COSTING OF SURVEYING, MAPPING

AND GEOINFORMATION PROJECTS IN

NIGERIA

BY
SURV. (CHIEF) INNOCENT EGBUH, FNIS
CEO, AERO-GEODETIC SERVICES (NIG) LTD
209A ABA ROAD (NEAR LABAKE HOTELS),
RUMUOLA, PORT HARCOURT.
Phone: 0803 063 4896
aerogeodeticservices@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
 Survival is a primary purpose of a firm- an objective that can never be
taken for granted. It is often a more compelling objective than
profitability especially in firms that are not large or stable enough to
have much of a margin to absorb errors or adjust to changing
conditions. To survive firms must adjust to suit the dynamic
environments in which they operate.
 Gives an overview of the Professional Scale of Fees as it affects different
projects undertaken by Surveyors. It focuses particularly on: Cadastral
survey works; large-scale mapping and Engineering surveys for: route
constructions dams tunneling; pipeline routing, power line routing, etc.
 It highlights the major factors to be considered in costing specific
projects, based on the provisions of the 2006 Federal Government’s
“Professional Scale of Fees for Consultants in the Construction Industry”.
 The paper attempts to set out a rational concept on which the
assessment and costing of surveying and mapping services can be
based. It provides guidelines for the costing of surveying and mapping
projects for Surveyors, and highlights the parameters needed for costing
 It gives examples, using jobs executed by Surveyors, to illustrate the
different strategies for costing of projects.
 Considers issues relating to responding to Tenders, World Bank projects,
etc.
What is Costing?

 the act of estimating or assessing how

much money is to be charged for
something.
 costing means the estimation of how
much is to be charged as
professional fee for surveying
services.
 Concept of Professional
Scale of Fees
 Earn reasonable and decent living,
 Perform their duties efficiently,
 Maintain a high standard of professionalism
 Embrace continuing professional development.
 Function as role models who contribute to the
enhancement of the public image of the profession.
 Therefore, professional fees must be charged to
cover the cost of labour, the good of the
professional in particular, and the profession in
general.
Surveyors must strive for these factors, if the profession must develop in
ways that will earn public respect and attract young entrants.
Features of the Surveyor’s Scale
of Fees
The current Scale of Fees for Surveyors is the one updated by the Nigerian
Institution of Surveyors in 2006. It is based on the 1996 Federal Government
approved Scale of Fees for Consultants in the Construction Industry, updated for
inflation
 CONSULTANCY FEES: It allows Surveyors to
charge Consultancy Fees as a percentage of cost of
the Land or project
 DIRECT FIELD COST: It allows Surveyors charge
for the cost of execution of the survey work, in
addition to the consultancy. It includes cost for:
1. Personnel
2. Equipment
3. Transportation
4. Accommodation
5. Beacons"
Features of the Surveyor’s Scale of Fees 2
 MAN-MONTH RATE: The Scale of Fees contains a computed Man-
Month Rate for survey personnel. The Central Bank of Nigeria
Inflationary Index is used in revising it with 1996 as the starting year.

 REIMBURSABLES: It allows for payment of reimbursable expenses on

accommodation, transportation, equipment, printing etc.

 INSTALMENTAL PAYMENT: It allows for “Stage” payment as the work

progresses.
Stage 1: 30% on Reconnaissance
Stage 2: 40% on Completion of field work and submission of Interim
Report
Stage 3: 30% on submission of final Report and Deliverables

 MOBILIZATION AND DEMOBILIZATION FEES: It also makes

provision for payment of mobilization and demobilization Fees to
Surveyors.

 CONTINGENCY: The Surveyor is allowed to charge for contingency in the

course of execution of the project.

 It introduces project management in surveying and mapping.

