2Ftf < FcH ≤ Fs , Case 2 in Para. A3.2 is applicable.
From Eq. A20,
dh = 128 mm
From Eq. A21,
M b = 408 kNm
Therefore, the design moment capacity of the composite cross-section at the penetration is:
φM b = 367 kNm

From Eq. 6.4,
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb )
The nominal shear capacity of the bottom T-section, Vb , is the same as that calculated for the bare
steel beam in Example 1.
Therefore,
Vb = 48.9 kN
The nominal shear capacity of the top T-section, Vt , is calculated as:
6 + µt
Vt = Vpt ≤ Vpt + 0.29 f c' Avc [Eq. 6.11]
νt + 3
where, Vpt = 0.6f yw s t t w [Eq. 6.16]
= 0.6 × 320 × 89 × 7.6 = 130 kN
L0 425
νt = = = 4.78 [Eq. 6.14]
st 89
2Fr d r + FctHd ctH − FctL d ctL
and µt = [Eq. 6.12]
Vpt s t
FctH = min.(Fc , n H f ds , (Ftf + Ftw + Fr )) [Eq. 6.18]
= min.(2898, 762, (621 + 190 + 0)) = 762 kN
FctH 762 × 10 3
where, d ctH = Dc − = 120 − [Eq. 6.19]
1.7 f c' bcf 1.7 × 25 × 2098
= 111.5 mm

FctL = FctH − (nH − nL ) f ds = 762 × 10 3 − 1 × 84.7 × 10 3 [Eq. 6.20]

= 677.3 kN
FctL 677.3 × 10 3
d ctL = (1 − λ )hr + = 55 + [Eq. 6.21]
1.7f c' b cf 1.7 × 25 × 2098
= 62.6 mm
0 + 762 × 10 3 × 1115
. − 677.3 × 10 3 × 62.6
Therefore, µt = = 3.68
130 × 89
6 + µt 6 + 3.68
and Vt = Vpt = × 130 = 122 kN
νt + 3 4.78 + 3
Check, Vt ≤ Vpt + 0.29 f c' Avc = 130 + 0.29 25 × 23.4

= 164 kN O.K
Therefore, Vt = 122 kN
Substituting the values of Vb and Vt in Eq. 6.4,
φVu = φ(Vt + Vb ) = 0.9 × (122 + 48.9) = 154 kN

To satisfy the web buckling conditions given by Eqs 6.37 and 6.38 in Section 6.6,
Vu (=171 kN) ≤ 0.4f yw t w D s + min.( Vpt (µ / ν − 1) ≥ 0 , 0.29 fc' Avc )
≤ 0.4 × 320 × 7.6 × 403 + min.( 130(3.68 / 4.78 − 1) ≥ 0 ,
0.29 25 × 23.4 )
≤ 392 kN O.K
To satisfy the condition for buckling of the top T-section given in Section 6.6,
(
M * V * Ds ) = 15 < 20 criterion satisfied O.K
Substituting the calculated values of M * , V * , φM b and φVu in Eq. 6.3,
3 3
314 æ 514
. ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0.66 ≤ 10
367 è 154
Strength Design using Tables

Since h 0 / D s = 0.56 for the penetration, determine φM b and φVu values by interpolating the values
obtained from Tables C26 and C27 that correspond to h 0 / D s = 0.5 and h 0 / D s = 0.7 , respectively.

Interpolating between Tables C26 and C27 to calculate β Fcc and n max for the penetration with
h 0 / D s = 0.56 ,
0.56 − 0.5
β = 0.79 − ç ÷ × (0.79 − 0.70 ) = 0.76
0.7 − 0.5
0.56 − 0.5
Fcc = 1710 − ç ÷ × (1716 − 1527) = 1653 kN
0.7 − 0.5
0.56 − 0.5
n max = 19 − ç ÷ × (19 − 17 ) = 18
0.7 − 0.5
The number of studs to HME, nH = 9 OK since n H < n max (see Fig. 3.3)

From previous calculations,

FcH = 762 kN and β = 0.47
Interpolating between Tables C26 and C27 to determine the design moment capacities φM b.0 and
φM b.5 corresponding to h 0 / D s = 0.56 ,
0.56 − 0.5
φM b.0 = 269 − ç ÷ × (269 − 255 ) = 265 kNm
0.7 − 0.5
0.56 − 0.5
φM b.5 = 385 − ç ÷ × (385 − 341) = 372 kNm
0.7 − 0.5
Now, interpolate between the values of φM b.0 and φM b.5 to determine φM b corresponding to
β = 0.46 ,
æ 0.46 − 0.0 ö
φM b = 265 + ç ÷ × (372 − 265) = 363 kNm
è 0.5 − 0.0

First interpolate between the columns corresponding to L 0 h 0 = 15
. and L0 h 0 = 2.0 in Tables C26
and C27 to determine φVu.0 and φVu.5 for L0 h 0 = 19
. ,
. − 15
19 .
2.0 − 15
.
. − 15
19 .
2.0 − 15
.
. − 15
19 .
Value of φVu.0 from Table C27 = 45 − ç ÷ × (45 − 35) = 37.0 kN
2.0 − 15
.
. − 15
19 .
Value of φVu.5 from Table C27 = 102 − ç ÷ × (102 − 90 ) = 96 kN
2.0 − 15
.
Secondly, interpolate between these values to determine the moment capacities φVu.0 and φVu.5
corresponding to h 0 / D s = 0.56 ,
0.56 − 0.5
φVu.0 = 118 − ç ÷ × (118 − 37) = 94 kN
0.7 − 0.5
æ 0.56 − 0.5 ö
φVu.5 = 185 − ç ÷ × (185 − 96) = 158 kN
è 0.7 − 0.5
Finally, interpolate between the values of φVu.0 and φVu.5 to determine the value of φVu
corresponding to β = 0.46 ,
æ 0.5 − 0.46 ö
φVu = 158 − ç ÷ × (158 − 94) = 153 kN
è 0.5 − 0.0
Substituting the calculated values of M * , V * , φM b and φVu in Eq. 6.3,
3 3
314 æ 514
. ö
ç ÷ +ç ÷ = 0.68 ≤ 10
363 è 153
Deflection Calculations
In this example, the additional deflection component calculated corresponds to short-term loading
during the in-service condition. The design load, W , for short-term loading is given as:
W = G sup + ψ s Q = 0.78 + 0.7 × 9.6 = 7.5 kN/m
The design action effects at the web penetration resulting from the in-service loading are:

V* = 14.6 kN (calculated at the mid-length of the penetration)

M H* = 92 kNm
M L* = 86 kNm
From Eqs 6.56 and 6.57,
= MH* − ML*
M d*
= 92-86 = 6 kNm
*
− Vt * L 0
M se =
2
−14.6 × 0.425
= = -3.1 kNm
2
The second moment of area of the composite cross-section at the web penetration can be calculated
as,
I 0 = 510 × 10 6 mm
4
Similarly, the second moment of area of the top T-section can be calculated as,
I t = 30.90 × 10 6 mm
4
The modular ratio used in these calculations was based on the short-term properties of the concrete
in accordance with AS 2327.1.
Additional Deflection due to Bending

From Fig. 8.1,
a = 3088 mm and b = 6987 mm
From Eq. 6.58,
θL
( ( ))
ç M se I 0 L0 − 2L0 3b + 2L 0 − M d I t L0 3b + 2L 0 ÷
= ç
* 2 *
( )
6EI 0 I t L ÷
ê (
− 3.1E 6 × 510E 6 × 425 2 − 2 × 425(3 × 6987 + 2 × 425 )
ú )
ê− 6E 6 × 30.9E 6 × 425 × (3 × 6987 + 2 × 425) ú
=
6 × 2E 5 × 510E 6 × 30.9E 6 × 10500
−6
= 137 × 10 rad
θH = − çç
(M I*
d t + 2M se
*
I 0 L0 ) ÷ −θ
2EI 0 I t ÷ L
= −
(6E 6 × 30.9E 6 + 2 × ( −3.1E 6) × 510E 6) × 425 − 137E − 6
2 × 2E 5 × 510E 6 × 30.9E 6
−6
= 63.7 × 10 rad
Therefore, the additional bending deflections at the HME and at midspan are:
δ b at the HME = 6987 × 63.7 × 10 −6 = 0.4 mm
δ b at midspan = 5250 × 63.7 × 10 −6 = 0.3 mm
Additional Shear Deflection

The additional shear deflection is determined from the rotation at the HME resulting from the shear
force carried by the top T-section.
kVt L0
From Eq. 6.64, δ 's =
Gs t t w

. × 14.6 × 10 3 × 425
12
= = 0.1 mm
80 × 10 3 × (89 × 7.6 )
2L0 δ 's
From Eq. 6.62, θ L' =
3 bL
2 × 425 × 0.14
= = 541 × 10 −9 rad
3 × 6987 × 10500
δ'
From Eq. 6.63, θ H' = ç s ÷ − θ L'
ç b÷
0.14 −9
= ç ÷ − 541 × 10 = 19.5 × 10 −6 rad
6987
Thus, the additional shear deflections at the HME and at mid-span are:
δ v at the HME = 6987 × 19.5 × 10 −6 = 0.1 mm
δ v at midspan = 5250 × 19.5 × 10 −6 = 0.1 mm
Total Additional Deflections

The total additional deflection of the beam at the in-service condition is the sum of the bending and
shear components.
(δ b + δ v ) at the HME = 0.4+0.1 = 0.5 mm

(δ b + δ v ) at midspan = 0.3+0.1 = 0.4 mm
For this particular example, the additional deflections due to the penetration are not significant.

9. REFERENCES
1. Standards Australia, Steel Structures, AS 4100-1990.
2. Standards Australia, Composite Structures, Part 1: Simply-Supported Beams, AS 2327.1-1996.
3. OneSteel Market Mills, Design of Simply Supported Composite Beams for Strength (To Australian
nd
Standard AS 2327.1-1996), Composite Structures Design Manual DB1.1, 2 Ed., February, 2001.
4. American Society of Civil Engineers, Task Committee on Design Criteria for Composite
Structures in Steel and Concrete, Proposed Specification for Structural Steel Beams with Web
Openings, Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 118(12), 1992, pp. 3315-3349.
5. Chick, C.G., Dayawansa, P.H. and Patrick, M., Design of Composite Beams with Large Steel
th
Web Penetrations, 15 Aust. Conf. on the Mech. of Struct. and Mat., Melb., Australia, 1997,
pp. 159-164.
6. Chick, C.G., Dayawansa, P.H. and Patrick, M., Strength Design of Simply-Supported Composite
Beams with Large Steel Web Penetrations, Aust. Struct. Engg. Conf., Auck., New Zealand, 1998,
pp. 159-166.
7. Tse, D. and Dayawansa, P.H., Elastic Deflection of Steel and Composite Beams with Web
Penetrations, The Structural Engineer, J. of the Inst. of Struct. Eng., 70(21), 1992, pp. 372-376.
8. Redwood, R.G. and Cho, S.H., Design of Steel and Composite Beams with Web Openings,
J. Construct. Steel Research, 25, 1993, pp. 23-41.
9. Lawson. R.M., Design for Openings in the Webs of Composite Beams, CIRIA Special Publication
51, CIRIA/SCI, London, 1987.
10. Oehlers, D.J. and Bradford, M.A., Composite Steel and Concrete Structural Members:
Fundamental Behaviour, Pergamon, 1995.
11. Chick, C.G., Dayawansa, P.H. and Goh, C.C., Reliability Analysis to Determine φ-factor for
Strength Design of Web Penetrations, BHP Melbourne Research Laboratories Report.
TM
12. OneSteel Reinforcing, DECKMESH , September, 2000.
13. Patrick, M., The Application of Structural Steel Decking in Commercial and Residential Buildings,
Malaysian Structural Steel Association Convention, (Paper 6), December, 1998.
14. Watson, K.B., Dallas, S., van der Kreek, N. and Main, T., Costing of Steelwork from Feasibility
through to Completion, Steel Construction Journal, AISC, 30(2), 1996.
15. Patrick, M., Tse, D. and Wilkie, R., Combined Shear-Tension Testing of the Hilti HVB Shear
Connector, Structural Steel PSSC ’95 4th Pacific Structural Steel Conference, Vol. 3, Steel-
Concrete Composite Structures, Pergamon, 1995, pp. 203-210.
16. Patrick, M., Dayawansa, P.H. and Watson, K.B., A New Reinforcing Component for Preventing
Longitudinal Shear Failure of Composite Edge Beams, Structural Steel PSSC ’95 4th Pacific
Structural Steel Conference, Vol. 3, Steel-Concrete Composite Structures, Pergamon, 1995,
pp. 101-108.
17. Patrick, M., Dayawansa, P.H., Eadie, I., Watson, K.B. and van der Kreek, N., Australian
Composite Structures Standard AS 2327, Part 1: Simply-Supported Beams, Steel Construction
Journal, AISC, 29(4), December, 1995, pp. 2-40.
18. Redwood, R.G. and Shrivastava, S.C., Design Recommendations for Steel Beams with Web
Holes, Can. J. Civ. Engg., 7(4), 1980, pp. 642-650.
19. OneSteel Market Mills, Design of the Shear Connection of Simply Supported Composite Beams
st
(To Australian Standard AS 2327.1-1996), Composite Structures Design Manual DB1.2, 1 Ed.,
February, 2001.

