Tamil - Durga PDF

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√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^”
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P.P. - Pages
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x[–Á´ 1á11
1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD 12á68
2. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ 69á141
3. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^ 142á212
4. ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\ 213á284
WÁ≈°Á´ 285á287
mÁ±u√‚ΩB_ 1á15
∏[MÁ©AÔ^
∂) x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z§©AÔ^ 1á5
g) x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∏≈ √Á¶©AÔ^ 1á4
÷) ƒ\ÔVÈ ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ 1á6

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∑u§•^· ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·© º√∑k>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈™. ÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ BVÁk? ÷flƒJÔ›]_ ÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ WÁÈ ®[™? ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷kÏÔ^ ®ÀkÁÔBV™ c›]xÁ≈ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®[√Á> ®_ÈVD kÁ´BÆ¬zD
kÁÔl_ gF° ºÂV¬ÔD ∂Á\Õm^·m.
x[™VF°Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛B

x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ–¬z© ∏≈z Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ k·ÏflE¬z g>V´
ƒ¬]Ô·VÔ› ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï. ÷D JkÁ´© √u§B √È >M WÁÈ gF°Ô^ kÕm^·™.
\VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ®–D ±ÁÈ ÷´V. ÂV´VB–D, Eu∏l[
√Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ ®[≈ ±ÁÈ √VÈV°D ®ø]•^·™Ï.
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD ®[≈› >ÁÈ©∏_ xÁ™kÏ

√‚¶ gFÁk WÔμ›]•^·VÏ. ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®–D gF° ±ÁÈ•D, >tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D ®[≈ gF° ±ÁÈ
QVM•D ®ø]•^·™Ï. Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ √Á¶©AÔ^ z§›m xÁ™kÏ √‚¶
gFÁk WÔμ›]•^· ÔÚVW] Ôs¬ºÔV¬ Ôs ®[–D ±ÁÈ ÿkπl‚|^·VÏ.
x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔÁ·© √u§ >M›>MBVÔ √È>´©√‚¶ xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gF°Ô”D,
±_Ô”D ÿkπkÕm^·º√VmD JkÁ´•D ŒÚºƒ´ ºÂV¬˛ gF°
WÔμ›>©ÿ√≈s_ÁÈ.
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ·V™ ÷kÏÔ^ >D √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^ z§›m ÷ÀkVF°

WÔμ›>©ÿ√uÆ^·m.
4
x>[Á\ g>V´∫Ô^
Eu∏, >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ >D ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©AÔ^ x>[Á\

g>V´∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶™.
Am¬ ÔsÁ> √u§B gF°Ô”D, Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[,

Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ >D √Á¶©AÔ^ z§›> gF°Ô”D ÿkπkÕm^·
±_Ô”D ÷ÀkVF°¬z› mÁÁ\ g>V´∫Ô·VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·©√‚¶™.
gF° ®_ÁÈ
x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF° Eu∏

√VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛B ÔsQÏÔπ[
ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©AÔÁ· x>[Á\BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| gF° ÿƒFB© ÿ√uÆ^·m.
gF° ∂bzxÁ≈
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF°

÷©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· g´VFkº>V| >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_ ÷kÏÔ^
ÿ√ÆD ÷¶D ®[™ ®[√Á>•D s·¬z˛≈m. ÷ÀkVFs_ s·¬ÔxÁ≈› ]≈™VF°
xÁ≈ºB ∏[√u≈©√‚|^·m.
÷B_ √Vz√V|
x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^ ®[–D ÷ÀkVF° x[–Á´,

xΩ°Á´ ¿∫ÔÈVÔ ÂV[z ÷B_Ô·VÔ© √z¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ∂Ák.
1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD
2. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
3. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^
4. ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\.
5
÷B_ : 1 x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD
>tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©At¬Ô ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ› >\¬ºÔ

cˆ›>V™ >M› >[Á\ºBV| ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ Eu∏, ~º´V| >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[
gkÏ. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^, √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ºÂV¬z g˛B™
Ì≈©√‚|^·™. º>EB, ]´Vs¶, ÿ√Vm°¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ √u§ ∂§QÏÔπ[
ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ^ ∂ÀsB¬Ô∫Ôº·V| ÿÔVı|^· ÿ>V¶ÏA √u§•D
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™. J[Æ ÔsÁ> \ÁÔ^ √u§•D, ∂ku§_ Ì≈©√‚|^· >›mk¬
ÌÆÔ^, ÔÁÈ\Á, ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ º√V[≈Ák s·¬˛•Á´¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
÷B_ : 2 x©ÿ√Ú∫ √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^:
\Á √u§•D ∂>[ kÁ´BÁ≈ √u§B ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D x©ÿ√ÚD

ÔsQÏÔ^ \´Á√fl ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >\m
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ· ®©√Ω› yÏ\VM›>™Ï ®[√m √u§•D s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D, √V| ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ®ÀkVÆ º>Ï° ÿƒFm^·™Ï ®[√™
Ì≈©√‚|^·™. Eu∏l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>ÏÁk J[Æ kÁÔBVÔ© √z›m¬ ÔVÈVD.
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD, ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|, kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®™
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚|^·™. Eu∏l[ x>_ ÔsÁ>BV™ ÿ>V¶¬ÔD ®–D ÔsÁ>l_
g>VD ∞kV^ ®[–D ssoB› ÿ>V[\D *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√‚|^·m. {Á¶l[
Ô™°, ÔVÈD, «VokV_ Â‚ƒ›]´D, ÌwV∫Ô_, ÂVF¬zÁ¶, Â|∫zD WÈD, \M>D
x>oB ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|^· ÔsÁ>Ô·VzD. ∂§QÏÔ^
√ÈÚD ÷›>ÁÔB ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|^· ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· sBÕmD, AÔμÕmD
Ì§•^·™Ï. {Á¶l[ Ô™° ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ \M>[ >[Á™ \≈Õm ∏≈
clÏÔπ¶D ÷ÚÕm √Ès>\V™ ÿ>Va_ÔÁ·¬ ÔuÆ¬ÿÔVı¶V[ ®[≈ ∂§sB_
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ®|›m ÷BDA˛≈VÏ. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®–D ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]l_ ÷kÏ>D
EuG´V™ guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[ gaBVuÁ≈ \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂©√z] \VÕ>ÏÔ^,
\ı\™∫Ô\øD ÿÔV∫z >ta[ k‚¶V´ kw¬z, ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_Ô^, kVFÿ\Va \´∏[
ÌÆÔ^ ®™¬ Ôs›mk›º>V| √Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•^·VÏ.
6
~º´V| >tw[√[ >D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V| ÿ√VÚ·VÔ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶ÔD, Ô_s,
g‚E›mÁ≈l_ Â¶¬zD ÊÏºÔ|Ô^, ÔVÕyBD, \VÏ¬EBD x>oB™kuÁ≈› >D
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|^·VÏ. kVÿ™Vo, ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E, ]Á´©√¶D
®™© √Èku§KD >™m x›]Á´ÁB© √]›>kÏ. √V´]ÁB© º√VÈ \¬Ô”¬z
sa©AÏÁk ∞u√|›>© √_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÷Bu§•^·VÏ. \¬Ô”¬z
Â[Á\ÔÁ·fl ÿƒFB ºkıΩB ª¶Ô∫Ô^ ÷[Æ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ªÆ sÁ·s©√™kVÔ
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ]Á´©√¶© √V¶_Ôπ_ kÚD g√Vƒ\V™ kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ·
∂∫Ô>fl ∑ÁkºBV| ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©AÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.
∂ÉB_ ƒVÏÕ> ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·•D, ∂›mÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> Ô_s, ∂KkÈÔD x>oB

mÁ≈Ôπ_ c^· xÁ≈ºÔ|ÔÁ·•D >D ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈD s·¬˛•^·VÏ. ∂ÕWB
g‚EBV·ÏÔ^ >D g‚E ÷B¬Ô›]uz› º>ÁkBV™ ∂KkÈÔ c>sBV·ÏÔÁ·
cu√›] ÿƒF•D ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s› ]‚¶›Á> ÂÁ¶xÁ≈©√|›]™Ï. ∂›>ÁÔB Ô_s
xÁ≈ÁB© º√Ω¬ Ô_s ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ∂ÕWB ÿ\Va g]¬Ô›>V_ ÂÏƒˆ √^πÔ”D
ÂºkV>BV √^πÔ”º\ ÿ√Ú˛s‚¶™ ®™ ÷Ω›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ ∂ÉB_, Ô_sfl
ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·© √u§¬ Ì§s‚|s¶V\_ ∂>uÔV™ yÏÁk•D >[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|
ÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √]° ÿƒFB› >k≈s_ÁÈ.
∂˛DÁƒÁB g•>\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ÂV‚| s|>ÁÈ¬ÔVÔ© º√V´VΩ Œ‚| ÿ\V›>

\¬Ôπ[ Ôk™›Á> ~Ï›>kÏ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]. ÔVÕ]BD >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô”¬z \VuÆ©
ÿ√BÁ´fl Û‚|º\ ∂_ÈV\_ ∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \VuÆ kVμÁk ∞u√|›> k_ÈÁ\ ∂u≈m
®™ s\ÏE¬˛≈VÏ. √V´]>Vƒ[ >™m ÔsÁ> JÈD ƒ\>Ï\ ƒJÔD cÚkVÔ √VΩ™V[
®[Æ \VÏ¬EB›Á> º√Efl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. g‚|©√V_ kVÏ›> / ∂¬M¬ zı¶›]ºÈ /
∂˛DÁƒ AÁ>˛≈m / JkΩBV_ xÁ≈Á\ ÿƒF> kV\™ ®™ \VÏ¬EB›Á>©
º√VuÆ˛[≈VÏ.
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ƒD√kVt•ºÔ •ºÔ ®™› ÿ>V¶∫zD ˇÁ>l[

\ÔV kV¬˛B›]uz ª¶VÔ© ÿ√VÚ^ ÔVbD xÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕº> ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>¬ Ô·D
sˆkV™m ®[√m AÈ™VzD. ÷kÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD ∂≈fl
Êu≈D, √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D, zwÕÁ>•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D ®™© √Vz√|›>ÈVD.
7
A´‚El[ W≈D √flÁƒ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÿÔV|Á\Ô^ ∞u√|˛≈º>V
∂∫z ∂Á> ®]Ï¬zD {Ï g•>\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒBu√¶ºkı|D ®™¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
√VfiƒVoÔ^ m˛_ cˆB©√|D º√Vm ∂∫z¬ ÔsÁ>BV™m ∂Á>› >‚Ω¬ ºÔ‚zD A]B
˛Ú‚Ω´VÔ ∂k>V´D ®|¬Ôºkı|D ®™¬ z§X¶VÔ¬ z§¬˛≈VÏ. ÿƒVÕ>fl
ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^ m[√›]_ ƒV>_ Ôı|D EÕÁ> ÷´∫ÔV> \¬Ôπ[ A›]ÁB•D,
∂ΩÁ\›>™›Á>•D ®^π ÂÁÔBV|˛[≈VÏ.
A›>ˆ[ ÷Æ] kVÏ›Á>ÁB sˆkVÔ s·¬z˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ƒ›]B

∂–√kD ∂Ô c≈° º√VÈ ÷>Á™fl ÿƒV_o¬ ÔV‚¶ xΩBVm. ∂Á>fl ÿƒVÕ>
∂–√k›>VºÈºB c´ ÷BKD. ∏≈Ï >BÁk ÂV¶V\_ Â\¬z ÂVº\ s·¬ÔV˛s‚¶V_
∂©A≈D ®Õ> ÷ÚÁ·¬ Ôı|D √B©√¶ ºkıΩB ∂kEBt_ÁÈ; ÷mºk ∑B›][ º>¶_
®™› >™m gÈV√Á™l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ.
∑>Õ]´º\ \VÁB ®™°D ÂVD ˛a›> ºÔV|Ô·VKD, ÂDÁ\¬ ˛a›>

ºÔV|Ô·VKD ÂVº\ ƒıÁ¶l‚| \Ω˛º≈VD ®[√Á> ÷È‚∑\[ ºÔV| ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷À°È˛_ ÷´‚Á¶ ºk¶D º√V|˛≈kÏÔ^ >V[ ∏Áw¬Ô¬
ÌΩBkÏÔ^; √‚¶kÏ>™\VÔ© º√E ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ ÷B∫z√kÏÔ^ ∏›m¬zπÔ·VÔºk
ÔV‚EBπ¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[≈ ÷À°ıÁ\ÁB ŒÚ Ô_ÿÈ§B©√|D ∏›>Á™ x[Ák›m
∂D√È©√|›m˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
zwÕÁ>© √V¶_ÔÁ· √u§•D, zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ Ô_s √u§•D ®ømkm

ŒÚkÁÔ; zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔV^· ºkıΩBmD ŒÚkÁÔ; zwÕÁ>©
√V¶_ÔÁ· √ÈÏ ®ø]•^·™Ï. zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuÆ¬ÿÔV^· ºkıΩBÁ>
AmÁ\©∏›>[ x>_ xÚzØ√] kÁ´ √ÈÚD ®ø]•^·™Ï. ÷ÀkÁÔBV™
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ∂©m_ ´z\V–D ®ø]•^·VÏ.
zwÕÁ>Ô^ >V[ ÂVD ÷wÕ> ÿƒVÏ¬ÔD; ∂kÏÔ^ >\m ÷_ÈVÁ\ÔÁ·©

√VkÁ™BV_ ÷‚| W´©AD ∂§Ák© A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛¬ Ôu√Á™l[ AÁ™Ák
∂´kÁ¬zD ∂kÏÔ”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ÷Ú^ÔÁ·ºB ;
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔ xÁ™B ºkı|D ®™© √V|˛≈VÏ.
8
ÿ√ıÁ kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ› mÁBVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ kVμs_ ÿku§
ÿ√ÆkVÏÔ^. ÷´V\VB, EÈ©√]ÔV´ kw¬zÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÿÂÚ©A¬z^
∂k^, ∂k”¬z^ ÿÂÚ©A ®™ ÷[≈_È ºÂu≈_È ∂k^ ®ˆÕm
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛[≈V^ ®™fl ƒ]l[ ƒ]ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛ ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√ı cBÏÕ>k^ ®[Æ ÌÆD ÔsQÏ ∂k·VKD ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ kÚ˛[≈™ ®™
÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
÷B_ : 3 x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^
ÔsÁ> ®[√m ®m? ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ ÷™D ÔVı√m ®[√™ √u§B √_ºkÆ
∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D ∂¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ÀkVÆ √Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D ®[≈
ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô”D ÷]_ s·¬˛¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
∂©m_ ´z\V[ º>Ï>_, ÿÔVu≈¬zÁ¶, nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈, √VuÔ¶È´∫ÔD

g˛B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷È¬˛B¬ z§X|Ô^ \Á¶ \Vu≈VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·©√‚|^·™. t[™_
z§›> ÷k´m ÔsÁ> c›]WÁÈl_ E≈Õ> √Ω\¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ s·∫z˛[≈m.
*ÿ\FÁ\lBD \uÆD ƒÏˆBoƒD º√V[≈kuÁ≈› >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
√B[√|›]•^·VÏ. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º>
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V_T]. ¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ô_, {¶kı|Ô^, ÿ\·™ \_, g•>© Ø¬Ô^,
ÂVÔo∫Ô© Ø gƒ™D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ÷Ák ∂kÏ>D E≈©√V™ ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^
gzD. ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ· \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÁÔBV”D E≈©A¬ Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
∂w˛B_, ∂Á\©∏B_ ®™fl ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·fl E›]ˆ›m^·VÏ.
Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQÏ ÁÔlKD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD

ÿ√Æ˛≈m. ŒÚÏ° ®[√>uz© √]ÈVÔ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ÁÔBV”D √V∫zfl
Eu∏¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈºB. ÷>uz x^, ºÔV|, ∑kÏÔ^ x>oB ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D W≈D
ÔsÁ>ÁB•D z§©∏¶ÈVD. kÚº√>›>V_ sÁ·Õ> yı¶VÁ\fl ∑kÏÔÁ·•D, ƒV]
ÿk§BV_ sÁ·•D \M>© √|ÿÔVÁÈÔ”D ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák ®[˛≈
º√Vm \– >Ï\›Á>•D ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD Ôs›mk›][ E≈©Á√ ÂVD ÷™D
ÔVÈVD. ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· Oı ÔÁÈBVÔ°D, √B[ ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ.
9
>tw[√[ ÂÁ¶ \≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ \V§B {Á¶•D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_
√øm√‚¶VKD √øm √VÏ›m ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú©√m >V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®™
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z› >™m ÔsÁ> JÈD ÷È¬ÔD ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. ∂w˛BÁÈ•D, √Ω\›Á>•D
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ Am© ÿ√Vo°¶[ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. Â¶©∏BÁÈ ‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶›>
ºkÁ·l[ x›>VF©A’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. ∂ÉB_kV]Ô”¬z ®^Á·•D,
®Ú¬ÁÔ•D ckÁ\BV¬z˛[≈VÏ. ~w› >twÏÔπ[ ∂Ô]WÁÈÁB ÛwoB_ ÿÔVı|
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ. ‘∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ’ ®–D ÔsÁ> E≈Õ> z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔfl
E›]ˆ›m^·VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X| ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[
®|›mÁ´©A, ÷B_√V™ ∂w˛B_, º√V´V‚¶ ∂w˛B_. z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>© √V∫z,
ºkÆ√V¶VÔ© A]™©√|›m>_ x>ÈV™ku§uz ª¶V™ c›]xÁ≈Ô·V_ ºkÆ√V¶VÔ¬
Ô‚¶Á\›m^· xÁ≈ÔÁ· ∂kÏ >D >M›]≈™VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.
÷B_ : 4 ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\
x©ÿ√ÚD ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\ z§›mD, ÿ√VmsB_A, E≈©∏B_A

z§›mD g”Á\, ∂w˛B_ z§›mD g´VB©√‚|^·™. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[
ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D g´VB©√‚|^·™. \M> ºÂBD, g[*ÔD,
ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ g˛B >·∫Ôπ_ ÷kÏÔ^>D ÔsÁ>Ô^ Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
√Ω\D, z§X|, ÷ÚıÁ\, ∂∫Ô>D, x´ı, ÿ>V[\D, *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD,

®|›mÁ´©A, ÔÁ>ÿƒV_o© √V∫z, ÔV‚E©√|›m>_, A]B ÿƒV_ÈV‚E, ÂV‚¶VÏ ƒVÏÕ>
*‚ÿ¶|©A x>ÈV™ c›] xÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ xÁ≈Á\Ô·VÔ¬ ÔV©√‚|^·™.
JkÚD ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|Ô^ x>_ nD√>Vı|Ô^ kÁ´ ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l_
∂–√kD kVFÕ>kÏÔ^. JkÚº\ º√´VEˆBÏÔ^. ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^.
÷ÀkVÆ JkÚº\ ÿ√VmsB_AÔπ_ Œ©AÁ\© ÿ√u≈kÏÔ·VÔ c^·™Ï.
∂©m_´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^ ÷™D ÔV©√‚|^·™.

z§X‚Á¶ c›]BVÔ \‚|t[§ g[\ ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬
ÁÔBVı|^·m ÷kÏ>D E≈©√VzD. ÿ√VmWÁÈ, cÈÔºÂV¬z, kw¬z, >MWÁÈ,
z§X| \uÆD z§X|Ô·V_ ºÂ´ÈVzD ÷ÚıÁ\ z§›mD s·¬˛•^·Á\ ÷kÏ >D
E≈©∏B_√VÔ¬ ÔV©√‚|^·™.
10
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ sˆkV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛BÁk. ®ø›m ÿ\Va,
º√fl∑ ÿ\Va ®™ ÷Ú kw¬zÔÁ·•D ÁÔBV^k]_ ÷kÏ Ôs›mkD WÁ≈Õ>kÏ.
∂§sBo[ Â[Á\ yÁ\ÔÁ· g´VFÕm ∂§sB_ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Á¶¬zD gu≈_
ÿ√u≈kÏ. \Á¬ ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔsÁ>ÂV¶ÔD, ÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®™ ∂Á™›m›
mÁ≈ÔπKD kÈD kÕ>kÏ.
>tw[√[ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÷Æ¬Ôflÿƒ§° ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, √´Õ>ºÂV¬z ®™

ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\ >M x›]Á´ √]›>kÏ.
ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÁ≈•D Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÿÔVı|

ÿƒK›mD º√Ú›]BVÔ x´Á•D, √Ω\›Á>•D º>ÏÕ> O‚√›Á>•D,
ÿƒV_ÈV‚EÁB•D ÁÔBV”D ]≈[ ÿ√u≈kÏ. Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ•, o\Á´¬Ì ®™©
A›]È¬˛B kΩk∫ÔÁ· cÈz¬z ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ.
ÂV[z ÷B_ÔπKD gFÕm Ôı¶ xΩ°Ô^ WÁ≈°Á´l_

ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
gFºk‚Ω[ ÷Æ]l_ gF°¬z› mÁ W[≈ ±_Ô^ ÿ>Vz›m›

>´©√‚|^·™.

11
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ º>V[§B ƒx>VB© ∏[AÈD
kVÁwBΩ kVÁwÿB™ kw∫˛kÚD >tμ¬ÔsQÏ k´ÈVu§_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©A

t¬Ô ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ >›>\¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >M›>[Á\ *¬ Ì´› ]ÔμÕm kÚD
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔº· Eu∏, √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V| >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[
gkÏ ÷kÏÔπ[ √Á¶©AÔÁ· g´VB© Azx[ ÷kÏ>D kVμÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ g´VF>_
∂Ω©√Á¶BVzD. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔVÈ©∏[™ËBV™ x©ÿ√ÚD ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^,
∂ku§[ c^·VÏÕ> >›mk ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^, ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı| ÷B∫˛B Ô‚EflƒVÏA
WÁÈÔ^ x>oB™kuÁ≈ xÁ≈ºB ˇμ¬Ôı¶kVÆ ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›>ÈVD.
1.1 x©ÿ√ÚD ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
÷B¬ÔD >›mkD Ô‚EflƒVÏA ÔsQÏ
º>EB ÷B¬ÔD ÔVÕ]BD ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚E Eu∏

\VÏ¬EBD ÔDRM¸‚ √VÈ∑©∏´
Ô‚E (CPI) \ËB[
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÿ√ˆBVˆBD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ~º´V|

÷B¬ÔD \VÏ¬EB ÷B¬ÔD >tw[√[
ÿÈMMBD
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD ÷¸ÈVtBD ].x.Ô. ∂©m_

Û‡∏lƒD (DMK) ´z\V[
÷kÏÔ^ ∂Õ>Õ>¬ Ô‚EÔπ[ ºÂ´Ω cÆ©∏™Ï ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷_ÈV\_

÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ~|√V‚Á¶ x[MÆ›]B ƒVÏA WÁÈºB Ô‚Efl ƒVÏÿ√™
kÁÔÁ\©√|›>©√‚|^·m. Eu∏ ÔV∫˛´¸ ƒVÏ√V·´VÔ ÷ÚÕm ÷Õ]B© ÿ√Vm°¶Á\¬
Ô‚E (CPI) l[ ƒVÏ√V™ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈›]_ ÷B∫˛BkÏ. ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ
ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ®[≈ WÁÈ√Vÿ¶|›>]_ ÷ÀsÚ ƒVÏA WÁÈÔ”º\
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ka©√‚¶ ]´Vs¶ x[º™u≈¬ ÔwÔ›
º>VwÁ\ ∂ËBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷¸ÈVtB ∂Á\©AƒVÏ√V™k´VF ÷[≈·°D Wu√kÏ.
k‡A º√VÏ| kVˆB› >ÁÈkÏ √>s k˛›>kÏ. ~º´V| >tw[√[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏs_
x˛μ›m© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ºÂV¬˛_ ƒ∫Ôt›>kÏ. Eu∏ x>ÈVº™VÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ
ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ®|›> WÁÈ©√V‚Ωuz \V≈VÔ ∂>Á™¬ Ô|Á\BVÔ ®]Ï›m¬ Ôı¶™¬
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®ø]BkÏ ®[≈ º√V]KD ®Õ>ÿkVÚ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ Ô‚ElKD ƒVÏ√uÆ
÷Õ]B º>EB ÷B¬ÔD, ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\
÷B∫˛BkÏ gkVÏ. “÷Õ]B
÷B¬ÔD, g˛B J[Æ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ tÔ kKkV™ >·D ÿÔVı| >tμÂV‚Ω_
√´sfl ÿƒ_kV¬z© ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™. ƒJÔ cÏ° ƒJÔ{ÏÁ\, ƒJÔ¿] g˛B™
ƒVÏÕ>m. ®ømD √Á¶©√VπÔ”¬zˆB ∏[™ËBVÔ ÷Dx©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ôº·
s·∫˛™ ®™ÈVD
®™ÈVD”1 ®[√Ï m.ÊMflƒVt.
ƒJÔ cÏ°, ƒJÔ {ÏÁ\, ƒJÔ ¿], ÷kuÁ≈fl ƒVÏÕm ®ømD, √Á¶©√VπÔ^
®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬˛Á¶l_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ŒuÆÁ\•D c^·m.
∑>Õ]´D, ƒ\›mD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®–D ∏´fi∑© A´‚El[ x¬ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ®|›m¬
ÿÔVı¶VKD, ƒºÔV>´›mkD ®[√>Á™ºB ƒxÔ ¿] ®[√>VÔ°D ÿÔV^·ÈVD. ÷∫ºÔ
ƒJÔ ¿] z§›> √V´]BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ ÷ÚÕmD÷>Á™ ∂bÔÈVD.
\M> ƒJ>VB›][ cÚkV¬Ô›]ºÈºB ¿]ÁB ÿku§© ÿ√≈fl ÿƒFB

“\M>
ºkı|D. ∏[ ¿] ®_ÈV \V–¶ skÔV´∫ÔπKD c≈°ÔπKD ÷B_√VÔºk
ÿku§ ÿ√uÆ s|D. \M>¬ Ì‚|≈°Ôπ[ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©∏_ á º√V‚Ω¬ºÔV‚√V|
ÿÔVΩ Ô‚Ω© √≈¬˛≈ kÁ´l_, WÈxD, ¿ÚD \M>ÏÔ^ ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD
ÿ√VmkV™ ÿƒV›>VÔ ÷_ÈV> kÁ´l_ ®_ÈV s>›]KD \M>ÏÔ^ >∫Ô·m
ÿ√VÚ·V>´ c≈°Ôπ_ tÚÔ∫ÔÁ· s¶°D º\Vƒ\VÔºk Â¶Õm ÿÔV^kÏ. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB© ÿ√Ú√V[Á\BV™ \M>ÏÔ^ cÚDº√Vm ÂVD Â\m
∞ÆxÔ\VÔ© √ˆ\V›]_ ∂|›> ∂ΩÁB Ák›m s|ºkVD
s|ºkVD” 2
ƒJÔ¿] z§›> ÿƒBu√V‚Ω_ ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈VıΩ_ ÷Õ]B á >twÔfl ƒJÔ

∂Á\©ÿ√[√m ®›>ÁÔB ƒ¬]BVÔ k·ÏÕm kÕ>ÿ>[√m z§›m ŒÚ ƒJÔsB_ ∂§QÏ
z§©∏|km ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
ÔV∫˛´¸ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ®[Æ √_ºkÆ

“ÔV∫˛´¸
∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ º>V[§ k·ÏÕm kÕ>VKD ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈Vı| ÷Õ]B
á >twÔfl ƒJÔ∂Á\©A ®[√m ∑´ı¶ÁÈ ®]Ï¬ÔV> \Vu§ ∂Á\¬ÔV>
13
WÁÈlºÈºB Ô|Á\BV™ ÿ√VÚ·V>V´¬ ÿÔ|∏Ω•¶[ ÌΩB ƒ¬]BVÔ k·ÏÕm
kÕ>m. ÷]_ ∂É[ ƒVÏAWÁÈ•D, WÏkVÔ ∂]ÔV´ ∂Á\©AD ÿ√ÚD√VKD
cBÏ\‚¶›]™ˆ[ ÂÈ–¬ÔVÔºk ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|s‚¶™. ®™ºk ƒJÔ¿]
ÿƒB_√|›>©√|k]_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
®[√VÏ” 3 Ω. ÿ«fl. >V¬.
x©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ∂´∑ WÚkVÔD √u§B z§©AÔπoÚÕm ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[

∂Á\©A¬ ÌÆÔÁ· kÁÔÁ\©√|›]•D, ˛´V\ ƒJ>VB ƒJÔ WÆk™∫ÔÁ·
kÁÔÁ\©√|›] ∂kuÁ≈ WÁÈWÆ›mD \>¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ z§›mD
m. ÊMflƒVt s·¬˛•^·VÏ.
1. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬ÔD, 2. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬Ô›][ ƒJÔ WÆk™\VÔ

“1.
÷Ú¬zD ƒV]B∂Á\©A. 3. ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ g]¬Ô›][ ƒJÔ WÆk™\VÔ
÷Ú¬zD, ºÔVs_ ƒx>VB ∂Á\©A, 4. ÿ√ıˇμ WÁÈ©√|›>©√|D
z|D√∂Á\©A. 5. WÏkVÔ ∂]ÔV´ ∂Á\©A. 6.∂É[ ƒVÏAWÁÈ. 7. √ÁwB á
A]B xÁ≈Á\¬ÔÈ©∏[ zw©√∫Ô^ ÷ÁkºB ƒJÔ∂¿]l[ x>[Á\
∂Á\©A¬ÌÆÔ·VzD” 4
∂Á\©A¬ÌÆÔ·VzD
1.ƒV]BÁ\©A, 2. Ì‚|¬z|D√D, 3. ˛´V\fl ƒx>VB ∂Á\©A g˛B J[ÆD

Œ[§[ ka Œ[Æ ÷ÁÕm \¬Ôπ[ ÷Á°fl ÿƒBÁÈ cÚkV¬zD ŒÚ
WÈ°Á¶Á\© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ á ƒJÔ ∂Á\©Á√ cÚkV¬˛s|˛[≈™. ÷Õ]BVs[ √ÁwB
ƒJÔ¬ Ô‚¶Á\©∏Á™ s·¬zD ƒJÔsB_ ∂§QÏ ®¸.]Ú\ÁÈ.
÷Õ]Bfl ƒJÔD ®[≈ ÿ√Ú\VπÁÔl_ ( Social edibice ) ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ

“÷Õ]Bfl
º\uÔı¶ J[Æ ÌÆÔπ[ ÷Á° WÁÈÁB¬ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ. ÷DJ[Æ¶[,
÷ku§[ ®_ÈV WÁÈÔπKD √ı√V‚| \]©AÔ·VÔ ( Values) ª|Ús, ÷DJ[Æ
ƒxÔ WÆk™∫ÔÁ·•D ª[≈fl ÿƒF˛[≈ Â∫Ì´\VÔ \>¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ ÷ÚÕm
kÕm^·™. ÷flƒJÔ© ∏[™Ë¬ºÔu√, √ı√V‚| \]©AÔ”¬ºÔu√ ∂§°fl
EÕ>Á™Ô^ cÚkV¬Ô©ÿ√u≈™. ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B© √Á¶©AÔπ[ ∏a°Ôπ_
÷Õ>fl ƒJÔfl ƒVÏA ºkÏÔÁ· O‚√\VÔ© √VÏ›>V_ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ôı|
ÿÔV^·ÈVD” 5 ®[√Ï.
ÿÔV^·ÈVD
14
1.1.1. º>EB ÷B¬ÔD
g∫˛È g]¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ ∑º>EB cÏ° ÷Ús>\VÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶m.