Project Components
1. Planning and Reconnaissance
 Survey information search/request

 Visits to site and preliminary investigation

2. Primary data Acquisition

 Aerial photography, Satellite imagery

3. Site Preparation
 Site clearing

 Beacons

 Beaconing
Project Components 2
4. Field Data Acquisition
 Traversing
 Leveling
 GPS observations
 Documentation of stations
 Detailing
 Quality control
5. Data Processing, Analysis and Management
 Quality control
 Data reduction and processing
 Analysis of results
6. Report Writing and Presentation
 Report writing, collation and binding
 Preparation of deliverables: hard-and soft-copies
SOME OFTEN NEGLECTED PROJECT
COMPONENTS
 Community Relations
You may be required to work in an area where there is high youth
or community awareness. Before you commence work, you’ll be
required to get clearance from the community in one form or the
other. This may include homage to the Traditional ruler of the
place, settlement with the youths in one form or another, etc.
This must be factored in your costing.
Various options are available-
– Client settlement
– Consultant settlement, with reimbursement.

 Job Safety Analysis/Costing

This involves additional costs incurred due to working in peculiar
terrain, which necessitates the use of special tools or equipment.
This may include Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), or special
tools used to work in very difficult ground.
CASE STUDY 1: Cadastral, Topo, Detailing,

 “Tender are invited from reputable survey companies for the survey of
the proposed site of a Private University in Ogun State of Nigeria
covering about 200 hectares of land. A topographical survey of the
parcel of land showing spot heights at 50 meter interval should also be
carried out. All details; buildings, roads, rivers/streams are to be
shown. The following documents are to be submitted after the
completion of the survey.
 a) 10 copies of the survey plan (perimeter)
 b) A Digital Terrain Model of the site.
 c) 10 copies of the survey plan showing the spot heights as 50
meters interval
 d) 10 copies of the plan showing the contour lines at 20 meters
interval
 e) Soft copies of each of (a – d) above.
 Time of completion is four months.

Job advertised in 2008.

A: CONSULTANCY FEE
TABLE 27: SCALE OF FEES FOR PERIMETER SURVEYS

Value of Property (Land) Fees as a % of Value of

N Property (Land)
First 500,000 2.5%
Next 500,000 1.5%
Next 4,000,000 0.15%
Above 5,000,000 0.10%

8.3.2 In addition, the Consultant Surveyor is allowed to charge for the quantities
required for the physical demarcation of the land
Assume the value of the land is fifteen naira per square meter (N15:00/m2).
Therefore, the value 1 Hectare = N150, 000.00
200 Hectares = N30, 000,000.00
1st 500,000 2.5% 12,000.00
Next 500,000 1.5% 7,500.00
Next 4,000,000 0.15% 6,000.00
Remaining 25,000,000 0.10% 25,000.00
Sub-Total 51,000.00
Detail 20% of 51, 000 10,200.00
Both (H & V) 3rd Order 3km 230,000.00
B: DIRECT FIELD COSTS
 The Direct Field Cost would be calculated as follows:
 Perimeter
 For 50 hects 1,056,000.00
 Next 150 hects 7,000 x 150 1,050,000.00
 Sub-Total= 2,106,000.00
 Topographical survey.
 The first 50 hects 6,425,000.00
 Next 150 hects 18,750,000.00
 Total for 10m grid 25,175,000.00
 Divided by 50 for 50m grid 503,500.00

 SUMMARY OF FEES
 N
 Consultancy Fee 51,000.00
 DFC (Perimeter) 2,106,000.00
 DFC (Topo) 503,500.00 2,660,500.00
 Details 10,200.00