APPENDIX A
NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY - COMPOSITE BEAM
A1 General
The equations required to determine the nominal moment capacity, M b , of a composite beam cross-
section with a web penetration are presented in this appendix. It is assumed that at the penetration
the steel beam is a doubly-symmetric I-section. The equations are derived using the cross-section at
the HME of the penetration and are based on rectangular stress block theory.
A2 Forces at the HME of Penetration
Compressive Capacity of Concrete Flange

The design compressive capacity of the concrete flange, Fc , is given as:
Fc = Fc1 + Fc 2 (A1)
where, Fc1 = 0.85f c' bcf ( D c − hr ) (A2)
Fc2 = 0.85 f c' bcf λhr (A3)
Fc1 and Fc2 are the design compressive capacities of the concrete flange above and within the depth
of the steel sheeting ribs, respectively. Parameter λ in Eq. A3 is dependent on the orientation of the
sheeting ribs with respect to the longitudinal axis of the steel beam, expressed as a function of the
acute angle θ between the sheeting ribs and the longitudinal axis of the steel beam.
λ = 10
. for 0 < θ ≤ 15 (A4)
λ = 0.0 for θ > 15 (A5)
Design Shear Capacity of Shear Connectors
The design shear capacity, fds , of a shear connector acting in a group of n connectors is given as:
fds = φk n f vs (A6)
where, φ is the capacity factor for shear connectors, taken as 0.85 (see Table 3.1 of AS 2327), and
the load sharing factor, kn , is given by Eq. 8.3.4.(2) of AS 2327.1 as:
kn . − 0.18 / n
= 118
The values of f vs are given in Section 8 of AS 2327.1.
Nominal Capacity of Steel Cross-section

The nominal tensile capacity of the steel section, Fs , is given as the sum of all the nominal tensile
capacities of the steel elements at the web penetration cross-section, i.e.:
ne
Fs = Afi yi (A7)
i =1
where, Ai and fyi are the cross-sectional area and yield stress, respectively, of the components
comprising the steel the top flange, the steel web at top T-section, the penetration reinforcement (if
present), the steel web at the bottom T-section and the steel bottom flange.
Maximum Compressive Force in Concrete Flange

The maximum compressive force that can develop in the concrete flange at the HME of the
penetration, FcH , is given as:
FcH = min.( Fc , n H f ds , Fs ) (A8)

and the degree of shear connection at the HME of the penetration, β , is given as:

β = min.( n H f ds / F cc , 1) (A9)
where, F cc = min.( Fc , Fs ) (A10)
A3 Nominal Moment Capacity of Composite Beam Cross-Section
A3.1 Compression in Part of Steel Beam

When part of the top flange, or part of the top flange and part of the web in the top and bottom steel
T-sections of the steel beam are in compression, account shall be taken of the slenderness of each
of these plate elements either partially or fully in compression, in order to determine the effective
portion of the steel beam. The effective portion of the steel beam shall be determined in accordance
with Clause 5.2.3 of AS 2327.1.
A3.2 Nominal Moment Capacity

Equations are formulated to enable the calculation of nominal moment capacities based on
rectangular stress block theory. The depth of the compressive stress block in the concrete flange,
d c , measured from the top face of the concrete flange, is given as:
dc = (
FcH 0.85bcf f c' ) (A11)
Depending on the magnitude of the compressive force FcH in the concrete flange, the nominal
moment capacity of the composite beam cross-section with a penetration, M b , can be determined
using the formula below.
The following force terms will be used:
Ftf = Atf.eff f yf (A12)
Ftw = Atw f yw (A13)
Fr = Ar f yr (A14)
Fbw = Abw f yw (A15)
Fbf = Af f yf (A16)
where, Atf.eff = beff t f (A17)
and b eff is the effective width of the top flange of the steel beam, noting that b eff equals b f when
the top flange is compact.
Case 1:
If FcH ≤ (Fc1 + Fc2 ) and FcH ≥ Fs , the plastic neutral axis of the composite cross-section is located in
the cover slab of the concrete flange. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment
capacity of the composite cross-section, M b , are given by:
dh = (Dc − hr ) FcH Fc1 (A18)
Mb = FcH (d h 2) + Ftf (D c + t f / 2 − d h )
( )
+ Ftw D c − d h + (s t + t f ) 2 + Fr (2D c − 2d h + s t − s b )
+ Fbw (D c − d h + D s − (s b + t f ) 2)
(
+ Fbf D c − d h + D s − t f / 2 ) (A19)

Case 2:
( )
If Fs − 2Ftf < FcH ≤ Fs , the plastic neutral axis of the composite cross-section is located within the
top flange of the steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment capacity
of the composite cross-section, M b , are given by:
t f beff f yf + Ftw + 2Fr + Fbw + Fbf − FcH

dh = Dc + (A20)
2beff f yf
Mb = ( )
FcH d h − d c 2 + beff f yf d h − D c ( )2 / 2
(
+ b eff f yf D c + t f − d h ) 2 / 2 + Ftw (Dc − d h + (s t + t f ) 2)
+ Fr (2Dc − 2d h + s t − s b + D s )
(
+ Fbw D c − d h + D s − (s b + t f ) 2 )
+ Fbf (D c − d h + D s − t f 2) (A21)
Case 3:
If (F s ) ( )
− 2(Ftf + Ftw ) < FcH ≤ Fs − 2Ftf , the plastic neutral axis of the composite cross-section is
located within the top web of the steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal
moment capacity of the composite cross-section, M b , are given by:
f yw t w (2D c + s t + t f ) + 2Fr + Fbw + Fbf − Ftf − FcH

dh = (A22)
2f yw t w
Mb = ( ) (
FcH dh − dc 2 + Ftf dh − Dc − t f / 2 )
[
+ t w fyw (dh − Dc − t f ) + ( Dc + st − dh )
2 2
]/2
+Fr (2Dc − 2dh + st − sb + Ds )
(
+Fbw Dc − dh + Ds − ( sb + t f ) 2 )
+ Fbf ( Dc + Ds − dh − t f / 2) (A23)
Case 4:
( ) ( )
If Fs − 2(Ftf + Ftw + Ftr ) < FcH ≤ Fs − 2( Ftf + Ftw ) , the plastic neutral axis of the composite cross-
section is located within the top stiffener of the steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and
the nominal moment capacity of the composite cross-section, M b , are given by:
( )
f yr br 2D c + 2s t − t r + Fr + Fbw + Fbf − FcH − Ftw − Ftf
dh =
2f yr br
….(A24)
Mb = FcH (d h − d c 2) + Ftf (d h − D c − t f / 2)
(
+ Ftw d h − D c − (s t + t f ) 2 )
[
+ br f yr 2 (d h − D c − s t + t r ) + ( D c + s t − d h )
2 2
]
+Fr (Dc + Ds − dh − sb + t f 2)
(
+ Fbw D c − d h + D s − (s b + t f ) 2 )
+ Fbf ( Dc + Ds − dh − t f / 2) (A25)

Case 5:
( (
If Fs − 2 Ftf + Ftw + Ftr + Fbr )) < FcH ≤ (Fs − 2(Ftf + Ftw + Ftr )) , the plastic neutral axis of the composite
cross-section is located within the bottom stiffener of the steel beam. The depth of compressive
zone, d h , and the nominal moment capacity of the composite cross-section, M b , are given by:
dh =
[ ]
f yr br 2(D c + D s − s b ) + t r + Fbw + Fbf − FcH − Ftw − Fr − Ftf
2f yr br
….(A26)
( )
+ Ftw dh − Dc − (st + t f ) 2 + Fr (dh − Dc − st + tr 2)
[
+ br fyr (dh − Dc − Ds + sb ) + ( Dc + Ds − sb + tr − dh )
2 2
]/2
(
+ Fbw D c − d h + D s − (s b + t f ) 2 )
+ Fbf ( Dc + Ds − dh − t f / 2) (A27)
Case 6:
( (
If Fs − 2 Ftf + Ftw + Ftr + Fbr + Fbw )) < FcH ≤ (Fs − 2(Ftf − Ftw − Ftr − Fbr )) , the plastic neutral axis of the
composite cross-section is located within the bottom web of the steel beam. The depth of
compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment capacity of the composite cross-section, M b , are
given by:
f yw t w (2D c + 2D S − s b − t f ) + Fbf − 2Fr − Ftw − Ftf − FcH
dh =
2f yw t w
….(A28)
( )
+Ftw dh − Dc − ( st + t f ) 2 + Fr ( 2dh − 2Dc − Ds − st + sb )
[
+ t w fyw (dh − Dc − Ds + sb ) + ( Dc + Ds − t f − dh )
2 2
]/2
+ Fbf ( Dc + Ds − dh − t f / 2) (A29)

APPENDIX B
NOMINAL MOMENT CAPACITY - BARE STEEL BEAM
B1 General
The simplified equations required to determine the nominal moment capacity of a bare steel beam
with a web penetration are presented in this appendix. The equations are derived based on the
following assumptions:
(a) the steel beam is a doubly-symmetrical I-section;
(b) the penetration may be either reinforced or unreinforced;
(c) the reinforcement above and below the penetration have the same dimensions; and
(d) the penetration reinforcement is located as close as practicable to the penetration edges.
In all cases, the nominal moment capacity of the bare steel section with web a penetration, M b , shall
not exceed that of the bare steel section without the penetration, M s .
B2 Nominal Moment Capacity of Bare Steel Section

As discussed in Section A3.1, the effective portion of the steel beam shall be determined in
accordance with the requirements of Clause 5.2.3 of AS 2327.1. Depending on the sizes of the steel
beam and the web penetration, the nominal moment capacity of the bare steel section can be
determined using the formulations below.
The force terms given by Eqs A12 to A16 of Appendix A will also be used.
Case 1:
If Ftw ≥ 2Fr + Fbw , the plastic neutral axis of the steel section is located within the steel web of the
top T-section. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment capacity, M b , of the
steel section, M b , are given by:
t w f yw (s t + t f ) + 2Fr + Fbw + Fbf − Ftf

dh = (B1)
2t w f yw
Mb = ( ) ( ) 2 + (s t − d h ) 2 ú 2
Ftf d h − t f / 2 + t w f yw ê d h − t f
+ Fr (D s + s t − s b − 2d h ) + Fbw (D s − d h − (s b + t f ) 2)
+ Fbf (D s − d h − t f / 2) (B2)
Case 2:
If Ftw > Fbw and Ftw < 2Fr + Fbw , the plastic neutral axis of the steel section is located within the top
reinforcement of the steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment
capacity of the steel section, M b , are given by:
br f yr (2s t − t r ) + Fr + Fbw + Fbf − Ftw − Ftf

dh = (B3)
2br f yr
Mb = (
Ftf (d h − t f / 2) + Ftw d h − (s t + t f ) 2 )
+ br f yr ê(d h − s t + t r ) + (s t − d h ) ú / 2
2 2
+ Fr (D s − d h − s b + t r 2) + Fbw (D s − d h − (s b + t f ) 2)
+ Fbf (D s − d h − t f / 2) (B4)

Case 3:
If Ftw < Fbw and Ftw + 2Fr > Fbw , the plastic neutral axis of the steel section, d h , is located within the
bottom reinforcement of the steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal
moment capacity of the steel section, M b , are given by:
br f yr (2D s − 2s b + t r ) + Fbw + Fbf − Ftw − Fr − Ftf

dh = (B5)
2br f yr
Mb = (
+ Fr (d h − s t + t r 2)
( ) 2 + (D s − s b + t r − d h ) 2 ú / 2
+ br f yr ê d h − D s + s b
+ Fbw (D s − d h − (s b + t f ) 2) + Fbf (D s − d h − t f / 2) (B6)
Case 4:
If Ftw + 2Fr < Fbw , the plastic neutral axis of the steel section is located within the bottom web of the
steel beam. The depth of compressive zone, d h , and the nominal moment capacity of the steel
section, M b , are given by:
t w f yw (2D s − s b − t r ) + Fbf − Ftf − Ftw − 2Fr

dh = (B7)
2t w f yw
Mb = (
+ Fr (2d h − D s − s t + s b )
(
+ t w f yw ê d h − D s + s b ) 2 + (D s − t f − d h ) 2 ú / 2
(
+ Fbf D s − d h − t f / 2 ) (B8)

APPENDIX C
DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES
C1 General
The design capacity tables given in this appendix can be used to calculate φM b and φVu at a
penetration for a range of bare steel and composite beams with unreinforced web penetrations,
placed concentric to the centroid of the steel beam cross-section. The values of φM b and φVu can
then be used in the moment-shear interaction equation (Eq. 6.3) to check that the strength design
criterion is satisfied.
The design shear capacities in the tables have been calculated assuming that the number of shear
connectors over the web penetration is equal to one. The parametric range covered in the tables is
given in Table 7.1.
C2 Tables
Parameters in Tables
The parameters given in the design capacity tables are described below.
Column Parameter Description
No.
2 β max The maximum degree of shear connection that can be achieved at a
cross-section with the web penetration, calculated with respect to the
cross-section without the web penetration, i.e. β max = Fcc / Fcc . If the
value of β at the proposed location of the penetration is greater than
β max , then the force in the concrete flange will be affected (see Fig. 3.3).
3 Fcc The force corresponding to β max , i.e. Fcc = β max Fcc . This is the
maximum force that can be developed in the concrete flange at a cross-
section with the web penetration.
4 n max The number of 19 mm studs required to develop Fcc .
5-7 Design The values of φM b.0 , φM b.5 and φM bc given are the design moment
Moment
capacities of the composite beam cross-section at the web penetration,
Capacities
calculated ignoring the effect of shear force, corresponding to β = 0.0,
0.5 and 1.0, respectively. The design moment capacity of a bare steel
beam with the web penetration can be read directly from Column 5.
8 - 10 Design The values of φVu.0 , φVu.5 and φVuc given are the design shear
Shear
capacities of a composite beam cross-section at the circular penetration,
Capacities
for Circular calculated ignoring the effects of primary bending, corresponding to β =
Penetrations 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. These values have been calculated
assuming an equivalent rectangular penetration with L0 = 0.45D and
h 0 = 0.9 D . The design shear capacity of a bare steel beam with the web
penetration can be read directly from Column 8.
11 - 19 Design The values of φVu.0 , φVu.5 and φVuc given are the design shear
Shear
capacities of a composite beam cross-section at the rectangular
Capacities
penetration, calculated ignoring the effects of primary bending,
for
Rectangular corresponding to β = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively. Three sets of values
Penetrations are given for L0 / h 0 equal to 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0. The design shear capacity
of a bare steel beam with the web penetration can be read directly from
Columns 11, 14 and 17, as appropriate.

C3 How To Use Tables

The data required to use the tables are as follows, noting that Dc = 120 mm, hr = 55 mm and
®
300PLUS steel must be used.
(a) Beam cross-section data: steel section, bcf and λ .
(b) Concrete grade, f c' .
(c) Number of shear connectors, n H , from the end of the beam to HME, and the force n H f ds .
The value of fds corresponding to n H can be calculated in accordance with Cl. 8.3.4 of
AS 2327.1.
(d) Shape of penetration: circular or rectangular.
(e) Size of the penetration: the ratios ( h 0 / D s ) and ( L0 / h 0 ) for rectangular penetrations or
( D / D s ) for circular penetrations.
Rectangular Penetrations
The calculation steps for a composite beam with a rectangular penetration are as follows:
(a) Select the appropriate design table based on bcf , f c' , λ and h 0 / D s or D / D s .
(b) Read β max from Column 2 of the table.
(c) If β max = 10
. , it indicates that Fcc = Fcc and therefore the force in the concrete flange is not
affected by the web penetration.
(d) Read Fcc from the table.
(e) If n H f ds > Fcc , then the force n H f ds is limited to Fcc (see Fig. 3.3(b)). The condition
nHf ds ≤ Fcc can also be satisfied by ensuring nH used in the calculations does not exceed
the value of nmax given in Column 4.
(f) Calculate β = nH f ds / Fcc ≤ 10

. .
(g) Calculate φM b corresponding to β by linear interpolation using φM b.0 , φM b.5 and φM bc , as

appropriate, which correspond to β = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively.
(h) Select the columns of shear capacity data corresponding to the value of ( L0 / h 0 ) for the
penetration. Interpolate between the columns for intermediate values of ( L0 / h 0 ).
(i) Calculate φVu corresponding to β by linear interpolation using φVu.0 , φVu.5 and φVuc , as
appropriate, which correspond to β = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively.
(j) Use the moment-shear interaction equation given in Eq. 6.3 and check whether or not the
strength criterion is satisfied. Reference should be made to Fig. 5.1 to consider the options
available in the event that the design is unsatisfactory.
For bare steel beams, the value of β is taken as zero and the design moment and shear capacities
are directly read from the φM b.0 column, and the φVu.0 column corresponding to the values of
( L0 / h 0 ) for the penetration.
Circular Penetrations
For circular penetrations, the same procedure described above is used except that the shear
capacity is calculated using the values of φVu.0 , φVu.5 and φVuc given in Columns 8-10 in the tables.