ÔVÕ]BVÏ, √V´]BVÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô. x>ÈVº™VÏ º√V¬z AslB_ ƒVÏ º>EB kV>\VÔ°D,
(Teritorial Nationalism) ]ÈÔÏ , k.ÿk.∑. nBÏ, kVfiEÂV[ x>oºBVÏ º√V¬zÔÈVflƒV´
ÿ\[≈ÿ√Bˆ_ \>kV>›Á> x[ÿ™|›> ÔÈVflƒV´› º>EBkV>\VÔ°D ( Cultural
Nationalism) ÿkπ©√‚¶™. ÷ÀsÚs>©º√V¬zÔ”D ÔV∫˛´¸ Ô‚ElKD, ªÚ|s
÷ÚÕ>™.
JÈV>V´\V˛B º>ƒ√¬] ®–D ÂT™ \VÏ¬ÔD ®™› º>ƒ√¬]ÁB¬ ÿÔVı¶VΩ

W[≈VÏ √V´].
÷Õ]B
“÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ ÷B¬ÔD ÷ÕÂV‚Ω_ \ıΩ©º√V•^·
∂ÉB_, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ ∂¿]Ô^, ∑´ı¶_Ô^ ∂WBVB∫ÔÁ· {a©√>uÔVÔ
Â¶¬zD, ŒÚ>M©√‚¶ ÂV‚Ω[ ∂ÉB_ º√V´V‚¶D, ∂[Æ cÈÔD xøk]KD
\M>ÏÔπ¶D c^· ÿ>Fk›>[Á\ÁB, \M>MK^· sÈ∫z›>™D,
ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m¬ ÿÔVø¬zD ∂kÈ›Á>ºk´Æ›m¬ ˛Á¶¬zD º√VˆB¬ÔD ÷m.
\M>M[ g[\ ƒ¬] kV[ koÁB Œ|¬Ô› ÿ>V|›m^· ÿ√ÚD º√VÏ ®™›
ÊMkVƒ[” 6
º>EB ÷B¬Ô›][ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB© º√E Wu√VÏ \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ, ÊMkVƒ[
1920 kV¬˛_ c©Afl ƒ›]BV¬˛´Ô›][ ∏[™V_ ÷Õ]BV xøkmD ÔVÕ]B©

º√´ÁÈ TƒÈVluÆ ÔVÕ]BVÏ, k´ÈVuÆ \V\M>´VF, \ÔV›\VkVF º>Vu≈D ÿÔV^·›
ÿ>V¶∫˛™VÏ. ÔVÕ]l[ ÔVÈMB ®]Ï©A xÁ™ ÷Õ]B¬ ˛´V\∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ª|Ús©
√´kÈVluÆ.
ÔVÕ]•ÔD
“ÔVÕ]•ÔD ( 1920 x>_) ∂Á™›]Õ]BVÁk \Vu§Bm º√V_
>twÔ›]KD x›]Á´√]›>m .................. ˛´V\ kVμ¬ÁÔ› >·›Á>© º√_;
(ƒJÔ\Vu≈›]KD √VÏ¬Ô)ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›>›Á> kuAÆ›>_; ÷Õm
\>¬ºÔV‚√V‚Ω–^ \> ÷¬Ô›Á> ko•Æ›>_ ®[√™ ÔVÕ]B›][
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ô·VzD,......ÔVÕ]B›][ ÷Õ>fl ÿƒBu√V|Ô^ ÔV´\VÔ º\™V‚|
\BkV¬ÔD, ÷Õ]B ∂ΩWÁÈ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´°km tÔtÔ¬ zÁ≈kVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>m. ∂Õ> ∂·s_ ÔVÕ]B›m¬z ŒÚ ÔVÈMB ®]Ï©AxÁ™ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” 7
®™ ÔVÏ›]¬ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô>VzD.
15
g∫˛È g]¬Ô›][ ®]ÿ´VoBVÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ∑º>EB cÏ° AslB_ º>EB
kV>\VÔ© √V´]BVÏ. ]Ú.s.Ô. x>ÈVº™Vˆ¶D ÿkπ©√‚¶ s>D ®[√m >tμ\Á º√bD
√V´D√ˆB©√ˆ\V\VÔ°D E≈Õº>V∫ÔÈVluÆ. ∂kÏÔ”^”D ∂m z§©√VÔ› ]Ú.
s.Ô. s¶D x©ÿ√ÚD ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ >V¬ÔxD ŒÚ ºƒ´› ]´ıÿ¶øÕ> g¬Ô\VÔ
ÔV∫˛´¸, ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô, ÿ>Vauƒ∫Ôfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô·VÔ°D, √›]ˆ¬ÁÔBVEˆBÏ
√Ë ®™°D, √[xÔ\VÔ© √ˆ\VD ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ÷m√u§ºB,
>tμ©√ı√V‚| g”Á\l[ ÷B_A ÿÔVı|

“>tμ©√ı√V‚| ÷Õ]B º>EB›Á>
k·Ï©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ xBuEBVÔ ∂Á\Õ> EÕ>Á™ ]Ú.s.Ô. s[ ( 1883-1953)
>·›]ºÈºB ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. g∫˛È¬ ÔVÈM›mk g‚E ∞u√|›]B >V¬Ô∫Ô^
√Èku§[ ŒÚ∫z]´^ ºkÆ ∂kÏ gkVÏ
gkVÏ”8 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏.
÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD \V≈VÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √¬ÔD ]ÈÔÏ, k.ºk.∑. ∂FBÏ

“÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD
x>ÈVº™Vˆ¶D ∑º>EB cÏ° ÿkπ©√‚¶s>º\V, ÷Õm\> *‚A kV>D ( Hindu
Religious, Revivalism ) º√bD ÿƒBu√V|Ô·VÔ© √ˆV\D ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ.
÷>uz k.ºk.∑. ∂FBVˆ[ ºƒ´\Vº>s¬ zÚzÈ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔº·
c>V´∫Ô·Vl™. ∂¬zÚzÈ›]_ ∂Á™kÚD ƒˆƒ\\VÔ Â¶›>©√¶s_ÁÈ.
÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂¿]BV™ kÚVflE´\>Ï\ Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z ®]Ï©A
ÿ>ˆs¬zxÔ\VÔ zÚzÈ›]uz kw∫Ô©√‚¶ W] c>sÁB› ]Ú©∏›
“W]
>Õms¶ºkı|ÿ\™ ¶V¬¶Ï k´>´V∑K ÂV•| (ÔV∫˛´¸ >ÁÈkÏ) ∂§¬ÁÔ
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ” 9.
∂kÚ¬z ®]´VÔ ∏´V\ÏÔ·V_ ÿÔVı|k´©√‚¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ ÷_ÈV›

“∂kÚ¬z
yÏ\V™D ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ]Ú.s.Ô. xBuEBV_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m., ÔVÕ]BVÏ
÷ÕWÔμflEÔπ_ ∏´V\Ï >´©A¬ºÔ g>´kVÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ. ∂›>ÁÔB
ƒD√k∫Ôπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBV_ ÔV∫˛´¸ *>V™ ∂]Ú©√]•D ÿkÆ©AD
∞u√‚|k´ÈVluÆ” 10 .
ÿ√ˆBVˆ¶D ÌΩk´ÈVluÆ ÷º> WÁÈ ]Ú.s.Ô. >´©∏KD ∞u√‚|k´ÈVluÆ
yı¶VÁ\ {a©∏uÔVÔ© ÿ√ˆBVÏ Ák¬Ô›]_ WÔμ›]B ƒ›]BV¬˛´Ô©

“yı¶VÁ\
º√´V‚¶›Á>© √u§ ®ø>© AzÕ>º√Vm ÔVÕ]BVÏ ÿ√ˆBVÁ´© √u§ ®m°D
ÿƒFms‚¶VÏ” 11.
z§©∏¶V\ºÈ ÷Ú‚¶Ω©AD ÿƒFms‚¶VÏ
16
1919 x>_ 1925 kÁ´ WÔμÕº>§B ∞øÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV|ÔπKD
“1919
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı|k´xB[≈ kz©AkVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÔVfiEA´›]_ ]Ú.s.Ô. >ÁÈÁ\l_ 1925 ÷_ ÂÁ¶ ÿ√u≈
ÔV∫˛´¸ \VÂV‚Ω_ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m \‚|\_ÈV\_ kz©A kV>› yÏ\V™D
®[√>VÔ°D √a ∑\›>√‚¶m. ÷>™V_ 1925 ÷_ ÔV∫˛É_ ÷ÚÕm ÿ√ˆBVÏ
ÿkπºB§™VÏ. ÿkπºB§B º√V]KD ÔVÕ]BVˆ[ WÏ\V™©√Ë›]‚¶∫ÔÁ·
\‚|D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÿƒBu√|›]ºB kÕ>VÏ. g™V_ 1927 _ ÔVÕ]BVÁ´ ºÂˆ_
ƒÕ]›m kÏV>Ï\¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ z§›m kV>VΩB∏[™º´ ∂≈ºk
ÂD∏¬ÁÔlwÕm º√V™WÁÈl_ ÔVÕ]B Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔÔπoÚÕmD Ì¶› >DÁ\
xu≈VÔ› mıΩ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ
ÿÔVı¶VÏ” 12.
“ÔVfiEA´D
ÔVfiEA´D \VÂV‚Ω_ >D >ÁÈÁ\lºÈºB ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
yÏ\V™D º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ]Ú.s.Ô. tzÕ> kÚ››]uz g·V™VÏ.
ÔV∫˛´Áv s‚|© ÿ√ˆBVÏ ÿkπºB§B º√Vº> >VxD ÿkπºB§s‚¶>VÔ
ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ” 13
]Ú.s.Ô. ]´Vs¶ ÂV‚|©√¶› ]≈©AswVs_ ÿ>ˆs›>VÏ
1.1.2 ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD
ì “zΩ
zΩ ∂´∑ ®–D ÿƒF] ÷>μ 2.5.1925 ∂[Æ ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶m. zΩ ∂´∑
º>V[§B ÂVº· ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§B ÂV·Vzÿ\™© ÿ√ˆBVÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ
z§©∏‚|^·VÏ” 14.
ì “∑B\ˆBVÁ>
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz 21,22.11.1925 ÷_ ÔVfiEA´›]_ WÔμÕ>
ÔV∫˛É[ >tμ\VÔV \VÂV‚Ω[ kz©A kVˆ© ∏´]W]›mk› yÏ\V™º\
ÔV_ºÔV^ ®[≈V_ ƒ\´ƒ ƒ[\VÏ¬Ôº\ ∂>[ s›m ®[Æ kV>V|˛≈VÏ ]Ú.s.Ô.
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÂVB¬ÔÏ ∂kÏÔ^ >ÕÁ>BVkVÏ. ÂV[ >VBVºk[
ÂV∫Ô^ ÷ÚkÚD \VBk´D ƒ[\VÏ¬Ô¬ Ì‚¶›]_ ºƒÏÕm ÿ√u≈ ∏^Á·ºB
∑B\ˆBVÁ>BVzD. ∂¬zwÕÁ> >V•¶[ kVwVm. >ÕÁ>•¶[ ºƒÏÕm
kVμ˛≈m. ∂>[ k·ÏflEÁB¬ Ôı|BV[ ÿ√Ú\˛μflE ∂Á¶˛º≈[
∂Á¶˛º≈[” 15.
∂¿]Ô”¬z ®]´VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕÿ>økm ®[√m \M>M¶D ÷B_√VÔºk ∂Á\Õm

˛¶¬zD, ∏≈s¬zD gzD. ÷∫ºÔ ]Ú.s.Ô. ko•Æ›mD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz
17
ƒ[\VÏ¬Ôº\ s›m ®[˛≈ WÁÈ©√V‚Á¶ ÷[–D ª|Úsfl ƒÕ]›>V_ ∂>[ ÔÚJÈD
E›>Ï\´º√ ®[˛≈ cıÁ\ Â\¬z^ AÈ©√¶_ gzD. º\È]Ô\V™ Ô‚|›]‚¶∫Ô^
s]xÁ≈Ô^ ÿÔ|∏ΩÔ^. sÈ¬Ô©√‚¶ ®flƒ∫Ô^ ®™¬ ÿÔ‚Ω >‚Ω©º√V™>V™ ÷Æ˛
J|ı¶ ƒx>VB›][ ( Closed Society ) ªº¶lÚÕmD ∑B\ˆBVÁ> cÏ°
˛·ÏÕÿ>økm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD ∂>[ c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√. ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD √u§B
÷›>zAˆ>_Ô”¶[ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ÔË©AÁ´ÔÁ·•D ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.
>tμÂV‚Ω_ cBÏWÁÈ ∂]ÔV´ º\ÈVıÁ\•¶[ WÈsB ÷È¬˛B

“>tμÂV‚Ω_
{‚¶›m¬z© A≈D√V™mD >twÏ EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ A]B>¶D kz¬Ô© º√Vkm\V™
ŒÚ ÿƒ_ÿÂ§ 1920 Ôπ_ kÚVE´\¬ ºÔV‚√V‚Á¶•D ∂>[ >∫z>·\V™
∏´V\ËB›Á>•D AÈÁ\WÁÈlKD, ƒJÔ WÁÈlKD ∂ÉB_ WÁÈlKD
®]Ï¬˛[≈ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ gzD. ∏´V\ËBÿÂ§ ƒV´V>, >tμÂV| WÁÈ©√‚¶,
>tμWÁÈ©√‚¶ ŒÚ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ› º>¶_ ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈m. ƒÏkº>ƒ ºƒVƒoƒD
x>_ (E∫ÔV´ ºkKfl ÿƒ‚ΩBVÏ) ]´Vs¶ º\[Á\ *‚A kÁ´ √È ]ÁƒÔπKD
√VÏÁkÔ^ ]Ú›>©√‚¶™. ÷Õ>¬ ÔÚ›m WÁÈ›º>¶o[ ŒÚ x¬˛B¬ Ô‚¶D
∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD gzD (1926). Ák¬Ô›]_ >™¬z ∞u√‚¶ ∂–√k›][
∏[AÈ›]_, ∂Á™›]Õ]B ÔV∫˛´¸, >tμÂV‚Ω_ ƒJÔ\Vu≈›m¬ÔV™ >·\VÔ
∂Á\•D ƒV›]B©√V| ÷_ÁÈ ®[√Á> ∂§Õ> ~.ºk. ´V\ƒVt, >tμÂV‚Ω_
>M\M> ƒJÔ ÷B∫zWÁÈ, \M>M[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M>VB›Á>
kÚ˛≈VÏ” 16 .
∑BÿÔ·´k›Á>© √V]¬Ô¬ Ì¶Vm ®[≈ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ¬z kÚ˛≈VÏ
>tμ WÁÈ©√‚¶ >tμÂV| WÁÈ©√‚¶ ŒÚÔÚ›mWÁÈ ®[≈kÏ z§©∏‚¶

º√V]KD ∂Ák zÆ˛B √uÆ¬Ô^ ®>uzº\ ∂©√Vu√‚¶Ák. ÷ÀkVº≈ ∏´V\ ®]Ï©A
®™ kÚ˛≈º√Vm ∏´V\ËB ®]Ï©A kÚVE´\ >∫z>·\V™ ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ÔV™ ®]Ï©A
®[˛≈ kÁÔlKº\ ÷ÁkBV°D AˆÕm ÿÔV^·©√¶ ºkı|k™ gzD. ∞ÿ™M_
÷>Á™ ŒÚº√VmD z§©∏‚¶ kz©√VÏ¬z ƒV]l™Ï¬z g™ ®]Ï©A ®™ ®|›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V_ ∂m ∏≈w cÏÕ> ]Â WÁÈºBBVzD.
∏´V\ ®]Ï©A ®[≈ s≠B›Á>¬ z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚ ƒV]ÁBfl ºƒÏÕ>

“∏´V\
Â√ÏÔ”¬z ®]´V™ º√V´V‚¶D ®[Æ ÔÚmkÁ> s|›m., ÷Õ]B k´ÈVÆ,
÷Õ]Bfl ƒJÔD g˛BÁk z§›> gF°Ô”¬ÔV™ >sÏ¬Ô xΩBV> ŒÚ
18
ÔÚ›>V¬ÔD ®™ ÂVD ÿÔV^· ºkıΩ•^·m. ƒV]fl ƒJÔ›][ ∏´›]ºBÔfl
ÛwK¬z^ ∏´V\ ®]Ï©A ®[≈ ÔÚ›>V¬ÔxD ∂Ï›>©√|›>©√¶ ºkı|D
ºkı|D”..
÷Õ]B k´ÈVu§_ ∂§sB_ √¬]l_, \Á≈QV™sB_, ∂w˛B_ ®™ √È]≈©√¶
A]B EÕ>Á™© AÈ∫Ôÿ·_ÈVD ∂ku§[ º>Vu≈›]_ ∏´\V ®]Ï©A›>[Á\
ÿÔVı|^·™. ÷kuº≈V| ÷Ú√>VD ±u≈VıΩ[ ƒJÔ, ¤™ÂVBÔ \VÏ¬EB
\uÆD ƒJÔ W] ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”¬zD JΩB ∂_Èm ÿkπ©√Á¶BV™
∏´V\ ®]Ï©A›>[Á\ cı|
cı|” 17 ®™ Â. x›mº\VÔ[ z§©∏|km ÷∫ºÔ
c^·VÏÕ> Aˆ>K¶[ \™∫ÿÔV^·› >¬Ô>VzD. gÔºk ÿ√ˆBVˆ¶D ®fiEWu√m
®[–D \V–¶©√uÆ Œ[Æ \‚|º\ BVzD.
®™¬z ÿ\Va ∂∏\V™D, ÷È¬˛B ∂∏\V™D ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD ˛Á¶BVm. ÿkÆD

\M>V∏\V™D >V[ cı|. ∂m°D k·ÏflE ∂∏\V™D >V[ x¬˛B\VzD ®[≈
1928 _ √V´]>Vƒ[ á
ÿ√ˆBVˆ[ EÕ>Á™ x[º™u≈›Á> ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ “1928
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ƒÕ]©A ∞u√‚¶m. ÷flƒÕ]©A >tμflEÕ>Á™ k´ÈVu§™mD >tμ
÷È¬˛B k´ÈVu§™mD tÔ x¬˛B>V™ {Ï ÷ÁsÁ™fl E[™©√|›]
Wu˛[≈ÿ>™¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD...... √V´] kakÕ> √V´]>Vƒ[ >tμ\M>[ √u§B
ÔsQ™VÔ \VÆ˛≈VÏ.... \Á≈\ÁÈBΩÔπ[ ÷B¬Ô›][ x>[Á\©√¶V> >tμ
√|›>©√‚¶V[” 18 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑
\M>[ ÷]_ xÁ™©A© √|›>©√‚¶V[
Ek›>D∏.î
“1916
1916 gD gıΩºÈºB ƒV]B ®]Ï©AÏs[ JÈ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
ÿ>V¶∫˛s‚¶™. 1917 ÷_ ´¥BVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚E ∞u√|›>©√‚¶m. 1925
ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm” 19 .
x>_ ÷Õ]BVsKD ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ºk‘[≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm
∞Á™B∏≈ ƒJÔ ÊÏ›]Ú›> ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÂV‚Ω–^ zÁ≈ÔÁ·¬ ÔÁ·B xB[≈™.
g™V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ôº\V ∂ku§[ gËºkˆÁ™ ∂ÔμÕm ∂kuÁ≈
∂a¬Ô©√V|√‚¶m. s|>ÁÈ¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ®[√m ÂV‚Á¶ ∂ΩÁ\›>Á·loÚÕm
∂Ôu≈©√V|√|km ®[≈V_ ∑B\ˆBVÁ>¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶D ÂDÁ\© ∏Ë¬zD ƒÔÈ
>Á·ÔπoÚÕmD ÂDÁ\ s|s¬Ô©√V|√|kÿ>™ÈVD. J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ· tz]BVÔ¬
ÿÔVı¶>VÔ°D, ∏≈©∏™V_ cBÏ° >Vμÿk™© º√>D √V´V‚|k>VÔ°D, ∏´V\fl
ÿƒ_kV¬z t¬Ô>VÔ°D, ÷Õm\>D s·∫z˛[≈m. ®[√Á>™VºÈºB ∑B\ˆBVÁ>
÷B¬ÔD ∞u≈›>Vμ°Ô”¬z ÷¶\V™mD kÚVE´\>Ï\›][ >∫z>·\V™m\V™
19
ÔVμ©AÏ° ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒBu√¶s_ÁÈ. √VÏ©√™Ï *m ÿkÆ©A
ÿÔVı| ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬ÔD ÿƒB_√¶Vm ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVº´ ∂§s›>VÏ. ∂§s›>º>V|
∂_ÈV\_ ∂ÀkVº≈ ∂kÏ>D kVμÂV^ xøkmD kVμÕmD ÔV‚Ω™VÏ. ÷>uz ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√V|Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶>VÔ ÷Æ]kÁ´ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ´V¤V˜l¶D ØıΩÚÕ> Â‚º√
ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VzD.
∏´V\Ï ®[≈ ÿƒV_oºÈºB ƒV] g]¬Ô cÏ° zΩÿÔVı|^·ÿ>™

∂>Á™\Æ>o›m© √VÏ©√™Ï ®[º≈ z§©∏¶ÈV™VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ √VÏ©√™Ï á
√VÏ©√™Ï ∂_ÈV>kVÏ ®™fl∑‚|D ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏkV™ ÿƒV_ÈV¶_ÔÁ· ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛
∂>uz\V≈VÔ› ]´Vs¶Ï ∂_ÈV>VÏ ®™ºk ∂Õ> ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏÁk© √B[√|›> ºkı|D
®[ÆD ko•Æ›]™VÏ.
]_ÁÈl_ kVμ√kÏÔÁ· ~º´V‚¶VÏ ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[√m ®©√Ω© ÿ√VÚ^

“]_ÁÈl_
>´Vº>V ∂©√ΩºB 90 sø¬ÔV| \¬ÔÁ·© √VÏ©√™Ï ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[√m\VzD
®[≈VÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
ÿ√ˆBVÏ” 20 ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™kÏÔÁ·› ]´Vs¶Ï ®[ÆD, EÆ√V[Á\l™Á´›
]´Vs¶Ï ∂_ÈV>kÏ ®[ÆD ∂Áw¬z\VÆ ÿ√ˆBVÏ kuAÆ›]™VÏ.î1939 ÷_ ÿ√ˆBVÏ
]´Vs¶ ÂV| ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔÁB x[Ák›>]oÚÕm ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏ° A›mÏ°
ÿ√u≈m.
1.1.3 ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD
∞Á™B >›mk∫Ô^ BV°D ÷Ú©∏[ ÷B_A z§›> s·¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ ¿Ω¬ÁÔl_

\VÏ¬EB >›mkD ÷Ú©Á√ s·¬zkm¶[ W[Æs¶V\_ ®ÀkVÆ \Vu§ ∂Á\©√ÿ>™›
ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈m.
ì >›mkD
“>›mkD cÈÁÔ á ÷k–Á¶B ÷k–¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ cÈÁÔ
\VuÆk>uºÔ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°¬z ÷mºk cıÁ\¬ z§¬ºÔV^ ®[≈VÏ. ∂§°
∂§°¬ ÔVÔºk ®[√º> ÂT™ ÔVÈ›m sfiQVMÔ^ √ÈÚD √Á≈ƒVuÆD >›mkD
÷›>›mkD \È‚|›>™\V™m, ÿ√VÚıÁ\Bu≈m ®[√º> \VÏ¬¸ ÌÆD
cıÁ\” 21 ®™ \u≈›>›mk∫ÔπoÚÕm \VÏ¬EB›][ √B[√V| ®Õ>kÁÔl_
cıÁ\
ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ®¸.®[. ÂVÔ´Vƒ[. \VÏ¬EBD ®[√m Œ‚|ÿ\V›>
\V–¶ s|>ÁÈl[ ÷È‚EB\VÔ°D. ÷È¬Ô\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õ]B_kº> gzD.
20
\VÏ¬EBD ®[√m ÿkÆD ÿ√VÚ·V>V´© º√V´V‚¶›Á> x[MÆ›>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔ¬
ÔÚ]™V_ ∂m ∏Áw©√¶, ∏≈w cÏÕ> ]ˆº√, ®_ÈVs> \VÁBÔ”D ÿ√VÚ”¬z
∂ΩÁ\BV>o[ sÁ·ºk ®–D AÔμÿ√u≈ ÔV´_\VÏ¬L[ JÈkVƒÔ›][ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\lÁ™› ÿ>^·› ÿ>πkV¬zkVÏ ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´V¤[.
ì ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÷Á´BVz√k[ cıÁ\© ÿ√VÚÁ·¬ ÔV\V‚¶V[. ∂mºk

“ÿ√VÚ”¬z
®_ÈVkÁÔBV™ \B¬Ô›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔV´D...... \VÏ¬EBD
ÿ√VÚ”¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶›Á> x[ Ák¬zD xw¬Ô\_È \V≈VÔ© ÿ√VÚπ[
g]¬Ô›Á> ®]Ï›m© º√V´V¶ºk ∂kÁ™ ko•Æ›m˛≈m. .. ∂ÔÕÁ>
®_ÈV\B¬Ô›m¬zD ÔV´\V˛≈m. ®[√Á>Á™•D \VÏ¬¸ ÿ>πkVÔ s·¬˛
÷>Á™ºB ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>_ á g©¤¬‚ √Vıº¶Î ®[Æ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ
.... ÷>[ kΩk∫Ô^ √È >Mfl ÿƒV›m ∑BÂÈD, zÆ˛B º>EB kV>D,
zø\™©√V[Á\, ƒV] ÿk§ º√V[≈ ∂Á™›mº\ ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>o[
√_ºkÆ kÁÔ ÿkπ©√V|Ôº·
ÿkπ©√V|Ôº·” 22 ®[˛≈VÏ.
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV>_ ®–D \VÏ¬EB¬ ÔÚ›>V¬]Á™ (Concept) s·¬z

xÔ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB Œa ªaBD ÿƒF ®–D \VºkVlƒ xw¬Ô›]Á™›
>VºkVlƒ›][ ¿‚EBVÔ ∂Á¶BV·©√|›mkVÏ.
“ÿ√VÚÁ·•D
ÿ√VÚÁ·•D ∂]ÔV´›Á>•D >ÔÏ©√k–¬z›>V[ ÔD¨´\V™
Ôs›mkD ÿ√V∫zD. kV_‚s‚¶\–¬z^ ÿ√V∫˛B Ôs›mkD √V´]¬z^”D
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z^”D ÿ√V∫˛Bm.îÔs›mkD ®[√m \M>[ >[Á™
xø∂·s_ ~Ï›m¬ ÿÔV^km ÔsÁ>¬zD. ∂[∏_ >Áw©√m
ÔsÁ>©√ıA”23 ®™ QVM•D ÷ÀkVº≈ ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ∂]ÔV´›]uzD ÷¶∫ÿÔV¶VÁ\
ÔsÁ>©√ıA
®[√>Á™ºB Ôs›mk›]uÔV™ x[W√Õ>Á™BVÔ ko•Æ›mkVÏ.
kÚº√>∫ÔÁ· ®]Ï›m› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§BÁ>©º√VÈºk, kÚ¬Ô

º√>∫ÔÁ·®]Ï›m© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔxD ÷∫ºÔ º>V[§¶ÈVluÆ. ∏[™Ï
c^·VÏÕ> ÿÔV^ÁÔ ºkÆ√V|Ô·V_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD cÁ¶Õm √È
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ Ô‚EÔ^ cÚkVl™. ∂¬Ô‚EÔπ[ ƒVÏ∏ÈV™ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B› º>VwÁ\
∂Á\©AÔ·VÔá ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈D, xuº√V¬z ®ø›>V·Ï ƒ∫ÔD, \¬Ô^ ÔÁÈ
÷È¬˛B ÔwÔD ®™© √_ºkÆ ∂Á\©AÔ”D º>V[§ \¬Ô^ \›]l_ √∫ÔVu§
k´ÈVl™.
21
1.2 J[Æ ÔsÁ> \ÁÔ^
÷>μÔ·VÔ°D ÷B¬Ô\VÔ°D J[Æ ÔsÁ> \ÁÔ^, ∂ku§_ ºkº´VΩ W[≈