 Connection 230,000.00
 Unadjusted fee 2,900,700.00
 The value is termed unadjusted because the Direct Field Cost for both perimeter
and Topographical Surveys would have to be adjusted for inflation over the years.
With 2006 as the base, the Central Bank of Nigeria Inflationary Index has to be
used to adjust it for two years.
 2007 index is 2.90% N84,120.30 N2,984,820.30
 2008 index is 6.70% N199,982.96 N3,184,803.26
CASE STUDY 2: AS-BUILT SURVEY OF A LOCATION :
SCOPE OF WORK
 The scope of survey work would include but not limited to setting out
and levelling of the main deck in relation to the design modules with a
view to determining the extent of conformity/alignment of design
specifications to the proposed positions on the deck.
 The work would be organised and executed under the direction of a
staff surveyor with relevant experience in construction support and
setting out/control survey.
 At the project site, survey controls (vertical and horizontal) will be
established and will be obtained using GPS static and rapid static
methods.
 Traversing will be conducted using total station equipment and data
loggers. Several rounds of horizontal and vertical angles on different
zero settings will be observed and instruments targets measured.
 Survey detailing will be conducted using total stations, automatically
logging observed data. Radial measurements will be taken to points of
detail from each survey station, referenced to adjacent stations. A
single full round of reference angles to both adjacent stations will be
observed before and on completion of each detailing session.
 As required, cross section data will be captured simultaneously with the
detailing, the locations established by taped measurements from an
origin point determined by client.
Resources
 EQUIPMENT
The underlisted are the required equipment for the execution of the work.
– 1 X Total Station
– 1 X Levelling Instrument
– 1 X Levelling Staff
– 1 X Survey Tape
– 1 X Electronic Calculator
– 2 X Personal Protective Equipment

 PERSONNEL
– 1 X Surveyor
– 1 X Assistant Surveyor

 LOGISTICS
 All logistics considerations for the project would be handled by the
client, including personal protective equipment, transportation,
accommodation and general personnel welfare.
DELIVERABLES
 Upon completion of the work at site, post-processing would be carried out at ---
---Associates offices with a view to obtaining final data. However, surveyors
would readily make available all required data and associated information to
method engineers on real time basis in the field.
 Upon demobilisation, the following are the survey deliverables to be presented
to the client.
 All Field records
 Structure Result Analysis
 Scaled Charts
 Standard Field Report containing in the following structure.
 Scope of work
– Description of methodology
– Summary of any difficulties in work execution and recommendations
– Summary of results and geodesy
– Summary of traverse results and closures
– Summary of detailing reference closures
– Copies of survey data field sheets
– Survey crew daily logs
– Data discs containing:
 Raw observed data files
 Computed coordinate file in an industry format
 Final map sheets in MicroStation 3D format
 All maps shall be prepared in DIN standard size A3.
COMMERCIAL
 PRICING FORM – DAY WORKS
 LABOUR
 The labour cost for the project surveyors are as given below. The rate given below is based
on a nine-hour day schedule. Any work outside this schedule will be regarded as overtime
and standby time at site is equally considered and would be charged separately at
appropriate but negotiable rates.
 MOB/DEMOB (LUMP SUM) =N= 25000 US$ 200
 DAY RATE - Surveyor =N= 27000 US$ 220
 DAY RATE - Assistant Surveyor =N= 15000 US$ 170
 STANDBY RATE - Surveyor =N= 7000 US$ 55
 STANDBY RATE – Assist. Surveyor =N= 4000 US$ 30
 INSURANCE COVER (LUMP) =N= 26000 US$ 200
 OVERTIME =N=1500 US$10 (per hour)
 EQUIPMENT
 MOB/DEMOB (LUMP SUM) =N= 25000 US$ 200
 1 X EDM/TOTAL STATION =N= 15000 US$ 80
 1 X AUTO LEVEL =N= 3500 US$ 30
 OTHERS =N= 4500 US$ 35
 INSURANCE COVER (LUMP) =N= 26000 US$ 200
 PRIMARY DGPS SYSTEM
 MOB/DEMOB (LUMP SUM) =N=20000 US$200
 DAY RATE =N= 50000 US$450
 REPORTING =N= 120000 US$ 1000
 Daily rates will apply from the day equipment and personnel arrive at the designated
mobilisation point,, and including day of return to base.
PREPARATION OF TENDER DOCUMENTS
 The Cambridge International Dictionary of English defines ‘Tender’ as “ a written
or formal offer to supply goods or do a job for an agreed price.” A tender is also
a “written offer to buy or sell goods or do a job.”
 For sake of this paper, we shall restrict our discussion to:
 Response to invitation to Tender Documents as presented by the
consultant/contractor who is bidding formally to supply some goods or to tender
for a service.
 WHAT IS A TENDER DOCUMENT?
 A Tender Document is a document which aims at giving details of the
methodology and cost of providing a specialized service and/or
specific/comprehensive details and cost of goods to be supplied.
 WHAT DOES A TENDER DOCUMENT WANT TO ACHIEVE?
 A Tender Document aims to explain unambiguously, details of services to be
rendered or goods to be supplied.
 ATTRIBUTES OF A TENDER DOCUMENT
 A Tender Document must breakdown the project for which it was prepared, into
the component parts. Thus to prepare a Tender Document, the author must have
thorough understanding of the project to be implemented using the Tender
Document. Added to the above, the author must know enough about the costing
of each component part of the project so as to allocate enough funds for the
component parts. It is good practice that a marking scheme or assessment
scheme be designed such that respondents to the invitation for tender can be
appropriately assessed. An inappropriately prepared document is a highway to
project failure. Some Tender Documents are accompanied by bill of quantities
especially for construction purposes.
RESPONDING TO CALLS FOR PROPOSALS OR
INVITATION TO TENDER (REQUIREMENTS)