INDEX TO DESIGN CAPACITY TABLES
bcf f c' h0 or D
Table No. λ
(mm) Ds Ds
(MPa)
C1 1200 25 0.0 0.3
C2 1200 25 0.0 0.5
C3 1200 25 0.0 0.7
C4 1200 25 1.0 0.3
C5 1200 25 1.0 0.5
C6 1200 25 1.0 0.7
C7 1200 32 0.0 0.3
C8 1200 32 0.0 0.5
C9 1200 32 0.0 0.7
C10 1200 32 1.0 0.3
C11 1200 32 1.0 0.5
C12 1200 32 1.0 0.7
C13 1600 25 0.0 0.3
C14 1600 25 0.0 0.5
C15 1600 25 0.0 0.7
C16 1600 25 1.0 0.3
C17 1600 25 1.0 0.5
C18 1600 25 1.0 0.7
C19 1600 32 0.0 0.3
C20 1600 32 0.0 0.5
C21 1600 32 0.0 0.7
C22 1600 32 1.0 0.3
C23 1600 32 1.0 0.5
C24 1600 32 1.0 0.7
C25 2100 25 0.0 0.3
C26 2100 25 0.0 0.5
C27 2100 25 0.0 0.7
C28 2100 25 1.0 0.3
C29 2100 25 1.0 0.5
C30 2100 25 1.0 0.7
C31 2100 32 0.0 0.3
C32 2100 32 0.0 0.5
C33 2100 32 0.0 0.7
C34 2100 32 1.0 0.3
C35 2100 32 1.0 0.5
C36 2100 32 1.0 0.7

TABLE C1: bcf = 1200 mm, fc' = 25 MPa, λ = 0.0 ( i.e. sheeting ribs perpendicular to beam), h0 Ds or D D s = 0.3,
®
Dc = 120 mm, hr = 55 mm, Steel Grade = 300PLUS
Shear Connection Design Moment Design Shear Capacities (kN)

Steel Limits Capacities (kNm) Circular L0/h0 = 1.0 L0/h0 = 1.5 L0/h0 = 2.0
Section β max Fcc n max φM b.0 φM b.5 φM bc φVu.0 φVu.5 φVuc φVu.0 φVu.5 φVuc φVu.0 φVu.5 φVuc φVu.0 φVu.5 φVuc
(kN)
800WB192 1.00 1658 19 1864 2162 2379 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 1658 19 1587 1883 2076 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 1658 19 1405 1698 1870 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 1658 19 1107 1401 1546 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 1658 19 1475 1740 1902 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 1658 19 1244 1507 1658 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 1658 19 1100 1359 1492 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 1658 19 922 1182 1301 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 1658 19 840 1076 1188 757 757 757 757 757 757 670 716 685 587 627 600
610UB113 1.00 1658 19 750 982 1080 707 707 707 707 707 707 626 671 641 548 588 561
610UB101 1.00 1658 19 707 937 1030 707 707 707 707 707 707 627 672 642 549 589 562
530UB 92.4 1.00 1658 19 576 782 860 603 633 603 603 603 603 534 586 562 467 513 492
530UB 82.0 1.00 1658 19 502 703 770 562 592 579 562 562 562 498 550 539 436 482 472
460UB 82.1 1.00 1658 19 447 627 696 505 535 535 505 505 505 447 499 493 392 444 432
460UB 74.6 1.00 1658 19 404 579 642 461 492 492 461 461 461 408 456 456 358 410 405
460UB 67.1 1.00 1658 19 360 528 587 428 458 458 428 428 428 379 423 423 332 385 385
410UB 59.7 1.00 1658 19 291 439 496 351 382 382 351 382 382 311 347 347 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 1.00 1658 19 269 413 470 340 370 370 340 370 370 301 336 336 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 1.00 1658 19 245 381 435 318 349 349 318 349 349 282 315 323 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 1.00 1658 19 217 347 399 288 319 319 288 319 319 255 296 302 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.98 1619 18 192 318 371 269 300 300 269 300 300 238 282 287 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.98 1619 18 175 285 345 228 259 259 228 259 259 202 256 256 177 236 240
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 260 317 206 236 236 206 236 236 182 234 234 159 222 222
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 198 242 182 212 212 182 212 212 161 210 210 141 191 193

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 1658 19 1864 2134 2213 591 591 591 448 487 461 354 384 363 292 317 300
800WB168 1.00 1658 19 1587 1827 1903 587 587 587 445 484 458 351 381 361 290 315 298
800WB146 1.00 1658 19 1405 1626 1700 580 580 580 439 479 452 347 377 357 286 312 294
800WB122 1.00 1658 19 1107 1305 1377 574 574 574 435 475 448 343 374 353 283 309 292
700WB173 1.00 1658 19 1475 1710 1784 519 519 519 393 437 408 310 345 322 256 285 265
700WB150 1.00 1658 19 1244 1455 1526 515 515 515 390 434 405 308 342 319 254 283 263
700WB130 1.00 1658 19 1100 1294 1362 507 507 507 385 429 399 303 339 315 250 279 260
700WB115 1.00 1658 19 922 1106 1172 502 502 502 380 425 395 300 335 312 248 277 257
610UB125 1.00 1658 19 840 1007 1074 567 578 578 387 438 404 305 346 319 252 285 263
610UB113 1.00 1658 19 750 909 973 529 540 540 361 413 388 285 326 306 235 269 252
610UB101 1.00 1658 19 707 860 923 530 540 540 362 414 395 285 326 312 236 269 257
530UB 92.4 1.00 1658 19 576 718 780 451 469 485 308 367 354 243 289 279 201 239 231
530UB 82.0 1.00 1658 19 502 635 695 421 455 460 287 347 344 227 273 271 187 226 224
460UB 82.1 1.00 1658 19 447 576 637 378 416 416 258 326 321 204 257 253 168 212 209
460UB 74.6 1.00 1658 19 404 529 589 345 383 383 236 298 298 186 240 240 154 198 198
460UB 67.1 1.00 1658 19 360 480 538 320 357 357 219 276 276 173 227 230 142 187 190
410UB 59.7 1.00 1658 19 291 404 461 263 299 299 180 227 235 142 202 207 117 167 171
410UB 53.7 1.00 1658 19 269 379 435 254 290 290 174 221 228 137 199 201 113 164 167
360UB 56.7 1.00 1658 19 245 354 411 238 274 274 163 236 236 128 188 188 106 164 167
360UB 50.7 0.98 1619 18 217 317 372 216 251 251 147 216 216 116 170 170 96 155 156
360UB 44.7 0.87 1436 16 192 288 338 202 236 236 138 204 204 109 159 159 90 148 150
310UB 46.2 0.92 1527 17 175 268 321 171 205 205 117 178 178 92 164 165 76 127 129
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 245 295 154 188 188 105 163 163 83 152 152 68 121 122
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 182 221 136 169 169 93 148 148 73 134 136 61 103 105

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 1658 19 1843 1966 2037 292 348 311 157 194 169 115 142 124 91 112 98
800WB168 1.00 1658 19 1539 1661 1729 290 346 309 156 193 168 114 141 123 90 111 97
800WB146 1.00 1658 19 1342 1463 1528 287 343 305 154 191 166 113 140 122 89 111 96
800WB122 1.00 1658 19 1008 1145 1207 284 341 317 152 190 174 112 139 128 88 110 101
700WB173 1.00 1658 19 1464 1579 1650 256 308 277 138 180 152 101 132 111 80 104 88
700WB150 1.00 1658 19 1210 1325 1393 254 305 276 136 179 151 100 131 110 79 103 87
700WB130 1.00 1658 19 1054 1167 1231 251 301 272 135 177 149 99 130 109 78 103 86
700WB115 1.00 1658 19 854 981 1042 248 298 290 133 176 161 97 129 118 77 102 93
610UB125 1.00 1658 19 786 895 958 252 303 296 135 185 164 99 135 120 78 107 95
610UB113 1.00 1658 19 697 804 865 236 283 283 126 176 166 93 129 122 73 102 96
610UB101 1.00 1658 19 650 755 815 236 283 283 127 177 171 93 129 125 73 102 99
530UB 92.4 1.00 1658 19 538 639 699 201 272 272 108 164 162 79 120 119 62 95 94
530UB 82.0 1.00 1658 19 463 562 620 187 256 256 101 158 161 74 115 118 58 91 93
460UB 82.1 1.00 1658 19 423 519 579 168 233 233 90 156 158 66 114 115 52 90 91
460UB 74.6 1.00 1658 19 382 477 535 154 215 215 83 148 149 60 109 112 48 86 88
460UB 67.1 1.00 1658 19 338 431 488 143 202 202 77 138 138 56 105 109 44 83 86
410UB 59.7 0.98 1619 18 278 366 422 117 171 171 63 130 135 46 101 104 36 80 82
410UB 53.7 0.92 1527 17 255 337 390 113 167 167 61 126 131 45 99 102 35 78 81
360UB 56.7 0.98 1619 18 236 321 376 106 158 158 57 133 133 42 95 99 33 82 85
360UB 50.7 0.87 1436 16 209 284 336 96 146 146 52 124 124 38 90 93 30 78 81
360UB 44.7 0.76 1253 14 180 257 304 90 138 138 48 118 118 35 86 89 28 75 77
310UB 46.2 0.81 1344 15 173 244 295 76 122 122 41 104 104 30 98 99 24 74 77
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 224 271 69 113 113 37 97 97 27 92 92 21 71 74
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 163 199 61 103 103 33 89 89 24 80 83 19 60 62

TABLE C4: bcf = 1200 mm, fc' = 25 MPa, λ = 1.0 ( i.e. sheeting ribs parallel to beam), h0 Ds or D D s = 0.3,
®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3060 34 1864 2327 2442 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 3060 34 1587 2047 2136 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 3060 34 1405 1859 1924 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 3060 34 1107 1537 1595 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 3060 34 1475 1893 1963 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 3060 34 1244 1649 1716 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 3060 34 1100 1484 1544 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 3060 34 922 1292 1348 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 3060 34 840 1179 1238 757 813 813 757 813 793 670 748 748 587 705 699
610UB113 1.00 3060 34 750 1072 1126 707 763 763 707 763 763 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 1.00 3060 34 707 1021 1073 707 764 764 707 764 764 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 1.00 3060 34 576 852 902 603 659 659 603 659 659 534 596 596 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.92 2812 31 502 751 807 562 618 618 562 618 618 498 555 555 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.92 2812 31 447 677 733 505 561 561 505 561 561 447 555 555 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 615 674 461 517 517 461 517 517 408 512 512 358 430 430
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 552 612 428 484 484 428 484 484 379 479 479 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 454 514 351 407 407 351 407 407 311 403 403 272 371 372
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 422 480 340 396 396 340 396 396 301 392 392 263 352 353
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 391 452 318 375 375 318 375 375 282 371 371 247 354 354
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 349 407 288 344 344 288 344 344 255 341 341 223 325 325
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 318 371 269 326 326 269 326 326 238 323 323 209 308 308
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 285 345 228 284 284 228 284 284 202 282 282 177 269 269
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 260 317 206 262 262 206 262 262 182 260 260 159 248 248
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 198 242 182 238 238 182 238 238 161 236 236 141 226 226

®

Steel Limits Capacities (kNm) Circular δ g L0/h0 = 1.0 L0/h0 = 1.5 L0/h0 = 2.0
(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3060 34 1864 2203 2273 591 591 591 448 562 482 354 443 380 292 366 314
800WB168 1.00 3060 34 1587 1894 1959 587 587 587 445 560 523 351 441 412 290 364 340
800WB146 1.00 3060 34 1405 1691 1750 580 580 580 439 555 538 347 438 424 286 362 350
800WB122 1.00 3060 34 1107 1369 1422 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 436 435 283 360 359
700WB173 1.00 3060 34 1475 1775 1842 519 519 519 393 496 466 310 413 368 256 341 304
700WB150 1.00 3060 34 1244 1517 1579 515 515 515 390 492 492 308 411 394 254 339 325
700WB130 1.00 3060 34 1100 1354 1411 507 507 507 385 485 485 303 408 402 250 337 332
700WB115 1.00 3060 34 922 1164 1215 502 502 502 380 480 480 300 406 406 248 335 335
610UB125 1.00 3060 34 840 1065 1119 567 635 635 387 489 489 305 425 425 252 351 351
610UB113 1.00 3060 34 750 965 1015 529 596 596 361 456 456 285 406 407 235 335 336
610UB101 0.98 2996 33 707 912 963 530 597 597 362 457 457 285 407 408 236 336 337
530UB 92.4 0.92 2812 31 576 761 817 451 517 517 308 426 427 243 356 356 201 312 313
530UB 82.0 0.80 2445 27 502 665 724 421 486 486 287 391 392 227 332 332 187 295 296
460UB 82.1 0.83 2537 28 447 610 668 378 442 442 258 382 382 204 304 304 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 553 613 345 409 409 236 354 354 186 283 284 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 494 553 320 383 383 219 333 333 173 261 262 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 410 468 263 325 325 180 283 283 142 258 259 117 199 200
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 380 436 254 316 316 174 276 276 137 245 245 113 189 189
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 357 414 238 300 300 163 262 262 128 245 245 106 210 210
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 317 372 216 276 276 147 242 242 116 227 227 96 192 192
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 288 338 202 262 262 138 230 230 109 216 216 90 179 179
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 268 321 171 231 231 117 204 204 92 191 191 76 183 183
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 245 295 154 213 213 105 189 189 83 178 178 68 171 171
310UB 32.0 0.81 1024 12 113 182 221 136 195 195 93 174 174 73 164 164 61 151 151