>V¬Ô∫Ô^, ∂ku§[ ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ ªº¶ ª¶VΩ W[≈ >›mk¬ÌÆÔ^, √∫ºÔu√V·Ï
®[§kuÁ≈¬ ˇμkÚ\VÆ ∂‚¶kÁ© √|›>ÈVD.
ÔsÁ>\Á ÔÁÈ\Á >›mk¬ÌÆÔ^ √∫ºÔu√V·Ï
®ø›m º\È\Á ÂT™›mk ÿ√ÚD√VKD

÷>μ\Á ÷È¬˛B ÷ƒ∫Ô^ √VÏ©√™Ï
kV™D√VΩ >tμ\Á \VÏ¬EBD √VÏ©√™Ï

÷B¬Ô \Á \VÏ¬EB ÿÈMMBD ®kÚtÈÏ
Á«Ì ˇÁw \Á ÿ¤[ E›>Ï º√>D

zÆD√V\Á \Á, Û‡∏lƒD ∞mt_ÁÈ
÷Àk‚¶kÁl_ ∑‚¶©√‚|^· ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ z§›> º\È]Ô sk´∫ÔÁ·•D

s·¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D xÁ≈ºB ∂Àk©√z]Ôπ_ s·¬˛ cÁ´¬Ô©√|D. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô
\´∏™Ï √V´] √V´]>Vƒ[ kakÕ> >tμ\Á ƒVÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ®ø›m ÷>μ \´∏™Ï
√V´]>VƒÁ™•D kV™D√VΩÔÁ·•D ∞uÔV>kÏÔ^. ®[√>VºÈºB x©ÿ√ÚD
ÔsQÏÔ·V™ Eu∏, ∂©m_´z\V[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ g˛ºBVÁ´•D ∞uÔ
\Æ©√kÏÔº·.
1.2.1 ì®ø›mî ÷>μ \Á
1959 ÷_ º>V[§B ®ø›m 1970 kÁ´ 119 ÷>μÔ·VÔ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÿ\Va

ÿ√BÏ©A¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^√¶ 460 ¬zD º\u√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπl‚¶m. 1962 x>_
1975 kÁ´ Am¬ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©AÔÁ·•D, ®ø›m ÿkπX¶VÔ ÿkπl‚¶m. 1959 x>_
1962 kÁ´ ®ø›]_ ÿkπBV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º>ÏÕÿ>|›> Am¬z´_Ô^ 2 ÿ>Vz©√VÔ
19 ÔsQÏÔπ[ 46 ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ®ø›m ÿkπl‚¶m. ÷kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD ÿkπl‚¶ E.∑.
ÿƒ_È©√V >DÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D >\m ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©AÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D \VuÆ ÷>BD ®[≈
ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
22
“Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ ∂§xÔ\V™ ®ø›m ÔsQÏÔπ[ cÈÔD ÿ√ˆmD.
>MÁ\l[ cÈÔD. ÌÆ©√‚¶ √VÏÁkl_ sÁ·Õ> kƒ™ cÁ¶ƒ_, ∂>Ï¬ÔD,
√VÈ” 24 .
∂√›>D ®™¬∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ √VÈ
∂©√Ω ∂kÏÔ^ ∞[ >MÁ\©√¶ÈVl™Ï \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ© AmÁ\©∏›>[,

z√. ´V.x>ÈVº™VÁ´© ∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm Â.∏flƒJÏ›], ÷mkV º\uz ∂s•D c|/
zÁÈ•D ÷Ú^/ T∑D ÷·Á\/ ∞ÆD ÿk§ /√Vs´s ƒ°¬ÔΩl_/ E>ÆD Ek©A/
®™ º\ÁÈ\´Á√© A≈¬ÔË›m \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔfl ƒJÔ cÏ°¶[ Am¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB
k·Ï›mk´ÈV™VÏ. ÷ÀkV≈_ÈV\_ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï >MÁ\©√¶ ºÂÏÕ>m ∞ÿ™™
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑.
÷>uÔV™ ƒJÔsB_ ÔV´D ÔVı√m x¬˛B\VzD. 1916 ÷_ √VÏ©√™Ï

“÷>uÔV™
∂_ÈV>VÏ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ >tμÂV‚Ω_ ÿkÆD \¬Ô^ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ k·ÏÕm
>twÔ ∂ÉB_ ƒJÔ© A≈¬ÔË©Á√© ∏[√u§™. ÷ku§[ ∂ÉB_
∂Á¶BV·\VÔ© ÿ√ˆBVÚD, √ı√V‚Ω[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ© √V´]>Vƒ–D
ÿƒB_√‚¶™Ï. ®™ºk >tμÂV‚Ω[ (1950 ¬z© ∏[) ƒJÔ k´ÈVu§_
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √∫z ∞mD k˛¬ÔV> º\_>‚|© A›] ˝sÔ^ ∂ÕWB©√‚¶ Ûwo_
k´ÈVuÆıÁ\BVzD” 25.
º\uÔ›]B Wwo_ AÔo¶D º>Ω™Ï ®[√m k´ÈVuÆıÁ\BVzD
®™ºk ÷ÀkV≈VÔ› >MÁ\©√¶ ºÂÏÕ> ®ø›m zøs™Ï¬z ∞u≈ÿ>VÚ

AÔo¶xD, kΩÔVK¬ÔV™ kVlK\VÔ ÂT™ kV> (Modernism) º\ÁÈ \ÁkVFÕ>m.
“ÂT™
ÂT™ kV>D ((Modernism)) ®[√m ŒÚ A]B ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B©º√V¬z
∂_Èm ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬Ô›Á>¬ z§¬zD. x>ÈVπ›mk ƒJÔ›][ x]ÏflEl_
º\u˛_ c>B\V™ ÂT™ kV>D ƒVÏÕ> ÷È¬˛B©º√V¬zÔ^ ÷Õ]BVs_ 1960
ÿ√u≈™”26 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ.
Ôπ_>V[ ÿƒ_kV¬z© ÿ√u≈™
Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ª¶VÔ ÷∫ºÔ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï kVlÈVÔ ÔVŸ[§B ÂT™kV>

OÁwkVl_Ô^ z§›m º\KD, s·¬˛fl ÿƒ_kVÏ √VÈV.
>MÁ\ ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ[ ªuÆ¬Ôı \V¶ÏMƒD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô© ÿ√u≈

“>MÁ\
AmÁ\lBD (ÂT™kV>D) >V[. º¤D¸ ¤VF¸, ÔV‡©ÔV, ∏ÿ´·¸‚, Ω.®¸.
®oB‚, √°ı‚, º√V[≈ ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ cÈÔD, >MÁ\ cÈÔD, ƒJÔ›]oÚÕm
23
\M>Á™ ŒÚ >M\M>™VÔ© ∏F›ÿ>|›m© √VÏ›>m nº´V©∏B ÷È¬˛BD
\V¬¸ ®ˆÿ™v‚ ÔV_k¶VÏ ¶Vo º√V[≈ {sBÏÔπ[ \™flEÁ>°Ô^
>MÁ\©√|›>©√‚¶ \M>M[ mB´\M>›mπÔ^>VD ∂ÕWB©√‚¶ \M>[
ƒVÁk sÚDAD \M>[, \M>›Á> ÿkÆ¬zD \M>[ ®_ºÈVÚD
>MÁ\÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ[ ÂVBÔÏÔ^>V[. ÷kÏÔ^ ®_ÈVD AmÁ\lBD ®[≈
ÿ√B´V_>V[ >tμfl ÛwK¬z^ OÁwÕ>VÏÔ^. Ô.ÂV. ∑©∏´\ËB[, kw∫˛.
E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V AÔμ√|›]B Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ k´s[ kaBVÔºk ÷m ºÂÏÕ>m
®™ÈVD” 27 .
®™ÈVD
ÂT™ kV>D z§›> ƒJÔsfiQV™¬ ÔÁÈ¬Ô·fiEB s·¬Ô›]Á™ ®D.∞.

O‡\V[ ®|›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ô>VzD.
\Á Z]BV™kuÁ≈ AmÁ\¬z¬ ˇμ√|›m˛[≈mD, WÁÈ º√≈Á¶Õ>,

“\Á
ƒD∏´>VB ØÏk\V™kuÁ≈ ÷∫Ô© √|›m˛[≈m\V™ \™©º√V¬ÔVzD. ÷Õ>©
\™©º√V¬˛[ ÿƒB_xÁ≈›>V¬ÔD √ÁwÁ\ º√bk>VÔ ∂_Èm
A´‚EÔ´\V™>VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD √ÁwÁ\ÁB ∂aBVm. ÔV©√VuÆk>uÔVÔ ∂Á>©
AmÁ\•¶[ ÷∫Ô©√|›mD º√Vm ∂m √wÁ\º√bk>V˛[≈m. AmÁ\l[
Wt›>D √ÁwÁ\ÁB W´VÔˆ¬zDº√Vm ∂m A´‚E Ô´\V™>V˛[≈m. \>∫ÔÁ·©
ÿ√VÆ›> kÁ´ ÂT™kV>›][ √ÁwÁ\ º√ıkÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈVD ®[ÆD
ÔÁÈÔπ_ ÂT™kV>›][ A´‚EÔ´\V™ kÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈVD
ÔVÈVD” 28 ®™°D
z§©∏|kÏ.
ÂT™kV>›Á>© AÔo¶\VÔ ®ø›m¬zøs™Ï ∞u≈>uÔV™ ÔV´›Á>

kÚZ]BVÔ ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑ ÔVı˛[≈VÏ. g™V_ ÷>Á™ºB kÚ¬ÔZ]BV™>VÔ
∂Á¶BV·©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ.
ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ x>ÈVπ›mkfl
“ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔ^ ƒJÔ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩloÚÕm
>©∏›m ∂ÔkB°È˛uz^ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V™VÏÔ^. º\uzÈÔ
ÂT™kV>©√Á¶©AÔ^ \M>Á™ ∂k™m k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_ ÷ÚÕmD Ô›>ˆ›m›
ÔV‚Ω™” 29.
>MÁ\› mBˆ_ t>©√™kVÔ¬ ÔV‚Ω™
24
ÂT™kV>›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈Á\ √wÁ\
º√bk>VÔºkV, AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>VÔºkV ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ÔVıº¶VD. √V´]•D,
AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™kV>›Á>© AmÁ\ÁB© Az›mk>uÔVÔ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®M_
®ø›m¬zøs™Ï √ÁwÁ\ º√ıkÁÔlºÈºB ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBVı¶™Ï ®™ÈVD.
“ŒaÔ
ŒaÔ Ô¶°^ / ∂aÔ ƒV] A´‚E {∫zÔ / AmÁ\ º>V[ÆÔ ®™¬Ìs™VF
/ ¿ºBV, ÂVº™V \´√V™ √wÁ\•D / x]ÏÕ> ÿÂ§•D kVFÕ> ÂDT| / ∂ÕWBD
zÁ\˛º≈[” 30 .
gk>V ®™¬ zÁ\˛º≈[
÷m. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√Vs[ √wÁ\º√bD ÔsÁ> ÂT™kV>›]uzfl ƒˆBV™ {Ï

®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VzD. ŒÀÿkVÚÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]KD º>V[ÆD ÷È¬˛B ÷ƒD ∂Àk¬ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶©
º√V¬zÔÁ·©√Á¶©√>uz¬ Ô·[ ∂Á\©√>VÔ ∂Á\Õm˛¶¬˛[≈m.
÷Õ> ÷È¬˛B ÷ƒ∫Ô”¬z^º· ŒÚ ÿ√Vm›>[Á\ AÈ©√|›m˛≈m.

“÷Õ>
√È°D ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ k´ÈVuÆ¬ ÔVÈ¬ Ô‚¶›]_ º>V[§BÁk. ∂Àk¬ÔVÈ›][
√ı√V‚Á¶ ®ø>°D, s·¬Ô°D, ∂ÀkÁÔ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B© √Á¶©AÔº·
>´°Ô^”31 ®[√Ï >tμÂV¶[.
∂Ω©√Á¶› >´°Ô^
®ø›ms_... ‡∏´VFΩ[ c·sB_ ºÔV‚√V|Ô”¬z¬ ÔÁÈkΩkD ÔVbD

xBuEÔ^ Â¶›>©√‚¶™. √Ω\, z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ¤©√VMB Á«Ì°D ÷Õ>
®ø›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √V]©AÔÁ· cı¶V¬˛s‚ΩÚÕ>™. ÷kÏÔ·m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
>ÁÈ#¬˛ Wu√m >M\M> kV>D. >M\M>™m. W´VÁƒ, k¬˛´D >VD., >s©A,
Â™ºkV‚¶D, ∂Ô cÁ·flƒ_, g˛B™ ÷kÏÔ^ √V¶_Ôπ[ ÔÚ©ÿ√VÚ^Ô^,
ÂD∏¬ÁÔl[Á\ \™flºƒVÏ°, \´WÁ™©A x>oBku§[ ∏Ωl_ ÷kÏÔ^ gΩB
g‚¶∫Ô^ ÷©√V¶_Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√‚| ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.
÷kÏÔπ_ EÈÏ ∂kƒ´ ∂kƒ´\VÔ ∂B_ ÂV‚|flƒ´¬ÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^x>_ ÿƒFm

÷∫ºÔ ÔÁ¶sˆ›>™Ï. >Dÿ√Bˆ_ su√Á™© √ÈÁÔÔÁ·© º√V‚|¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ®™
®ø›m¬ ÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§B \]©¨‚ΩÁ™ x[Ák©√VÏ., ~º´V| >tw[√[,
∂©√‚¶\V™ ÷È¬˛B›]Ú‚|¬z ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|Ô·VÔ Áky¸k´M[ √Ω\D Œ[Á≈•D,
Á«Ì Œ[Á≈•D, >tw[√[ ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ.
25
“√VkVÁ¶ WwK¬z^
√m∫˛kÚD ÿkıxB_Ô^”î
®[√m Áky¸k´M[ kˆÔ^
Herfeet beneath her petticoat
Lire little mice, Stole in and outî
®[√º> ÷>[JÈ\V™ ƒ∫o∫˛[ (Sucbling) kˆÔ^
ì ˛Á·¬z› ]ÚDAD / søÕ> ƒÚÔV/ √‚|©ØflE ÷m Áky¸k´[ >twV¬Ô›]_

ÂÁ¶ ÷>a_ (9) ÿkπkÕ> Á«Ì ÷mºk ÷k´m c>BWw_ ÿ>Vz©∏_,
ÿÔVΩl_ \ÈÚD √‚|©ØflE / ÁÔ©∏Ω Âøs¬ /

“ÿÔVΩl_ ÔVu§_ √≈¬zD
\È´Vfl∑
\È´Vfl∑” 32 ®™ \Æ∏≈s ®|›]Ú¬˛≈m. ®™ ÷™DÔV‚Ω s|kVÏ. ÷Às´ıΩ_
x[™m ®ø›m›]Ú‚|. ∏[™m ÔÚ›m¬Ô·° ÷´ıÁ¶•D >tw[√[
∂D√È©√|›]s|˛[≈VÏ. Œ[≈[ >V¬ÔD \uÿ≈V[§_ g¬ÔD ÿ√≈ÈVD. Œ[Á≈›
>øs ºkÿ≈V[Á≈©√Á¶¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ >øs©√Á¶¬ÁÔl_ ÷[™Á>›>øs ÷m
®™ ∂>[ JÈD ∑‚¶©√‚¶VÔ ºkı|D.
÷ƒ∫Ôÿ·™©√|D ÷È¬˛B© ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· c^ kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı|

√Á¶¬Ô xu√¶V\_ º\ÁÈ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c›]xÁ≈ÁB \‚|\_ÈV\_
c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D ÂÔÈV¬Ô xB[≈ ∂kÈD ®ø›]_ ÷ÀkVÆ ºÂ´ÈVluÆ ÷>Á™ºB
√∑kFBVs[ (∑Õ>´ƒVt) ÿÔV^ÁÔ √ÔΩ©√ıb˛≈m. “º\uºÔ
º\uºÔ / ÿ´V\V[ΩƒD á
ÂVfl∑óƒD ˆBoƒD ∂©√V_ / ÷D√´vMƒD á ®[ \Á™s¬z >¬ÔVπ´ƒD
∂©√V_ ED√VoƒD ƒVˆBoƒD *ı|D ÿkÆD ˆBoƒD ..... ƒV›º´¬z
®ÎE¸ÿ¶[EBoƒD ÔVx°¬z ÷[ÿ™V[Æ ... ∏[™V_ ºkÿ≈V[Æ á Ô´Ω¬z
ÔDRMƒD á ¶VÈÏ Í•\MƒD ÂVÿ\_ÈVD á ¶t_ ®ø›>V·Ï Â\¬ºÔV á
∏º·˜BˆƒD ( Plagiarism) ” 33.
®[≈V_ ®ø›m¬]Ú‚|, ÔÚ›m¬Ô·° ®[≈ ÷´ıÁ¶•º\ ∂m z§›mWuzD,

cÚk›Á>¬ ÁÔBV”D c›]BVÔ ºkıΩB Œ[Æ ÷©√Ω c^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ Ô·kV|D
∂kÈ\VÔ ®ø]›]KD ¿Ï›m© º√VluÆ.
26
®ø›m© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô›Á> ®ı kÁÔBVÔ© √z©√VÏ
ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ.
“1.
1. kVμ¬ÁÔ, 2. ƒV°, 3. ÷Á sÁwfl∑›>[Á\, 4. W´VÁƒ
( Frustration ), 5 >M\M>D ( Individualism ), 6. cıÏ°›>VÁ´ ( Stream of
ÿ>Va_” 34
Cernsciousriess) 7. ÔsQ[ ÿ>Va_, 8. ®ø›>V·Ï ÿ>Va_
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂ΩÂV>\VÔ ‡∏´VF Ωƒ›Á>•D ∂>[ ∂Dƒ∫ÔÁ·¬

“Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÿÔVı¶ ¸ÏˆBoKD, ®¬L¸ÿ¶[¥oƒD, º√V[≈kuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™.
÷>™V_ ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^ >DÁ\›>Vº\ ƒx>VB›]oÚÕm ∏ˆ›m¬ÿÔVı|
ƒx>VB›Á> ŒÚ √VÏÁkBV·Ï º√VÈ¬ ÔkM¬˛≈VÏÔ^. .. Œ|¬Ô©√‚º¶VÏ
√¬Ô\VÔ ÷©Am¬ÔsQÏÔ^ WuÔs_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ cÈÔº\ m[√\B\V™m ®[≈
ÂD∏¬ÁÔk≈‚E•D ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^” 35 ®[˛≈VÏ
\™ÿ\VΩÕ> º√V¬zD ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^
ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ.
®ø›m¬ ÔsQÏÔÁ· s\ÏE›>VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB \VÏ¬EB

∂Ël™Ï ®ø›Á> ®]ÏÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷Õ> c^·¶¬ÔD Œ[Á≈ \‚|º\ z§¬ÿÔVı¶
ºÂV¬ÔV_ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ kΩk›Á> ∞u√]ºÈºB ∂kÏÔ^(ÂV.kV™\V\ÁÈ, Ô.
ÁÔÈVƒ√], ÿ>V.x.E.´zÂV>[) >B∫˛™VÏ. ´zÂV>[ kƒ™ÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™ºB
∞uÔs_ÁÈ. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÿkÆÁ\, s´¬]. xÁ™©A, \™x§° ®[√>VÔ
\VÏ¬EB >´©∏_ ®øÕ> kV>∫ÔÁ· ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D xÔ\VÔ.
\™ x§° á ‡∏´¸‚º´≠[ á ŒÚ º\V¸>Ï (‡√V≠[) ÷_ÁÈ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ

“\™
÷È¬˛BºÂV¬ÁÔ© √VÏ›m ÷tº¶‚ ÿƒFkm¬z ... ÷tº¶‚ ÿƒFm ÿ>VM¬Ôfl
ÿƒF>V_ ∂]_ cıÁ\ ÷´Vm.... ∏flƒJÏ›] ÿƒV_oBm º√VÈ º\uºÔ
Ω¸Eı¶¬ º´‚Ω∫... á ∂>Vkm c]Ï˛≈ WÁÈ ÂDxÁ¶Bm º≠©∏∫ cÚkV˛≈
WÁÈ ®™ºk, \™x§° ÂD ÷È¬˛B›][ ÿ√Vm› ÿ>MBVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm.
®™›]‚¶ k‚¶\VÔ ∂¬zu≈flƒV‚Á¶ \Æ›ÿ>ø]™VÏ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V
ÿƒ_È©√V” 36
\ÁD, AmÁ\•D ƒ∫Ôt¬zD √V∫˛Á™ E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, E.\Ë, (ºk. \Vo)

ÂzÈ[(Ω.ºÔ.mÁ´¸kVt) QV™¬Ì›>[ x>ÈVº™Vˆ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ c´ÈVD.
÷>uzD Ω.®¸. ®oB‚Ω[ >V¬ÔD E. \Ë¬z º\È]Ô\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>mD ÔV´\VzD.
27
\´∏oÚÕm \VÆ√‚|©AmÁ\ÁBfl ƒVÏÕ]Ú›>_ ®[√m ÂT™›][
“\´∏oÚÕm
ÿ√Vm©ÿ√VÚ^. gl–D ÂT™D ∂_Èm AmÁ\ ®[√m \´Á√ xu§KD
W´VÔˆ¬ÔVm, √Á¶©√Vπ >™m >M›]≈[ JÈD \´∏uzD EÈA]B ÌÆÔÁ·©
Az›mk>[ JÈxD AmÁ\ÁBfl ÿƒFBÈVD ®[√Á> Ω.®¸.÷oB‚ ®[–D
ÂT™kV>¬ ÔsQÏ s\ÏƒÔÏ >™m \ÁD >M›]≈–D ( Tradition and individual
Talent) Ô‚|Á´l_ sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ
sˆ›mÁ´›m^·VÏ” 37. ÷m©√u§ E.\ËºB ŒÚ º√‚ΩlKD
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
√ÁwB
“√ÁwB g‚Ô”¬z ÂVD ®_ºÈVÚD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.
ƒ∫Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ”¬z, Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ, EÈ©√]ÔV´D, √‚Ω™©√VÁÈ ∂ÔÂV˚Æ,
A≈ÂV˚Æ ®ø]BkÏÔ”¬zD ÂVD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD.....( Tradition and
individual Talent) ®[≈ Ô‚|Á´ ®∫Ô”¬z© √V¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂]Úi¶kƒ\VÔ
∂]_ \´Á√ xøkm\VÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ¿ ®Á> *≈ ºkı|D ®[√m
ÿ>ˆ•D. ¿ \´Á√› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·V>kÁ´ ¿ AmÁ\ÁB© √Á¶¬Ô xΩBVm.
ÿÔV^·ºkı|D” 3 ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD
gÁÔBV_ ¿ √ÁwB s≠B∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·ºkı|D
Ôı|ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ. ®oB‚Ω[ \ÁD >M›]≈–D ºÔV‚√V‚Á¶ Ák›m›
>V[ >VD ®ø]B>VÔ°D ∂m>[Á™ tÔ°D √V]›>m ®™°D Œ›m¬ÿÔV^˛[≈VÏ.
1970 _ zlo[ ∑Ú] ®[≈ BV©∏ÈÁ\Õ> ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB•D

“1970
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ ÂV.∏flƒJÏ›]. º\KD \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEºB Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[Æ
ÔV‚|k>[ JÈD ®]Ï©Á√fl ƒ\Vπ¬Ô xB[≈™Ï. ÿƒ_kD ÂÁ¶ ÷>aB_ ®ø]B.
BV©∏B_ ÷>uzfl ƒV[≈VzD. ƒ∫Ô©√V‚Á¶ Œ›>m Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[ÆD
Am¬ÔsÁ>¬zD kΩkD cı| ®[ÆD WÆk xB[≈™Ï. Am¬ÔsÁ> BV©Á√
*§B>_È, BV©∏uz‚√‚¶m>V[ ®[ÆD Ì§™Ï ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ” 39 .
∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ ÷∫ÔkÏ ÿƒ_kD ®™¬z§©∏|km E.\ËÁB›>V[. ∂>Á™›
>[º√‚Ωl_ E.\ËºB z§©∏‚¶^·VÏ. E.\Ë ®oB‚Ω[ √V]©∏_ Â´ÔD ®[≈
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB© √Á¶›>VÏ. ÷Á>©º√V_ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V √ˆ√V¶o[ √V]©∏_ ÿ\Z™V
®[≈ ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB© √Á¶›>VÏ. ÿ\Z™Vs[ x[z§©∏_ ∂kº´ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
√ˆ√V¶_ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·©√Ω›m É›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕº>[. ∂º>ƒ\BD

“√ˆ√V¶_
ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BD. BV©√Ú∫ÔÈD sÚ›],. ÔVˆÁÔ, √[MÚ√V‚ΩB_ x>oB
28
BV©A±_ÔÁ·•D cÁ´Ô”¶[ √Ω›º>[. ∂>[sÁ·kVÔ¬ ∏≈Õ>m
ÿ\Z™V”40 ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_
ÿ\Z™V
√ˆ√V¶K¬z ®_ÁÈ 400 ∂ΩÔ^ ®™› ÿ>V_ÔV©∏BÛ›]´D Ì§™VKD >\m

ÿ\Z™V 444 ∂ΩÔ^ ÿÔVı¶m. g™VKD ∂§Õº> \´Á√ *§º™[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
Amÿ\Úz ®[≈ ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω ƒ∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®‚ΩÁ™ ∂ku§[ cÚkD, Œo,
kˆBÁ\©Á√ ∂©√ΩºB Ák›m¬ÿÔVı| ÷[Á≈B >¬Ô ÿƒVuÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|
Amÿ\Úz ÿÔV|›m©√VÏ¬Ô xB[≈>VÔ¬ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. E.\Ël[ Â´ÔD ¿ı¶
ÔsÁ> tÔ°D AÔμÿ√u≈m. ∂]_ º\ÁÈ\ÁD, ˇÁw \ÁD ƒ∫Ôt¬˛[≈™. E.\Ë
g∫˛È© º√´VEˆBÏ >tμ \´∏KD BV©∏KD √luE t¬ÔkÏ. Ω.®¸.®oB‚Ω[
√VμWÈ›][ >V¬Ô›]_ >V[ E.\Ë Â´ÔD ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ø]™VÏ ®[≈VKD ∂m
ÔD√´V\VBD, s_o√V´D ®[√m º√VÈ \Ël[ Â´ÔD ®[Æ >D º√‚Ωl_
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. √‚Ω™©√VÁÈl[ >V¬Ô›]_ E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V ÿ\Z™V ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÁB
kw∫˛B>uzD E. \Ël[ Â´Ô›]uzD s›]BVƒtÚ¬˛≈m. Â´ÔD ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>l_
ÔD√´V\VB kˆÔ”D, ∂ÔÂV˚uÆ kˆÔ”D, sºkÔ EÕ>V\Ël[ kˆÔ”D ªº¶
ªº¶ ÷¶D ÿ√u§Ú¬zD. ÷m√u§B ®]Z|ÔÁ·•D ÔVıº√VD.
÷Õ> kˆÔÁ·©√Ω›>°¶[ ÔD√Á™ º\uºÔV^ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ®[Æ ®|›m¬

“÷Õ>
ÿÔV^k>V? ÿ>ˆBV>kÏÔ^ ÷kÚÁ¶B ÿƒVÕ>flƒ´¬z ®[º≈ WÁ™›m¬
ÿÔV^·‚|D ®[º≈ ®ø]•^·V´V? ÷_ÁÈ, ∂Ï›>D AˆÕm>V[ √ÁwB
÷È¬˛BkˆÔÁ· ÷©√Ω¬ºÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V´V? ∂©√ΩBV™V_ ®[™>V[ ÷kÏ Ì≈
sÚDA˛≈VÏ? ®[Æ ®m°º\ AˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩBs_ÁÈ... x[–D ∏[–D
ºkÆ ºkÆ √ÈkˆÔÁ·fl ºƒÏ›m √ÁwB ÷È¬˛B kˆÔ”¬zD ko©AºÂVÁB
cı¶V¬˛lÚ¬˛≈VÏ” 41 ®™¬ÔΩÕm √VÁ>l_ÈV¬ ÔV‚Ω_ √BD ÿƒF•D xBuE
cı¶V¬˛lÚ¬˛≈VÏ
®™ Â´Ô›][ kVlÈVÔ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÂT™›mk c›]xÁ≈lÁ™ s·∫˛¬
ÿÔV^·\V‚¶V\_ ¤Ô[ zÆ¬ˇ| ÿƒF>VÏ. \V≈VÔ ÷m ®oB‚ c›]xÁ≈ √ÁwB
÷È¬˛BkˆÔ^ ÷ÀkVÆ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈VKD, ∂m ∂[Á≈B ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂_ÈV\_
®|›>V·© ÿ√ÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ”¶[ ÿ√VÚÕ] ÷ÁBÕm ºkÆ >·\Vu≈\VF,
ÿ√VÚ‚√¶ºÂÏkº> Â´ÔD ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> >tø¬z ∂§xÔ©√|›]B A]B√VË gzD.
÷m√u§B ÿk∫Ô‚ƒVtÂV>[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ.
29
√wD ÷È¬˛B kˆÔ^ ®[≈ ∂Á¶BV·›Á>› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVı|
“√wD
∂Á>\Vu§ ÷[Á≈B ƒJÔ›][ Â¶©AÔÁ·¬ ˛ı¶ºÈV| s\ÏflE¬zD
ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBV^˛≈VÏ. ∂m ÿkÆD ˛ı¶_ ÷_ÁÈ. ƒJÔ s\Ïƒ™xD
ÿ√V]Õ>m
ÿ√V]Õ>m” 42 ®™˛≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔ^ ÷[Á≈B ÷·D
kVƒÔÏÔ”¬ºÔV, ÷·∫ÔsQÏÔ”¬ºÔV E. \ËÁB© √u§ ∂kˆ[ ƒV>Á™Ô^ √u§›
ÿ>ˆ•\V ®™ ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[ A]B√VÏÁkl_ g>∫Ô©√|˛≈Vº´ ∂m√u§ E. \Ë
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈VÏ ®[≈ ºÔ^s E∏fl ÿƒ_k™V_ ®ø©√√‚¶º√Vm,
“E.\Ë
E.\Ë ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ºÂ´ΩBVÔ© √Ω¬ÔV\_ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_
E.\Ël[ √V]©A ∂kÏÔπ¶D ÷Ú¬zD. ®©√Ω ®[≈V_ E.\ËÁB© √Ω›ms‚|
∂Õ>© √V]©∏_ ®ø]Bkˆ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·© √Ω©√>[ JÈ\VÔ,
∂Á>©√Ω›ms‚| ®øm˛≈kÏ ®[Æ ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶´VÔ Â¶¬zD ÷m. E.\Ë
√V]©∏_ÈV\_ ®ømk>VÔ WÁ™©√kÏ ∂©m_´z\V[ ∂_Èm >tw[√[
√V]©∏_®ø>ÈVD. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ŒÚÁ\_Ô_ Â´ÔD ®[Æ ®ø›ms_ ŒÚ
>ÁÈB∫ÔD kÕ>m. Eu∏•D ÂV–D {º´ kB]™Ï. ÷´ı| \V>D s›]BVƒD
Â´ÔD kÕ>∏≈z ∂>[ √V]©∏_ ®ø>kÕ>>VÔ Eu∏ sÚm swV º\Á¶l_ Eu∏
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ” 43 ®™ E. \Ël[ >V¬ÔD ®–D ƒ∫˛o›ÿ>V¶ˆ_ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D,
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ
>tw[√–D Â´Ô›][ √V]©√V_>V[ ®ø> kÕ>>VÔfl Eu∏l[ kV¬zJÈ›Á>•D
∑‚Ωflÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD kV™D√VΩÔ^ kÁ´¬z\VÔ›
ÿ>V¶Ïk>Á™ ÷™D ÔVÈVD.
÷ÀsB¬Ô›][ (ÂT™›>tμ¬ÔsÁ>) g´D√¬ÔVÈ›]_ √∫ºÔu≈kÏÔ·VÔ Â.