 Having a registered company;

 Having similar past experiences;
 Having quality manpower in relevant
fields
 Having the necessary equipment for the
execution of the proposed project; and
 Tax clearance for the past 3 years.
 In some cases, some professional
qualifications are needed, or evidence of
professional affiliation.
COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL OR TENDER
 The Pre-qualification
It is important to note that before the submitted tender documents or proposals are given
any considerations, a panel or committee designated to short list the applicants or
companies would first of all carry out a pre-qualification exercise to ensure that all those
who have submitted bids or proposals are from the beginning qualified to apply based on
certain specified qualifications. In some proposal, certain basic qualifications must be
met.
Unless a proposal fits into the theme and sub-themes, the applicant is disqualified.

 The technical component

This is perhaps the most important aspect of a proposal or response to a tender. Unless an
applicant is qualified technically, the company cannot proceed further. This is normally
divided into the following broad areas:
– Executive Summary
gives the highlights of the proposal
gives assessors an indication of what to expect in the submission
contain the essential ingredients in the presentation
helps to form an initial opinion about the submission
– Introduction
gives a general overview of the subject matter.
includes the statement of the problem.
– Literature Review
an assessor can make an opinion as to how wide and deep the applicant has
consulted similar works in the field
gives some information as to how others have solved similar problems in the past.
helps to build up ones concepts and methods for addressing the problem.
COMPONENTS OF A PROPOSAL OR TENDER (2)

– Methodology
Discusses the methods to be used in addressing the problem under
consideration,
covers hardware, software, data collection, and data collection
methods & includes all the computational techniques to be adopted.
A method may be good but may not meet the expected results.
– Expected Results and Analysis
Results from the methodology adopted are presented;
Should be concise and to the point

– Conclusions and Recommendations

Normally contain some concluding remarks on the subject matter; It
should be short and to the point.

 The financial component.