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3060 34 1843 2028 2094 292 407 407 157 267 217 115 196 159 91 154 125
800WB168 1.00 3060 34 1539 1720 1781 290 405 405 156 267 249 114 195 183 90 154 144
800WB146 1.00 3060 34 1342 1520 1574 287 401 401 154 266 261 113 195 191 89 154 151
800WB122 1.00 3060 34 1008 1199 1248 284 397 397 152 266 267 112 195 196 88 154 154
700WB173 1.00 3060 34 1464 1641 1704 256 364 364 138 249 230 101 193 168 80 152 133
700WB150 1.00 3060 34 1210 1384 1442 254 362 362 136 247 247 100 193 187 79 152 148
700WB130 1.00 3060 34 1054 1223 1276 251 357 357 135 243 244 99 193 193 78 152 152
700WB115 1.00 3060 34 854 1031 1082 248 354 354 133 240 240 97 192 194 77 152 153
610UB125 1.00 3060 34 786 949 999 252 360 360 135 258 260 99 207 208 78 163 164
610UB113 0.89 2720 30 697 846 902 236 339 339 126 245 246 93 199 200 73 157 158
610UB101 0.86 2628 29 650 791 848 236 340 340 127 238 240 93 198 199 73 157 157
530UB 92.4 0.80 2445 27 538 668 727 201 298 298 108 247 249 79 180 180 62 154 155
530UB 82.0 0.68 2077 23 463 578 637 187 281 281 101 226 228 74 168 168 58 145 146
460UB 82.1 0.74 2261 25 423 541 600 168 259 259 90 220 220 66 177 178 52 144 144
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 490 549 154 241 241 83 205 205 60 166 167 48 132 132
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 435 492 143 228 228 77 195 195 56 153 154 44 122 122
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 366 422 117 197 197 63 170 170 46 157 158 36 118 119
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 337 390 113 192 192 61 166 166 45 148 149 35 112 112
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 321 376 106 184 184 57 159 159 42 152 152 33 128 129
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 284 336 96 172 172 52 150 150 38 143 143 30 117 118
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 257 304 90 164 164 48 143 143 35 137 137 28 109 110
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 244 295 76 148 148 41 130 130 30 125 125 24 121 121
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 224 271 69 139 139 37 123 123 27 118 118 21 115 115
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 163 199 61 129 129 33 115 115 24 111 111 19 95 96

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2122 24 1864 2230 2424 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 2122 24 1587 1950 2122 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 2122 24 1405 1764 1914 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 2122 24 1107 1467 1589 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 2122 24 1475 1798 1946 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 2122 24 1244 1565 1703 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 2122 24 1100 1416 1536 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 2122 24 922 1239 1343 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 2122 24 840 1128 1231 757 786 757 757 757 757 670 727 699 587 636 612
610UB113 1.00 2122 24 750 1032 1122 707 741 707 707 707 707 626 683 667 548 598 584
610UB101 1.00 2122 24 707 986 1071 707 742 707 707 707 707 627 684 672 549 599 589
530UB 92.4 1.00 2122 24 576 821 901 603 637 637 603 603 603 534 596 592 467 524 519
530UB 82.0 1.00 2122 24 502 733 810 562 596 596 562 562 562 498 555 555 436 493 493
460UB 82.1 1.00 2122 24 447 658 735 505 539 539 505 505 505 447 499 499 392 457 457
460UB 74.6 1.00 2122 24 404 605 681 461 496 496 461 476 483 408 456 456 358 424 426
460UB 67.1 1.00 2122 24 360 552 625 428 462 462 428 459 462 379 423 423 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.98 2077 23 291 458 529 351 386 386 351 386 386 311 347 347 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 0.89 1894 21 269 426 494 340 374 374 340 374 374 301 336 336 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 0.94 1985 22 245 394 466 318 353 353 318 353 353 282 335 340 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 351 418 288 323 323 288 323 323 255 310 315 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 320 381 269 304 304 269 304 304 238 293 298 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 287 355 228 263 263 228 263 263 202 260 260 177 247 247
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 261 326 206 240 240 206 240 240 182 238 238 159 226 226
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 199 247 182 216 216 182 216 216 161 214 214 141 196 199

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2122 24 1864 2167 2259 591 591 591 448 497 461 354 392 364 292 323 300
800WB168 1.00 2122 24 1587 1859 1948 587 587 587 445 494 458 351 389 361 290 322 298
800WB146 1.00 2122 24 1405 1658 1742 580 580 580 439 489 452 347 386 357 286 318 295
800WB122 1.00 2122 24 1107 1337 1419 574 574 574 435 485 470 343 383 371 283 316 306
700WB173 1.00 2122 24 1475 1739 1829 519 519 519 393 449 408 310 354 322 256 292 266
700WB150 1.00 2122 24 1244 1483 1570 515 515 515 390 446 405 308 352 319 254 290 263
700WB130 1.00 2122 24 1100 1322 1405 507 507 507 385 441 411 303 348 324 250 287 267
700WB115 1.00 2122 24 922 1133 1213 502 502 502 380 437 425 300 345 335 248 285 277
610UB125 1.00 2122 24 840 1033 1115 567 578 578 387 452 435 305 356 343 252 294 283
610UB113 1.00 2122 24 750 934 1014 529 540 543 361 427 419 285 336 330 235 278 273
610UB101 1.00 2122 24 707 885 963 530 540 542 362 428 423 285 337 334 236 278 275
530UB 92.4 1.00 2122 24 576 743 819 451 495 495 308 383 381 243 302 301 201 249 248
530UB 82.0 1.00 2122 24 502 659 734 421 464 464 287 362 363 227 286 287 187 236 237
460UB 82.1 1.00 2122 24 447 601 676 378 420 420 258 326 326 204 272 273 168 224 225
460UB 74.6 1.00 2122 24 404 553 626 345 387 387 236 298 298 186 254 256 154 210 212
460UB 67.1 0.98 2077 23 360 498 568 320 361 361 219 276 276 173 241 243 142 199 201
410UB 59.7 0.89 1894 21 291 414 481 263 303 303 180 245 250 142 208 208 117 179 180
410UB 53.7 0.81 1710 19 269 383 447 254 294 294 174 236 240 137 201 201 113 174 176
360UB 56.7 0.85 1802 20 245 360 426 238 278 278 163 240 240 128 188 188 106 175 177
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 319 381 216 255 255 147 221 221 116 170 170 96 160 160
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 290 345 202 240 240 138 208 208 109 159 161 90 150 150
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 270 329 171 209 209 117 182 182 92 169 169 76 134 136
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 246 302 154 192 192 105 167 167 83 156 156 68 127 128
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 183 224 136 173 173 93 152 152 73 138 139 61 106 107

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2122 24 1843 1993 2082 292 351 311 157 201 169 115 147 124 91 116 98
800WB168 1.00 2122 24 1539 1687 1773 290 348 309 156 200 168 114 147 123 90 116 97
800WB146 1.00 2122 24 1342 1488 1569 287 344 322 154 199 177 113 146 130 89 115 102
800WB122 1.00 2122 24 1008 1170 1247 284 341 341 152 198 196 112 145 144 88 114 113
700WB173 1.00 2122 24 1464 1606 1694 256 308 278 138 188 152 101 138 111 80 109 88
700WB150 1.00 2122 24 1210 1351 1435 254 305 290 136 188 160 100 137 117 79 108 92
700WB130 1.00 2122 24 1054 1192 1272 251 301 301 135 187 174 99 137 127 78 108 100
700WB115 1.00 2122 24 854 1005 1082 248 298 298 133 186 185 97 136 135 77 108 107
610UB125 1.00 2122 24 786 920 998 252 310 323 135 196 193 99 143 141 78 113 111
610UB113 1.00 2122 24 697 828 905 236 304 317 126 188 189 93 137 138 73 108 109
610UB101 1.00 2122 24 650 779 854 236 305 316 127 189 191 93 138 140 73 109 111
530UB 92.4 1.00 2122 24 538 663 737 201 276 276 108 179 182 79 131 133 62 103 105
530UB 82.0 1.00 2122 24 463 582 654 187 260 260 101 172 175 74 126 129 58 100 101
460UB 82.1 1.00 2122 24 423 543 616 168 237 237 90 163 163 66 127 129 52 100 102
460UB 74.6 0.94 1985 22 382 494 564 154 219 219 83 149 152 60 121 123 48 95 97
460UB 67.1 0.85 1802 20 338 438 504 143 206 206 77 138 143 56 115 118 44 91 93
410UB 59.7 0.76 1619 18 278 369 432 117 175 175 63 140 145 46 105 105 36 87 89
410UB 53.7 0.72 1527 17 255 339 399 113 171 171 61 135 140 45 102 102 35 84 87
360UB 56.7 0.76 1619 18 236 323 385 106 162 162 57 137 137 42 103 106 33 90 91
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 286 343 96 150 150 52 128 128 38 96 99 30 82 82
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 259 310 90 142 142 48 122 122 35 91 94 28 77 77
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 246 301 76 126 126 41 108 108 30 103 103 24 79 81
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 225 277 69 117 117 37 101 101 27 96 96 21 76 78
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 164 201 61 107 107 33 93 93 24 83 85 19 62 64

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3917 43 1864 2412 2499 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 3917 43 1587 2110 2192 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 3917 43 1405 1903 1977 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 3917 43 1107 1578 1644 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 3917 43 1475 1935 2018 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 3917 43 1244 1692 1769 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 3917 43 1100 1525 1595 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 3917 43 922 1329 1395 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 3917 43 840 1220 1286 757 821 821 757 821 821 670 748 748 587 706 706
610UB113 0.91 3549 39 750 1098 1171 707 770 770 707 770 770 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 0.86 3365 37 707 1042 1116 707 771 771 707 771 771 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 862 939 603 666 666 603 666 666 534 596 596 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 758 835 562 626 626 562 626 626 498 555 555 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 685 763 505 569 569 505 569 569 447 563 563 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 621 698 461 525 525 461 525 525 408 519 519 358 433 433
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 557 631 428 492 492 428 492 492 379 487 487 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 458 529 351 415 415 351 415 415 311 411 411 272 383 384
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 426 494 340 403 403 340 403 403 301 399 399 263 362 362
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 394 466 318 382 382 318 382 382 282 378 378 247 361 361
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 351 418 288 352 352 288 352 352 255 349 349 223 333 333
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 320 381 269 333 333 269 333 333 238 330 330 209 315 315
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 287 355 228 292 292 228 292 292 202 289 289 177 277 277
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 261 326 206 269 269 206 269 269 182 267 267 159 256 256
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 199 247 182 245 245 182 245 245 161 243 243 141 233 233

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3917 43 1864 2247 2330 591 591 591 448 566 565 354 467 445 292 386 368
800WB168 1.00 3917 43 1587 1937 2013 587 587 587 445 561 561 351 466 460 290 384 380
800WB146 1.00 3917 43 1405 1732 1801 580 580 580 439 555 555 347 463 462 286 382 382
800WB122 0.91 3549 39 1107 1396 1466 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 459 460 283 379 379
700WB173 1.00 3917 43 1475 1818 1897 519 519 519 393 504 505 310 440 428 256 363 354
700WB150 1.00 3917 43 1244 1559 1631 515 515 515 390 497 498 308 439 438 254 362 361
700WB130 1.00 3917 43 1100 1394 1459 507 507 507 385 485 485 303 436 437 250 360 361
700WB115 0.91 3549 39 922 1185 1257 502 502 502 380 480 480 300 431 432 248 356 356
610UB125 0.91 3549 39 840 1090 1163 567 642 642 387 495 496 305 448 448 252 375 376
610UB113 0.81 3181 35 750 976 1053 529 604 604 361 462 463 285 418 418 235 356 356
610UB101 0.77 2996 33 707 920 996 530 604 604 362 457 457 285 418 418 236 354 355
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 768 845 451 524 524 308 449 450 243 356 356 201 330 331
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 671 746 421 493 493 287 408 409 227 332 332 187 309 309
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 615 692 378 449 449 258 390 390 204 319 320 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 558 632 345 416 416 236 361 361 186 296 297 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 498 568 320 391 391 219 340 340 173 271 272 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 414 481 263 332 332 180 290 290 142 268 269 117 206 207
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 383 447 254 323 323 174 283 283 137 253 253 113 195 195
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 360 426 238 307 307 163 269 269 128 252 252 106 218 218
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 319 381 216 284 284 147 250 250 116 234 234 96 198 198
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 290 345 202 269 269 138 238 238 109 223 223 90 184 184
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 270 329 171 238 238 117 211 211 92 199 199 76 191 191
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 246 302 154 221 221 105 196 196 83 185 185 68 178 178
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 183 224 136 203 203 93 181 181 73 171 171 61 153 154

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3917 43 1843 2071 2149 292 415 415 157 283 283 115 217 208 91 172 164
800WB168 1.00 3917 43 1539 1762 1832 290 412 412 156 281 281 114 217 217 90 172 171
800WB146 1.00 3917 43 1342 1559 1623 287 408 408 154 278 278 113 217 218 89 171 172
800WB122 0.79 3089 34 1008 1208 1282 284 404 404 152 275 275 112 211 212 88 166 167
700WB173 1.00 3917 43 1464 1683 1757 256 372 372 138 288 289 101 218 214 80 172 169
700WB150 1.00 3917 43 1210 1425 1491 254 369 369 136 284 285 100 218 219 79 172 173
700WB130 0.91 3549 39 1054 1249 1320 251 365 365 135 274 275 99 217 218 78 171 172
700WB115 0.79 3089 34 854 1039 1114 248 361 361 133 252 254 97 210 211 77 166 166
610UB125 0.79 3089 34 786 958 1035 252 367 367 135 282 283 99 227 227 78 180 181
610UB113 0.69 2720 30 697 853 930 236 347 347 126 263 265 93 212 212 73 171 171
610UB101 0.67 2628 29 650 797 872 236 347 347 127 254 255 93 212 212 73 168 169
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 674 749 201 305 305 108 259 259 79 180 180 62 166 167
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 582 654 187 289 289 101 238 240 74 168 168 58 154 155
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 545 618 168 266 266 90 227 227 66 188 189 52 144 144
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 494 564 154 248 248 83 213 213 60 175 176 48 132 133
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 438 504 143 235 235 77 202 202 56 160 160 44 122 122
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 369 432 117 204 204 63 177 177 46 164 165 36 124 124
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 339 399 113 200 200 61 174 174 45 153 154 35 116 116
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 323 385 106 191 191 57 167 167 42 159 159 33 134 134
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 286 343 96 179 179 52 157 157 38 150 150 30 122 122
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 259 310 90 172 172 48 151 151 35 144 144 28 113 113
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 246 301 76 155 155 41 138 138 30 132 132 24 129 129
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 225 277 69 146 146 37 130 130 27 125 125 21 122 122
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 164 201 61 137 137 33 123 123 24 118 118 19 97 97

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2210 25 1864 2242 2432 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 2210 25 1587 1962 2131 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 2210 25 1405 1776 1922 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 2210 25 1107 1479 1597 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 2210 25 1475 1808 1954 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 2210 25 1244 1575 1712 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 2210 25 1100 1426 1544 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 2210 25 922 1249 1350 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 2210 25 840 1137 1239 757 787 757 757 757 757 670 730 705 587 639 617
610UB113 1.00 2210 25 750 1041 1130 707 737 707 707 707 707 626 686 672 548 600 588
610UB101 1.00 2210 25 707 992 1078 707 738 716 707 707 707 627 687 677 549 602 593
530UB 92.4 1.00 2210 25 576 826 908 603 633 633 603 603 603 534 596 596 467 527 523
530UB 82.0 1.00 2210 25 502 738 817 562 592 592 562 562 562 498 555 555 436 496 496
460UB 82.1 1.00 2210 25 447 662 743 505 535 535 505 508 505 447 499 499 392 461 460
460UB 74.6 1.00 2210 25 404 610 688 461 492 492 461 490 492 408 456 456 358 427 429
460UB 67.1 1.00 2210 25 360 556 632 428 458 458 428 458 458 379 423 423 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.94 2077 23 291 459 531 351 382 382 351 382 382 311 347 347 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 426 496 340 370 370 340 370 370 301 336 336 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 395 468 318 349 349 318 349 349 282 338 342 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 351 420 288 319 319 288 319 319 255 312 315 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 320 382 269 300 300 269 300 300 238 295 297 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 287 357 228 259 259 228 259 259 202 256 256 177 243 243
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 262 327 206 236 236 206 236 236 182 234 234 159 222 222
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 199 247 182 212 212 182 212 212 161 210 210 141 196 198