∏flƒJÏ›] Ô.ÂV.∑. ®¸. Ák›y¸k´[, ].ºƒV. ºkbºÔV√VÈ[, «ˆ ÊMkVƒ[, g˛B
÷kÏÔπ_ ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ EÆÔÁ> ®ø›>V·ÏÔ·VÔ°D √_ºkÆ mÁ≈Ôπ_
√∫ÔVu§BkÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔº· >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz¬ Ô‚¶u≈ ÔsÁ>ÁB•D,
kƒ™sÁ>ÁB•D ÂT™›mk›Á>•D ∂π›>kÏÔ^ ®™ÈVD.
>ta_ ®ø›m ÷>a[ Am¬ÔsÁ>© √∫Ôπ©∏uz ª¶VÔ› >ta[ ÂT™›mkD

c^kV∫Ô©√‚¶m. ÷∫z Ôt_ ∑kÈ∏_ z§©∏|√kÏÔº·V| \‚|\_ÈV\_ E.\Ë,
∏º´t^ x>ÈVº™VÏ √∫Ôπ©AD ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ z§∏¶›>¬Ô™ºkBVzD. ∏º´t^
E≈Õ> √Ω\sBuÔsQ´VÔ°D, >ta[ ÂT™›mk›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ s·¬˛Bk´VÔ°D
30
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈Õ> g”Á\ gkVÏ. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >ta[ ÂT™›mkD ®[≈ ∂kÏ
±_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©At¬Ô Œ[≈VzD.
Ô.ÂV. ∑. >tμ\´∏oÚÕm Â\¬ÔV™ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· cÚkV¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·ºkı|D.

®™ ko•Æ›]kÕ> º√V]KD, E.\ËºBV, ∏º´tº·V, E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√VºkV
∂Õ>kÁÔl_ √∫Ôπ¬Ô xB[≈ ∂·suz¬ z§©∏‚|fl ÿƒV_K\V≈V™ √∫Ôπ©A
®>Á™•D ∂Õ>kÁÔl_ WÔμ›>s_ÁÈ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂k´m ÂT™›mk
c^kV∫Ô_ ®[√mD √ÁwÁ\ÁB› >¬Ô Ák¬zD Œ[≈VÔºk ¿Ω›>m. c>´V\VÔ/
“∂ÉBoKD
∂ÉBoKD Ì¶ ®›>Á™ºBV E›>VÕ>∫Ô^, ÿÔV^ÁÔÔ^ ®[Æ (÷Õ]BVs_)
g‚E ÿƒK›]™VKD Ì¶ ∂Àk·°D ∂[MB \ıË_ sÁ·Õ>Ák.
÷©√Ω©√VÏ¬zD º√Vm gÏ.®¸.®¸. E›>VÕ>D >V[ Â\m \ıË_ k·ÏÕ>
E›>VÕ>\VÔ©√|˛≈m. ®™ kV¬zJÈD kw∫zk>[ kVlÈVÔ› >\¬ÔV™
√˛´∫Ô©√|›]•^·VÏ” 44 .
∂ÉB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶ WÁÈ√V‚Á¶© √˛´∫Ô©√|›]•^·VÏ >tμflÛwo_
Am¬ÔsÁ> kVlÈVÔ c^kV∫Ô©√‚¶ ÂT™›mk›]uz ®]´V™ \VÏ¬flEB›
>´©A¬zÆ¬ˇ|Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD c^·¶¬Ô›Á> x[MÆ›]ºB ®ø>©√‚¶™. ÷>uz
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔ kΩkD z§›> ∂§sB_ ØÏk\V™ ∂bzxÁ≈ \VÏ¬EB› >´©∏_ ÷ÚÕm
c^·¶¬Ô ∂·suzfl ƒV›]B©√¶s_ÁÈ.
>tμflÛwo_ \VÏ¬EB
“>tμflÛwo_ ÷È¬˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∂§xÔ©√|›]B
∂§QÏ ÂV. kV™\VÁÈ ÿ>V¶∫˛fl ƒ*√›]_ ÷m z§›mŒÚsˆkV™ √V¶±ÁÈ
®ø]•^· ºÔV. ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ŸÔV¬Áƒ© ∏[√u§ ÷È¬˛B›]_
ÂT™›mk›Á> ®]Ï›m kÕm^·m z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ºƒVÔ{È∫Ô^ ®™°D,
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E ®™°D, >M\M>© AÈD√_Ô^ ®™°D ÷Ák xu≈VÔ©
A≈¬ÔË¬Ô©√‚| kÕm^·™. >s´°D \VÏ¬EB ºÂV¬z ÷È¬˛B s\Ïƒ™D
®[√m ÷È¬˛B©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÿ√V]Õm ˛¶¬zD ÔÚ›]Bu ƒVÏÁ√
ÿkπ©√|›mkm>V[ ®[˛≈ ÔÚ›º> ÷∫z √V´V”\[≈© ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\
º√∑˛≈ ÷.®D. ®¸.ÂDØ]ˆ √V| x>_ √ıÁ¶B› >tμ ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ[
ƒJÔºkÏÔÁ· ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚|k]_ x¬˛B ƒV>Á™Ô^ √ÈAˆÕm^· º>VwÏ
ºÔƒk[ kÁ´ ª¶VΩ Wu˛[≈m. kΩkD z§›m sfiQV™ØÏk\V™ \VÏ¬EB
ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ” 45
∂bÔ_ xÁ≈ ÷[–D xøÁ\BVÔ› >ta_ ∂§xÔD ÿƒFB©√¶s_ÁÈ
®™ \VÏ¬¸ s·¬zkVÏ.
31
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
>tμÂV‚Ω_ xuº√V¬zkV> s\ÏƒÏÔ^ ºÔV‚√V‚| Z]BVÔ ∂w˛B_
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 46
z§›m º√V]B ∂·° ÷[–D g´VFÕm ®ø>s_ÁÈ ®[º≈ º>V[Æ˛≈m
®[√Ï Ô. ÁÔÈVƒ√]•D. √V´]√V‚Ω_
“√V´]√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕ> ŒÚÁ\ ( integration )
\Ë¬ÿÔVΩ¬ÔV´ÏÔ·V_ ŒÚÁ\fl EÁ>kVÔ© º√V™m ®[Æ Ô™Ô ƒ√V√]
z§©∏|kÁ> ºÂV¬˛™V_ ÷kÏÔ”¬zfl EÁ>°¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>>VÔ \‚|º\
®ıºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m. √V´]¬z©∏≈z \M>› ÿ>Vz©∏oÚÕm >M\M>ÏÔ^
EÁ>°WÁÈ” 47 .
s|√‚|W[≈VÏÔ^. ÷mºk EÁ>°WÁÈ
®[Æ ∑‚Ωflÿƒ_KD ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷kÏÔπ_ Â. ∏flƒJÏ›] \‚|D cÈÔ

∂Á\]ÁB sÚD∏•D, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· ®|›mÔV‚Ω•D Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uÔV™
g>Ïƒ\VÔ W[≈ s]sÈ¬ÔV™ WÁÈlÁ™•D ÷™D ÔV› >k≈s_ÁÈ.
Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ Ø¬ÔVˆÁB¬ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ®™°D º√VuÆkVÏ ~º´V|
>tw[√[. ∂]oÚÕm ŒÚ √z]
∂ı¶D ∂]ÏÕ>m / cÈÿÔ∫zD Ì¶V´D ªÿ´∫zD s≠©AÁÔ /

“∂ı¶D
kVÿ™∫zD ®‡˛≈z ÿ>Úÿk∫zD ∏\ÁÈ/ ¨´∫˛¬ z´_ º√ƒ / ºÔ‚¶ÿ>VÚ
z´_” 48 . ÷m º√VÏÿk§ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> ∏ˆ‚Ωi ƒVD´VÎB© ∏[™Ël_
ºkÆ z´_
‘Ø¬ÔVˆ’ ®™ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]BVÁ´¬ z§X¶V¬˛B ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ÔsÁ> ®™. E.∑.
ÿƒ_È©√V ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷[Á≈B kVE©∏_ ~w©º√Vˆ[
∏[™ËlKD ÔVÕ]BD yÏkVÔ x[MÆ›>©√|D, ÛwÁÈ•D cÏ›>¬ÌΩB
Œ[≈VÔ°D ÷Ú©√>uÔV™ ƒV›]B¬ÌÆÔÁ·•D ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m ÂDÁ\
sB¬ÔÁk¬˛[≈m. ÷>Á™©√u§B ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´›][ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
ÂD kVμ¬ÁÔ √ÈV›ÔV´\B\V˛s‚¶m. ƒıÁ¶, ƒV°Ô^ ®∫zD, ∂[A

“ÂD
∂˛DÁƒ ®[≈ º√V>Á™Ô^ ÷∫z ®|√|k]_ÁÈ. kVμ¬ÁÔfl ƒÕÁ>lºÈ
÷›ÿ>Fk¬z´_ sÁÈº√Vk]_ÁÈ. \Áw ºÂ´›]_ ¤V] \_oÁÔÁB¬ Ìs
suÔxBKD Ø¬ÔVˆl[ ÿ√V∫zD z´_ \]©∏wÕm º√Vkm º√VÈ› >V[ ÷m°D
∂kÏ” 49 .
®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ∂kÏ
32
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ Amÿ\Va ∂Á\©∏_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô∫Ô^ ®©√Ωfl
ƒV›]B©√¶ÈV˛[≈™ ®[√>uz ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ E. \Ël[ ÔsÁ> Œ[§uz ª¶VÔ
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ Â. x›mƒVt.
ì “\u≈
\u≈ ºÂ´D Â¶¬zD º√VmD WuzDº√Vm ÷Õ>¬ÁÔÔ^ ÿkÆÕº>V^
xÁ™› ÿ>V∫Ô_, >V∫ÔV> cÆ›>_ kΩk› ÿ>V_ÁÈ ®[º≈[. ÁÔÁB¬
ÔVÈV¬ÿÔ[≈V[. ÁÔÁB¬ ÔVÈV¬zkÿ>[≈V_ tÚÔ\VÔ \V§s|k>V? ÔV_Ô^
g>V´\VÔ ÷Ú©√Á>© º√VÈ¬ ÁÔÔÁ·•D g>V´\V¬zkm. ÔsÁ> BV©Á√
s‚¶°¶º™ºB ÔsQ–¬z© A]B ∏´¬ÁQ ]≈Õm ÿÔVı|s‚¶m. ®[Æ
ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ” 50 .
º>V[Æ˛≈m. ∂m>V[ cıÁ\ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÏkVÏ
ì c^ xÔ\VÔ› º>∫˛© AˆBV\_ º√VFs‚¶ ŒÚ º√V¬z ®[√>VÔfl Eu∏BVKD

\uÆD √È´VKD ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚¶©√‚¶ c^\™ cÁ·flƒ_Ô^ ®[√>Á™ºB sˆ°D. gwxD
ÿ√u≈ ∂ÔºÂV¬˛[ sÁ·flƒ_Ô^ ®[√>VÔ› >D Am¬z´_Ô^ ÿ>Vz©∏[ x[–Á´l_
E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
∏´VFΩ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô·V_ ÔsQÏÔ·m ∂ÔºÂV¬z ÷mkÁ´ ÔıΩ´V>

“∏´VFΩ[
∂·° sˆ°D gwxD ÿ√u≈m. cÏ° cÈÔ›]_ ÷[–D gw\VÔ› mwVs
√VÏ›>VÏÔ^. ÿ\[Á\BV™mD E¬ÔÈV™mD Ì‚|¬ÔÈ©√V™mD ]‚¶\V™
®ı›m¬z cÚkVÔV\_ ∏´¬ÁQ WÁÈlºÈºB ÷Ú¬zD ∂Ô cÁ·flƒÁÈ
®_ÈVD ÿƒV_È© √VÏ›>VÏÔ^. Ô¬Ôu≈ ∂b¬ÔÁ·© º√VÈ
®_ÈV©√¬Ô∫ÔπKD ÷ÚÕmD Œº´ ƒ\B›]_ \™›m¬z^ ÿ√Va•D
\™©√]°ÔÁ· \VÆ√|D ÷™Õÿ>ˆBV> Ô‚|¬Ô¶∫ÔV> \™©º√V¬ÁÔ
ÔÚ]™VÏ” 51 .
ÿkπ©√|›mkm >∫Ô^ Ô¶Á\ ®[Æ ÔÚ]™VÏ
ì ÔV>_ \‚|º\ ∂Ô›mÁ≈ ®[Æ kÁÔ©√|›> gμ \™›][ O‚√\V™

ƒÈ™∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD ∂ÔkVÏ©√VF ®ø›m ∂Ël™Ï √¶D∏Ω¬ÔÈVl™Ï.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ A≈xD ∂ÔxD gÔ \VÏ¬EBxD ∏´VFΩBxD ∂Á\Õ>™ ®[Æ
z§©∏|kÏ. ÷∫z A≈D ®[√m A≈WÁÈ cÈÁÔ•D ∂ÔD ®[√m \™cÈÁÔ•D
z§›>m ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷>Á™¬ ÿÔV^·ºkı|D. ∂Ô›]Á A≈›]Á ®–D
ƒ∫Ô©√V¶_ kw¬ÔVu§[ √z©∏uÔV™ ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂_È. ÷›>ÁÔB ŒÚ ÔË©∏Á™
33
ŒÚkaBVÔ ∞uÆ ∂>™V_ ®[™ √B[ ®™ ∂>[*>V™ ºÔ^sÔÁ·•D ®ø©A˛[≈VÏ.
~º´V| >tw[√[.
E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V z§©∏|kmº√V_ ‡∏´VF Ω[ ÔÚ›mÔ·V_ ÔsQÏÔ·m

“E.∑.
∂ÔºÂV¬z ÷mkÁ´ÔıΩ´V> ∂·° sˆ°D gwxD ÿ√u≈m cıÁ\ ®[º≈
®|›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD, ∂>[√B[ ®[™ ®[√º> ÂD ºÔ^s. ÔsÁ>fl E˛flÁƒ
xÁ≈ ( Poetry Thoraphy ) ∞mD Ôı¶kÏÔ·V? >M\M>Á™fl ƒxÔ›]oÚÕm
∏ˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶m, ∂kÁ™ ~º¶u≈kV? ÷_ÁÈ ∂k™m ∏´¬ÁQ WÁÈl_
∂‘√k\VÔ ∂ÁÈ•D cÁ·flƒ_Ô”¬z kΩkD >Õm ∂kÁ™¬
ÔÈk´©√|›>kV? ƒ\ÔVÈ ƒJÔ ∂Á\©AÔπ[ ÿkÆ¬Ô›>¬Ô ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
∂ÉB_ º\VƒΩÔ^ ÷kuº≈V| ÷kÏÔ^ º\Vmk>uz ®©º√VmD sÚD∏B]_ÁÈ.
ºkı|\V™V_ ∂Àk©º√Vm ÁÂBVıΩ ÿƒFms‚| Œm∫˛flÿƒ[Æ *ı|D
º√VFs|kVÏÔ^” 52 .
>∫Ô”¬z^º·ºB √B›Á>› ÿ>V¶´© º√VFs|kVÏÔ^
>ta[ x>_ Eu§>μ (Little Magazine) ®™°D ®ø›m ÷>μ z§©∏¶©√|˛[≈m.

®ø›m ÷>a[ ƒV>Á™ ®ø›m ÔsQÏ \›]l_ s>Õº>V>›>¬Ô >MflE≈©∏B_AÔ^
∂kuÁ≈ *§ ∂kÏÔπÁ¶ºB ÔV©√‚¶ EÈ ÿ√VmkV™ ŒuÆÁ\ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ √u§•D
∂>[ ÿ√V[swV gıΩ_ W[Æ E≈©√VÔ ∑z\V´[ ®|›mÁ´©√™ ÷∫ºÔ
®ı›>¬Ô™kVD.
÷Õ>¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ºÂV¬zD º√V¬zD ºkÆ ºk≈V™Ák. EÈ

“÷Õ>¬
ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ ®]ÿ´]´V™Ák Â. ∏flƒJÏ›]l[ g[*Ô ∂Á\]¬z ºÂÏ ®]´V™m
E. \Ël[ ÔVÈxD, ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ•D ]ËÕ> ÂÔ´© √>u≈D. ®¸. Ák›y¸k´M[
ƒ\ÔVÈ©AmÁ\loÚÕm xu§KD \V≈V™m ∏º´Vtπ[ ÿƒÀsB_
∂bzxÁ≈ ÂzÈM[ c^xÔ cÁ´BV¶K¬z x´V™m √∑kFBVs[
ƒÔ\M> cÁ´BV¶_. ÷Õ> ºÂV¬˛_ {Ï ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬ÔD ºÔViΩ¬ÔV™
ƒ∫Ô\_È, >M¬ÔÁÈQÏÔπ[ Ì‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ ÷>uzD ÿ√VÚ^
ÿƒV_ÈÈV\V? Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Õ>© √[xÔ›>[Á\¬z¬ Ô·D ∞u√|›]Bm
ƒV>Á™” 53 .
>V[ ®ø›m ÷>a[ ƒV>Á™
÷Õ> ºkuÆÁ\ÔÁ· *§•D EÈ ÿ√VmkV™ >[Á\ÔÁ· ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_

ÔV¬Ì|D. ÷]_ ®ø]B ÿ√ÚD√VÈV[Á\l™ÚD ÂT™xÁ≈¬Ô_sl[ ƒÕ>]Ô^
34
ÂÔÏ©A≈\›]B >´ kÏ¬Ô›Á>fl ºƒÏÕ>kÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ √B[√|›]B ÿ\Va ÿ√Vm
kw¬˛oÚÕm ÿƒDÁ\© √|›>√‚¶m. tÔflEÈÁ´› >s´ \u≈kÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>¬Ô·D
√ı√V‚| ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·u≈m ®™¬ z§©∏|D ∑z\V´[ ®ø›]_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈ {º´ ÿ√ı
ÔsQ´V™ ÷´V. *™V‚EÁB© √u§¬ z§©∏|D º√Vm ÷ÀkVº≈ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√ıËB¬
ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷ÚÕm ÷´V. *™V‚El[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|kÁ>fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ.
kVÁwBΩ kVÁwBVF ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÚD ÔsÁ> \´∏uz ª¶VÔ ®ø›][ >V¬ÔD ∞º>–D
ŒÚkÁÔl_ √V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB Œ[≈VÔºk ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z ª¶VÔ°D ÿ>V¶ÏÕ]¶ÈVzD.
®[√m \Æ¬Ô xΩBV cıÁ\ºB gzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ®ø›m¬ÔsQÏ √∑kFBVs[
xw¬Ô∫Ô^ ∂ku§oÚÕm ∂≈ºk ºkÆ√‚| ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™¬ ÔVıº√VD.
“{FÕº>[
{FÕº>[ / ®™ \˛wVº> / c≈¬Ô\_È ]BV™D / ∏[kV∫Ô_ ∂_È
√m∫Ô_ / ®™m TÁl[ *‚¶o_ / ˇμ©√¶¬ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™ / c™¬z
ÂÁ´ºBuÆD ÔVÈ∫Ô^ / ®™m ÿÔVΩ √≈¬˛≈m / ∂ΩkV™›m¬z ∂©√V_ ÷m
ƒkV_” 54
√∑kFBVs[ ƒkV_
ÂVº™ √V´] ®[ÔVÈ›][ Ôsflƒ¬Ô´kÏ›]M x[ ®©º√VmD º√VÈºk

“ÂVº™
º√∑˛º≈[ ®[ ÔsÁ> ºƒV]t¬Ô ÂkÔsÁ> ÷Õ> sÁ> Ô·ÏWÈ∫ÔπKD
˛·ÏflEÿƒF•D / \ıˇÆD ªu≈Á¶©AÔÁ·/ ÿkΩÿB™› >ÔÏ¬zD /
cÈ¬ÁÔÔπ_ ØıÔwu§ mπ›mπBVF› >πÏÔV‚|D >πÏ W≈›]KD >w_
ÔV‚|D” 55 .
ÔV‚|D
÷m ÷´V. *™V‚El[ ÿ√Út>D. ÂT™›mk›Á> c^kV∫zxÔ\VÔ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ

k≈‚EÁBºB sÁ>›>kÏÔ^ ®™©√‚¶ ®ø›m∂Ë¬z \›]l_ ÷ÚÕmD ÂD√Ô\V™
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ¬z´_Ô·VF ÷Ák Ôs›mkD tπ´› >w_ÔV‚Ω ŒπÏ˛[≈™.
®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©∏Á™© √u§ ƒJÔsB_ ∂Ω©√Á¶lKD, ÔVÈ
∂Ω©√Á¶lKD, x¬˛B√Ë ∂Ω©√Á¶lKD Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÔË©AÁ´Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ
®ı› >¬Ô™kVzD.
÷ku§[ c^·¶¬ÔD \‚|D >tμ¬ ÔÈVflƒV´fl ÊásÁ™© ∏´]

“÷ku§[
√o©√>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ƒJÔsB_Z]BVÔ© √VÏ›>V_, ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∏´V\Ï zøÁkflƒVÏÕ> º\ÁÈ\B\V>o[ ( Westernization )
ÿkπX| ÔVÈZ]BVÔ©√VÏ›>V_ ÷Ák kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∂–√k› >V¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ŒÚ
35
zÆ˛B k‚¶›]uz^ EÁ≈©√|›]BÁk.... ®ø›m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ tÔ x¬˛B √Ë,
∂Ák √V´]>Vƒ[ ÔVÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l[ º>¬Ô›Á>
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ” 56 .
cÁ¶›>m>V[ ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ
1.2.2. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \Á
÷>μ \Á ®[√>M[ÆD ÷B¬Ô \Á ®[√m ºkÆ √‚¶ Œ[º≈BVzD. ∂Õ>
kÁÔl_ \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ \Á ®ø›m ÷>μ \Á ®[√ku§oÚÕmD kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô
\Á ®[√m ºkÆ√‚¶>V˛[≈m. ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷>a_ >ta_ EÆÔÁ>l[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ•D, ÷ÀkVº≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™› ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ®ø›m
÷>øD ∂Á\Õ>™ g™V_ kV™D √VΩ ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ∂Él_ √VÏÁkl_
÷ÁÕº>VÏ ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬Ô\VÔ s·∫˛Bm.
1970 á ÷[ ÷Æ]l_ Ôƒ¶>√≈ ÷È¬˛B ÷>wVÔ› ÿ>V¶∫˛B º√Vm,

ì“1970
kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ÿ>V¶∫˛Bm. {Ï ∂Él_ E›>VÕ>
∂Ω©√Á¶•D ∂Á> ∂Á¶•D √VÁ> z§›> ÿ>π°D >™m ÷È¬z z§›>
ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬z› ÿ>π°D cÈÔ·VsB √VÏÁk•D Ì‚|©ÿ√VÆ©AD
Ì‚|flÿƒBKD \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB c≈°D ®]Ï©Á√ ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D g”Á\•D
>¬Ô ∑B s\Ïƒ™xD ƒ\´ƒ \u≈ º√V¬zD ¤™ÂVBÔ› >[Á\•D {Ï ÷È¬˛B
÷B¬Ô›][ √ıAÔ·VzD ÷Õ>©√ıAÔÁ·© ÿ√uÆ› ÿ>V¶∫Ô© √‚¶º>
÷B¬Ô\VzD” 57 .
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô\VzD
®™ ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬ÔD ®[√>uÔV™ kÁ´BÁ≈lÁ™ x[Ák›m ∂>–¶[

kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›Á>© ÿ√VÚ›] √VÏ›m© z§©∏|kVÏ ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>
\Á ÿ√ÚD√VKD √V´]l[ g”Á\ÁB Á\B\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶ÿ>[≈V_ kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô \Á √V´] √V´]>Vƒ[ ÷ÚkÏ >D >V¬Ô›Á>•D ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
>tμ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEl_ √V´]>VƒÁ™› >sÏ›m Ôƒ¶>√≈ °D ÷Á¶X| WÔμ›]BÁk
®[≈V_ kV™D√VΩÔº·V ÷Á¶l‚¶ ∂Õ>¬ ÔıËÁB•D ÷Á›m©∏[
ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™Ï Ôƒ¶>√≈°D ∂>[ yÏ\V™Ô´\V™ ƒ¬]BVÔ s·∫˛B QV™¬ Ì›>–D
√V´]>VƒÁ™ º\È]Ô\VÔ \Æ>o›>™Ï.
36
>tμÂV‚Ω_ ÷Õ> ±u≈Vı| ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∏´V\Ï ∂_ÈV>VÏ º√V´V‚¶D
“>tμÂV‚Ω_
ÌÏÁ\©√‚|©º√V™m. ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬ÔD ®mkVÔ ÷Ú©∏–D ∂>uz ºk·V·Ï
\Á ƒVÏÕ> , >tμ ÔÈVflƒV´ \Á ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬ÔD Œ[Æ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ›
º>V[§ºB yÚD ®[≈ WÁÈ ∞u√‚¶m. Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏´V\Ï ÷B¬Ô\VÔ
÷ÚÕ>mD, ∂>[ ®πÁ\Bu≈ º√V¬zD (®ø›m , ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È AˆBVÁ\
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>mD) ƒJÔfl ƒVÏ√u≈ º√V¬zD, ®ø›m¬z ®]´V™ Am¬ÔsÁ>
\Á Œ[Æ cÚkVÔ ºkıΩB ƒJÔ WÏ√Õ>›Á> ∂π›>™
∂π›>™” 58 ®[√Ï Ô. Ø´fl
ƒÕ]´[.
kÏ© º√V´V‚¶›m¶[ kÏ¬Ô© º√V´V‚¶›Á> ÷Á›>VÔ ºkıΩB

ì“kÏ©
k´ÈVuÆ WÏ©√Õ›][ sÁ·ºk kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô\VzD. >tμ \Æ \ÈÏflE
÷B¬Ô›][ ÷È¬˛B sÁ·flƒÈVÔ, ∂ÆkÁ¶BV™º>, ÷ÀsB¬ÔD
>tμflEÕ>Á™ \VÏ¬EBfl EÕ>Á™•¶[ ÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕ>º√Vº> ÷ÀsB¬ÔD
º>V[§Bm; >tμ A›mÏ°¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ°D kV™D√VΩ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>” 59 ®™ ∂´∫Ô´V∑ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ.
÷B¬ÔD º>V[§Bm z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô cÏ°D ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô cÏ°D Œ[Æ√‚¶][

√B™VÔºk kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD º>V[§Bÿ>™ÈVD ÷Ú º√V¬zÔ·V™ ÷Ák kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]_ Œ[§™ ®[≈VKD c^”¬z^ x´ı√V|Ô”¶º™ºB ÷B∫˛™Ï. “÷]_
÷]_
÷Ú >M›> º√V¬zÔ^ ÷ÁÕ>™ Œ[Æ √V´]>Vƒ[ ka kÕ> ∏´V\Ï
®]Ï©∏B¬ÔD ƒVÏÕ>, >tμ√ı√V‚| \Á ƒVÏÕ> >twVEˆBÏ zø \uÿ≈V[Æ
ÔsÁ>l_ \VÏ¬EBfl √VÏÁkÁB ko•Æ›mD ÷¶m ƒVˆfl EÕ>Á™BV·Ï
zø ÷Ák ÷´ı|D kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÷ÁÕ>VKD, g´D√ x>ºÈ
kÕº>•^·™” 60 ®[√Ï Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[.
ÔÚ›m x´ı√V|Ô^ ÷ÚÕm kÕº>•^·™
1968 ÷_ kƒÕ>›][ ÷Ω xw¬ÔD ®™©√‚¶ Â¬ƒ_ √Vˆ ÷B¬ÔD