CASE STUDY: THE LAGOS STATE MAPPING AND GIS PROJECT

 Advert late in December 2007 calling for

interested companies to purchase the tender
documents at a cost of N100, 000.00 payable to
the State Treasury. The project was divided into 7
modules and the contractors were free to bid for
any number of modules of interest.
 Scope of the Work
The scope of the work was divided into 7 modules.
Each contractor was expected to submit both
technical and financial proposals to the Office of
the Surveyor General not later than two weeks
from the date the proposal was advertised in the
newspapers.
 Modules of the Project
S/N Modules Work Content
o.
IA Design, Planning and Establishment of Geodetic Controls
1 IB Signalisation of Controls
IC Acquisition of Imageries
2 IIA Determination of Geoid
IIB Establishment of Active GPS Reference Station
3 IIIA Densification of controls and producton of DTM and Orthophoto
IIIB Digital Mapping
4 IVA GIS Database Creation
IVB GIS Applications
IVC Enterprise GIS
5 V Production of Bathymetric Chart
VIA Acquisition of Hardware and Software
VIB Provision of ICT Infrastructure
VIC Education and Training
7 VII Public Enlightenment and Stakeholders Meeting
 Qualifications
 Certificate of Registration with the Corporate Affairs Commission
 Evidence of current tax clearance, for three years, VAT
registration certificate and VAT remittance
 Evidence of subsisting registration with SURCON
 Audited account with annual turn over in consultancy works of
N50M value in the last 5 years;
 Company profile with names and qualifications of key technical
and other personnel to be used (include photocopies of
professional qualifications)
 Verifiable evidence of having successfully carried out similar
works in the last 10 years, names of client, location of project,
contract sum with evidence of engagement and photocopies,
etc.
 Names and addresses of bankers and their recommendations;
 Possession of substantial equipment and technical capacity for
the execution of the project; and
 Any other technical information that will be helpful in
determining the firms suitability for the work.
Assessment of the Submissions
 A day was set aside for the opening of the tender
documents
 Each company’s tender was opened in the presence
of the representative
 The price quoted for each of the modules by all the
companies were announced publicly
 The first step was to look at all the companies who
met the qualification considerations. Scores were
awarded & some companies dropped.
 The second stage was the consideration of the
technical proposal. This was the most important
aspect, and had the highest weight in the scoring.
 The third consideration was the financial proposal.
Assessment of the Submissions 2

 In the end, the scores for each modules

were added together over a hundred. The
company with the highest score for each
model was adjudged the best for the
module.
 For each module, the best two companies
were invited by the Committee for
presentation on how the company would
execute the project and negotiations on
commercial bids.
TENDER FOR WORLD
BANK/UNDP/DFID PROJECTS:
 These international tenders are always
accompanied by voluminous documentation.
Simple obedience is the key word to
successful bidding. Familiarity with the
method of assessment plays a vital role.
 The standard forms to be followed are listed
below:
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL STANDARD
FORMS (Section 3. Technical Proposal - Standard Forms)
 TECH-1 Technical Proposal Submission Form
 TECH-2 Consultant’s Organization and Experience
– A Consultant’s Organization
– B Consultant’s Experience
 TECH-3 Comments or Suggestions on the Terms of
Reference and on Counterpart Staff and
Facilities to be provided by the Client
– A On the Terms of Reference
– B On the Counterpart Staff and Facilities
 TECH-4 Description of the Approach, Methodology and
Work Plan for Performing the
Assignment
 TECH-5 Team Composition and Task Assignments
 TECH-6 Curriculum Vitae (CV) for Proposed
Professional Staff
 TECH-7 Staffing Schedule
FINANCIAL PROPOSAL STANDARD FORMS
(Section 4. Financial Proposal - Standard Forms)

 FIN-1 Financial Proposal Submission

Form
 FIN-2 Summary of Costs
 FIN-3 Breakdown of Costs by Activity
 FIN-4 Breakdown of Remuneration
 FIN-5 Reimbursable expenses
 Appendix: Financial Negotiations -
Breakdown of Remuneration Rates
CASE STUDY: LARGE SCALE MAPPING USING
AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY

 “Tenders are invited from reputable survey firms for the

large scale mapping of Ojodu area of Lagos/Ogun States
for the purpose of Revenue collection. The maps are to
show the interstate boundary clearly. The following are the
details of the final product required:
 a) Scale of mapping: 1:2,500
 b) Corridor: 200m on either side of the boundary.
 c) Total distance: 20km (i.e. 10km on either side of the
center of Ojodu)
 d) Submission:
 (1) 10 copies each of the map sheets covering the area.
 (2) Soft copy in digital format of each of the sheets
covering the area
 e) Time of completion – 6 months.”
Translation of Specification
 The mapping professional is expected to transform these specifications into professional list
of parameters needed for costing. One such transformation is given as:
 Project key features:
 Title: Production of large scale map of Ojodu (urban mapping)
 Area: approx. 200mx20000m i.e. 400 hectares or 4 sq km
 Scale: 1:2,500
 Purpose of mapping: revenue collection
 Type of map: detailed plannimetry (no contours)
 From the summarized specifications, we can identify the various tasks as follows:
 Costing Components
 a) Acquisition of Photographs
 The cost items here will include: 1) reconnaissance (initial planning and design 2), aircraft
photography, 3), scanning of hardcopy to softcopy images 4), computers and accessories 5),
overheads.
 b) Establishment of Control Network (Ground Truth)
 1) instrument hire/purchase/amortization, 2) labour, 3) mobilization/demobilization, 4)
overheads (admin., recce, etc).
 c) Processing of Data
 1) Edge matching of image frames, 2) Georeferencing to ground coordinate system, 3)
Vectorization (extraction of details from the images, 4) Editing (correction of errors in data
extracted, 5) database creation, 6) overheads.
 d) Field Completion
 : 1) Printing of manuscript, 2) mobilization/demobilization, 3) labour, 4) equipment.
 e) Cartographic Completion/Documentation
 1) final cartographic editing, 2) indexing of map sheets, 3) printing of map sheets, 4)
documentation.
Translation of Specification 2
 aerial photography:
 assume a simple digital camera
 ground resolution = 5m
 image (internal) resolution = 400 dpi (15dpmm)
 Focal length = 152mm
 Image frame = 18”x18” (i.e. 7200x7200 pixels)
 Num of runs of strips = 1
 Side overlap between images = 60 percent (.6)
 From these data we can compute the ground coverage of
1 frame as:
 .5m * 7200 X .5m*7200 = 3.6km X 3.6 km
 This gives the frame coverage as 12.95 sq km
 The project area is a strip of .2kmx20km
 The number is 20km/(3.6*60/100) = 10 frames
Bill of Quantities: Aerial Photography
CASE STUDY: LARGE SCALE MAPPING
USING SATELLITE IMAGERY
 “Tenders are invited from reputable survey firms for the
large scale mapping of Ojodu area of Lagos/Ogun
States for the purpose of Revenue collection. The maps
are to show the interstate boundary clearly. The
following are the details of the final product required:
 a) Scale of mapping: 1:2,500
 b) Corridor: 200m on either side of the boundary.
 c) Total distance: 20km (i.e. 10km on either side of
the center of Ojodu)
 d) Submission:
 (1) 10 copies each of the map sheets covering the
area.
 (2) Soft copy in digital format of each of the sheets
covering the area
 e) Time of completion – 6 months.”
Translation of Specification 1
 The mapping professional is expected to transform these specifications into professional
list of parameters needed for costing. One such transformation is given as:
 Project key features:
 Title: production of large scale map of Ojodu (urban mapping)
 Area: approx. 200mx20000m i.e. 400 hectares or 4 sq km
 Scale: 1:2,500
 Purpose of mapping: revenue collection
 Type of map: detailed plannimetry (no contours)
 From the summarized specifications, we can identify the various tasks as follows:
 Costing Components
 a) Acquisition of Images
 The cost items here will include: 1) reconnaissance (initial planning and design, 2)
request to purchase images, 3) computers and accessories, 4) overheads.
 b) Establishment of Control Network (Ground Truth)
 1) instrument hire/purchase/amortization, 2) labour, 3) mobilization/demobilization, 4)
overheads.
 c) Processing of Data
 1) Edge matching of image frames, 2) Geoferencing to ground coordinate system, 3)
Vectorization (extraction of details from the images, 4) Editing (correction of errors in
data extracted, 5) database creation, 6) overheads.
 d) Field Completion
 1) printing of manuscript, 2) mobilization/demobilization, 3) labour, 4) equipment.
 e) Cartographic Completion/Documentation
 1) final cartographic editing, 2) indexing of map sheets, 3) printing of map sheets, 4)
documentation.
Translation of Specification 2