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2210 25 1864 2172 2268 591 591 591 448 497 461 354 392 364 292 323 300
800WB168 1.00 2210 25 1587 1864 1957 587 587 587 445 494 458 351 389 361 290 321 298
800WB146 1.00 2210 25 1405 1663 1751 580 580 580 439 489 453 347 386 357 286 318 295
800WB122 1.00 2210 25 1107 1343 1426 574 574 574 435 485 475 343 382 375 283 316 309
700WB173 1.00 2210 25 1475 1744 1838 519 519 519 393 449 408 310 354 322 256 292 266
700WB150 1.00 2210 25 1244 1488 1578 515 515 515 390 446 405 308 351 319 254 290 263
700WB130 1.00 2210 25 1100 1326 1413 507 507 507 385 441 417 303 348 329 250 287 271
700WB115 1.00 2210 25 922 1138 1220 502 502 502 380 437 429 300 345 339 248 285 280
610UB125 1.00 2210 25 840 1038 1123 567 578 578 387 452 440 305 356 347 252 294 287
610UB113 1.00 2210 25 750 939 1021 529 540 551 361 427 423 285 336 334 235 278 276
610UB101 1.00 2210 25 707 890 970 530 540 549 362 428 427 285 337 337 236 279 278
530UB 92.4 1.00 2210 25 576 747 827 451 491 491 308 383 385 243 302 304 201 250 251
530UB 82.0 1.00 2210 25 502 664 741 421 460 460 287 363 363 227 287 290 187 237 239
460UB 82.1 1.00 2210 25 447 605 683 378 416 416 258 326 326 204 274 276 168 226 228
460UB 74.6 1.00 2210 25 404 558 633 345 383 383 236 298 298 186 257 259 154 212 214
460UB 67.1 0.94 2077 23 360 498 571 320 357 357 219 276 276 173 243 245 142 201 202
410UB 59.7 0.86 1894 21 291 414 483 263 299 299 180 247 252 142 208 208 117 180 182
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 383 448 254 290 290 174 237 242 137 201 201 113 175 177
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 361 428 238 274 274 163 236 236 128 188 188 106 177 177
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 320 382 216 251 251 147 216 216 116 170 172 96 160 160
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 290 346 202 236 236 138 204 204 109 160 162 90 150 150
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 270 330 171 205 205 117 178 178 92 165 165 76 135 137
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 247 303 154 188 188 105 163 163 83 152 152 68 128 129
310UB 32.0 0.81 1024 12 113 183 225 136 169 169 93 148 148 73 138 138 61 107 107

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2210 25 1843 1999 2091 292 351 311 157 204 169 115 149 124 91 118 98
800WB168 1.00 2210 25 1539 1692 1781 290 348 309 156 203 168 114 149 123 90 117 97
800WB146 1.00 2210 25 1342 1493 1577 287 344 330 154 202 182 113 148 134 89 117 106
800WB122 1.00 2210 25 1008 1174 1254 284 341 341 152 201 199 112 147 146 88 116 115
700WB173 1.00 2210 25 1464 1611 1702 256 308 278 138 191 152 101 140 111 80 111 88
700WB150 1.00 2210 25 1210 1356 1443 254 305 299 136 191 166 100 140 122 79 110 96
700WB130 1.00 2210 25 1054 1197 1280 251 301 301 135 189 178 99 139 131 78 110 103
700WB115 1.00 2210 25 854 1010 1089 248 298 305 133 189 188 97 138 138 77 109 109
610UB125 1.00 2210 25 786 924 1006 252 317 330 135 198 197 99 145 144 78 115 114
610UB113 1.00 2210 25 697 833 912 236 311 314 126 190 192 93 139 141 73 110 111
610UB101 1.00 2210 25 650 784 861 236 311 314 127 191 194 93 140 142 73 111 112
530UB 92.4 1.00 2210 25 538 667 744 201 272 272 108 182 185 79 133 135 62 105 107
530UB 82.0 0.94 2077 23 463 583 656 187 256 256 101 174 178 74 128 130 58 101 103
460UB 82.1 1.00 2210 25 423 546 621 168 233 233 90 163 163 66 129 131 52 102 104
460UB 74.6 0.90 1985 22 382 494 566 154 215 215 83 149 153 60 123 125 48 97 99
460UB 67.1 0.82 1802 20 338 439 506 143 202 202 77 140 145 56 116 119 44 92 94
410UB 59.7 0.73 1619 18 278 369 433 117 171 171 63 142 144 46 105 105 36 88 90
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 340 400 113 167 167 61 136 140 45 102 102 35 85 87
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 324 386 106 158 158 57 133 133 42 104 107 33 91 91
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 286 344 96 146 146 52 124 124 38 96 100 30 82 82
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 259 310 90 138 138 48 118 118 35 91 95 28 77 77
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 246 302 76 122 122 41 104 104 30 99 99 24 80 82
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 225 278 69 113 113 37 97 97 27 92 92 21 76 78
310UB 32.0 0.74 937 11 104 164 202 61 103 103 33 89 89 24 83 85 19 63 64

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 4080 45 1864 2420 2509 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 4080 45 1587 2119 2202 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 4080 45 1405 1911 1987 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 4080 45 1107 1584 1653 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 4080 45 1475 1943 2027 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 4080 45 1244 1700 1779 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 4080 45 1100 1533 1604 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 0.96 3918 43 922 1331 1403 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 0.96 3918 43 840 1222 1295 757 813 813 757 813 813 670 748 748 587 706 706
610UB113 0.87 3549 39 750 1100 1178 707 763 763 707 763 763 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 0.85 3365 37 707 1043 1122 707 764 764 707 764 764 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 863 944 603 659 659 603 659 659 534 599 599 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 759 839 562 618 618 562 618 618 498 555 555 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 686 767 505 561 561 505 561 561 447 555 555 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 622 701 461 517 517 461 517 517 408 512 512 358 435 435
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 558 634 428 484 484 428 484 484 379 479 479 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 459 531 351 407 407 351 407 407 311 403 403 272 384 384
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 426 496 340 396 396 340 396 396 301 392 392 263 363 364
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 395 468 318 375 375 318 375 375 282 371 371 247 354 354
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 351 420 288 344 344 288 344 344 255 341 341 223 325 325
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 320 382 269 326 326 269 326 326 238 323 323 209 308 308
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 287 357 228 284 284 228 284 284 202 282 282 177 269 269
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 262 327 206 262 262 206 262 262 182 260 260 159 248 248
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 199 247 182 238 238 182 238 238 161 236 236 141 226 226

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 4080 45 1864 2255 2340 591 591 591 448 566 566 354 472 455 292 389 375
800WB168 1.00 4080 45 1587 1945 2023 587 587 587 445 561 561 351 470 467 290 388 385
800WB146 1.00 4080 45 1405 1740 1810 580 580 580 439 555 555 347 467 468 286 386 386
800WB122 0.87 3549 39 1107 1397 1473 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 462 463 283 382 382
700WB173 1.00 4080 45 1475 1826 1907 519 519 519 393 516 518 310 445 437 256 368 361
700WB150 1.00 4080 45 1244 1567 1640 515 515 515 390 506 507 308 444 444 254 367 367
700WB130 0.98 4010 44 1100 1398 1468 507 507 507 385 489 489 303 442 442 250 365 365
700WB115 0.87 3549 39 922 1186 1263 502 502 502 380 480 480 300 435 435 248 359 359
610UB125 0.87 3549 39 840 1091 1170 567 635 635 387 500 500 305 448 448 252 379 379
610UB113 0.78 3181 35 750 978 1058 529 596 596 361 465 466 285 418 418 235 359 359
610UB101 0.76 2996 33 707 921 1001 530 597 597 362 457 457 285 418 418 236 357 357
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 769 849 451 517 517 308 445 445 243 356 356 201 333 333
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 672 749 421 486 486 287 410 411 227 332 332 187 311 311
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 616 695 378 442 442 258 382 382 204 321 322 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 559 635 345 409 409 236 354 354 186 298 298 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 498 571 320 383 383 219 333 333 173 272 273 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 414 483 263 325 325 180 283 283 142 264 264 117 207 208
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 383 448 254 316 316 174 276 276 137 254 254 113 195 196
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 361 428 238 300 300 163 262 262 128 245 245 106 219 219
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 320 382 216 276 276 147 242 242 116 227 227 96 199 199
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 290 346 202 262 262 138 230 230 109 216 216 90 184 185
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 270 330 171 231 231 117 204 204 92 191 191 76 183 183
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 247 303 154 213 213 105 189 189 83 178 178 68 171 171
310UB 32.0 0.81 1024 12 113 183 225 136 195 195 93 174 174 73 164 164 61 154 154

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 4080 45 1843 2079 2159 292 407 407 157 283 283 115 222 215 91 175 170
800WB168 1.00 4080 45 1539 1770 1841 290 405 405 156 281 281 114 222 222 90 175 175
800WB146 0.98 4010 44 1342 1562 1631 287 401 401 154 278 278 113 221 222 89 175 175
800WB122 0.76 3089 34 1008 1209 1287 284 397 397 152 275 275 112 213 214 88 168 169
700WB173 1.00 4080 45 1464 1691 1767 256 364 364 138 297 298 101 223 221 80 176 174
700WB150 0.98 4010 44 1210 1430 1500 254 362 362 136 290 291 100 223 224 79 176 176
700WB130 0.87 3549 39 1054 1251 1327 251 357 357 135 278 280 99 220 221 78 174 174
700WB115 0.76 3089 34 854 1041 1119 248 354 354 133 255 256 97 213 213 77 168 168
610UB125 0.76 3089 34 786 959 1040 252 360 360 135 286 287 99 227 227 78 182 183
610UB113 0.67 2720 30 697 854 934 236 339 339 126 266 267 93 212 212 73 173 173
610UB101 0.66 2628 29 650 798 876 236 340 340 127 256 257 93 212 212 73 170 171
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 675 752 201 298 298 108 251 251 79 181 182 62 168 168
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 583 656 187 281 281 101 238 238 74 168 168 58 155 156
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 546 621 168 259 259 90 220 220 66 189 190 52 144 144
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 494 566 154 241 241 83 205 205 60 176 177 48 133 134
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 439 506 143 228 228 77 195 195 56 161 161 44 122 122
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 369 433 117 197 197 63 170 170 46 161 161 36 124 125
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 340 400 113 192 192 61 166 166 45 154 155 35 117 117
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 324 386 106 184 184 57 159 159 42 152 152 33 135 135
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 286 344 96 172 172 52 150 150 38 143 143 30 122 123
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 259 310 90 164 164 48 143 143 35 137 137 28 113 114
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 246 302 76 148 148 41 130 130 30 125 125 24 121 121
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 225 278 69 139 139 37 123 123 27 118 118 21 115 115
310UB 32.0 0.74 937 11 104 164 202 61 129 129 33 115 115 24 111 111 19 97 98

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2829 32 1864 2319 2490 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 2829 32 1587 2038 2190 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 2829 32 1405 1851 1979 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 2829 32 1107 1540 1651 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 2829 32 1475 1897 2011 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 2829 32 1244 1654 1770 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 2829 32 1100 1490 1600 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 2829 32 922 1299 1404 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 2829 32 840 1185 1294 757 791 791 757 757 757 670 743 738 587 651 646
610UB113 1.00 2829 32 750 1078 1183 707 741 741 707 707 707 626 698 698 548 612 612
610UB101 1.00 2829 32 707 1028 1130 707 742 742 707 707 707 627 699 699 549 614 614
530UB 92.4 1.00 2829 32 576 859 959 603 637 637 603 603 603 534 596 596 467 542 543
530UB 82.0 0.99 2812 31 502 765 861 562 596 596 562 562 562 498 555 555 436 511 512
460UB 82.1 0.99 2812 31 447 691 789 505 539 539 505 539 539 447 499 499 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.90 2537 28 404 627 720 461 496 496 461 496 496 408 456 456 358 430 430
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 561 649 428 462 462 428 462 462 379 423 423 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 462 543 351 386 386 351 386 386 311 347 347 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 429 506 340 374 374 340 374 374 301 336 336 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 397 479 318 353 353 318 353 353 282 349 349 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 353 428 288 323 323 288 323 323 255 319 319 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 322 389 269 304 304 269 304 304 238 301 301 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 289 364 228 263 263 228 263 263 202 260 260 177 247 247
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 263 334 206 240 240 206 240 240 182 238 238 159 226 226
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 200 251 182 216 216 182 216 216 161 214 214 141 200 203

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2829 32 1864 2209 2327 591 591 591 448 508 461 354 401 364 292 331 300
800WB168 1.00 2829 32 1587 1900 2014 587 587 587 445 505 481 351 398 379 290 329 313
800WB146 1.00 2829 32 1405 1697 1806 580 580 580 439 501 489 347 395 386 286 326 318
800WB122 1.00 2829 32 1107 1376 1479 574 574 574 435 497 498 343 392 393 283 324 324
700WB173 1.00 2829 32 1475 1780 1897 519 519 519 393 462 424 310 364 334 256 301 276
700WB150 1.00 2829 32 1244 1523 1635 515 515 515 390 460 445 308 363 351 254 299 290
700WB130 1.00 2829 32 1100 1360 1467 507 507 507 385 456 450 303 359 355 250 297 293
700WB115 1.00 2829 32 922 1171 1272 502 502 502 380 452 454 300 357 358 248 295 295
610UB125 1.00 2829 32 840 1072 1176 567 613 613 387 469 469 305 370 370 252 306 306
610UB113 1.00 2829 32 750 972 1073 529 574 574 361 445 447 285 351 352 235 290 291
610UB101 1.00 2829 32 707 922 1021 530 575 575 362 446 448 285 352 353 236 291 292
530UB 92.4 0.99 2812 31 576 775 871 451 495 495 308 389 389 243 318 320 201 263 264
530UB 82.0 0.86 2445 27 502 676 765 421 464 464 287 363 363 227 301 302 187 248 249
460UB 82.1 0.90 2537 28 447 621 713 378 420 420 258 326 326 204 290 291 168 239 240
460UB 74.6 0.80 2261 25 404 562 649 345 387 387 236 298 298 186 270 271 154 223 224
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 501 582 320 361 361 219 276 276 173 253 253 142 209 210
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 416 492 263 303 303 180 258 261 142 208 208 117 188 189
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 385 457 254 294 294 174 246 250 137 201 201 113 182 183
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 363 436 238 278 278 163 240 240 128 190 192 106 177 177
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 322 389 216 255 255 147 221 221 116 175 177 96 160 160
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 292 352 202 240 240 138 208 208 109 164 167 90 150 150
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 271 336 171 209 209 117 182 182 92 169 169 76 140 142
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 248 308 154 192 192 105 167 167 83 156 156 68 132 133
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 184 227 136 173 173 93 152 152 73 141 142 61 109 110