“1968
÷Õ]BVs_ º>V[≈ÈVluÆ. ∂>Á™ A]B ÷Õ]B ∂ÉBo_ A]B
]ÁƒkaÔ”D, yBVF ÷ÀsB¬ÔD ÂVÿ¶∫zD sBV∏›m©√´sBm. ¨ÔVÏ
gÕ]´V, ºÔ´·V ®™ ÷D\VWÈ∫Ôπ_ A´‚E ∂ÁÈÔ^ TƒÈVl™ √È
gı|Ô^ ÷m c¬˛´\VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂´ƒV_ ∂¶¬˛ Œ|¬Ô©√‚¶m. \VÏ¬EBD
z§›> A]B A]B Aˆ>_Ô”D ∞u√¶ÈVl™ ÷ÀkV≈VÔ “Ô¶_
Ô¶_ klÆ ÔÈ¬˛B
37
\V]ˆ
\V]ˆ” ÷Á¶B≈V> skV>∫Ô”D ∂–√k∫Ô”D ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™
ÿ>V¶´ÈVl™” 61 ÷›>ÁÔB
∏[™ËÔπºÈºB kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ º>Vu≈D cÚ©ÿ√u≈m. ì
kƒÕ>›][
“kƒÕ>›][ ÷Ωxw¬ÔD ®™ ÷Õ>©º√V¬z kÏË¬Ô©√‚¶m. >twÔ›]_
÷>[ ∂ÁÈ ®øÕ> ÔVÈfl Ûw_ kV™D√VΩÔÁ·© √V]›>m. Eu∏,
∂¬M©A›]´[, º\›>V, Ô∫ÁÔ g˛BkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷©√Ωfl
ÿƒV_k>uÔV™ g>V´∫Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. Â¬ƒÁÈ‚ ÷B¬Ô›][
xΩ•D” 62 ®™ ÷m
º>Vu≈¬Ô·D ®™› >twÔ›]_ ºÔVÁkÁB› >V[ z§©∏¶ xΩ•D
√u§B QVMl[ √]°D ÷>Á™ºB ko•Æ›> k_È>VzD. ÷ÁkBV°D
kV™D√VΩl[ c>B›]uz¬ ÔV´\V™ ƒJÔ©∏[™M ®[≈V_ ÷M ÷›m¶[ ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔπ[ ∏[™ËlKD ÷m√u§¬ÔV ºkıΩ•^·m ∂ÀkVÆ
∂bÔ›>ÁÈ©√|ÁÔl_ AÈ™Vkm ∂¬ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ WÈsB
“ÂV_kÁÔ¬
ÂV_kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔ^ ®[√º> 1. >tμ©AÈÁ\ \´∏[
√V´D√ˆB \Á¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬z 2. √V´] , √V´]>Vƒ[ ka©√‚¶ \Æ\ÈÏflE¬
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z 3. ®ø›m Ôƒ>√¶≈ ÷>μÔ^ kVlÈVÔ ∞u√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>©
º√V¬zÔ^ 4. ÂV‚¶VÏ ÔÁÈ \´∏[ ka©√‚¶ ƒÕ>¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z
g˛BÁkºB” 63 . ÷Õ ÂV_kÁÔ© º√V¬zÔπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]_ √V´] kalÈV™
g˛BÁkºB
kƒ™ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD, ®ø›m kalÈV™ Am¬ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD ys´\VF ÷B∫˛™.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ >V¬z>K¬z ®]Ï sÁBVÔ© ∏≈z ÿƒBu√‚¶ kƒ™
ÔsÁ>©º√V¬zÔπKD ÷È¬˛B ÷ƒ∫Ôπ_ ∂uA> ÂsuE(Romantism)© º√V¬˛KD
Ák›º> kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô \´∏Á™ ÷™∫ÔV©Azkm ∞uAÁ¶B>VzD.
÷Õ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏, ∂©m_´z\V[. ~º´V| >tw[√[ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[

kƒ™ ÔsÁ>Ô”D z§©√‚¶>¬Ô™kVzD Eu∏•D , ~º´V| >tw[√–D kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]_ tÔ x¬˛B\V™ yÏ¬Ô\V™ ƒ¬]Ô·VF› ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ ∂©m_ ´z\V[
ÔsÁ>© √∫Ôπ©ÿ√[˛≈ kÁÔl_ kV™D√VΩ ÷>a_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈kÏ gkVÏ.
kV™D√VΩ x>_ ÷>μ 1971 ∂¬º¶V√ˆ_ ÿkπ kÕ>m. ∂|›m kÕ>

~´Vı|Ôπ_ ®‚Ω>μÔ^ ÿkπBVl™ √›m x>_ √][J[≈Vt>μ kÁ´ AsBÉ[
ÿ√VÆ©∏KD √][ÔVD ÷>μ x>ÈVÔfl Eu∏ ÿ√VÆ©∏KD ÿkπBVl™ 1973 ÷_
÷Ú√›] J[≈Vkm ÷>ºw ÷Æ] ÷>wVzD x>_ ÷>a_ ‘Ì|Ô^ ]≈¬˛[≈™’ ®™
38
√VÁÈ WÈk–D x_ÁÈ, g>k–D ŒÚ ∏´Ô¶™›Á> ÿkπl‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï ÷ÚkÚº\
ÿkπX‚|© ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∞u§ÚÕ>™Ï ÷´ı¶Vkm ÷>ø¶[ ÔVk_ mÁ≈l[
>ÁÈX‚Ωuz©∏≈z x_ÁÈ g>k[ ÿkπºB§s‚¶VÏ.
Œ[Æ x>_ ®‚| xΩB kV™D√VΩ ÿkπkÕ> ÔVÈ›]_ >V[ ÷B¬ÔD

“Œ[Æ
®™{Ï ∂Á\©Á√ ∂kÏÔ^ cÚkV¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·Vs‚¶VKD ÷B¬Ô cÏºkV|
ÿƒB_√‚¶VÏÔ^; ®‚¶Vkm ÷>ø¬z©∏≈z ∂Á\©A cÚkV¬Ô©√‚¶m. g™V_
∂Á\©A ∂≈ºk ÿƒB_√¶s_ÁÈ. ∂>uz \V≈VÔ© ∏·° ∞u√‚¶m gÔ ÷B¬Ô
cÏºkV| ÿƒB_√‚¶ ÔVÈD >V[ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ g¬Ô¬ ÔVÈD ÷kÏÔ^
>V[ ∂ƒ_ kV™D√VΩÔ^ ®‚| ÷>μÔ^ Û‚∑\ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ®[≈
g>V´›]_ ÿkπkÕ>™. ys´\V™ skV>∫Ô^ ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ >V[
ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÔsÁ> ®[ÆD >›mkD ®[ÆD >taÈ¬˛B© √V´D√ˆBD ®[ÆD
÷¬ÔVÈ›]_ WÁ≈B©º√ƒ©√‚¶™. kV™D√VΩÔ”¬z^ gu≈_ ]´ı¶ ÔVÈD
÷m >V[ x´ËB¬ÔD >V[ ÷Õ> gu≈K¬z› >M›mk TˆB›]uzD
ÔV´D” 64
ÔV´D
®™ x>_ ®‚| ÷>μÔπ[ >MflE≈©Á√ ®|›>Á´©√VÏ QVM. ®‚Ω>μÔ”¬z

∏≈z QVM ∂¬˛M© A›]´[ g˛BkÏÔÁ· ÿkπºBu§™Ï ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶kÏÔ”¶[
ÁÂ. ∑Õ>´D , ÷·xÚz g˛ºBVÚD ÷ÚÕ>™Ï. ÷>uz© ∏≈z Eu∏, AsB´∑, Ô∫ÁÔ
ÿÔVı¶V[, x.º\›>V g˛BkÏÔº·V| kV™D√VΩ ÿkπk´ÈVluÆ ÷Õ> sk´›Á>
√›]oÚÕm √][J[Æ xΩB ÂV[z
√›>Vkm ÷>μ x[–Á´ ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈m. “√›]oÚÕm
÷>μÔ^ AsBÉ[ ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ÿkπ kÕ>™. zÁ≈Õ> ∂·°¬ºÔ–D ŒÚ
zø xBuEBVÔ ÷Õ> ÷>μÔ^ ÿkπkÕ>™. √]™V[ÔVD ÷>aoÚÕm Eu∏
ÔsÁ> ÷>ø¬z© ÿ√VÆ©º√uÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶VÏ zø √luE ®[√m ÷¬ÔVÈ›]_
÷_ÁÈ. kV™D√VΩ ®[√m >™¬z kÕm ºƒÚD ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÿkπl|D ÔsÁ>
÷>wVluÆ ®[√Ï QVM
QVM” 65 .
1971 ÷_ 3, 1972 á ÷_ 4, 1973 ÷_ 3 ®™ ºÔVÁk \V–¶D√V|D

kV™D√VΩÔπ[ sÁÈlÈVÔ Ôs \¶_Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>™ á kV™D√VΩÔ^ Œ[≈VÔfl
ºƒÏÕm 9 \¶_Ô^ ÿkπB‚¶™Ï. 10 km \¶ooÚÕm Eu∏•D AsB´∑D >\m
ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ÷>μ ÿkπX‚Á¶ ∞u≈™Ï ®™ x>o_ ÿkπX‚|© ÿ√VÆ©Á√ ∞u§ÚÕ> ∑.
∂´∫Ô´V∑ ∑‚|kº>V| ∑\VÏ nD√m ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÷Ú ±Æ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>
39
ÿ>™°D, gl´D ÷>μÔ^ ÷Èkƒ\VÔºk ∂–©√©√‚¶™ ®[ÆD , Â[ÿÔVÁ¶Ô”D
ÔsQÏÔ^ √∫ºÔuzD ÔsÁ> kVE©A¬ Ì‚¶∫Ô”¬z¬ ˛Á¶›> ƒ[\™V› ÿ>VÁÔ•D
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷>μ ÿkπl¶© ÿ√u≈ÿ>[ÆD ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.
Eu∏ ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ∏[™Ï ÿkπBV™ 3kV™D√VΩfl E≈©∏>μÔ^

z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.19 gt>μ \ÁÈBV·© AmÁ\¬ÔsQÏ Ô¶D\M‚¶
´V\˛Úi[ E≈©∏>wVÔ°D 20ágt>μ cÈÔ›>tμ (n™kˆ 1981 ) 21 km ÷>μ
~w›m¬ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>wVÔ°D (ΩƒD√Ï 1982) ÿkπBV˛™. √ˆ\VD ÷>a_
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏·suz©∏[ ±_ s\Ïƒ™©√z]l_ kV™D√VΩÔÁ· QVM
s\ÏE›]ÚÕ>VÏ.÷>uz ®]Ï sÁ™BVÔ s\Ïƒ™ º\>VsÔ^ ®™¬ z§©∏‚| º√V˛≈
º√V¬˛_ ®™› >ÁÈ©∏‚|© º√V˛≈ º√V¬˛ºÈºB kV™D√VΩ QVMÁBfl ƒVΩlÚÕ>m.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ Ìflƒo|D g´kV´¬ÔV´ÏÔ^ á >›mkD ÿ>ˆBV>kÏÔ^

“kV™D√VΩÔ^
®[Æ ∂kEBt_ÈV\ºÈ ∂·Õ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ ®_ÈVD ÿ>ˆÕ> ÷Õ> ∞ÔVD√´D
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ Á\ÿBVu§›>VÏÔ^ ∂_È s\ÏƒÔÏÔπ[ ∞·™›Á>›
>V∫˛ k·ÏÕ>kÏÔ^ ÿkÆD ºÔV≠ BV›]Á´¬ ÔV´ÏÔπ¶tÚÕm s|>ÁÈ
ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^ >›mkD ®[≈ ÿ√B´V_ zw©√kV]Ô^ >V¬zDº√Vm z‚¶¬z‚¶¬
zMÕm º√V˛≈ ºÔVÁwÔ^ ∂_È QVMÔ^ cÚ‚Ω sÁ·BV|˛≈
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô·_È” 66 .
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô·_È
÷¬zu≈flƒV‚Ω_ cıÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ. QVMl[ s\Ïƒ™ ºÂV¬z \VÏ¬EB

ØÏk\V™ ∂–zxÁ≈l[ ∂Ω©√Á¶lÈV™>VzD ®]Ï›>´©∏[ kV>∫ÔÁ· ®Õ>
kÁÔl_ ®]Ï ÿÔV^ ºkı|º\V ∂ÀkV≈[§ ∂›>´©Á√ \Á≈xÔ\VÔºk
>V\§BV\ºÈ WBVB©√|›]s¶¬ÌΩB √V∫˛ºÈºB QVMl[ *>V™ kV™D√VΩÔ^
zu≈flƒV‚| ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ®[√>™VºÈºB ÷m kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô©∏·suz©∏[™VÈV™ >D∑B ƒVÏA WÁÈ©√V‚Á¶ WBVB©√|›> xÁ™Õ>
º√V¬ÔVÔºk ®fiE Wu˛≈m. c^·√ΩºB kV™D√VΩÔ^ *>V™ ÷›>ÁÔB Ìflƒ_
g´kV´D ®[≈ zu≈flƒV‚|¬ÔÁ· xÁ≈BVÔ ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D QVMl[ √V∫˛uÔV™
c>V´∫ÔÁ· •D ÷›m¶[ ÷∫ºÔ Œ›m ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
“®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Œº´ >·›]_ WÆ›]flƒ\©√|›]s¶ xΩBVm.
∂mº√VÈ BVÿ>V[Á≈•D ÷ÔμÕm s¶°D xΩBVm. ŒÀÿkV[Æ¬zD
40
ŒÚsÁÈ , \]©A , ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷ku§_ Ôs›mk© ÿ√V§ ÷Ú¬Ô¬ Ì|D
ÿ√ÚD √z] ÷Ák ÿƒF] ÿƒV_oÔ^, AÔμ√VΩÔ^, Œ©√VˆÔ^, gºkƒ∫Ô^
÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂È∫ÔV´›º>V| g›]´›º>V|Ô›mD
Ô>ÆD,ÔıßÏs|D ÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √B[√V‚Á¶, º>ÁkÁB ÂVD
A≈¬ÔË›m s¶ xΩBVm. ÷kuÁ≈¬Ôˆ ∂_Èm WÈ¬Ôˆ \V]ˆ ®[Æ Ì§™V_,
÷kuÁ≈ ÂVD ÷ÔμÕm ÌÆk>VÔ© ÿ√VÚ^√|›]s¶ xΩBVm
xΩBVm” 67
®™ ÷ÀkVÆ ®Àk·° W>V™›m¶–D ÿ√VÆ©AÏ°¶–D kV™D√VΩÔ^ *>V™

Ìflƒ_ g´kV´D ®[≈ zu≈flƒV‚ΩÁ™ ®]Ï ÿÔV^˛[≈VÏ QVM. \VuÆ›>´©∏™Ï Ì¶
÷>Á™ \Æ>o¬Ô\V‚¶VÏÔ^®[√m >V[ QVMl[ ®]ÏÿÔV^”D gº´V¬˛B\V™
∂bzxÁ≈l[ >Mfl E≈©ÿ√™ÈVD. ÷>Á™ºB ºk≈VÚ ºÔV›]_ ∂b˛
s·¬zkm m.ÊMflƒVt ÔË©AÁ´•D ÷›m¶[ Œ[≈VÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·>¬Ôº>.
÷B¬Ô© ∏[™Ël_ cÚkVzD \™¬ÌÆ ÔsÁ>BVk]_ ÷›>ÁÔB Ìk_ ÿ>VM
÷[§BÁ\BV Œ[º≈ ®[ÆD, ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬z´_Ôπ_ ÷m >M›>ÿ>VÚ E≈©A©
√z] ®™°D ÷™∫Ôı| ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ m. ÊMflƒVt.
“√_ºkÆ
√_ºkÆ ƒJÔ á ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÿƒB_√¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛B Ûwo_
º√fl∑, ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ Ìk_ √ıAD, ®]ÏÔVÈD √u§B Ôu√Á™
®]Ï√VÏ©AÔ”D ÿ√Ú˛™. ÷©∏[™Ël_ ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√VπÔπ¶xD
Ìk_√ıA ÷¶D ÿ√≈ÈVluÆ. ∂›º>V| ®]ÏÔVÈ Âuƒx>VBD √u§B
ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™°Ô”D cÚkVl™. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿÔV^ÁÔ© AÁ™° ÿƒFk>[
JÈD k´ ÷Ú©√m √u§B Ôu√Á™BV™ \˛μflE ∞u√|˛≈m. ÔsQ–¬zD
\¬Ô”¬zD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ºk‚ÁÔÔ^ √u§B sÚ©√ WÁ≈° ( wish fulfilment )
÷›ÁÔB ®ø›m¬Ô^ JÈD ˛Á¶¬˛≈m ƒJÔ¬ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´
÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬z ®¬ÔVÈ›]KD ∞>Vkm ŒÚ kΩk›]_ ÿkπ©√‚º¶ yÚD.
z§©√VÔ ∂ÉB_ ÿƒB_√V‚| sa©AÏ° ÔÈÕ> WÁÈl_ Ìk_ ÿ>VM
÷Ú¬zD”68 ®™ ÷>[ ºkÏ JÈ∫ÔÁ· ∂ÔμÕm ÷™D ÔV‚|kVÏ.
tzÕº> ÷Ú¬zD
®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD c^xÔ›º>¶KD ∂¶¬˛ kVE›>KD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ

k≈‚E•D ÿÔVı¶™kVF ÷Ú¬Ô kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ƒJÔ ŒÚÁ\•D
c´¬Ô© º√∑>KD ÂD∏¬ÁÔ Tfl∑D ÿÔVı¶™kVF ®ø›]uz ºÂÏ ®]´VF
∂Á\k™kVl™. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ\·™kVE©∏uºÔ cˆB™kVF ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬Ô
41
kV™D√VΩ¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ kw¬z© º√flºƒVÁƒ•¶–D ÂV‚¶VÏ kø¬z© √V¶u √V∫z¶–D
∂Á\Õm ºÔ‚¶K¬z x¬˛B› mkD ÿÔV|©√™kVF ∂Á\Õ>™. ∂ÉB_ xw¬Ô∫ÔÁ·
xw∫zD º\Á¶› º>V´Ál[ Ìk_ √V∫zD Ì|>ÈVÔ kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D
ÿkπ©√¶ÈVluÆ. Œº´ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶ Ûwo_ ƒV´VDƒ›]_ >DtÁ¶ºB
x´ı√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ®ø›][ \´∏_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> Ôƒ¶>√≈°D kV™D√VΩÔ”D ŒÚkÏ \u≈
kÁ´ s\ÏE›m ÷B∫zk´Vl™Ï.
¿∫Ô^ k_o™∫Ô^ ∂_È/ ƒJÔ›][ k¬Ôˆ©AÔ^ / ÿƒVÕ>›][

“¿∫Ô^
∂ÕWB∫Ô^/ º>V©∏[ >M \´∫Ô^ ÂVD/ cÚk›>V_ Œ[º≈ º√V_ ®[≈VKD
/ c^·¶¬Ô›>V_ x´ËÔ^
x´ËÔ^”69 ®™¬ Ôƒ¶>√≈ zøÁk s\ÏE›>VÏ ∂¬˛M A›]´[.
Ôƒ¶>√≈s_ z§©√VÔ QV™¬ Ì›>[ >tμ cÏ°, º\Á¶›º>V´Á.

÷´ıÁ¶•º\ >\¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ ∂∫Ô> ÂÁ¶l_ √ÔΩ ÿƒFmkÕ>VÏ. ÷ku§[
kVlÈVÔ›]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD \uÆD √V´]>Vƒ[ ®]Ï©∏Á™ ∂kÏ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
ÿkπ©√|›m√k´V™VÏ ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ∂k´m √Ê_ kVμ¬ÁÔ , ÔVÈ køkÁ\]
x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§©∏¶› >¬Ô™kVl™ ÷ku§_ ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ k¬º´V¬],
( k¬˛´ c›]) ®–D k¶ÿ\Va c›]lÁ™ ∂kÏ ÁÔBVı|^· s>›][ E≈©√V_
∂kº´V| ÔÚ›mZ]BVÔ x´ı√¶ ºÂÏ˛[≈kÏÔ^ Ì¶ ∂kÏ ÿkπ©√|›]•^·
s>›]uÔVÔ ÷kuÁ≈©√V´V‚|D ∂·suz ∂Á\Õm^·™.
“ÿ√VmkVÔ
ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷¬ÔsQÏÔ^ (Ôƒ¶>√≈ zÚs™Ï) ÿƒF•^ BV©Á√, ∂Á>
ko•Æ›>D AÈkÏÔÁ· ∂kÏÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∂ÀsB¬Ô›][
>ÁÈkÏÔÁ· ÂÁ¶ xÁ≈ÔÁ· s\ÏE©√>[ JÈD >\m √ÁwÁ\
\Æ©Á√¬ÔV‚|˛[≈™Ï. Ôƒ¶>√≈ ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÷Õ> c^·¶¬Ô›Á>
∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶kÏÔ^ QV™¬Ì›>[ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷m√u§ºB” 70
÷À°^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ ÔVÈVD ®™ ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ z§©∏|kmD ÷m√u§ºB
kV´›]_ Œ[§´ı| ÿkπRÏ¬Ì‚¶D k´©√VÏ¬zD \ËBVÏ¶Ï \VÁÈ mı|

ÔV´›]_ º√ƒ›m©√V¬˛flÛ| Ô_∏≈Õº>VÏ ÔVÈ›]_ ∏≈Õº>VÏ >DÁ\ ºÂ´›]_
Ôπ©Ø‚¶ ∂ÔÂV˚Æ ÿÂFBVu§_ √VÈVu§_ º√E©√VÏ›> y´›]_ ÿ>ˆÕÿ>|›>
ÂÁÔ›mË¬z >twÏ¬z ºkÿ≈[™ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı|D? √Ê_ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®–D ÷>[
sÚ›> BV©AD ÁÂBVıΩ© º√VoBVÔºk ÁÔBV· QV™¬Ì›>–¬z kVF¬˛[≈m.
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ®¸. g_√Ï‚Ω[ √]sÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ ÔVıº√VD.
42
º√E©∏Áw¬zD á ÿÔ|¬zD \M>ˆ[ ºÔoflE›]´D ( Caricature )
ì“º√E©∏Áw¬zD
∂>[ kΩk z›]uºÔu≈ ƒV´VDƒ¬ºÔV|Ô^ ( essential strores) ∂ø›>D,
ÿ>π°¶[ cÚkV˛≈m. ÷Õ>©√V›]´›][ zVD ƒ∫ÔÁ· ( Charaterstics )
kÏË¬˛≈ B>VÏ›>›]ºÈºB {Ï ∂√›>¬ zÆÔo_ ( absured reduction ) E¬˛
s|˛≈VÏ. ∂m>V[ ∂kÚÁ¶B JÏ›] á kw¬Ô\VÔ› ÿ>Bk∫ÔÁ·
\M>ÏÔÁ·© √V|˛≈ ÊˆBvV™ BV©A kΩkD >V[ sÚ›>D ∂wÔVÔ
kø¬˛¬ÿÔVıº¶V|˛≈m kˆ J[Æ ®ıÊÏ TÚ›>∫Ô^ x>ÈVkÁ> ∂|›m
AÁÔR] ´l_kıΩ ®øDØÏ ¿∫zD º√flƒV·Ï \™]_ ÁÔÿBVoÔ^ ºÔ‚zD,
ÔsÁ> ŒÚ z‚Ω ÂÁÔfl ∑Ák ÂV¶ÔD ®[Æ ∂ÚÁ\BVÔfl E›]ˆ©√VÏ
g_√Ï‚”71 ].x.Ô. º\Á¶©º√flÁƒ¬ ˛ı¶ÈΩ›m QV™¬ Ì›>[ ®ø]B ÔVÈkøÁ\]
g_√Ï‚
ÔsÁ> ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ tÔ°D AÔμ ÿ√u≈m.
>ÁÈkÏÔºe >tμÿ√Ú \¬Ôºe∫.... k¬ÿÔVD ÿ>VıI≈VD kV‚¶›]_ º√∑D

kVF©√F› / >VÕ>Á\¬z \˛μ˛[º≈[. ÷[≈F›y™D Ôıßˆ_ √E›ÿ>VFˆ_ /
\V¬Ôÿ·_ÈVD / ÔVÈ∫zD ÔV‚Elÿ™F¬ ÔVı˛[ º≈VD ÂVD kıV´© º√‚¶˛≈
ƒVÏ∏_ \VÿÈ”î ÷m √u§ á ÷]_ ÿkπ©√|D ®]Ï©A cÏ°Ô^ √u§›>Dt¶D
ºÔ^s ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ∂>uz© √]Èπ¬z xÔ\VÔ© A]Bÿ>VÚ sBV¬˛BV™›Á>•D
x[Ák›>VÏ QV™¬Ì›>[ ƒuÆ¬ ÌÏÕm √VÏ›>V_ ÷™›][ ˇμ>‚| \¬Ô^
®øflE•ÆkÁ> ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿ>πkV¬zkÁ>© √VÏ¬ÔÈVD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÿÔVı|
]´Vs¶ ∂_Èm >tμ ÷™ ®]Ï©Afl ÿƒF˛º≈[ ®[Æ ÌÆkm ƒˆB_È ®[≈kÏ ƒ\Vπ¬Ô
xB[≈VKD ÔÁBVal[ ÔÁ¶E© √¬Ô›]_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ z§›m ∑¤V>V ®ø]B
kˆÔ^ 1991 ÷[ J[≈VD √]©∏KD ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ^·m.
ÿƒÕ>tμ ÂVÿ¶[–D º√V]MºÈ/ ÷[√›º>[ kÕm √V•m ÔV]MºÈ

“ÿƒÕ>tμ
®™¬zDt ÿÔV‚|kVÏ √V´]BVÏ ÿk∫zÚ] >Mu Ô\μÕm / T´D ÿƒF˛[≈
>tμ ®∫Ô^ JflƒVD ®™flƒ∫z xw¬zkVÏ √V´]>Vƒ[ ÷Ákl´ı|º\
>VFÂV|, >VFÿ\Va ®[˛[≈ ÷™ ÿ\Va©√u§[ ÷B_√V™ ÿkπ©√V|Ô^
>Vº\ g™V_ QV™¬Ì›>M[ Ôs¬z´ºÈV “®™¬zD
®™¬zD >tμ>V[ Jfl∑ /
g™V_ ∂Á>©∏≈Ï º\_s¶\V‚º¶[ ®™°D, ®_ÈVÿ\VaÔ”D Â[Æ /
“®_ÈVÿ\VaÔ”D
\[M¬Ô ºkı|D Âı√V / ∂]_ >tøD Œ[Æ ®™°D Â¬ÔÈΩ¬˛[≈m.
÷Á>©√u§ ∂kˆ¶D ŒÚº√‚Ωl_ Ek>Vb ºÔ^s ®ø©∏B º√Vm
√]om” 72 .
QV™¬Ì›>M[ √]om
43
“Jfl∑
Jfl∑ ®[√m ÿkÆD ÔVuÁ≈ c^πø›m ÿkπl‚| s‚|
˝s›]Ú©√>_È; clÏkVμ>o[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ WÏ√Õ>∫Ô”¬z º\ÈVÔ {Ï g>V´
WÁÈ \M>M¶›]_ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷m √V]¬Ô©√‚¶V_ ∂k[ clÏ s¶°D
>B∫Ô\V‚¶V[. >tμ ∂©√Ω©√‚¶m ®[Æ EÈÏ ÿƒV_KD º√Vm, ∂>[*m
\u≈kÏÔ”¬zˆB cˆÁ\ÁB \Æ©√>VzD >tμ®©º√Vm ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD
ÿ√VmkV˛≈º>V ∂©º√Vm >V[ ∂m ÿ√Úÿ\VaBVzD. ∂>™V_ ŒÚ ∏ˆs™Ï
>tμ>∫Ô·º> ®[Æ ÿƒV_KD º√Vm ∂m ∂©√Ω ∂_È ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈºkıΩB
Ô‚¶VB\V˛≈m
Ô‚¶VB\V˛≈m”.
ºkÆ ÷>a_ ÷º> ºÔ^s *·°D ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ÷[ÿ™VÚ s>\VÔ°D

√]Èπ¬˛[≈VÏ.
ƒ\¸˛Ú>D √Ωflºƒ[ . . . . / s›kV[ kz©A¬z ®[ÿ™[™ /

ì“ƒ\¸˛Ú>D
º>ÁkºBV ∂Á>ÿB_ÈVD √Ωflºƒ[ ®_ÈV ÿ\VaÔ”D / ƒÕº>V≠\VÔ› >V[
÷ÚÕ>m / ∞u≈›>Vμ°Ô^ ŒıbD / ˛Á¶BVm ÷Õ> ƒÕº>V≠›> ÂV\
ÿÔ|›m¬Ô¬ Ì¶Vm ®[˛≈VÏ / ŒÚ √¬ÔD ÿƒDÿ\Va[– / ÿƒV[™VKD
E´\©√‚¶ / ÿ\VaBV ÷ÚÕ>m ÷È¬˛BD– kÚDº√Vm >tμ / ŒÚ x]´V>
ÿ\Va A]B s≠B∫Ô^ ∂mÈ ÿƒV_È xΩBVm / Am¬ÔsÁ> ∂Á>
®[˛≈VÏ” 73.
ÂT™©√|›]lÚ¬z ®[˛≈VÏ
∂k´m ŒÚ ÌuÁ≈ \ÆÌuÆ \Æ>o›m s|˛[≈m. √V´]>Vƒ[ >tμ*m