 Satellite image:
 assume IKONOS Image
 ground resolution =.6m
 image usually supplied in multiples of 1
sq km. And assuming a straight strip of
.2kmx20km, one IKONOS’s image frame
of 1kmx21km will be purchased.
 Because there is no overlap, there must
be 2 control points for every km. Hence a
total of 40 points are needed.
Bill of Quantities: Satellite Image Method
SUGGESTIONS TO ENHANCE ADHERENCE TO
SCALE OF FEES AND BE READY TO RESPOND
TO CALLS FOR PROPOSALS
 Surveyors must at all times learn to upgrade themselves in current areas
in the field by attending training workshops in relevant current areas;
 As Surveyors, we must learn how to write good technical proposals. It is
the quality of the technical proposal that win projects and not just the
financial
 Governments and private organizations in awarding contract should
consider strongly both technical and financial proposals. Award of
contracts should not be based on lowest bidder only but on both technical
and financial. Infact, the award should way more in favour of technical.
 Surveyors should in advance form consortia so that in the event of big
projects that require partnership, their companies could mobilize men and
materials easily.
 Do not rush out of your current employment if you have any.
 Maintain a respectable office
 Do not depend on jobs procured by intermediary survey assistants. They
will eventually dump you.
 Expand your areas of professional competence
 Strive to look for jobs yourself; use personal contacts, friends, family,
associations, church, mosque, clubs, village meetings, etc.
 Carry out any job you get properly and maintain a good relationship with
your clients. It will attract other jobs for you.
SUGGESTIONS TO ENHANCE ADHERENCE TO
SCALE OF FEES AND BE READY TO RESPOND
TO CALLS FOR PROPOSALS 2
 Interact with other professionals: Architects, Lawyers, and
Estate Surveyors etc.
 Maintain your self confidence without being haughty.
 Dress properly and neatly at all times, it boosts your self
esteem and the image of the profession.
 Collaborate with other colleagues and preferably for a
partnership practice
 Continue to learn. it makes you younger and keeps you
informed
 Have your call-card with you at all times.
 When you make money try and differentiate between
wants and needs, assets and liabilities. Invest your money
wisely:
 Maintain a positive attitude at all times;
 Ask God in your own way to give you wisdom to
differentiate between good and bad, courage and strength
of character to uphold the good.
 Conclusions
 This paper has provided some format on how to cost surveying
and mapping projects, and to respond to calls for proposals.
Surveyors and surveying companies must shore up their
capability to respond to calls for proposals. One way to do this
is to form workable consortia in advance so that they can
easily mobilize in the event of similar calls for proposals.
 Being Surveyor carries with it heavy responsibilities because a
true professional is the conscience of his professional
organisation. Being a Surveyor is a desire fulfilled for the
individual. And if we are conscious “that every desire fulfilled
creates a corresponding obligation”, then each Surveyor has
the onerous duty of ensuring that his conduct and practice
reflect good image, good breeding and integrity commensurate
to his new status, ALWAYS.
 Nigerian Surveyors must embrace change in order to survive in
today’s business world. The changes in surveying methods and
techniques are making the eighties and nineties look like a
picnic. Simply doing what worked in the eighties and mid
nineties will only lead to retrogression. We need to get into
action.