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2829 32 1843 2034 2149 292 351 330 157 215 182 115 157 133 91 124 105
800WB168 1.00 2829 32 1539 1727 1837 290 348 348 156 214 203 114 157 148 90 124 117
800WB146 1.00 2829 32 1342 1526 1631 287 344 344 154 213 210 113 156 154 89 123 122
800WB122 1.00 2829 32 1008 1207 1305 284 341 341 152 213 216 112 156 158 88 123 125
700WB173 1.00 2829 32 1464 1646 1759 256 332 308 138 205 181 101 150 133 80 118 105
700WB150 1.00 2829 32 1210 1390 1498 254 334 339 136 204 199 100 150 146 79 118 115
700WB130 1.00 2829 32 1054 1230 1332 251 336 336 135 204 204 99 149 149 78 118 118
700WB115 1.00 2829 32 854 1042 1139 248 330 332 133 203 206 97 149 151 77 118 119
610UB125 1.00 2829 32 786 957 1057 252 338 338 135 215 218 99 158 160 78 125 126
610UB113 0.96 2720 30 697 859 955 236 318 318 126 207 209 93 151 153 73 120 121
610UB101 0.93 2628 29 650 802 895 236 318 318 127 207 209 93 151 153 73 119 121
530UB 92.4 0.86 2445 27 538 679 768 201 276 276 108 195 195 79 144 146 62 114 115
530UB 82.0 0.73 2077 23 463 586 668 187 260 260 101 182 182 74 136 138 58 107 109
460UB 82.1 0.80 2261 25 423 549 635 168 237 237 90 170 173 66 140 142 52 110 112
460UB 74.6 0.70 1985 22 382 497 577 154 219 219 83 159 163 60 131 134 48 104 105
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 441 515 143 206 206 77 148 152 56 123 126 44 97 99
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 371 440 117 175 175 63 148 148 46 105 105 36 93 95
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 341 406 113 171 171 61 142 144 45 102 102 35 89 92
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 325 393 106 162 162 57 137 137 42 109 112 33 91 91
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 288 349 96 150 150 52 128 128 38 101 104 30 82 82
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 260 315 90 142 142 48 122 122 35 95 98 28 77 77
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 248 307 76 126 126 41 108 108 30 103 103 24 84 86
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 226 282 69 117 117 37 101 101 27 96 96 21 79 81
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 165 204 61 107 107 33 93 93 24 85 88 19 64 66

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 5222 58 1864 2475 2578 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 5222 58 1587 2175 2269 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 0.94 4933 54 1405 1955 2049 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 0.86 4102 45 1107 1596 1699 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 5222 58 1475 1996 2093 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 0.94 4933 54 1244 1744 1842 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 0.89 4471 49 1100 1557 1659 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 0.88 3918 43 922 1341 1444 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 0.86 3918 43 840 1233 1339 757 821 821 757 821 821 670 748 748 587 706 706
610UB113 0.86 3549 39 750 1109 1214 707 770 770 707 770 770 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 0.85 3365 37 707 1051 1154 707 771 771 707 771 771 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 870 971 603 666 666 603 666 666 534 618 618 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 765 861 562 626 626 562 626 626 498 559 559 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 691 789 505 569 569 505 569 569 447 563 563 392 485 485
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 627 720 461 525 525 461 525 525 408 519 519 358 447 447
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 561 649 428 492 492 428 492 492 379 487 487 332 408 408
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 462 543 351 415 415 351 415 415 311 411 411 272 391 391
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 429 506 340 403 403 340 403 403 301 399 399 263 371 371
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 397 479 318 382 382 318 382 382 282 378 378 247 361 361
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 353 428 288 352 352 288 352 352 255 349 349 223 333 333
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 322 389 269 333 333 269 333 333 238 330 330 209 315 315
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 289 364 228 292 292 228 292 292 202 289 289 177 277 277
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 263 334 206 269 269 206 269 269 182 267 267 159 256 256
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 200 251 182 245 245 182 245 245 161 243 243 141 233 233

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 5222 58 1864 2312 2409 591 591 591 448 574 574 354 504 503 292 416 416
800WB168 0.96 5025 55 1587 1991 2086 587 587 587 445 561 561 351 502 502 290 415 415
800WB146 0.86 4471 49 1405 1765 1865 580 580 580 439 555 555 347 496 496 286 409 410
800WB122 0.75 3549 39 1107 1406 1509 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 481 481 283 397 397
700WB173 1.00 5222 58 1475 1882 1973 519 519 519 393 519 519 310 455 455 256 398 398
700WB150 0.86 4471 49 1244 1593 1696 515 515 515 390 515 515 308 451 451 254 393 394
700WB130 0.80 4010 44 1100 1409 1513 507 507 507 385 507 507 303 445 445 250 386 386
700WB115 0.80 3549 39 922 1195 1296 502 502 502 380 480 480 300 440 440 248 375 375
610UB125 0.78 3549 39 840 1100 1205 567 642 642 387 525 525 305 448 448 252 398 398
610UB113 0.77 3181 35 750 985 1086 529 604 604 361 485 485 285 418 418 235 374 374
610UB101 0.76 2996 33 707 927 1026 530 604 604 362 468 469 285 418 418 236 371 371
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 775 871 451 524 524 308 453 453 243 356 356 201 335 335
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 676 765 421 493 493 287 423 423 227 332 332 187 313 313
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 621 713 378 449 449 258 390 390 204 333 333 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 562 649 345 416 416 236 361 361 186 307 308 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 501 582 320 391 391 219 340 340 173 280 280 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 416 492 263 332 332 180 290 290 142 271 271 117 213 213
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 385 457 254 323 323 174 283 283 137 260 260 113 200 200
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 363 436 238 307 307 163 269 269 128 252 252 106 225 225
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 322 389 216 284 284 147 250 250 116 234 234 96 203 203
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 292 352 202 269 269 138 238 238 109 223 223 90 188 188
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 271 336 171 238 238 117 211 211 92 199 199 76 191 191
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 248 308 154 221 221 105 196 196 83 185 185 68 178 178
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 184 227 136 203 203 93 181 181 73 171 171 61 156 156

TABLE C24: b c f
= 1600 mm, fc' = 32 MPa, λ = 1.0 ( i.e. sheeting ribs parallel to beam), h0 Ds or D D s = 0.7,
®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 5222 58 1843 2135 2224 292 415 415 157 328 329 115 251 251 91 198 198
800WB168 0.86 4471 49 1539 1796 1897 290 412 412 156 311 312 114 247 248 90 195 196
800WB146 0.77 4010 44 1342 1573 1676 287 408 408 154 294 295 113 242 242 89 191 191
800WB122 0.65 3089 34 1008 1216 1314 284 404 404 152 275 275 112 226 226 88 178 179
700WB173 0.93 4840 53 1464 1731 1828 256 372 372 138 312 312 101 235 235 80 201 201
700WB150 0.77 4010 44 1210 1442 1546 254 369 369 136 310 310 100 228 228 79 195 195
700WB130 0.70 3549 39 1054 1260 1363 251 365 365 135 302 303 99 225 225 78 189 189
700WB115 0.70 3089 34 854 1047 1144 248 361 361 133 270 271 97 223 223 77 178 179
610UB125 0.68 3089 34 786 966 1066 252 367 367 135 304 305 99 227 227 78 195 195
610UB113 0.66 2720 30 697 859 955 236 347 347 126 280 281 93 212 212 73 182 183
610UB101 0.66 2628 29 650 802 895 236 347 347 127 268 269 93 212 212 73 179 179
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 679 768 201 305 305 108 259 259 79 189 190 62 172 172
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 586 668 187 289 289 101 245 245 74 169 170 58 160 160
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 549 635 168 266 266 90 227 227 66 198 198 52 150 150
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 497 577 154 248 248 83 213 213 60 183 184 48 138 139
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 441 515 143 235 235 77 202 202 56 166 167 44 126 126
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 371 440 117 204 204 63 177 177 46 169 169 36 128 129
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 341 406 113 200 200 61 174 174 45 159 159 35 120 120
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 325 393 106 191 191 57 167 167 42 159 159 33 139 139
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 288 349 96 179 179 52 157 157 38 150 150 30 126 126
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 260 315 90 172 172 48 151 151 35 144 144 28 116 116
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 248 307 76 155 155 41 138 138 30 132 132 24 129 129
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 226 282 69 146 146 37 130 130 27 125 125 21 122 122
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 165 204 61 137 137 33 123 123 24 118 118 19 99 99

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2901 32 1864 2327 2496 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 2901 32 1587 2046 2197 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 2901 32 1405 1859 1986 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 2901 32 1107 1545 1657 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 2901 32 1475 1901 2017 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 2901 32 1244 1658 1777 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 2901 32 1100 1494 1606 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 2901 32 922 1303 1410 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 2901 32 840 1189 1300 757 787 787 757 757 757 670 746 740 587 653 648
610UB113 1.00 2901 32 750 1082 1189 707 737 737 707 707 707 626 698 698 548 615 614
610UB101 1.00 2901 32 707 1032 1136 707 738 738 707 707 707 627 699 699 549 616 616
530UB 92.4 1.00 2901 32 576 863 965 603 633 633 603 603 603 534 596 596 467 544 544
530UB 82.0 0.97 2812 31 502 765 862 562 592 592 562 563 565 498 555 555 436 512 513
460UB 82.1 0.97 2812 31 447 692 791 505 535 535 505 535 535 447 499 499 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 627 721 461 492 492 461 492 492 408 456 456 358 430 430
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 562 650 428 458 458 428 458 458 379 423 423 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 462 544 351 382 382 351 382 382 311 347 348 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 429 507 340 370 370 340 370 370 301 336 336 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 398 480 318 349 349 318 349 349 282 345 345 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 354 429 288 319 319 288 319 319 255 315 315 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 322 389 269 300 300 269 300 300 238 297 297 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 289 365 228 259 259 228 259 259 202 256 256 177 243 243
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 263 334 206 236 236 206 236 236 182 234 234 159 222 222
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 200 251 182 212 212 182 212 212 161 210 210 141 200 200

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2901 32 1864 2213 2334 591 591 591 448 512 461 354 404 364 292 334 300
800WB168 1.00 2901 32 1587 1904 2021 587 587 587 445 509 485 351 402 382 290 332 316
800WB146 1.00 2901 32 1405 1701 1812 580 580 580 439 505 492 347 398 388 286 329 320
800WB122 1.00 2901 32 1107 1380 1485 574 574 574 435 501 500 343 395 394 283 326 326
700WB173 1.00 2901 32 1475 1784 1903 519 519 519 393 466 429 310 368 338 256 304 279
700WB150 1.00 2901 32 1244 1527 1641 515 515 515 390 464 449 308 366 354 254 302 292
700WB130 1.00 2901 32 1100 1364 1473 507 507 507 385 459 453 303 362 357 250 299 295
700WB115 1.00 2901 32 922 1175 1278 502 502 502 380 456 456 300 359 359 248 297 297
610UB125 1.00 2901 32 840 1076 1182 567 609 609 387 472 472 305 373 372 252 308 307
610UB113 1.00 2901 32 750 976 1078 529 570 570 361 447 449 285 353 354 235 291 292
610UB101 1.00 2901 32 707 926 1026 530 571 571 362 449 450 285 354 355 236 292 293
530UB 92.4 0.97 2812 31 576 775 873 451 491 491 308 389 389 243 320 321 201 264 265
530UB 82.0 0.84 2445 27 502 676 767 421 460 460 287 363 363 227 302 303 187 249 250
460UB 82.1 0.87 2537 28 447 621 714 378 416 416 258 326 326 204 291 292 168 240 241
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 563 650 345 383 383 236 298 298 186 271 272 154 224 225
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 502 583 320 357 357 219 276 276 173 253 253 142 209 211
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 417 493 263 299 299 180 257 257 142 208 208 117 188 190
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 385 457 254 290 290 174 247 250 137 201 201 113 182 184
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 363 437 238 274 274 163 236 236 128 191 193 106 177 177
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 322 390 216 251 251 147 216 216 116 175 178 96 160 160
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 292 352 202 236 236 138 204 204 109 165 167 90 150 150
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 272 337 171 205 205 117 178 178 92 165 165 76 140 142
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 248 309 154 188 188 105 163 163 83 152 152 68 132 134
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 184 228 136 169 169 93 148 148 73 138 138 61 109 110

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 2901 32 1843 2038 2155 292 351 336 157 218 186 115 159 136 91 126 108
800WB168 1.00 2901 32 1539 1731 1843 290 348 348 156 217 206 114 159 151 90 125 119
800WB146 1.00 2901 32 1342 1530 1637 287 344 344 154 216 213 113 158 156 89 125 123
800WB122 1.00 2901 32 1008 1210 1311 284 341 341 152 215 217 112 157 159 88 124 126
700WB173 1.00 2901 32 1464 1650 1766 256 339 318 138 207 186 101 152 136 80 120 107
700WB150 1.00 2901 32 1210 1394 1504 254 336 336 136 206 202 100 151 148 79 119 117
700WB130 1.00 2901 32 1054 1233 1338 251 332 332 135 205 206 99 150 151 78 119 119
700WB115 1.00 2901 32 854 1045 1145 248 328 328 133 205 208 97 150 152 77 119 120
610UB125 1.00 2901 32 786 961 1063 252 334 334 135 217 220 99 159 161 78 126 127
610UB113 0.94 2720 30 697 860 957 236 314 314 126 208 211 93 153 154 73 120 122
610UB101 0.91 2628 29 650 803 896 236 314 314 127 208 211 93 152 154 73 120 122
530UB 92.4 0.84 2445 27 538 679 770 201 272 272 108 195 195 79 145 147 62 115 116
530UB 82.0 0.72 2077 23 463 586 669 187 256 256 101 182 182 74 137 139 58 108 110
460UB 82.1 0.78 2261 25 423 550 636 168 233 233 90 171 174 66 141 143 52 111 113
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 497 578 154 215 215 83 160 164 60 132 134 48 104 106
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 441 515 143 202 202 77 149 153 56 124 126 44 98 100
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 371 441 117 171 171 63 144 144 46 105 106 36 93 95
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 341 407 113 167 167 61 140 140 45 102 102 35 90 92
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 326 394 106 158 158 57 133 133 42 110 113 33 91 91
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 288 350 96 146 146 52 124 124 38 101 104 30 82 82
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 260 315 90 138 138 48 118 118 35 95 98 28 77 77
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 248 308 76 122 122 41 104 104 30 99 99 24 84 86
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 227 283 69 113 113 37 97 97 27 92 92 21 80 82
310UB 32.0 0.74 937 11 104 165 204 61 103 103 33 89 89 24 85 85 19 64 66