\u≈kÏÔ”¬z c^· cˆÁ\ÁB ®Õ> kˆl_ \Æ¬˛[≈VÏ >tμ ÿ√Vms_
Ák¬Ô©√¶V\_ BVÚ¬z \Æ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m >ta_ A]B s≠B∫ÔÁ·fl ÿƒV_È
xΩBVÿ>[≈V_ ∂ÀsBÈVÁ\ ÔÚsl[ √Vu√‚¶>V ÁÔBV^√kÁ´© ÿ√VÆ›>>V
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ®ø˛[≈ ºÔ^sÔ”¬z ∂kÏ √]_Ôπ_ cˆB sÁ¶ Â\¬z¬ ˛Á¶¬ÔVm
∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ k¬º´V¬]l_ Â¬ÔÈΩ©√VÏ. s·¬ÔD ºÔ‚¶V_ sBV¬˛BV™∫Ô^
ºkÆ ºkÆ s>\VÔfl ƒ\Vπ©√VÏ. gÔ ÷ku§u Ì¶VÔ QV™¬ Ì›>M¶tÚÕm ]´Vs¶
÷B¬ÔD ∂m x[ Ák›> º√fl∑¬ÔÁÈ \uÆD ÿ\Va, ÷™ cÏ° *>V™ ÿkÆ©AÔ^
AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈™. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ®]Ï\Á≈© º√V¬ºÔ ÷Ák ®™ÈVD.
÷[≈·° Ì¶ ®ø›>§s_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD

“÷[≈·°
x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D Ì¶ kV™D√VΩ \uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô
44
\´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ >zD ƒJÔ©√Ω WÁÈl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]Ô·VÔ
s·∫˛BkˆÔ^ ÿ√ÆD\·s_ √∫z ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD
s·∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD \≈Õm s¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D Ì¶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï
s·∫˛™Ï” 74 ®™
∂.\VÏ¬¸ ®|›mÁ´©√m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm. ÷∫ºÔ ÿ\VaÁB ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›m>_
®[˛≈ ∂Ï›>›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô©√∫Ôπ©A x¬˛B›mkD ÿ√Æk>V˛[≈m.
“Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩÁk¬ ÔkÏflEBV™>V¬˛©√´ÈkVÔ ∞uÆ¬ ÿÔV^·
Ák›>m ∂§°^· \¬Ô”¬z º\Á¶loÚÕm √V|km º√V_ ŒÚkÁÔ¬ ÔVsB
∂È∫ÔV´ ÂÁ¶l_, ºÔ‚¶°¶[ AˆÕm ÿÔV^·°D E¬Ô°D ®ø]™VÏÔ^ ®™
√u§ºBBVzD” 75 .
®¸ á g_√Ï‚ z§©∏|kmD ÷m √u§ºBBVzD
AÁ™sBuÌÆÔ^ ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔ^ á º√flºƒVÁƒ©√ıA √Ω\

cÚkÔ©√V∫zÔ^ ÷ku§[ ƒ∫Ôt©∏_ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ~Ï©∏B_A t¬Ô™kVF
∂Á\BÈVl™. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´∏Á™ ~w›m ∂ÉBu ÔsÁ>©º√V¬z¶[ Œ©∏‚|
kV™D√VΩ¬
ºÂV¬ÔÈVD. ∂ku§KD ÷›>ÁÔB¬ÔsÁ>¬ ÌÆÔ^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. “kV™D√VΩ¬
zøs™Ï Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ c^·¶¬Ô›Á>fl ƒx>VBfl ƒVÏAÁ¶B>VÔ \VuÆk>uz
x[ ~w›]ºÈ ∂›>ÁÔB xBuEÔ^ g´D∏›m s‚¶Á\
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>BVzD”76 ®™ ÿƒ. ºBVÔ´V¤V ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ.
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>BVzD
∏º´t^. ~w›]uzD >twÔ›]uzD √VÈ\VÔ g™kÏ ®ø›]_ z§©∏‚¶›>¬Ô

√∫Ôπ›> ∂kº´ ~w›Á>© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ x>uAm¬ÔsÁ>© √Á¶©√V·ÚD gkVÏ.
cÚkD c^·¶¬ÔD, √V|ÿ√VÚ^, ÂÁ¶ \Á›>V¬ÔD ®[Æ ÷ku§[ ®_ÈV
kÁÔÁ\BVKD ®ø›m \ÁD, kV™D√VΩ \ÁD >Dx^ \VÆ©√‚º¶ ÷B∫˛™ ÷Ák
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ª¶VÔ ÿkπ©√|\ √V∫˛uzfl EÈ c>V´∫ÔÁ·fl ∑‚¶ÈVD.
“kV™›Á>¬ˇ§ºB ÁkÔÁ≈Ô^ / √§›ÿ>|©º√VD / Â\m E≈ÔÁƒ©√V_ / QVÈ

Â´D√]ÚD / ÷\B©√≈ÁkÔ^ / ÂVD/ ®ˆ\ÁÈl[ c^\™D ÂVD / ∂¬˛M¬ ÔVu§MºÈ
÷>μsˆ¬zD ∂ÚDAÔ^ ÂVD/ ]¬zÔπ[ A>_kÏÔ^ º>ƒk´D √u≈kÏÔ^”.
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏´Ô¶™\VÔ xw∫˛B ~º´V| >tw[√M[ E≈©√V™ ÔsÁ> ÷m. ÷>[
ÿƒVu∏´ºBVÔ∫Ôπ[ ºƒÏ\V™xD, AÁ™sBuÌÆD, cÈÔ·VsB ºÂV¬zD,
Ìk_ÿ>VM•D ŒÚt›> ÷>[ E≈©A¬z¬ ÔV´\V˛[≈™.
45
“ÂV[ \ıË_ ºkº´VΩ / \VWÈ›]_ ÔV_√]›m / T∑D AB_ ÔVuÁ≈ / TøD
kÁ´¬zD W[ÿ≈]Ï©º√[ / W[ÿ≈]Ï›> xΩsM_ ÂV[ / WÈ›]_ søÕms‚¶V_ / ®[
Ô[ÿ≈]Ï¬zD Ô[ÆÁ¶B / Ô[ÿ≈]Ï¬zD” ®™›ÿ>V¶ÚD º\›>Vs[ xw¬Ô¬ÔsÁ>
÷>[ ®]ÿ´Vo ®ÀkVÆ s·∫˛uÆ ®™ QVM ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.
º\›>Vs[ ÷Õ> kˆÔÁ·¬ ºÔ‚¶ º√Vm \¬Ô^ gÏ©√ˆ›>VÏÔ^.

“º\›>Vs[
ÔsQÏÔ^ >\¬z^ ŒÚ º√´ÁÈÁB¬ Ôı¶VÏÔ^ \V–¶¬Ô¶o_ >VD
ƒ∫Ô\\VkÁ> cÏÕ>VÏÔ^ k´ÈVu§[ º√V´Vu≈_ ÷kÏÔ”¬z^ ]´ı¶m.
º\›>Vs[ JÈD ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÷Õ> gÏ©√ˆ©Á√ kV™D √VΩÔ^ √ÈÚD
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏÔ^” 77.
gÔ ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿƒV_o[ \Õ]´∫Ô·VÔ √V´]BVÏ √VΩB \Õ]´D º√VÈ

ºkı|\¶V ÿƒV_o[ ÷[√D ®[√m º√V_ ºÔ‚¶ \V›]´›]_ √u§©∏Ω›m¬
˛·ÏÕÿ>øD º√ÚÏkVÔ ∂ÁÈ ∂ÁÈBVÔ sBV∏›m© √´kÈVl™. ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_Ôπ[
ƒÕ>©√V∫z kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÂÁ¶l_ ƒ∫Ôt©√Á> ÷M¬ ÔVıº√VD. “m^π kÚ˛≈
ºkoÁ™ \VÏ∏M_ / #^ÿƒ•D ÂVBÔº™ >fiÁƒ¬z^· / ÂˆÔÁ·¬ z›]¬˛a¬˛≈ /
ºÔV√›]_ x[º™Æ á ∂¶ / ÿÔV[≈ ∏[ W[≈V|”î
÷m EÕm \´∏_ ƒÕ> EÕmD g]l[ >fiÁƒ \≈k[ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>

ˇwÿkı\Ël_ ®ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶ skƒVB© ÿ√Ú∫zΩ\¬Ôπ[ ƒVÏ∏ÈV™ kfiE™\VÔ
®ˆÿÔV”s *#Ï˛[≈m. º\›>Vs[ ì∂´π©Øs[ ∂øÁÔ•Dî ÷›Á>ÁÔB
ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÂÁ¶lu E≈Õ> z§X‚|© √V¶ºÈ x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[ \\VÔV
∂kÈ›]Á™fl E›]ˆ¬zD kÁÔl_ ∂´π©ØÁk¬ z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m.
“Ø¬ÔπºÈ ÂV–ÿ\VÚ / ØkVF© ∏≈©ÿ√|›º>[/ ÿ√V[s´_Ô^ yı¶ÁÈºB

/ ÿ√V[s´_Ô^ yı¶ÁÈºB / Ø\VÁÈ gÔÁÈºB” ®™ ∂Õ>V]©√V∫˛_ ∂ΩÔ^
*‚ÿ¶|›m›ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷B_A ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_ ÂÁ¶l[ Ìº≈ ÷›>ÁÔB ÂV‚¶VÏ √V¶_
*>V™ ÂV‚¶D ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ºkÏÔÁ·› º>|D \º™V√Vk›][ sÁ·flƒºÈ
÷¬ÌÆÔ^ ~w›][ ∂ÉBu ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ°D ÷B_√VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕÿ>w¬
ÔVÈVD.
46
√V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √V´D√ˆB› ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVF ∂|›>Ô‚¶›]uz© √VFflƒÈV˛©
√ˆt›>º> kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \Á. ƒJÔ ¿]l[ z´_Ô·VF ®]ÿ´Vo›mD
ƒ\>Ï\›Á> ∂kVs Wu√º> ÷>[ ƒV´VDƒD gzD. ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ J¬ÌÆÔ^
z§›m Âº´Õ]´ º\VÔ[ ÂT™ ÷Õ] ÷È¬˛B›]_ ÷Õ]B ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ á \Æ©AD
®]Ï©AD ®–D gFsoÚÕm m.ÊMflƒVt ®|›mÁ´©√™ ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ô™kVD.
ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿkπ©√V‚ΩB_ ∏[ J[Æ ÌÆÔ^ ÷¶D ÿ√ÆD

“ƒJÔ
∂Ák : 1. \Æ©A ( issent ) 2. ®]Ï©A ( protest ) 3. ÊÏ]Ú›>D ( Reform) ....
\Æ©A ®[√m ®]Ï©A¬zˆB ŒÚ x[º>ÁkBVzD. \Æ©∏[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ,
ÊÏ]Ú›>›][ x[™>VÔ ÷¶D ÿ√Ækm ®]Ï©A, WÆk™ xÁ≈¬z ®]´VÔºk
÷Õ> ®]Ï©A ∂Á\•D ∂Ω©√Á¶ cˆÁ\Ô^ √u§B {ÏÁ\, º√V´V|D
xÁ™©A, >M›mk cÏ° cˆÁ\ kVμ°Ï° á g˛B ÂV[zº\ ®]Ï©∏[
®™ÈVD”78. ÷∫ºÔ. m.ÊMflƒVt ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ BV°D
∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÌÆÔ^ ®™ÈVD
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´∏[ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶Ô ª¶VΩ WuÔ¬ ÔVÈVD.
√V´],
“√V´], √V´]>VƒÁ™ s¶°D ƒ\>Ú\ \M> ºÂB›m¶[
tz]BVÔ©√VΩlÚ©√kÏÔ^ z§©∏‚¶›>¬Ô Am¬ÔsÁ>©√Á¶©√V·ÏÔº· ÷Õ>
¤™ÂVBÔ›]_ kÏ¬Ô x´ı√V|Ô^ ys´©√‚¶mD xuº√V¬z ÷È¬˛B›Á>
k·Ï¬Ô z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ^ x[ kÕ>mD ÷>uzˆB
ƒx>VB©∏[™M kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ®[≈ Am¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]¬z QVM ®ø]B x[–Á´ ÷Á>› ÿ>π°©√|›m˛≈m. kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD >tμ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒ\>Ú\©√VÁ> kz›>m ®[Æ ÌÆkm
tÁÔB_È
tÁÔB_È” 79 ®[√Ï.
E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ \´∏[ ∂|›> √VFflƒÈVF kV™D√VΩÔ^

ƒ\>Ú\©√VÁ> kz›> √V∫˛Á™ ®|›mÁ´©√m ®ı›>¬Ôm. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][
÷Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ \uÿ≈VÚ ƒV>Á™ z§›m √VÈV ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kmD ÷›m¶[
\™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô>VzD. “ kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D >V[ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ ®[≈
>tw¬ÔsÔπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEÁB ÂVD ÔVı˛º≈VD. √´Õm©√‚¶ ÿ√Vm
WÁÈ©√VÏÁk ÿÔVı¶ ∂Ω¬ÔÚ›mÔ”D √´Õm©√‚¶ Aˆ>K¬z ÷B_√V™ ÿ√Vm
ºkı|D” 80.
ÿ\Va•D kV™D √VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ƒV>Á™ ®[º≈ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D
47
®™fl∑‚|D √VÈV ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ >V\Á´, ÷>Áw ÿ>VÁÈ ºÂV¬z¶[ kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬Ô›]uz¬Ô·\V¬˛B ].Ô. Ekƒ∫Ô´[ √∫˛Á™© √V´V‚|kVÏ º√flºƒVÁƒ¬ºÔu≈
ÿƒV_ÈV‚E, ŒoÂBD, ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©A, √›] ∂|¬˛ k´_ ÷kuÁ≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^
ÁÔBVı¶ Û‚∑\›Á>•D E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ.
1. “∂ÁkºBVÁ´
∂ÁkºBVÁ´ x[ WÆ›]¬ Ôs¬z´_ ®øflE•Á¶BkÏÔ·VÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. 2. º√fl∑¬z ∞u≈√Ω ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ tz]©√|D ÿƒV_ÈV‚E•D,
3. º√flE[ ÷BuÁÔ¬z ∞u≈ ÷BuÁÔBV™ ŒoÂBxD EÈˆ¶D
ÔV©√|˛[≈™. º\KD 4. º√∑D cÁ´BV¶K¬zD º\Á¶© º√fl∑¬zD >¬Ô√Ω
ÿ>V¶Ï ∂Á\©Á√•D 5. √›] ∂|¬˛ k´ÁÈ•D ÷kÏÔ^ ÿÔVı|
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^” 81 .
kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ®]Ï \Á≈›>[Á\Ô”D √V]©AÔ”D >V[ ÔsÁ> ºÂV¬˛_

ÿ>πs[Á\ >›mk ∂Ω©√Á¶l[Á\ ®™ ®]Ï\Á≈BVÔ¬ ÔË¬˛[≈kÏÔ·V_ Ì¶
kV™D√VΩÔπ[ gº´V¬˛B\V™ √V]©AÔÁ· \Æ>o¬Ô xΩBs_ÁÈ. ®[√m>V[
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô©√∫Ôπ©∏[ E≈©ÿ√™ÈVD ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ÷∫ºÔ ÔV›>¬Ôm Ô.
Ø´flƒÕ]´M[ ÔË©A¬Ô·VzD.
“1.
1. Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D ∞u√|›]Bm 2. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
√V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔflƒVÏA >Õ>mD 3. >tμ \ıËuºÔ cˆB
E›>VÕ> \Á ƒVÏÕ> \˛μ ºÂV¬ÁÔ ( optimism)-n ÷¶m ƒVˆ¬ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√
\Vu§› >Õ>m 4. >tμ \Á ƒVÏÕ>ÿ>™ ÂVBÔ›>[Á\, ˛´VtB›>[Á\
ºÈVÔVB›>[Á\, >tμ›º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D
∞uÔxΩ•D” 82 .
º\‚ΩÁ\ \º™V√Vk›m¶[ (elitist mentality) kV™D√VΩÔÁ·© º√V™V_ º√V˛≈

ÿ>™ ∂Á´ zÁ≈ \™›m¶[ ∂∫ˇÔˆ©√kÏ Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ “Ω.®¸.
Ω.®¸.
®oB‚ ŒÚ Ô‚|Á´l_ keats is also a poet ®[Æ ÿ>V¶∫zkm º√VÈ
kV™D√ΩÔ”D ÔsQÏÔº· ®[Æ ÿ´VD√°D ( reluctant ) gÔ ∞uÔ
®[√V´kÏ” 83 . º\‚ΩÁ\
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m ®[√V´kÏ \º™V√Vk›m¶[ ®]Ï\Á≈BVÔ
∂bÔ›>ÁÈ©√|˛≈ ÷›>ÁÔBkÏÔ·V_ Ì¶ \Æ>o¬Ô xΩBV> gº´V¬˛B\V™
√V]©AÔÁ· kV™D√VΩÔ^ WÔμ›] c^·™Ï.
48
“ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm
ÿ√VFÁ\loÚÕm ƒ›]B›]uzD ÷Ú‚ΩoÚÕm ÿkπflƒ›]uzD
\´›]oÚÕm W›]B›]uz\VÔ© A]B WÏ\V›]uÿÔ™© A≈©√‚¶>VF
∏´Ô¶™© √|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ®Õ>©A^πl_ EÁ>Õ>m?
Ì‚|≈°¶[ ÿƒB_√|k>[ kVlÈVÔV›>V[ >tμ ÷È¬˛B›Á>fl ƒÏkº>ƒ
÷È¬˛B›]uz cBÏ›>¬ÌΩB ∏[™ËÔÁ· cÚkV¬Ô xΩ•D ®[Æ
∂§s›>kÏÔ^ ∂>uÔV™ ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ®Õ> ∂·° ª[§ W[≈™Ï?
÷›>ÁÔB ºÔ^sÔ^ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ∏·suz© ∏[ ®wÈVl™ ®©√Ω
kV™D√VΩÔ^ cÚkV™Ï ®>™V_ ∂kÏÔ^ cÁ¶Õm E>§™Ï ? ∂kÏÔ^
∏≈©∏[ ´ÔEBD cÏÕ>kÏÔ^ ŒÚ EÈº´–D ∂kˆÁ¶ºB ÷_ÁÈBV? ÷Õ]B
k´ÈVÆ ÷Õ]B™V_ ®ø>©√¶ ºkıΩBÁ>© º√V[º≈ kV™D√VΩÔ^ k´ÈVÆ
kV™D√VΩÔ·VºÈºB ®ø>©√¶ ºkı¶V\V? ÷©√Ω ∂kÏÔ^ ®ø]™V_
∂kÏÔπ[ zÁ≈ WÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ”¬ºÔ AÈ™VÔV>V ∂›>ÁÔB kV™D√VΩÔ^
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂kÏÔº· ®ø> ko•Æ›] ∏´√fiƒD ®[≈ ∞‚Ω_ ®ø]™VÏ
®ø]™VÏ” 84
].ºÔVsÕ>[, ÷>uz©√]ÈVÔ,
Â\¬z tÔ°D ∂¬ÔÁ≈BV™ ŒÚs™V ].ºÔVsÕ>M[

“Â\¬z ∞ÿ™[Æ
Ô‚|Á´ kΩs_ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈m.kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ∏·Õm EÁ>Õ>
ƒ›]B›][ \Ï\D ®[™ ®[Æ Ô‚|Á´ √ÁwB AıË_ Ô›]BVÔ© √VF˛≈m....
cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√ƒ ºkıΩB >ÚD kÕm s‚¶m.kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][
k´ÈVuÁ≈ ∂|›> \¶o_ ÿkπl|˛[º≈VD” 85 .
ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÿkπl|˛[º≈VD
®™ kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ √]Èπ›>º>V| ∂|›>\¶o_ kV™D√VΩ k´ÈVÆ

ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m ®™ ∂º> ÷>a_ ∂§s©AD ÿkπl‚¶m ∂>uÔ|›> ÷>a_ \‚|\_È
∂©A≈D ÿkπBV™gÆ ÷>μÔπKD Ì¶ ∂Õ> k´ÈVÆ g´D√\VÔs_ÁÈ. ÷>uÔV™
sÁ¶lÁ™ ÷ÚºkÆ >´©AÔ”¬z ª¶VÔ¬ ÔVxB_ºkVD. ÷ÀsÚ >´©AÔ”^
Œ[Æ kV™D√VΩ ∂_ÈV> s\ÏƒÔˆ¶tÚÕm \uÿ≈VÚ >´©A kV™D√VΩBVÔ°D s·∫˛
∂kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ®™› ÿ>Vz©√VÔ ÿkπl‚¶ QVMl¶tÚÕmD
ÿkπ©√‚¶™.
“g´D√
g´D√ x>ºÈ ÔÚ›m x´ı√V|Ô^ ÷ÚÕm kÕº>•^·™. √V´]>Vƒ[
\Á kakÕ> >twVEˆBÏÔ^; √ÁwB \Á kΩkD Aπ›m© º√VFAm¬ÔsÁ>¬z
kÕ>kÏÔ^ ÷kÏÔ^ ÿ√VmkV™ kÈm ƒVˆ¬zxD \VÏ¬EB›
49
>›mk∫ÔÁ·¬Ôu√]_ ∂¬ÔÁ≈l[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ]´Vs¶ \Á ƒVÏÕ>
ƒV] ®]Ï©A º>FÕ> ÂV›]ÔD, >tμ©√uÆ, √‚Ω \[≈ ÔsB´∫Ô√VË
ÿƒV_ÈÈ∫ÔV´ ºÂÏ›]Ô^ ÷kuÁ≈ cÁ¶ºBVÏ. ÷¶m ƒVˆflƒVÏ∏™º´V
ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[√Á> s¶ x>[Á\BVÔfl EÕ>Á™BV·ÏÔ^ ∂m kÁ´ ÷ÚÕ>
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ƒVÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º√V>VÁ\ÁB cÏÕº> ÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_
√∫z ÿÔVı¶™Ï. ÷Õ> ÷Ú\´∏™Ï¬ÔV™ >›mk© º√V´V‚¶º\ ∏[™Ï 1975
∂·s_ kV™D √VΩÔ^ ÷B¬Ô›Á> sˆƒK¬z^·V¬˛Bm. ®[√VÏ
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[” 86 î
Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ \VÏ¬EB¬ ƒVÏ∏™Ï ®[≈ º√V]KD ∂kÏÔ”¬z^”D

\VÏ¬EBD \uÆD ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§›> Aˆ>o_ \VÆ√V|Ô^ ª¶VΩ W[≈™. ÔsÁ>
÷B¬ÔD ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB› >VıΩ k·ÏflE ÿ√≈ºkı|ÿ\™fl EÈÏÔÚ]™Ï. \¬Ô^
s|>ÁÈÁB ºÂV¬˛ x[™º≈ ºkıΩB ÷B¬ÔD. ÔV>_ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿƒ_kV¬z ÿ√ÆD
ºÂV¬˛_ ∂>Á™fl Êá° ®™ ∂kÏÔ^ ÔÚ]™Ï. \V≈VÔ >›mk›Á> ÿÂÚ∫˛™V_
Ôs›>kD \Á≈Õ]|D ®[√>VÔ¬ ÷´ıÿ¶VÚkÏ ÔÚ]™Ï. gÔ ÷B¬Ô›]uz \VÏ¬EBÏ
ƒVÏ∏ÚÕ> º√V]KD ∂>uz^”DkÈm ƒVˆ›>™xD ÷¶m ƒVˆ›>™xD ÂV·Á¶s_
ÔÚ›m x´ı√V| ®[≈ A^πloÚÕm ∏·° ®[˛≈ WÁÈ¬z g‚√¶ ºÂÏÕm º√V™m
÷m √u§ kƒ©√¶¬Ì¶Vÿ>[ÆD kV™D√Ω ÷B¬Ô›]oÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚¶ QVM
s·¬zkÁ>¬ ÔVıº√VD.
“ÔÚ›m
ÔÚ›m ºkÆ√V|Ô^ ÂV·Á¶s_ x´ı√V|Ô·VF xu§© ∏≈z
ÿkΩ›>™ ÷Á¶l_ BVÏBVº´V AzÕ>™Ï. ®_ÈVD ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈™. ÂV·Á¶s_
>sÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD ÷´ı¶VÔ©∏·Õ>m. ŒÚ √¬ÔD kÈm
ƒVˆÔ^ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √¬ÔD ÷¶mƒVˆÔ^ ÂV·Á¶s_ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B©
ÿ√Ú\[≈›]–^ ÔÈÕ>™Ï. ÷kÏÔ^ >V[ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ¬ ÔVÈ›][ º√Vm
÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ÿkπl‚¶™Ï” 87 .
÷Õ]BVºk ÷Õ]´V, ®[Æ ±_ ÿkπl‚¶™Ï
kV™D√VΩl[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›]_ ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ∂¬˛MA›]´[ ÷Á¶l_
ÿ√VÆ©º√u§ÚÕ> ~º´V|>tw[√[ √]°Ô^ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô› >¬ÔÁkBVzD.
“>VD
>VD ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶ >›mkD >\m kVμs[ s\Ïƒ™\VÔ
\V§›>DÁ\ºB s\ÏE›> º√Vm >V∫˛¬ ÿÔV^· ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï, >VD
∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶ E›>VÕ>D >DÁ\ º\KD ÷B¬ÔflƒVÏA^·kÏÔ·VÔ
50
\Vu§¬ÿÔVı| º√VkÁ> ∞uÔ ÷BÈV>kÏÔ·Vl™Ï. >VD ∞uÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶
∂ÉB_ ÔV´\VÔ ∂É[ ∂¶¬zxÁ≈Ô^ ∂]Ôˆ›> WÁÈl_ >\m º√V¬ÁÔ
\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^· xΩ° ÿƒF>™Ï. ÷>uz ∞u√ºk Eu∏•D AsB´∑D ƒVÏÕ>
ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B© ÿ√Ú\[≈D ÂV‚Á¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ¬z ÂÔÏ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>
ÛwK¬z g>´kVÔ ÷ÚÕ> WÁÈl_ kV™D√VΩÔπÁ¶ºB ∏ˆ° >sÏ¬Ô
∂Á\Õ>m” 88
xΩBV>>VÔ ∂Á\Õ>m
®™ s·¬zD ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ (∂¬˛M A›]´[) ∂>[ ∏[ >VD QVM, ¤™ ∑Õ>´D,

÷·xÚz ŒÁ¶ ÿ√V.mÁ´B´ƒ[, x›m©ÿ√VÚÂ[, ÷È¬˛By√[ g˛ºBVÚ¶[
÷ÁÕm kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô ÿkπX¶VÔ ºk^sÁB Â¶›]™>VÔ› ÿ>ˆs¬˛[≈VÏ.
÷>[ ∏[ kV™D√VΩ, ºk^s ®™ kV™D√Ω ÷B¬ÔD ÷´ı¶VÔfl ÿƒBu√‚¶m.
xu∑‚ΩBkÏÔ”¶[ ºƒkuÿÔVΩºBV[, >tw[√[, ÷[zÈV© g˛ºBVÏ ºk^sl[
√¬ÔxD *´V, >tμ ÂV¶[ (Ô. ÷. ÿ√Ú\[≈›]™Ï) ÷ÚkÚD kV™D√VΩl[ √¬ÔxD
÷ÚÕ>>™V_ QVM•D ∂¬M•D kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©Á√
ÿkπl‚¶™Ï AsB´∑D >tμ ÂV¶–D ÷Õ]BVºk ÷Õ]BV , ÷Õ]´Vºk ÷Õ]BV ±ÁÈ
ÿkπl‚¶™Ï . ÷m √u§B ~º´V| >tw[√[ √]°ÔÁ·•D ÷M¬ ÔVıº√VD.
ì “®∫Ôπ_
®∫Ôπ_ √ÈÚ¬z ÷B¬Ô›m¶[ ºÂ´Ω› ÿ>V¶ÏA ˛Á¶BVm. √ˆ°
cı| ÔsÁ>© ÿ√VÚıÁ\l_ √V´], √V´]>VƒM[ ¿‚EBVÔ ®∫Ô^√Á¶©AÔ^
÷ÚÕ>™... ®\Ïÿ¤[L ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z ŒÚ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ
kÕ>m. EÈÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB g>ˆ›>VÏÔ^. g™V_ ÂV[, ÷[zÈV© QVM,
∂¬˛M A›]´[ º√V[º≈VÏ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈÁB ®]Ï›º>VD, ®]Ï›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
®ø]º™VD ®™ºk ∂Á™kÚº\ sƒV´Á¬z©√¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕº>VD. EÈÁ´¬
ÔVk_ WÁÈB›m¬z ∂Áw›m sƒVˆ©√m º√V[≈ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^ ∞u√‚¶°¶[
º√V™VÏ” 89
kV™D√VΩÁBfl Eu∏ ÿ√V^·VflE¬z¬ ÿÔVı| º√V™VÏ
®™ ~º´V| >tw[√™ >D kV™D√VΩfl ƒVÏA \uÆD ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ ÔVÈ WÁÈ√V|Ô^

z§›m ŒÚ º√‚Ωl_ skˆ›m^·VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[ ÿÂÚ¬z>_Ô”¬z
ªº¶•D ∂kÚD ÷[zÈV©AD ƒuÆD ∏[ kV∫ÔVm \M>[, QVMl[ ºk^s,
÷·ºkπo[ ÔVÏ›] ºÔ.®D. ºkb ºÔV√VÈ[ sΩB_ x>ÈV™ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔπ_ ª[§
W[≈™Ï; ∂kÏ>D º√‚Ωl_ x[ Ák¬Ô©√‚¶m ®m°D s\ÏE©√mD Ì¶ ∂ÉB_ >V[
51
®[˛≈ gw\V™ Aˆ>_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z kVF›]Ú©√>™VºÈºB ÷m ∂kÏÔ”¬zfl ƒV›]B
\V™>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
1.2.3.Á«¬Ì zÆD√V \Á
\Á¬ÔsÁ>, kƒ™ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ> ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD >tμ¬ÔsÁ>

k´ÈVu§_ Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ∂|›>>VÔ°D ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬z xÕÁ>B>VÔ°D ÷¶D
ÿ√Ækº> Á«¬Ì ®–D zÆD√V \´√VzD.
kV™D √VΩ¬z©∏≈z >ta_ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô\\VÔ ÷Ú©√m Á«¬Ì