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 5355 59 1864 2481 2585 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 5355 59 1587 2182 2277 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 0.92 4933 54 1405 1956 2056 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 0.86 4102 45 1107 1597 1703 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 5355 59 1475 2002 2100 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 0.92 4933 54 1244 1745 1848 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 0.89 4471 49 1100 1559 1664 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 0.88 3918 43 922 1342 1448 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 0.86 3918 43 840 1234 1343 757 813 813 757 813 813 670 748 748 587 706 706
610UB113 0.86 3549 39 750 1109 1217 707 763 763 707 763 763 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 0.85 3365 37 707 1052 1157 707 764 764 707 764 764 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 871 973 603 659 659 603 659 659 534 619 620 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 765 862 562 618 618 562 618 618 498 560 561 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 692 791 505 561 561 505 561 561 447 555 555 392 486 486
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 627 721 461 517 517 461 517 517 408 512 512 358 448 448
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 562 650 428 484 484 428 484 484 379 479 479 332 409 409
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 462 544 351 407 407 351 407 407 311 403 403 272 384 384
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 429 507 340 396 396 340 396 396 301 392 392 263 371 372
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 398 480 318 375 375 318 375 375 282 371 371 247 354 354
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 354 429 288 344 344 288 344 344 255 341 341 223 325 325
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 322 389 269 326 326 269 326 326 238 323 323 209 308 308
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 289 365 228 284 284 228 284 284 202 282 282 177 269 269
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 263 334 206 262 262 206 262 262 182 260 260 159 248 248
310UB 32.0 0.88 1111 13 113 200 251 182 238 238 182 238 238 161 236 236 141 226 226

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 5355 59 1864 2319 2417 591 591 591 448 580 581 354 508 508 292 419 419
800WB168 0.94 5025 55 1587 1992 2092 587 587 587 445 561 561 351 505 506 290 417 417
800WB146 0.83 4471 49 1405 1766 1870 580 580 580 439 555 555 347 498 499 286 412 412
800WB122 0.75 3549 39 1107 1407 1512 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 482 483 283 398 399
700WB173 0.99 5302 58 1475 1885 1980 519 519 519 393 519 519 310 455 455 256 402 402
700WB150 0.83 4471 49 1244 1595 1701 515 515 515 390 515 515 308 451 451 254 396 396
700WB130 0.80 4010 44 1100 1410 1517 507 507 507 385 507 507 303 445 445 250 388 388
700WB115 0.80 3549 39 922 1195 1299 502 502 502 380 480 480 300 440 440 248 376 376
610UB125 0.78 3549 39 840 1101 1208 567 635 635 387 527 527 305 448 448 252 400 400
610UB113 0.77 3181 35 750 985 1089 529 596 596 361 487 487 285 418 418 235 375 376
610UB101 0.76 2996 33 707 928 1028 530 597 597 362 470 470 285 418 418 236 372 372
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 775 873 451 517 517 308 445 445 243 356 356 201 335 335
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 676 767 421 486 486 287 419 419 227 332 332 187 313 313
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 621 714 378 442 442 258 382 382 204 334 334 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 563 650 345 409 409 236 354 354 186 308 308 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 502 583 320 383 383 219 333 333 173 280 281 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 417 493 263 325 325 180 283 283 142 264 264 117 213 214
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 385 457 254 316 316 174 276 276 137 257 257 113 200 201
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 363 437 238 300 300 163 262 262 128 245 245 106 225 225
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 322 390 216 276 276 147 242 242 116 227 227 96 204 204
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 292 352 202 262 262 138 230 230 109 216 216 90 188 189
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 272 337 171 231 231 117 204 204 92 191 191 76 183 183
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 248 309 154 213 213 105 189 189 83 178 178 68 171 171
310UB 32.0 0.81 1024 12 113 184 228 136 195 195 93 174 174 73 164 164 61 156 156

®

(kN)
800WB192 0.99 5302 58 1843 2139 2231 292 407 407 157 332 333 115 254 255 91 201 201
800WB168 0.83 4471 49 1539 1797 1902 290 405 405 156 314 315 114 250 250 90 197 197
800WB146 0.75 4010 44 1342 1574 1680 287 401 401 154 297 298 113 243 244 89 192 193
800WB122 0.65 3089 34 1008 1216 1316 284 397 397 152 275 275 112 227 227 88 179 179
700WB173 0.90 4840 53 1464 1732 1834 256 364 364 138 305 305 101 238 238 80 203 204
700WB150 0.75 4010 44 1210 1443 1550 254 362 362 136 303 303 100 228 228 79 197 197
700WB130 0.70 3549 39 1054 1261 1366 251 357 357 135 299 299 99 225 225 78 190 190
700WB115 0.70 3089 34 854 1047 1146 248 354 354 133 271 272 97 223 223 77 179 180
610UB125 0.68 3089 34 786 967 1069 252 360 360 135 301 301 99 227 227 78 196 196
610UB113 0.66 2720 30 697 860 957 236 339 339 126 281 282 93 212 212 73 183 184
610UB101 0.66 2628 29 650 803 896 236 340 340 127 269 270 93 212 212 73 180 180
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 679 770 201 298 298 108 251 251 79 190 191 62 172 172
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 586 669 187 281 281 101 238 238 74 170 170 58 160 160
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 550 636 168 259 259 90 220 220 66 198 199 52 150 151
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 497 578 154 241 241 83 205 205 60 184 184 48 139 139
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 441 515 143 228 228 77 195 195 56 166 167 44 126 126
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 371 441 117 197 197 63 170 170 46 161 161 36 129 129
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 341 407 113 192 192 61 166 166 45 158 158 35 120 120
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 326 394 106 184 184 57 159 159 42 152 152 33 139 140
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 288 350 96 172 172 52 150 150 38 143 143 30 126 126
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 260 315 90 164 164 48 143 143 35 137 137 28 116 117
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 248 308 76 148 148 41 130 130 30 125 125 24 121 121
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 227 283 69 139 139 37 123 123 27 118 118 21 115 115
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 165 204 61 129 129 33 115 115 24 111 111 19 99 99

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3713 41 1864 2423 2568 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 1.00 3713 41 1587 2123 2271 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 1.00 3713 41 1405 1916 2057 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 1.00 3713 41 1107 1592 1724 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 1.00 3713 41 1475 1946 2088 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 1.00 3713 41 1244 1705 1847 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 1.00 3713 41 1100 1538 1675 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 1.00 3713 41 922 1346 1476 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 1.00 3713 41 840 1234 1367 757 791 791 757 757 757 670 748 748 587 670 670
610UB113 0.96 3549 39 750 1116 1244 707 741 741 707 707 707 626 698 698 548 631 631
610UB101 0.91 3365 37 707 1058 1182 707 742 742 707 707 707 627 699 699 549 632 632
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 876 994 603 637 637 603 637 637 534 596 596 467 559 560
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 769 879 562 596 596 562 596 596 498 555 555 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 696 807 505 539 539 505 539 539 447 499 499 392 471 471
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 631 735 461 496 496 461 496 496 408 456 456 358 430 430
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 565 661 428 462 462 428 462 462 379 423 423 332 399 399
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 464 553 351 386 386 351 386 386 311 353 357 272 328 328
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 431 515 340 374 374 340 374 374 301 336 340 263 317 317
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 399 488 318 353 353 318 353 353 282 349 349 247 297 297
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 355 435 288 323 323 288 323 323 255 319 319 223 269 269
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 323 394 269 304 304 269 304 304 238 301 301 209 251 251
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 290 370 228 263 263 228 263 263 202 260 260 177 247 247
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 264 339 206 240 240 206 240 240 182 238 238 159 226 226
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 201 253 182 216 216 182 216 216 161 214 214 141 203 204

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3713 41 1864 2260 2409 591 591 591 448 527 508 354 416 401 292 343 331
800WB168 1.00 3713 41 1587 1950 2092 587 587 587 445 525 519 351 414 410 290 341 338
800WB146 1.00 3713 41 1405 1745 1881 580 580 580 439 520 520 347 410 410 286 339 338
800WB122 0.96 3549 39 1107 1414 1539 574 574 574 435 516 518 343 407 408 283 336 337
700WB173 1.00 3713 41 1475 1831 1976 519 519 519 393 484 473 310 382 373 256 315 308
700WB150 1.00 3713 41 1244 1572 1711 515 515 515 390 482 480 308 380 379 254 314 313
700WB130 1.00 3713 41 1100 1408 1540 507 507 507 385 477 478 303 376 377 250 311 312
700WB115 0.96 3549 39 922 1202 1323 502 502 502 380 473 474 300 373 374 248 308 309
610UB125 0.96 3549 39 840 1107 1234 567 613 613 387 489 489 305 389 390 252 321 322
610UB113 0.86 3181 35 750 991 1110 529 574 574 361 456 456 285 367 368 235 303 304
610UB101 0.81 2996 33 707 933 1048 530 575 575 362 457 457 285 367 368 236 303 303
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 779 889 451 495 495 308 389 389 243 332 333 201 274 275
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 679 780 421 464 464 287 363 363 227 311 312 187 257 258
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 624 727 378 420 420 258 326 326 204 299 299 168 250 251
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 565 661 345 387 387 236 298 301 186 273 273 154 231 232
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 504 592 320 361 361 219 276 278 173 253 253 142 216 217
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 418 500 263 303 303 180 261 261 142 208 208 117 194 195
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 387 464 254 294 294 174 254 254 137 201 201 113 187 189
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 365 444 238 278 278 163 240 240 128 197 199 106 177 177
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 323 395 216 255 255 147 221 221 116 180 182 96 160 160
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 293 357 202 240 240 138 208 208 109 169 171 90 150 150
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 273 341 171 209 209 117 182 182 92 169 169 76 144 146
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 249 313 154 192 192 105 167 167 83 156 156 68 136 137
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 184 230 136 173 173 93 152 152 73 142 142 61 110 112

®

(kN)
800WB192 1.00 3713 41 1843 2084 2228 292 379 377 157 233 224 115 171 164 91 135 130
800WB168 1.00 3713 41 1539 1775 1912 290 380 383 156 233 233 114 171 170 90 135 135
800WB146 1.00 3713 41 1342 1573 1703 287 375 379 154 232 234 113 170 171 89 134 135
800WB122 0.83 3089 34 1008 1221 1336 284 346 353 152 228 230 112 167 169 88 132 133
700WB173 1.00 3713 41 1464 1696 1837 256 343 343 138 225 221 101 165 162 80 130 128
700WB150 1.00 3713 41 1210 1438 1572 254 340 340 136 225 226 100 165 166 79 130 131
700WB130 0.96 3549 39 1054 1268 1394 251 336 336 135 224 226 99 164 165 78 129 130
700WB115 0.83 3089 34 854 1052 1164 248 332 332 133 219 221 97 160 162 77 127 128
610UB125 0.83 3089 34 786 972 1089 252 338 338 135 234 236 99 171 173 78 135 136
610UB113 0.73 2720 30 697 864 973 236 318 318 126 221 224 93 162 164 73 128 129
610UB101 0.71 2628 29 650 806 911 236 318 318 127 220 222 93 161 163 73 127 128
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 682 782 201 276 276 108 195 195 79 154 156 62 121 123
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 589 679 187 260 260 101 182 182 74 143 145 58 113 115
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 552 646 168 237 237 90 180 184 66 149 151 52 117 119
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 499 587 154 219 219 83 168 172 60 138 138 48 109 111
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 443 522 143 206 206 77 155 159 56 128 128 44 102 104
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 373 447 117 175 175 63 148 148 46 106 109 36 97 99
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 342 412 113 171 171 61 144 144 45 102 104 35 93 95
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 327 399 106 162 162 57 137 137 42 114 117 33 91 91
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 289 354 96 150 150 52 128 128 38 104 108 30 82 82
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 261 318 90 142 142 48 122 122 35 98 101 28 77 77
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 249 312 76 126 126 41 108 108 30 103 103 24 87 89
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 227 286 69 117 117 37 101 101 27 96 96 21 82 84
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 165 206 61 107 107 33 93 93 24 87 89 19 66 67

®

(kN)
800WB192 0.92 6318 69 1864 2531 2669 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591 591
800WB168 0.88 5487 60 1587 2202 2342 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587 587
800WB146 0.87 4933 54 1405 1970 2109 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580 580
800WB122 0.86 4102 45 1107 1605 1738 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574 574
700WB173 0.91 5764 63 1475 2030 2177 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519 519
700WB150 0.89 4933 54 1244 1759 1901 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515 515
700WB130 0.89 4471 49 1100 1569 1707 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507 507
700WB115 0.88 3918 43 922 1350 1479 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502 502
610UB125 0.86 3918 43 840 1242 1376 757 821 821 757 821 821 670 748 748 587 706 706
610UB113 0.86 3549 39 750 1116 1244 707 770 770 707 770 770 626 698 698 548 659 659
610UB101 0.85 3365 37 707 1058 1182 707 771 771 707 771 771 627 699 699 549 660 660
530UB 92.4 0.86 3089 34 576 876 994 603 666 666 603 666 666 534 634 634 467 563 563
530UB 82.0 0.88 2812 31 502 769 879 562 626 626 562 626 626 498 571 571 436 524 524
460UB 82.1 0.88 2812 31 447 696 807 505 569 569 505 569 569 447 563 563 392 497 497
460UB 74.6 0.88 2537 28 404 631 735 461 525 525 461 525 525 408 519 519 358 457 457
460UB 67.1 0.87 2261 25 360 565 661 428 492 492 428 492 492 379 487 487 332 415 416
410UB 59.7 0.90 2077 23 291 464 553 351 415 415 351 415 415 311 411 411 272 391 391
410UB 53.7 0.87 1894 21 269 431 515 340 403 403 340 403 403 301 399 399 263 377 377
360UB 56.7 0.91 1985 22 245 399 488 318 382 382 318 382 382 282 378 378 247 361 361
360UB 50.7 0.87 1710 19 217 355 435 288 352 352 288 352 352 255 349 349 223 333 333
360UB 44.7 0.90 1619 18 192 323 394 269 333 333 269 333 333 238 330 330 209 315 315
310UB 46.2 0.91 1619 18 175 290 370 228 292 292 228 292 292 202 289 289 177 277 277
310UB 40.4 0.94 1527 17 160 264 339 206 269 269 206 269 269 182 267 267 159 256 256
310UB 32.0 0.92 1161 13 113 201 253 182 245 245 182 245 245 161 243 243 141 233 233