“kV™D
>V[”90 ®™¬ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_´z\V[ ÷m ƒˆBV ®[≈ ºÔ^s
ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD >V[
~º´V| >tw[√M¶D ®ø©√©√‚¶ º√Vm ∂>uÔkÏ ∂π›> √]_
ÔsQÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿƒV[™m

“ÔsQÏ {´·° cıÁ\ºB g™V_
kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÷ÚÕ> ÿ\FlB_ >·D á Á«¬Ìsuz
>tÁw© ÿ√VÚ›> kÁ´l_ ÷_ÁÈ. Á«¬ÌÁk ŒÚ ÔÁÈ›>[Á\ t¬Ô
ÔsÁ> kΩk\VÔ á kΩk\VÔ¬ Ì¶ ÷_ÁÈá ŒÚ kÁÔÁ\BVÔ k·Ï›ÿ>|©√º>
>twÔ Á«¬ Ì¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÿ√VÆ©√VÔ c^·m. kV™D√VΩ¬z
÷ÚÕ> ÔÚ›]B_ ∂Ω©√Á¶©√ˆ\VD áÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VB ÷B¬Ô\VÔ›
º>Vu≈D ÿÔVı¶m . Á«¬Ìsuz ∂©√Ω ÷_ÁÈ. ∂m º>Ák•D ÷_ÁÈ á
Am¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]uz© ∏[á ∂>[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ°D á ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬z
xÕ]B>VÔ°D Á«¬Ì ÷B¬ÔD c^·m ®[√º> ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
xΩ•D” 91 .
xΩ•D
®©√Ω kV™D√VΩÔ”¬ÿÔ[Æ \VÏ¬EB›>›mkD ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ>º>V

∂©√ΩºB Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ> \´∏uzD ÿ¤[ ( Zen) >›mkD ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ>
Œ[Æ. ÿ¤[ >›mkD √u§B Aˆ>_ ÷_ÈV\_ J[≈V\Ωl_ ]Ú©√D ∂_Èm A]Ï
s|s›>_ ®™ tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶ Aˆ>ÈV_ º√V¶©√|D s|ÔÁ>Ô^
®_ÈVD Á«¬ÌkVÔ ∞u√>uzˆB™kVÔV. ÂVk_, EÆÔÁ> º√VKD ÷È¬˛B
kÁÔÁ\Ô^ Â\¬z º\ÁÈ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>™ÿk[≈V_, Á«¬Ì \‚|º\ ˇÁw¬
ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›> Œ[ÿ≈™ÈVD.
52
ì“cÚk›]_ ∑Ú¬
∑Ú¬’ / cÏ›mD xÁ≈l_ ‘∑ZÏ
cÚk›]_ ‘∑Ú¬ ∑ZÏ
∑ZÏ’ á √VÏÁkl_ ‘√πfl
√πfl
√πfl’
á ÂÁ¶l_ ‘Âfl
Âfl ®™” 92 . tÁÔ ®πÁ\©√|›] s|˛[≈VÏ
Âfl’ á ÷m >V[ Á«¬Ì ®™
÷´V. º\VÔ[. ÷m Á«¬Ì°¬z© º√Vm\V™ Aˆ>ÈVÔ ÷_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ∂>[ ∏≈©A©
√u§ *´V ÌÆkm ÷∫ºÔ Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
Á«¬Ì ¤©√VM_ ∏≈©ÿ√|›]ÚÕ>VKD ∂>[ºkÏ ∂>uz º\u˛_

“Á«¬Ì
c^· Ê™›]_ ª[§lÚÕ>m ÔV´D, Á«¬ÌÁk ÷Bu§B ¤©√VMB©
ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿ√·›>›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶BkÏÔ^ x¬˛B\VÔ ÿ¤[
*´V” 93 .
ÿ√·›>›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶Bm ®[√VÏ *´V
“n©√VM_
n©√VM_ º>V[§Bm Á«¬Ì ÿ¤[ A›>\>¬ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁefl
ƒVÏÕ>kÏÔ^ >V[ Á«¬Ì ®ø]™VÏÔ^. ∂>–Á¶B >›mk›Á> \‚|D >V[
Á«¬Ì∏´]√o›>m z§©∏‚¶ >›mk›]uÔVÔºk º>V[§ z§©∏‚¶
>›mk¬ÔsQÏÔ^ \‚|º\ √VΩB ŒÚ ÔsÁ> kΩkD. ÷m cÈ˛_ ºkÆ ®∫zD
®[√VÏ” 94 ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÿ√·›>
÷_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ ÿ√·›> \¶VÈB∫Ôπ_ J›>m≈sÔ^
÷Á·B m≈s¬z© √luE ∂π¬zxÔ\VÔ gƒVM[ s™V ŒÚkˆ Ê¶M[
\Æÿ\Va ŒÚkˆ kΩk\VÔ¬ ºÔVÿB[ ( Koan) ºƒÏÕ> ®[–D ŒÚÁÔ ŒÁƒ
kΩkº\”95
( The sound of one hand) ÷]oÚÕm ∏≈Õ> J[Æ kˆ¬ ÔsÁ> kΩkº\
®™ x[Ák©√VÏ >tμÂV¶[. ÷©√Ω s™V sÁ¶ \´∏_ sÁ·Õ>m ®[≈

º√V]KD >[™·s_ Á«¬Ìs_ A]Ïº√V|D s|ÔÁ>¬ºÔV sÁ¶ ÿƒV_k>uºÔV
÷¶º\ ˛Á¶BVm.
Á«¬ÌÁk >ta[ s|ÔÁ> ®[≈ \´º√V| Œ©∏¶ºk xΩBVm ∂m

“Á«¬ÌÁk
xøkmD ºkÆ√‚¶m. c>V´\VÔ ÔsQ[ √VÏ¬˛[≈ ÔV‚El_ ∂k–Á¶B
>›mkD ∏´]√o¬zÿ\[≈V_ ∂Õ>¬ ÔV‚EÁB \‚|º\ >V[ ∂k[ ÿƒV_È
ºkı|º\ÿBVaB ∂>[ sÁ¶ÁBfl ÿƒV_È¬Ì¶Vm Á«¬Ìs[ \Á sÁ¶
ÿƒV_k>_È ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 96 ∂©m_ ´z\V[. n©√VMKD Ê™VsKD ∞≈¬zÁ≈B
∂Á™kÚD ÿ¤[>›mkD AˆÕ>kÏÔ^ ®[√>™V_ Á«¬ÌÔsQ[ ÔV‚EÁB \‚|D
ÿƒV[™V_ º√VmD ∂kÏÔ^ >›mk›Á>© AˆÕm ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ®™ ∂kÏ s·¬zkVÏ.
53
Ø¶Ô\V™ \Á≈ z§©AÔÁ·›>sÏ c^”Ïºk cıÁ\BV™ Á«¬Ì. \Á≈
ÿ√VÚº·V, A›]ƒVo›>™º\V Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®™ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÔsQÏ º¤D¸ ÿ«¬Ω[
Á«¬Ìs[ kal_ ÷ÚÕm ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kVÏ >tμÂV¶[. ÿ«¬ÿÔ‚ 10 s]ÔÁ·
x[Ák©√VÏ ∂]_ ÷Á>›>s´ ÷[ÿ™V[ÆD z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm. ‘∂mºk ¿’ ®[√>[
JÈD >[ Á«¬Ì°D >V–D ÷´ı¶≈ Œ[§ Wu≈ÁÈ© º√∑kV´kÏ ∂m ÿ¤[M[
÷MB ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ Œ[Æ\VzD. \VÏ¬EBÏÔ^ EÈÏ kÕ> A]]_∂>[
c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô^ *m ∞u√‚¶ ®ˆflƒÈV_ Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩk›Á>ºB W´VÔˆ›>m º√VÈ
÷[zÈV©AD Á«¬ÌÁk ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô \Æ¬˛≈VÏ. ~w›]_ ÔVE g™Õ>–D ÷ÀkVº≈
\Æ>o›m s‚| ÂÆ¬ÿÔ[Æ Á>¬zD zÆD√V kΩkÿ\™ ‘ÂÆ¬z’ ®[˛≈ ÿ√Bˆ_
>D z‚Ω¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· x[MÆ›m˛[≈™Ï. ÷[zÈV©º√V Á«¬ÌÁk ¤©√VMBÏ
∂_Èm ¤©√VMB ÿ\VaÁB Œ›> ÿ\VaBV©ÿ√™© ∏≈w cÏ˛[≈VÏ.
Am¬ÔsÁ> º√VÈºk Á«¬Ì°D ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ›]_ ®]Ï©Á√fl ƒÕ]¬Ô ºÂˆ‚¶m.

ÿ¤[ >›mkD, kΩkD g˛B ÷´ıÁ¶•D ÷>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔfl ∑‚¶ÈVD. Á«¬Ì
º√V[≈ ®πB kΩkxD ÿƒ§kV™ ∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]ÁB•D ÿÔVı|
÷´ı¶Vl´D gı|Ô”¬z x[™º´ >ta_ ]Ú¬z≈^ √Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√u≈m.
>tw_ÈV\_ ∏≈ÿ\VaÔπ_ ]Ú¬z≈^

“>tw_ÈV\_ kΩk›Á>¬ ÁÔBV· xΩBVm
®[√m º√VÈ ¤©√V[ ∂_ÈV\_ ∏≈ÿ\VaÔπ_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á>•D
ÁÔBV· xΩBVm. ]Ú¬z≈^ ®[≈ ÿkı√V kΩkD >™m ŒÁƒ ∂Á\]BVKD
ÿ√VÚ^ cÏ›>¬ÌΩBm; Á«¬Ì ®[≈ BV©A kΩkD ∂Dÿ\Va¬z
∂©√Ω©√‚¶>VÔ›>V[ ∂Á\•D. ÿƒV_KD c›]l_ Á«¬ÌÁk© ∏[√u≈ÈVD
>ta_ Á«¬Ì ®øm˛º≈[ ®[√m ∑›>©º√›>_ g∫˛È›]_ ]Ú¬z≈^
º√VÈ” 97 ,
ÿkı√V ®øm˛º≈[ ®[√m º√VÈ
\V≈VÔ Á«¬Ì ∏ÿ´fi∑ , g∫˛ÈD, È›y[ ¸√VMB , ˛º´¬Ô, ÿƒÏ\VMB,

∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô x>ÈV™ ÿ\VaÔπKD sBV∏›>m. ÷Õ]B ÿ\VaÔπ_ ∂Æ√mÔπ[
WÁ≈sKD ®ø√mÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]KD Á«¬Ì >ÁÈÔV‚ΩuÆ k∫Ô, ∂ƒVtB , ÷Õ]
, cÚm z¤´V›], \ÁÈBV·D, >tμ ÿ\Va ÷ÁkBVku§KD ∂§xÔ\VluÆ.
“cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z
cÈÔ©Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z cÕm sÁƒ E¬ÔVºÔV ÔsÁ> ÷>μ ∂m ®¸´V
√°ı‚Ω[ ÿ√Ú ÂÔ´´l_ WÁÈBD Œ[§_ ®–D >ÁÈ©∏_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB
54
ÿkπl‚¶m (1913 ∞©´_ ) ág∫˛È›]_ ÷mºk x>ÈVkm Á«¬Ì ®™ÈVD.
cÈÔ·° sƒVÈ©√‚¶ ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ_ √Ω\ ÷B¬ÔxD Œ[Æ á √Ω\¬
“cÈÔ·°
ºÔV‚√V‚Ω[ clÏ √Ω\D. √Ω\D Á«¬Ìs[ √ıA g>o[ √wD Á«¬Ì
√Ω\¬ÔV´ÏÔ”¬z sÁ> k∫˛ gluÆ ®™ Á«¬ÌsuzD √Ω\
>tμÂV¶[” 98
÷B¬Ô›]uz\V™ ÿÂÚ¬ÔD √u§ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ >tμÂV¶[
∑Ú∫Ôfl ÿƒV_o s·∫ÔÁk›>_ ®[√m ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vao_ tÔ cBÏÕ>

ÿ>VaÁÈ ko•Æ›]B √V´]BVº´ ∑º>ƒt›]´[ ÂVπ>a_ 18.10.1916 ÷_
¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ ®ø]B Ô‚|Á´ kVlÈVÔ ÿ«V¬z ®–D ÿ√Bˆ_
>tø¬z Á«¬ÌÁk ∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ.
º\uz¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_ tz] ®ı›Á> ∂©√ΩºB

“º\uz¬ Tı
ºƒÏ¬ÁÔl_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD kw¬ÔD nº´V©∏B¬ÔsÁ>lºÈ ÷_ÁÈ.
¤©√VM_ ∂©√Ωl_ÁÈ ºkı¶V> ÿƒV_ Œ[Æ Ì¶fl ºƒÏ©√m ˛Á¶BVm.
¤©√VMB √VÁ≠l_ √]º™wÁƒ ÿÔVı¶ ÿ«V¬z ®[≈ √V‚| ŒÚ
>M¬ÔVsB\VÔ WuzD x©√›º>V´Áƒ•^· c›] (c¬>D) ®[√mD ∂∫Ù™º\
clÏ ºÂV ºÂV\zflE >\m ÔÚ›Á> s·¬zD ÿ√VÚ‚|fl EÈ ]Úi¶VÕ>∫Ô^
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ”99 ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD √V´]BVÏ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô¬ Ôs´VË t¸Z¸ (Misslizette
wool worth reese) ÷∫˛‹i √VÁ≠l_ ®ø]lÚ¬zD ∂ΩÔ^ EÈkuÁ≈ ºÂVzflE
®|›m¬ÔV‚|˛≈Vÿ´™ t¸ZL[ \Áw¬z ª¶VÔ ÷Ú ÿ«V¬z© √V¶_ÔÁ·›
>twV¬˛›>ÚkVÏ.
√Úk \Áwl[ AÁwÿBVo ºÔ‚¨Ï / ÷∫ÿÔ[ ˛wfl ÿƒsÔº· á Øº≠V[

“√Úk
ºBVvVº«V y©√‚ÿ¶ˆÕ>m; TøD \Èˆ[ á ∂Á\]ÿB[º™ á ÿ«VÌ¥
ÿ«VÌ¥” 100
g∫˛ºÈV á ÷Õ]B ®øÕÿ>[˛≈kÁÔl_ g∫˛È›]_ ®ø]B x>_ >tw´V™
ÔVsˆ©ØD√‚Ω™D E›>ÂV> ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë (ºÔ. ®¸. ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë 1892- 1952) x>_
√Á¶©A ÔV˛>©√¶z (Paper Boats - 1421) ∂>[ J[≈VD √]©∏_ (1930) ŒÚ kV¬˛B›]_
ŒÚ x[–Á´.
“Edges - trimmed float again my paperboats” ÷>Á™ ÷©√Ω•D ®ø>ÈVD

“Edges - trimmed xÁ™Ô^ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ float again ÔV˛>©√¶z My paper boats
t>¬Ô s|˛º≈[ *ı|D”
55
÷ÀkVÆ x[–Á´ kƒ™›Á>¬ Á«¬ÌkVÔ kΩk\Vu§ Á«¬Ì ®ø]B x>_
>twÏ ÿk∫Ô¶´\Ë ®™ ÂVD ÿÔ·´s¬ÔÈVD ®[˛≈VÏ >tμÂV¶[,√V´]BVˆ[ ÿ«V¬z
ºÔV·Vÿ≈™ \Æ>o›ms‚| ®™ºk Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ∂>[ cˆB kΩk›m¶º™ >ta_
\‚|\_È ÷Õ]B ÿ\VaÔπºÈºB x>[ x>_ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ E.\ËºB ®™ÈVD
1968 ÷_ ÂÁ¶x>_ ÷>a_ ¤©√VMB¬ Á«¬Ì¬ÔÁ· ∂kÏ ∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ 1970
÷_ EÕ>Ï ®[≈ ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω √V_ T]l_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ. Á«¬Ìsuzfl EÕ>Ï ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω™Ï. ∂>uz¬z^·Ï ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^, EÕ>Ω ®–D >ta[ JkΩ BV©A
kΩk›Á>•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ ÂÁ¶ ÷>a_ E.\Ë•D, ®¸. Áky¸k´–D
Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ®ø]™Ï ®[≈ ].‹ÈVk]l[ ±_Ô^ Á«¬Ì ©√u§B™kVF
ÿkπBVl™. 1984 ÷_ x>_ >tμ Á«¬Ì ÿ>Vz©√VÔ ŒsB¬ÔsQÏ ∂x> √V´]l[
ì A^π©Ø¬Ô^î ÿkπBVluÆ ∂º> gıΩ[ ÷Æ]l_ ÂkD√Ï \V>›]ºÈºB
∂§°\]l[ A_o[ OMl_ √M›mπ•D 1985 ÷_ ~º´V| >tw[√M[
ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô”D ÿkπBVl™ 10.04.1988 ÷_ \ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX‚¶Ô ÿkπX¶VÔ¬
ÔıΩl_ ÷È∫ÁÔl_ x>[ x>ÈVÔ› >ta_ ÿkπkÚD Á«¬Ì kΩk¬ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz] ®™¬z§©∏‚| ∑. x´π>´M[ ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD’ ÿkπBV˛uÆ.
“ÌÁ¶ÁBfl
ÌÁ¶ÁBfl ƒ\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ / Ô™¬Ôfl ∑\Õm ÿƒ[≈VÏÔ^ c^º·
º>ƒD”101. √>flºƒV≈VÔ ∂]oÚÕm ŒÚ Á«¬Ì \‚|D º>V‚¶› ÿ>VaÈV·Ï
÷Õ>› º>ƒD
∑\Õm ÿƒ_KD ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒ›Á>ºB #¬˛ Ák›m s|˛[≈VÏ x´π>´[ 1991 ÷_
∑¤V>Vs[ Á«¬Ì ŒÚ A]B ∂§xÔD ÿkπBVluÆ ìÔsÁ>l[
˝DÿÈ[¸Á«¬Ì ®[√VÏ. ÂBD√¶ ∑¤V>V ÷Õ]BV|º¶ l_ ®m Á«¬Ì ®[≈
ºÔ^s¬z ∑¤V>Vs[ √]_ ì “J[Æ kˆ / ÷´ı| ÔV‚E / ŒÚ sB©A”î ∂|›ÿ>VÚ
ºÔ^s ì ‘Á«¬Ì k·Ú\V’?î®™ ∂>uz k·´Vm J[≈Ω >V[ ∂·° k·ÏÕ>V_
Á«¬Ì gÔVm ®[√º> ∂k´π›> √]_ g™V_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷>Á™ ºkÆ
s>\VÔ ∂b˛ ÷›>ÁÔB ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔ^s¬z sÁ¶Bπ¬˛[≈VÏ
ì “{‚∑˜
{‚∑˜ ÂD cÏÁk ºÂ´ΩBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›> xBKD º√Vm ∂>uz
®›>Á™ ∂ÁƒÔ^ º>Ák©√|D ®[√Á> x[ Ì‚ΩºB ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^· xΩBVm
®[ÆD ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–¬zD ŒÀÿkVÚ kÁÔ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈ ÷Ú¬zD,
√ıA ÷Ú¬zD, ®™ºk kˆÔÁ·© √z©√m ∂k™m sÚ©√›]uz s¶©√¶
ºkı|D ®[ÆD ÌÆkVÏ. √Vº≠ˆ°D Ì¶ ÔsQ[ sÚDAD ÔsÁ>›>V¬ÔD
56
∂ÁƒÔπ[ ®ıË¬ÁÔl_ ÷_ÁÈ ®[√V[ Á«¬Ìs_ Amfl ÿƒF ÿÂ§
( New Trend School) N˛ ºÔVº¶V >ÁÈÁ\l_ ¤©√VMB ÿ\Val_ xÔD
ÔV‚ΩB º√Vm 3,7,5 ®[˛≈ ∂Áƒ ∂Á\©A J[Æ kˆÔπ_ ∂]Ï°Ô^
∞u√‚¶™. Á«¬Ìs_ kˆ ®_ÁÈ•D \V§Bm 5,5,3,5 ®[Æ ∂Áƒ
∂Á\©A¬ÿÔVı¶ ÂV[zkˆ Á«¬Ì ∂ÚD∏Bm. ÷ÀkΩk \VÆ>o_
Á«¬Ìs_ c‚ ÿ√V]° Á\B∫ÔπKD \Vu≈D WÔμÕ>m ®™›
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ
ÿ>π°Æ›mkVÏ” 102 .
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]uÿÔ™ kV™D√VΩ, ÷>μ ÿkπ kÕ>m º√VÈºk

Á«¬ÌsuÿÔ™ Ô´Õ>Ω x>[ x>_ Á«¬Ì ÷>wVÔºk ÿkπkÕ>m.
AmÁkloÚÕm Ê–. >tμ\Ë ∂>Á™ Â¶›]™VÏ >M›>taB¬ÔD ƒVÏÕ>
>tμ©ÿ√BÏ >V[ (Ô´Õm + ∂Ω) Ô´Õ>Ω ®[√>VzD. \Á≈Õm >V¬z>_ ®–D ÿ√VÚ^
ÿÔVı¶m. J[≈V\Ωl[ E≈©Á√ x[MÆ›] ∂Á\Õ>m ÷©ÿ√BÏ ∂|›m
kÕ>kVEloÚÕm x.xÚºÔi gEˆB© ÿ√VÆ©∏_ ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’ ÷>μ
ÿkπk´ÈVluÆ. ÿƒ[Á™ \VÂÔ´ ÔVÏ su√Á™BV·ÏÔπ[ ∂Á\©∏[
ÿ√VÆ©√V·´V™ (ƒ¬] ÔVÏ¸) Ôs x>_ ƒ¬]ºk_ Á«¬Ì ÔsQÚD gÏkÈÚD gkVÏ.
24, 25.02.1994 º>]Ôπ_ Á«¬Ì √Ë\Á™ (Haib work shop) Œ[§Á™ \mÁ´
ÔV\´V¤Ï √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ› >taBu AÈ›Á>fl ƒVÏÕ> Œ©∏È¬˛B›mÁ≈ Â¶›]Bm 1995
gD gıΩ_ >fiƒV∆ˆ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈ cÈÔ›>tμ \VÂV‚Ω_ Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>¬ÿÔ™ºk
>MºBŒÚ zø ∂\Ï° ∞u√|›] Ô‚|Á´Ô^ √Ω¬Ô© ÿ√u≈™ ÷Õ]B ∂·sÈV™
∂Á™›]Õ]B¬ ÔsQÏ \VÂV| 1973 ÷_ ÿƒ[Á™l_ Â¶›>©ÿ√uÆ ÷Õº>V á á
g∫˛È¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^ √Ω¬Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ∂ku§_ Á«¬Ì kΩk *>V™
∂¬ÔÁ≈Ô^ AÈ©√‚¶™. ÷ÁkÿB_ÈVD Á«¬Ì z§›> x¬˛B WÔμ°Ô·VzD.
÷Õ]BVs_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›]B z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÂV_kÚD

g∫˛È›mÁ≈© º√V´VEˆBÏÔº· (1) ∏á ÈV_ (k∫Ôÿ\Va) 2. ¿È\Ë©A¬ÔV[
(∂ƒVtBÿ\Va) 3. sib ÂV´VB[ ÂDØ]ˆ (\ÁÈBV· ÿ\Va) 4. E.\Ë ®[˛≈
√wMflƒVt (>tμÿ\Va) ∏.ÈVo[ Á«¬Ì¬Ô”D (Í¬π Â] *m √¶z) sib
ÂV´VB[ ÂDØ]ˆl[ Á«¬Ì ¬Ô”D √Ω\› ÿ>V¶ÏÔV·Ôºk ÿkπ© º√VÕ>™ á
ÂDØ]ˆl[ ∂Õ] ®–D Á«¬Ìs_ ÿ>V¶Ï √Ω\∫Ôπ[ c>V´›]uz
∂ku§oÚÕm {ˆÚ √Ω\∫Ô^, “Ww_Ô^
Ww_Ô^ ªÏ˛[≈™ zπÏÔVuÆ TEBm / ÂV^
57
ÔÁ´ >‚ΩBm ŒÚ ÔÁ>l_ kÚD s|ÔÁ> º√VÈ / º\uz¬ ÔÁ´l_ ´›>\VF
ÂV–D ∂m
∂m” 103. Á«¬Ì¬ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ c^·ÏÕ> >›mkD ÿƒ[ ÿ√·›>D
∂mºk n©√VMB Á«¬Ì¬Ôπ[ JÈ>V´ ªuÆ¬ÔıÔ^ gzD. ÿ¤[ √u§B EÈ
√]°ÔÁ·¬ ÔVıº√VD.
ÿƒ[ ®[≈V_ √VÏÁk ∂_È √∫ºÔuA

“ÿƒ[
ÿ\FlB_ ∂_È g¶_, √V¶_ , ÿÔVı¶V‚¶D,
∂§>È[Æ Aˆ>_, >Ï¬Ô\[Æ ∂>Ï¬ÔD,
ÿƒV_È[Æ ÿ\·™D; s·¬Ô\[Æ A]Ï;
kVFÿ\VaB[Æ c¶_ÿ\Va , xB_k>[Æ
÷B_km, ÔVÈ\[Æ >ÚD, √VÁ>B[Æ √BD, ƒ\B\[Æ kVμ¬ÁÔ;
ÔsÁ>B[Æ Á«¬Ì ÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩBVÔºk ÷B_km >V[ ÿƒ[
]BV™D ®–D k¶ÿ\Vafl ÿƒV_
√Voÿ\Val_ ‘flƒV[
flƒV[
flƒV[’ ®™°D
Ê™›]_ ƒV[ ( Chan ) ®™°D
ƒ©√VMB ÿ\Val_ ÿƒ[ ( Zen)
®™°D kw∫ÔÈVluÆ , \ÔVBV™ ÿ√·›>›][ c‚∏ˆkV˛B
ÿƒ[ ÿ√·›>D ÔVfiEloÚÕm
√_Èk ÷·k´ƒÏ º√V]>Ú\´V_
Ê™›]_ √´©√©√‚¶ ÿ>[√Ï
ÿ>[√Ï”
AÈ©√|›mkVÏ” 104 .
®™© ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï AˆÕmÏ°¶[ ÷>Á™© AÈ©√|›mkVÏ
ƒV[∏´V[L¸ºÔV sˆz¶V©√z]l_ kVμÕmkÚD AÔμÿ√u≈ ÿ¤[ ÔsÁ>¬

ÔÁÈQ´V™ ÿ√ıÔsQÏ º¤[ xÁ≈BV™ \¶VÈB √luEÔ·›]_ ÿ¤[ √l[≈kÏ.
∂kÚ¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[Æ AGNI kÁÈ›>·›]_ g∫˛È›]_ ÿkπBV™m. ∂]_
∂kÏ ÿ¤[–D ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈ•D √u§¬ z§©∏‚¶ EÈ z§©AÔÁ· ÷∫ºÔ ÔVıº√VD.
“®™¬z
®™¬z ÂVº™, >MÁ\l_, ]≈ÕmÿÔV^k>uÔV™ ŒÚ ∑B›Á>fl ÿƒm¬Ô,
®™¬ÔV™ÿ>VÚ kVμÁk, ∏≈Ú¬zfl ÿƒVÕ>\_ÈV> Œ[Á≈, º>Ω¬ÿÔV^·
®ø›º> ®™¬ÔV™ kaBVlÚÕ>m. ®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ÿÈ·ˇÔ
÷Ú©∏oÚÕm ∂B_kVμ >[Á\ÿÔV^”D WÁÈºB ®[Á™ ÿ¤[ \uÆD
ÔsÁ>ºÂV¬˛ ÿÔVı|fl ÿƒ[≈m. ÔsÁ> ®[Á™ ÿ¤[M¶D ∂Áw›mfl
58
ÿƒ[≈m. ÿ¤[ ®[Á™¬ ÔsÁ>l¶D ]Ú©∏› >Õ>m. ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿƒB_
kÁÔ•D á ÔsÁ> ÿ¤[ á ®[Á™ ®©º√VmD ∏§]_ ]Ú©∏› >Õ>kVÆ
÷ÚÕm^·m. ÷mkÁ´ ∂Ák ®[ kVμs[ kÈm ÷¶m ÔV_Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕm
kÕm^·™” 105 .
kÕm^·™
]Ú¬z≈^ Œ[§´ıÁ¶ Á«¬ÌkV¬˛ kVE›m¬ ÔV‚|kVÏ >tμÂV¶[.