®

(kN)
800WB192 0.85 5856 64 1864 2352 2489 591 591 591 448 591 591 354 518 518 292 450 450
800WB168 0.81 5025 55 1587 2006 2146 587 587 587 445 587 587 351 514 514 290 440 440
800WB146 0.79 4471 49 1405 1777 1913 580 580 580 439 555 555 347 508 508 286 430 430
800WB122 0.75 3549 39 1107 1414 1539 574 574 574 435 549 549 343 496 497 283 410 410
700WB173 0.83 5302 58 1475 1900 2041 519 519 519 393 519 519 310 455 455 256 428 428
700WB150 0.81 4471 49 1244 1606 1745 515 515 515 390 515 515 308 451 451 254 416 416
700WB130 0.80 4010 44 1100 1419 1552 507 507 507 385 507 507 303 445 445 250 405 405
700WB115 0.80 3549 39 922 1202 1323 502 502 502 380 493 494 300 440 440 248 388 388
610UB125 0.78 3549 39 840 1107 1234 567 642 642 387 546 546 305 448 448 252 414 414
610UB113 0.77 3181 35 750 991 1110 529 604 604 361 501 502 285 418 418 235 387 387
610UB101 0.76 2996 33 707 933 1048 530 604 604 362 482 483 285 418 418 236 382 383
530UB 92.4 0.78 2812 31 576 779 889 451 524 524 308 453 453 243 356 356 201 335 335
530UB 82.0 0.77 2445 27 502 679 780 421 493 493 287 426 426 227 332 332 187 313 313
460UB 82.1 0.80 2537 28 447 624 727 378 449 449 258 390 390 204 343 343 168 281 281
460UB 74.6 0.78 2261 25 404 565 661 345 416 416 236 361 361 186 315 316 154 256 256
460UB 67.1 0.80 2077 23 360 504 592 320 391 391 219 340 340 173 286 286 142 238 238
410UB 59.7 0.82 1894 21 291 418 500 263 332 332 180 290 290 142 271 271 117 218 218
410UB 53.7 0.79 1710 19 269 387 464 254 323 323 174 283 283 137 265 265 113 204 204
360UB 56.7 0.82 1802 20 245 365 444 238 307 307 163 269 269 128 252 252 106 230 230
360UB 50.7 0.83 1619 18 217 323 395 216 284 284 147 250 250 116 234 234 96 207 207
360UB 44.7 0.80 1436 16 192 293 357 202 269 269 138 238 238 109 223 223 90 191 191
310UB 46.2 0.86 1527 17 175 273 341 171 238 238 117 211 211 92 199 199 76 191 191
310UB 40.4 0.83 1344 15 160 249 313 154 221 221 105 196 196 83 185 185 68 178 178
310UB 32.0 0.85 1070 12 113 184 230 136 203 203 93 181 181 73 171 171 61 158 158

®

(kN)
800WB192 0.77 5302 58 1843 2154 2293 292 415 415 157 347 347 115 262 262 91 223 223
800WB168 0.72 4471 49 1539 1808 1946 290 412 412 156 339 340 114 260 260 90 213 213
800WB146 0.71 4010 44 1342 1582 1714 287 408 408 154 316 316 113 257 257 89 204 205
800WB122 0.65 3089 34 1008 1221 1336 284 404 404 152 275 275 112 236 237 88 186 187
700WB173 0.76 4840 53 1464 1745 1885 256 372 372 138 312 312 101 262 262 80 220 220
700WB150 0.72 4010 44 1210 1451 1586 254 369 369 136 310 310 100 237 237 79 211 211
700WB130 0.70 3549 39 1054 1268 1394 251 365 365 135 307 307 99 225 225 78 201 202
700WB115 0.70 3089 34 854 1052 1164 248 361 361 133 283 283 97 223 223 77 187 187
610UB125 0.68 3089 34 786 972 1089 252 367 367 135 309 309 99 227 227 78 205 206
610UB113 0.66 2720 30 697 864 973 236 347 347 126 292 292 93 212 212 73 191 191
610UB101 0.66 2628 29 650 806 911 236 347 347 127 278 279 93 212 212 73 186 187
530UB 92.4 0.68 2445 27 538 682 782 201 305 305 108 259 259 79 196 197 62 172 172
530UB 82.0 0.65 2077 23 463 589 679 187 289 289 101 245 245 74 174 175 58 160 160
460UB 82.1 0.71 2261 25 423 552 646 168 266 266 90 227 227 66 205 205 52 155 155
460UB 74.6 0.69 1985 22 382 499 587 154 248 248 83 213 213 60 189 189 48 143 143
460UB 67.1 0.69 1802 20 338 443 522 143 235 235 77 202 202 56 170 171 44 129 129
410UB 59.7 0.70 1619 18 278 373 447 117 204 204 63 177 177 46 169 169 36 132 132
410UB 53.7 0.70 1527 17 255 342 412 113 200 200 61 174 174 45 162 163 35 123 123
360UB 56.7 0.74 1619 18 236 327 399 106 191 191 57 167 167 42 159 159 33 142 143
360UB 50.7 0.73 1436 16 209 289 354 96 179 179 52 157 157 38 150 150 30 128 129
360UB 44.7 0.70 1253 14 180 261 318 90 172 172 48 151 151 35 144 144 28 118 119
310UB 46.2 0.75 1344 15 173 249 312 76 155 155 41 138 138 30 132 132 24 129 129
310UB 40.4 0.77 1253 14 158 227 286 69 146 146 37 130 130 27 125 125 21 122 122
310UB 32.0 0.78 979 11 104 165 206 61 137 137 33 123 123 24 118 118 19 100 100

Appendix D
NOTATION
The notation used in the booklet is the same as that used in AS 2327.1 where possible.
Abw = cross-sectional area of steel web of the bottom T-section
Af = cross-sectional area of steel flange
Ar = cross-sectional area of steel plate reinforcement along top or bottom edge of penetration
Atf.eff = cross-sectional area of steel top flange, based on beff or bf as appropriate
Atw = cross-sectional area of steel web of the top T-section
Avc = effective area of concrete slab for shear = 3D c (D c − (1 − λ )h r )
a = distance from LME to support, away from web penetration (see Fig. 5.2(a))
b = distance from HME to support, away from web penetration (see Fig. 5.2(a))
bcf = effective width of concrete slab compression flange, calculated in accordance with
AS 2327.1
beff = effective width of steel beam top flange
bf = width of steel beam top flange
br = width of penetration reinforcement
D = diameter of circular penetration
Dc = overall depth of concrete slab
Ds = overall depth of steel beam
d1 = clear depth between steel beam flanges ignoring fillets or welds
dc = depth of the rectangular stress block in concrete slab
d ctH = distance from top of steel flange to line of action of FctH
d ctL = distance from top of steel flange to line of action of FctL
dh = depth of compression zone in the cross-section measured from the top of the cross-section
dr = distance from outside edge of steel flange to centroid of steel plate reinforcement
E = Young’s modulus of steel
e = the vertical eccentricity of the web penetration with respect to the mid-height of the steel
cross-section (+ve when toward the concrete compression flange, see Fig. 6.1).
Fbf = capacity of steel beam bottom flange
Fbw = capacity of steel web of bottom T-section
Fc = compressive capacity of concrete flange (= Fc1 + Fc2 )
Fcc = compressive force in concrete flange corresponding to complete shear connection for the
cross-section without web penetration at strength limit state
Fc1 = compressive capacity of concrete cover slab within slab effective width
Fc2 = compressive capacity of concrete between steel sheeting ribs within slab effective width
Fcc = compressive force in concrete flange corresponding to complete shear connection for the
cross-section with web penetration at the strength limit state
FcH = force in concrete flange at HME
FctH = calculated value of compressive force in concrete slab at the HME of the penetration at
strength limit state, considering the area of top steel T-section only (see Eq. 6.18)
FctL = calculated value of compressive force in concrete slab at low moment end of the
penetration corresponding to FctH (see Eq. 6.20)
Fr = capacity of steel plate reinforcement along one edge of penetration = fyr A r ≤ (f yw t w L ) / 2 3
Ftf = axial capacity of top steel flange (= beff t f f yf )
Ftw = axial capacity of top steel web

Fs = tensile capacity of the steel cross-section with the web penetration

fc' = 28-day characteristic compressive cylinder strength of concrete
fds = design shear capacity of a shear connector in a set of nH connectors according to
AS 2327.1
f vs = nominal shear capacity of a shear connector
fyf = yield strength of flange in steel beam
fyi = yield strength of components in steel beams, either, flange, web or steel plate
reinforcement
fyr = yield strength of steel plate reinforcement
f yw = yield strength of web in steel beam
G = nominal dead load
G = shear modulus of elasticity
Gsup = superimposed dead load
HME = high-moment end of penetration
h0 = height of penetration
hr = height of the steel ribs of profiled steel sheeting
I0 = second moment of area of the gross cross-section including the web penetration
Ib = second moment of area of the bottom T-section
It = second moment of area of the top T-section
k = a shear coefficient for I-sections (=1.2)
kB = shear coefficient for bottom T-section (=1.2)
kn = load-sharing factor for shear connectors
kT = shear coefficient for top T-section (=1.2)
L = span of the beam
Lo = length of web penetration
LME = low-moment end of penetration
M* = design bending moment at mid-length of web penetration
MH* = design bending moment at HME
ML* = design bending moment at the LME
M d* = differential design bending moment across the web penetration
*
M se = secondary moment induced by Vierendeel deformations across the web penetration (see
Fig. 3.2)
M b = nominal moment capacity at the HME of web penetration ignoring the effect of vertical
shear force
M b.0 , M b.5 and M bc = nominal moment capacity at the HME ignoring the effect of vertical shear
force, corresponding to β = 0.0, 0.5 and 1.0, respectively
ne = number of steel elements in a cross-section with a web penetration
nH = number of shear connectors between end of beam adjacent to penetration, at HME
nL = number of shear connectors between end of beam adjacent to penetration, at LME
nmax = number of 19 mm headed stud shear connectors required to develop the force Fcc
Q = live load
R = stiffness ratio for deflection calculations (see Eq. 6.54)
S = clear spacing between multiple penetrations
sb = depth of bottom T-section
st = depth of top steel T-section
sb = effective depth of bottom T-section, accounting for the movement in plastic neutral axis
when the penetration is reinforced (see Eq. 6.10)

st = effective depth of top steel T-section, accounting for the movement in plastic neutral axis
when the penetration is reinforced (see Eq. 6.15)
tf = thickness of steel flange
tr = thickness of steel plate reinforcement
tw = thickness of steel web
*
V = design vertical shear force at mid-length of web penetration
Vu = nominal shear capacity of the beam cross-section at the strength limit state
Vt* = design vertical shear force carried by the top T-section
Vpb = nominal shear capacity of steel web of the bottom T-section ignoring the effects of bending
Vpt = nominal shear capacity of steel web of top T-section ignoring the effects of bending
Vb = nominal shear capacity of bottom T-section including the effects of secondary moments
Vc = contribution of concrete flange to shear capacity
Vt = nominal shear capacity of top T-section including the effects of secondary moments
Vu = nominal vertical shear capacity of a beam cross-section without a penetration
Vu = nominal shear capacity of a beam cross-section with a penetration
Vu.0 , Vu.5 and Vuc = nominal shear capacity of composite beam cross-section at the penetration,
calculated ignoring the effects of primary bending moments, corresponding to β = 0.0, 0.5
and 1.0, respectively
W = design load
x = distance to a beam cross-section from support
β max = maximum degree of shear connection that can be achieved at cross-sections within the
Fcc
length of a penetration, i.e. =
Fcc
β = degree of shear connection calculated using Fcc , e.g. β = FcH / Fcc at HME
δb = additional deflection in the beam due to bending deformation at the web penetration
δ b ( x ) = value of δ b at a point on the beam distance x from support
δg = deflection of the beam calculated ignoring the effects of the penetration
δ g ( x ) = value of δ g at a point on the beam distance x from support
δ 's = additional shear deflection ignoring geometric continuity (see Eq. 6.64)
δt = total deflection (see Eq. 6.51)
δ t ( x ) = total deflection at a point on the beam distance x from support (see Eq. 6.51)
δv = additional shear deflection due to a web penetration
δ v (x ) = value of δ v at a point on the beam distance x from support
φ = capacity factor relevant to a strength limit state
λ = factor accounting for angle between sheeting ribs and steel beam - see Fig. 5.2.2.2(b)
µb , µ t = dimensionless ratio relating secondary bending moment contributions of concrete and
web penetration reinforcement to the product of the plastic shear capacity and depth of the
steel T-section (see Eqs 6.6 and 6.12, respectively)
θ = acute angle between the steel ribs of a composite slab and longitudinal axis of steel beam
θ H , θ L = rotations due to bending deformation at the HME and LME of penetration, respectively
θ H' , θ L' = rotations due to shear deformation at the HME and LME of penetration, respectively
ν b , ν t = aspect ratio L 0 / s b and L0 / s t for bottom and top T-sections, respectively


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Design of Simply-Supported

Composite Beams with

Design Booklet DB1.3

OneSteel Market Mills

OneSteel Manufacturing Pty Limited

Centre for Construction Technology & Research

Dr. Mark Patrick *

Dr. Cameron Chick *

Edition 1.0 - April 1999

DB1.3–ii Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– iii

DB1.3–iv Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– v

1. SCOPE AND GENERAL

(a) Circular unreinforced (b) Rectangular unreinforced

(c) Circular reinforced (d) Rectangular reinforced

Figure 1.1 Acceptable Types of Web Penetrations

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 1

DB1.3–2 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

High Moment End (HME)

Low Moment End (LME)

Primary Bending Moment

Secondary Bending Moment

Web Penetration Reinforcement

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 3

Behaviour in the Region of a Web Penetration

Figure 3.1 Behaviour at Ultimate Load

DB1.3–4 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Primary and Secondary Bending Moments

(a) Primary bending moments on beam at web penetration

V*t Top T-Section

V*t Secondary bending

(b) Secondary bending moments on T-Sections

Effect of Web Penetrations on Maximum Compressive Force in Concrete Flange

Design Moment Capacity

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 5

Design Vertical Shear Capacity

DB1.3–6 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

3.2 Deflection Calculation

Basis of Calculation for Composite Beam

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 7

(a) Horizontal reinforcement welded to web

(b) Horizontal and vertical reinforcement welded to web

(c) Penetration edge reinforced with flats

(d) T-Sections strengthened

(e) Diagonal reinforcement

Note: The design method is applicable for penetrations with reinforcement

Figure 3.4 Arrangements of Web Penetration Reinforcement

DB1.3–8 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

4.2 Strength Design Model

Strength Design Criterion

Figure 4.1 Moment-Shear Interaction Model

Edition 2.0 - February 2001 Simply-Supported Composite Beams DB1.3– 9

Design Moment Capacity

Design Shear Capacity

Limits of Applicability of the Strength Design Model

(a) Single-sided reinforcement (b) Double-sided reinforcement

Figure 4.2 Web Penetration Reinforcement Arrangements

DB1.3–10 Simply-Supported Composite Beams Edition 2.0 - February 2001

Bottom T-Section Rigid arms

(a) Idealised beam model for calculation of additional deflections

(b) Additional deflection due to bending

(c) Shear deformation and induced discontinuity