ÔV.E.ÿk∫Ô¶ ´\Ël[ x[–Á´l_ Á«¬Ì g¬˛BÁ>© º√VÈ, ÷ÀkVº≈
n∫zÆ±Æ, zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ© √V¶_Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈•D Á«¬ÌkV¬˛¬ ÔVxΩ•D ®[√VÏ
÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´]. Á«Ì¬ ÔsÁ>l_ kΩkº\ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ s·∫zD.
ÿ¤[WÁÈ©√u§ c´›>V[ xΩ•D. s·¬zkm TıºkÁÈ ®™› >V[ cÏÕ>Á>
ÂDº\V| √˛ÏÕm ÿÔV^kVÏ.
“∂m
∂m ∂mkV˛ ÷Ú¬zD WÁÈl_, cÏ›mkmD cÏkmD Œ[≈V˛,
g[*ÔD ®[º≈V ´ƒÁ™ ®[º≈V kÁ´BÆ›m¬Ì≈ ÷BÈV> ∂–√kº\ Á«¬Ì
®[≈ ÔsÁ>. ÷Á> Zen WÁÈ ®[Æ ÌÆkVÏÔ^. y¬z^ s´ÁÈ Ák›>V_
cı¶VzD yı|D ÷[√D ÷m. ÷m cÚkÔD ÷_ÁÈ, ckÁ\•D ÷_ÁÈ.
÷m ºkÆ ®>–¶–D ÷ÁÕ>§•D ÔÚ›m ÷_ÁÈ. ÷m c^”Ïs[ JÈD
∞u√|D sa©A› >ÚD. Ê™ÿ\Val_ ‘ Satori’ ®[√VÏÔ^. ‘÷©ÿ√Vøm
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÷∫ºÔ
÷mºk
÷mºk’ ®[≈ \™©√V∫z ∂Ω\™›]_ A≈©√‚| ∂¬Ô™º\ kΩkD ÿÔV^”D
Á«¬Ì” 106.
c¶[ WÔμ°á5;7;5 ®[≈ kÁÔl_ 17 ÊÏÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı¶m Á«¬Ì
Á«¬Ìs[ ÷È¬Ô kÁ´BÁ≈ z§›mD, ∂>[ ºkÆJÈ\VÔ ÿ¤[º™

s·∫zkm z§›mD \VÈ[ x[Ák¬zD √]°D ÷kuÆ¶[ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.
“Á«¬Ìs[
Á«¬Ìs[ ÷È¬ÔD tÔ ®πm Á«¬Ì ®[√m 17 ( Syllables )
Œo¬z§©AÔ^ cÁ¶B E§B ÔsÁ> √[M´ı¶Vkm Œo¬ z§©∏uz© ∏≈z
÷Ú¬zD ÔÚ›]_ ŒÚ ]Ú©√D ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD. ÷Á>flƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ AˆÕm
ÿÔV^k>uÔVÔ ÷Õ> Œo¬ z§©AÔÁ· J[Æ kˆÔ·VÔ ∂Á\›m¬
ÿÔV^kmı|, ∂>Vkm ÔÚ›m› ]Ú©√D ºÂÚD 13 km Œo¬z§©∏oÚÕm
J[≈Vkm kˆ x>_ ÷´ı| kˆÔ”¬zD ƒD√Õ>D ÷_ÈV> ŒÚ A]Ï º√V_
∂Á\¬Ô©√|D. A]ÏÔÁ· s|s¬Ô xBÈVº> ®[≈ ÿ¤[ E›>VÕ>›][
>V¬Ô›]™V_ ºÂÏÕ> ∂Á\©A ÷m. ÷mºk Á«¬Ìs[ ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ°D
59
, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ x´ı√V|Ô”¬z¬ ÔV´\V•D gluÆ. ÿ¤[ ÿ√·›>D
∏uÔVÈ›]_ Z[¤VF, º¤V‚º¶V ®™ ÷Ú ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ© ∏ˆÕ>m ÷]_ º¤V‚º¶,
]BV™D JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ c>°km ˆ[¤VF ºÔ^sÔ^, A]ÏÔ^
JÈD sa©AÏ° ÿ√≈ kaÔV‚|km ˆ[¤VF ∏ˆ° k·ÏflE ∂Á¶Õ> º√Vm
®|›mÁ´©√VÏ” 107
Á«¬Ì √´kÈVÔ© AÔμ ÿ√u≈m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
÷©√]°Ô^ ®_ÈVku§¬z ª¶VÔ°D {ÚıÁ\ AÈ©√¶¬ ÔVÈVD ÷ÁkBV°D

ÿ¤[M_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ Á«¬ÌsºÈV Á«¬Ìs_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÿ¤[MºÈV k‚¶©√VÁ>BVF
∑w[Æ ∑w[Æ k´¬ÔVÈVD ÷>Á™ cÏ›mxÔ\VÔºk ÷©√]°Ô^ BV°D ÷∫ºÔ
ŒÚ ºƒ´ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™. Á«¬Ìs_ ®Ák ®Ák >sÏ¬Ô©√‚¶VÔ ºkı|D
®™¬ÔVıº√VD. ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈl_ ®m ®m ÔsÁ>BVÔVm ®[˛≈ A^πloÚÕm
ÿ>V¶∫zkm s\ÏƒÔÏÔ”¬zD cˆB ÷B_√VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶©√ ÿ>V[º≈.
J[ÆkˆÔπ_ ÷Ú¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>ÁB•D Á«¬ÌÁk•D ®ÀkVÆ ºkÆ√|›]¬
ÔVı√m ®[˛≈ s™V°¬z› >tw[√[ √]_ ÷mºk.
J[≈ΩÔπ_ ÷Ú¬zD Œ[Æ Am¬ÔsÁ> ∂_ÈV\KD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD.

ì“J[≈ΩÔπ_
Á«¬Ì∂_ÈV\KD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. c√º>ƒD ÷Ú¬˛≈>V ÿ>V∫z ƒÁ>BV™
ÿƒVuÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV º>ÁkBu≈ ÷Á©Afl ÿƒVuÔ^ sˆÕ> ºkuÆÁ\
cÚAÔ^ g´kV´D ÿƒF•D ÿƒVuºÔVÁkÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV? ÿƒVuÔ^
∂·s_ \‚|D >V[ ÿ√VÚ^, ŒuÁ≈© √ˆ\V›Á>Ô¶¬ÔV> º>F°. º>¬ÔD
÷Ú¬˛[≈™kV ÷©√ΩÿB_ÈVD ÷ÚÕ>V_,∂m J[≈Ωl_ ÷ÚÕ>V_
®™©√]Èπ©√VÏ” 108 .
Á«¬ÌkVÔVm ∞[, Am¬ÔsÁ> Ì¶ gÔV\_ º√VFs|D ®™©√]Èπ©√VÏ
Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>l_ >[ xÁ™©A ( ego )

“Á«¬Ì ∂≈ºk ˛Á¶BVm >[Á\
x[MÁÈ ®[§_ÈV\_ ( impersonal) gÔ ®ø>©√|km >V[ ∂>[ \Á
√VÏ›>ƒV´]” 109 Á«¬Ì g>V´∫
>Õ] ÿ\Va º√VoÚ¬zD ®[√VÏ ÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´]
ÿÔV^”D Á\B©A^πBV™ >›mk©√V∫z ®›>ÁÔBm ®™°D, kΩkº\ ÿ√VÚ·V˛
WuzD ∂>[ Œ[§©∏Á™•D, ®[ÿ™[™kuÁ≈› >sÏ›>VÔ ºkı|ÿ\–D c^
s]ÔÁ·•D \‚|D ÷∫ºÔ Ôıº¶VD ÷M Á«¬Ì ®–D zÆD√V kΩs[
kÁÔÁ\ÔÁ·•D ∂>[ x[º™VΩ© ∏>V\Ô[Ô·V˛B ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ~º´V|
>tw[√[ z§›mD kÚD ÷B_Ôπ_ sˆkVÔ¬ ÔVıº√VD.
60
xΩ°Ô^
ÔsQÏ Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ º>EB ÷B¬Ôfl ƒVÏº√V|D, ÔsQÏ ~º´V|

>tw[√[ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô WÁÈ√V‚º¶V|D, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ôfl
ƒVÏº√V|D tz]•D >D √Á¶©AÔÁ·© √Á¶›m^·™Ï ®ø›m, kV™D√VΩ, zÆD√V
ÔVÈÔ‚¶ ÔsQÏÔ^ √u§•D ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ> \Á √u§•D ÷ÀkVFs_ sˆkVÔ
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ^ ®ø›m \´∏oÚÕm ºkÆ√‚| A]B ÿ√VÚÁ·•D, A]B

ºÂV¬ÁÔ•D ÿÔVı| >D √Á¶©AÔÁ·© √Á¶›m^·™Ï.
®ø›m ÔsÁ> \´∏oÚÕm \VÆ√‚¶º> kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô \´ÿ√[√m

Ì≈©√‚|^·m. kV™D√VΩ \Á ƒJÔ ¿]l[ ®]ÿ´VoBV™ ƒ\>Ï\›Á> Ì§ Wu√m
÷>[ ƒV´DƒD gzD. \Æ©A, ®]Ï©A, ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®–D J[Æ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^ kV™D√VΩ
\´∏_ ÔV¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™.
AÁ™sB_, ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔ^, º√flºƒVÁƒ©√ıA, √Ω\ cÚkÔ© √V∫z

÷kuÁ≈¬ ÿÔVı| kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™ ®[√m
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ·V™ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D, ~º´V| >tw[√–D
A›]È¬˛B kÁÔBV™ Á«¬Ì ®[≈ zÆD√V \´Á√ >tø¬z ∂§xÔD ÿƒF>™Ï.
\Á¬ÔsÁ>, kƒ™ÔsÁ>, \Á ÔsÁ> ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§_

Am¬sÁ>¬z ∂|›>√ΩBVÔ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈º> Á«¬Ì \´√VzD. Á«¬Ì \´∏uz ÿ¤[
>›mkº\ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ®[√Á> ∂§B xΩ˛≈m.
÷Õ]B ÿ\Val_ Á«¬Ì ®ø√mÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ >ÁÈÔV‚ΩuÆ. g∫˛ÈD,

¸√VMBD, ˛º´¬ÔD, È›y[, ∂ÿ\ˆ¬Ô ÿ\VaÔπKD Á«¬Ì ®[≈ ÔsÁ> kΩkD
÷¶Dÿ√≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛uÆ.
÷Õ]BVs_ x>o_ Á«¬Ì ®[≈ kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏ E.\Ë.

Á«¬Ì g>V´∫ ÿÔV^”D Á\B©A^πBV™ >›mk©√V∫z ®›>ÁÔBm ®™°D,
Á«¬Ìs_ ®kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD >sÏ›>VÔ ºkı|D ®[–D c^ s]ÔÁ·•D
Á«¬Ìs[ kÁÔÔ^, c›]Ô^ √u§•D sˆkVÔ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
61
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|,

ºÔV‚√V| cÈÔ›
>twV´VFflE WÆk™D, ÿƒ[Á™, 1994, √.34.
2. ÿ>V.x.E.´zÂV>[, ∂¬º¶V√Ï A´‚E•D >tμ ÷È¬˛BxD, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ

A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 1980, √.10.
3. T.H. Dak, ‘Social Frame work of Social Justice and Equalitarian idealogy’
Social Justice and Equality in India, Ess Ess Publications, New Delhi,
1987, pp.41-43
4. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √. 34
5. º\Èm., √. 4.
6. \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[, \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[ ®ø›m¬Ô^, ÔÁBVa

ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1984, √¬.294á295.
7. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, \¬Ô^

ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 2001, √.46.
8. º\Èm., √.46.
9. zΩ ∂´∑ ÷>μ, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, 10.5.1925.
10. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V. EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>Vz] á1,

EÕ>Á™BV·Ï ÔwÔD, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, 1974, √. 356.
11. º\Èm., √.341.
12. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V. EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿ>Vz] á2,

EÕ>Á™BV·Ï ÔwÔD, ]ÚflE´V©√^π, 1974, √. 1005 á 1008.
13. zΩ ∂´∑ ÷>μ, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, 6.11.1948.
14. ºƒ.÷´VºƒÕ]´[, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD, Ø\Ë

√]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1985, √. 85.
62
15. ƒVt E>D√´D, >twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ~.ÿk.´V. kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´ WÆk™ ÿkπX|, g≈VD √]©A, ÿƒ[Á™,
1971, √.14.
16. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, √.44.
17. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ÷Õ]B› >›mk∫Ôπ[ ∂ÉB_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_,

ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1998, √.30.
18. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD, √.44.
19. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √.33.
20. ºƒ.÷´Vº¤Õ]´[, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD

>V¬ÔD, √. 94.
21. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ÔDRMƒD s|>ÁÈl[ ÷È¬ÔD, √ˆ\VD

ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1982, √¬.7á8.
22. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ˇÁw \VÏ¬EBD, √ˆ\VD ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1990,

√.171.
23. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™,

2007, √. 374.
24. √VÈV, ÌÆ√|›>©√‚¶ cÈzD, >MÁ\ ÷È¬˛BxD, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ,

gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, \mÁ´, 1994, √.34.
25. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, J[≈VD cÈÔ© √]©√ÔD,

ºÔVÁk, 1991, √.152.
26. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,

ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆ 2009, √¬.82á83.
27. √VÈV, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, 1994, √¬.33á34.
28. ®D.∞. O‡\V[, ]≈™VF°¬ Ô‚|Á

Ô‚|Á´´Ô^
Ô^,, ∂[™D ÿkπX|, EkÔ∫ÁÔ, 1985,
√¬.146á147.
63
29. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, √.84.
30. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, \VuÆ ÷>BD, ®ø›m© ∏´∑´D, ÿƒ[Á™, 1974, √.49.
31. >tμÂV¶[, ÷ƒ∫Ô^, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™, ∂¬ 2000, √¬.46á47.
32. ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1990,

√¬.52á53.
33. √∑kFBV, Â|WE ÂVFÔ^

ÂVFÔ^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1992, √.27.
34. ÂV. kV™\V\ÁÈ, Am¬ÔsÁ> xuº√V¬zD ∏uº√V¬zD, \¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,

ÿƒ[Á™, 1974, √.28.
35. º\Èm., √¬.25á26.
36. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, ®ø›m ÷>μá62, ÿƒ[Á™, 1964.
37. √V. g™Õ>z\VÏ, AmÁ\©∏›>–D ÂT™›mkxD, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, √.84.
38. E∏fl ÿƒ_k[, ºÂÏÔV_ E.\Ë, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, º\ 2009,
√.84.
39. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √.152.
40. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, \VuÆ ÷>BD, √.29.
41. ÿ¤Ô[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ cÚkD, >V\Á´ ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ∏©.1969, √. 82.
42. ÿk∫Ô‚ ƒVtÂV>[, ÷©√Ω ŒÚ√BD, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, ]ÚflE, º\,
2009, √¬.25á26.
43. E∏flÿƒ_k[, ºÂÏÔV_ E.\Ë, clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ, √.84.
44. ÔV.ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ÷È¬˛B©√z], ]™\Ë, 17.10.1987.
45. ∂. \VÏ¬¸, \VÏ¬EBxD ÷È¬˛B›]_ ∏[ ÂT™›mkxD, ÿ√V[M

ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1991, √¬.47á48.
64
46. Ô.ÁƒÈVƒ√], ÷È¬˛BxD ]≈™VF°D, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1981, √.147.
47. ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √.52.
48. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, ªmk›]©A_, ¨ÔV¬ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™ 1993, √¬.135á136.
49. ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô cÈÔfl E›]ˆ©AÔ^, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, ÷È¬z Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1985, √.57.
50. Â.x›mflƒVt, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ Amÿ\Va ∂Á\©AÔ”D Am ∂Ï›>∫Ô”D,

Am¬ÔsÁ>•D Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √. 149.
51. E.∑. ÿƒ_È©√V, x[–Á´, Am¬z´_, ®ø›m ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 1970.
52. ~º´V|>tw[√[, ÔsÁ>flEÕ>Á™Ô^, √.52.
53. ∑z\V´[, ®ø›mD ÔsÁ>•D, EÈ∏uÔVÈ¬z§©AÔ^, ÔVÈfl∑k|

÷>μá119, ÂVÔÏºÔVs_, ÂkD√Ï, 2009, √.34.
54. ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô cÈÔfl E›]ˆ©AÔ^, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.139.
55. º\Èm., √.141.
56. Ô. Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.3á4.
57. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 206.

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.4á5.
59. ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 205.

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.5.
61. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.128.

65
62. º\Èm., √.395.
63. º\Èm., √.339.
64. º\Èm., √.412á413.
65. º\Èm., √.412.
66. kV™D√VΩ ÷>μá17, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, ÿ√V^·VflE, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2009.
67. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 124, 125, 126.
68. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √. 42.
69. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √. 216.
70. º\Èm., √. 184.
71. ®¸.g_√Ï‚, ÿƒV_K¬z ∂©√V_ ÔVbD ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √¬.89á90.
72. Ek>Vb, ºÂÏÔV_ QV™Ì›>[, ÷MB c>BD ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ∏©´kˆ,

2006.
73. zkÁ·¬Ôı[, ºÂÏÔV_ ∑¤V>V, ÔVÈfl∑k| 119 gD ÷>μ,

ÂVÔÏºÔVs_, ÂkD√Ï, 2009.
74. ∂.\VÏ¬¸, ÂT™>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Úº√V¬zÔ^, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛

cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√∑ºkVD, ÔÚ©A ∏´]Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.63.
75. ®¸.g_√Ï‚, ®ø√mÔπ_ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛BD, 1982, √.89.
76. ÿƒ. ºBVÔ´VƒV, ~w›][ Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE ŒÚ ÔıºV‚¶D, kV™D√VΩ

÷>μá21, ~w›m ÔsÁ>flE≈©∏>μ, ÿ√V^·VflE, ΩƒD√Ï 1982.
77. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 400á401.
78. m. ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬.11á12.
79. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003,
66
√.282.
80. √VÈV, ÔVÕ>^, ÔVÏÌ]Ï ÷>μ, gÔáÂk.1994.
81. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √. 268.

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √.7.
83. º\Èm., √.13.
84. ].ºÔVsÕ>[, ∞ÿ™[Æ, ∏´√fiƒD, ÷>μá1, ºƒÈD, hÁÈ 79.
85. kV™D√VΩ, ÷>μ 17, >ÁÈB∫ÔD, ∂¬.79.
86. Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D, √. 56.
87. QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.426.
88. ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°, √.210.
89. y´VÂ], ºÂÏ ÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆ, 2005.
90. ÷MB Á«¬Ì, ÷>μá16, ~º´V| >tw[√[ √]_Ô^, kÕ>kVE, \VÏfl,

∞©´_, 2004, √ .5.
91. º\Èm., √¬. 5á6.
92. ÷´V. º\VÔ[, t[tM¬ÔsÁ>Ô^, ÷MB Á«¬Ì ÷>μ á17, …[, …ÁÈ
2004, √. 23.
93. *´V, Á«¬Ì ŒÚ zÆD√VÏÁk, ÔVÕ>^ ÷>μ, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï, 1999,

√.23.
94. ÿƒD\ÈÏ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ÿƒ[Á™,

gÔ¸‚ 1995, √.29.
95. >tμÂV¶[ ºƒÈD, ¤©√VMB¬ ÔsÁ> ˛∫ÔáØá «¬Ì á ÿƒ[ˆR,
67
√VÏk] A¬≠V©, ºƒÈD, 2001, √.57.
96. ÿƒD\ÈÏ ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, √.29.
97. ÷È¬˛B©√VƒÁ≈ ÷>μ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ¤™kˆ, ∏©´kˆ, ºÔVÁk,

1993.

√¬.81á83.
99. º\Èm., √¬.100á103.
100. º\Èm., √¬.108á109.
101. ∑. x´π>´[, ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD, \ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX|, ÔıΩ, 1988, √.17.
102. ÷MBÁ«¬Ì ÷>μá17, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, √¬. 8á9.

√¬.95á98
104. ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,

ÿƒ[Á™, 2005.
105. ∂∏ÈVi.(ÿ\V.ÿ√), ÿ¤[–D ÔsÁ>¬ ÔÁÈ•D, º¤[ NÏ¸ ¨_|¶[ ŒÚ

ƒÕ]©A, ∂¬M kÁÈ>·©√]°.
106. ÷Õ]´V √VÏ›>ƒV´], Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>Ô^, ∂x>∑´∏ y√Vkπ\ÈÏ,

ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √. 74.
107. \VÈ[, ºÔVl_ \Ël_ #∫zD kı›m©ØflEÔ^, ÔÁBVa,

Á«¬Ìfl E≈©∏>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, \VÏfl 1991.
108. ÷MBÁ«¬Ì ÷>μ,14, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2003.
109. ÷Õ]´V√VÏ›>ƒV´], Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.75.
68
÷B_á2
x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√V·ÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.1 \´∏[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”D kÁÔÁ\©√V|D
2.2 c^·¶¬ÔD \uÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>Ï°
2.3 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
2.3.1 *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.3.2 ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\©√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.3.3 kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.3.4 ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^

÷B_á2
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.1 \´∏[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”D kÁÔÁ\©√V|D
\´Á√ ∂§Õm \´Á√ ®]ÏÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^, kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂kÏÔ”^”D

z§©√VÔ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ·V™ Eu∏, ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ~º´V| >tw[√[
JkÚD gkÏ. \Á¬ÔsÁ> Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™ ÷™D∏ˆ¬zD ºkÆ√V|Ô^,
BV©A, √V|ÿ√VÚ^, AÈ©√|›mD √V∫z ®™ x›]≈›>VKD ÔV¬˛¶©√™ºk.
\´Á√ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶s>xD, ∂>Á™ ÷kÏÔ^ ®]ÏÿÔVı¶ s>xD ŒÚ
\VÆkm \Á.
kÁÔl_ ÷kÏÔ·m √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› yÏ\VM›> ÔV´ËBVzD. “\VÆkm
÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ \VuÆkm \Á
\Á”1 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ ˛. ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt.
xuº√V¬z, \M>V∏\V™D, >›mk∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôs›mk∫Ôº·V|

“xuº√V¬z,
÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕm ÷È¬˛B ∂´∫˛_..... \´Á√ ÂV∫Ô^ √ÁwB
>ÁÈxÁ≈l[ √ˆºƒV>Á™BVÔ© √VÏ¬˛[º≈VD. \´√§Õm \´ÿ√]Ï¬zD
º√V¬z c´V>kÏÔ^ ÷È¬˛B k´ÈVu§[ ®Õ> ∂Dƒ›Á>•D
∏´Ô¶™D” 2
∂§BV>kÏÔ^ ®[√m kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ ÿÔV^ÁÔ© ∏´Ô¶™D
\Á ®[√m º>¬ÔD ∂[Æ;
®[√VÏ k_o¬Ôı[. \Á √u§ Eu∏ “\Á
÷Á¶B≈Vm {|D {Ï ÷B¬Ô›][ √z]. >[Á™›>Vº™ ∂a›m¬ÿÔVı|
º√V[≈m” 3 .
÷ÁÈ•D >πÚ\VF √ˆV\DÿÔV^”D sÁ>ÁB© º√V[≈m
kV™D√VΩÔ^ >tμ \ıË[ \Á ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^. ÷∫z ÷Ú¬˛≈

“kV™D√VΩÔ^
Ûw_, ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^. ∂Á>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿÔVı| kÕ>
g´D∏›>m” 4 \´∏[
∏[A>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®_ºÈVˆ¶xD Ôk™D ÿ√≈ g´D∏›>m
kÁÔÔÁ·•D ∂Ák ®ÀkVÆ √B[√|›> ºkı|D ®[≈ s·¬Ô›Á>•D
z§©∏|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
\´∏_ W´Õ>´ \Á, ÔVÈ \Á ®™ ÷ÚkÁÔÔ^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™.

“\´∏_
W´Õ>´ \Á ®[≈V_ ‘∂
∂ ’á™V
á™V ®[≈V_ ÷©√Ω›>V[ ®ø> ºkı|D ®[Æ
>ta_ ÂVD cÚkV¬˛Ák›]Ú¬˛º≈VD. ∂Õ> kΩk›Á> \Vu≈ xΩBVm.
÷m>V[ W´Õ>´ \Á. ∂|›>m ÔVÈ\Á. ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_
70
√B[√|›mk>uÔVÔ¬ EÈkuÁ≈ cÚkV¬˛ ÷Ú©√VÏÔ^. ∂m ®_ÈV¬
ÔVÈ›]KD √B[√¶Vm c>V´›]uz >ÁÈk[ º>ˆ_ kÕ>V[
kÕ>V[” 5 ®[√Ï
∂©m_ ´z\V[.
∞º>V \Á ®[≈V_ √ÁwBm. Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ∂≈ºk, \Á›

ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ A›>DA]Bm ®[√>[Æ. ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÿ>V¶ÚD \´∏[
ÿ>V¶º´V‚¶›]_ A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô xÕÁ>Bm √ÁwBm. A]BmD ∂>uz©∏[ kÚD
A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô© √ÁwBm ®™› ÿ>V¶∫zD ŒÚ ∑wuE >V[ ÷m. \‚|t[§
\´Á√ ∂§Õ>V_>Vº™ \´Á√ *Ækÿ>[√m Ì¶ ƒV›]B©√|D. \´Á√› >[
kB\V¬˛ºB AmÁ\ ÿƒa¬ÔÈVzD. ®™ºk ∞u√mD \Æ©√mD \´∏[√Vu√‚¶
\Á ŒÚ ¿º´V‚¶D Œ[ÆD √È°\VÔ› >M›mD ºƒÏÕmD
∂Dƒ∫Ôº·. “\Á
˛Á·›mD kÚD ¿º´V‚¶D. \Á ŒÚ \V]ˆBV™m ∂_È ; Œº´ Ê´V™m
∂_È ; Œº´ ºkÔº\V Œº´ ]ÁƒºBV ÿÔVı¶m ∂_È ; \Á ∑TÔˆ©√m
\‚|D ∂_È ; ÔΩ™ cÁw©A¶[ ºkıΩ© ÿ√≈¬ÌΩBm \Á. ÷≈Õ>
ÔVÈ›][ √w∑ÔÁ· \‚|\_È, WÔμÔVÈ›][ Am∑ÔÁ·•D
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m ; kÚ∫ÔVÈ›][ Ô™°ÔÁ·•D ÔÚsºÈ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m
\Á. c^x´ı√V|Ô^ ÿÔVı¶m ; >V¬z>_Ô”¬z› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm
g·Vkm, \Á cÁ¶B¬ÌΩBm; cÁ¶¬Ô¬ ÌΩBm; cÁ¶ÕmD EÁ>ÕmD
ÌΩBm” 6 ®[√Ï ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[. “\Á
A]>VF cÚkVÔ¬ ÌΩBm \Á ®[≈V_ √ÁwÁ\
®[Æ ÿ√VÚ·_È ; ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ ÷È¬˛BxÁ≈Á\l[ ∂Á¶BV·D.
gÔºk \ÁÔ^ √ÈkuÁ≈ ∂§BxΩ•D
∂§BxΩ•D” 7 ®™ \´∏[ ∂Á¶BV·›Á>
s·¬z˛≈VÏ m.ÊMflƒVt.
∂§QÏÔπ[ \Á *≈ÁÈ› >twk[ ÌÆkm ÷∫z ®ı›>¬Ôm.

º¤D¸ ¤VF¸ >[ xÕ]B \´Á√ \Æ©√mD \Á>V[ (∂>Vkm ∂m ŒÚ
“º¤D¸
kVƒÔfl ÿƒB_√V|) QV™¬Ì›>[, ÔD√[\´Á√ E≈©∏›m ®|©√mD \Á©
∏´¬ÁQ>V[. ∏´VF| >V[ ÿƒV_o ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ®Õ>©Am¬Ôı|∏Ω©AD
A]B>_È
A]B>_È” 8 . ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô^ kVF¬Ô©ÿ√uÆ \´Á√ ∂§Õm \´Á√
®]Ï›>kÏÔ·VÔºk x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”D ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈ
∂kÏÔ^ Amkm AÁ™˛[≈kÏÔ·VÔ°D √ˆt¬˛[≈™Ï. ÷[ÿ™VÚ
x¬˛B\V™ ∂DƒD \´ÿ√[≈V_ ∂m BV©∏[ A≈WÁÈBV™ kΩkD√u§B
Œ[Æ\‚|Õ>V™V?
71
\´ÿ√[√m >tμ\Á, >tμ\´∏[ g] ∂≈D, ƒ\Bfi ƒV´V> \Á ®[ÿ≈VÚ
ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚E•D ÔV¬˛¶¬˛≈>_ÈkV. ÷>Á™fl >[\B\V¬˛BkÏÔ^ x©ÿ√Ú∫
ÔsQÏÔÁ· ∂Ô©√|›]B kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]™Ï. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ·V™
Eu∏, >tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ z§›m QVMl[ √]_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ
AÈÁ\ \´∏oÚÕm >DÁ\ ÿk‚Ω¬ÿÔV^˛≈ ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
∂Á\˛≈m. “AÈÁ\
>tμ\´∏oÚÕm÷kÏÔ^ >VıΩfl ÿƒ_Ès_ÁÈ. √V´]l[ kVˆ∑Ôÿ·™›
>DÁ\ ÷kÏÔ^ ÔÚmkm ÷>™V_>V[
÷>™V_>V[” 9.
ÿƒ_È©√V
“ÿƒ_È©√V x>oBkÏÔ·V_ ÷™D ÔVxΩBV> >tμ\Á
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ”¬z© √È A]B g¬Ô∫ÔÁ· sÁ·s›>m. \Á
®[√m ®mÁÔ, º\VÁ™, BV©A x>oB ŒÚ EÆ ÌÆÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. k^”kÏ¬z^”D ÷·∫ºÔV°¬z^”D ÷B∫˛B
>ta[ ∂≈ c≈ cÏ° \´Á√› >DÔVÈfl Ûwo_ \VÏ¬EB ÿÂ§l[
JÈD kV™D√VΩÔ^ >\¬z^ sˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 10 ®[√Ï.
>tμ √V´D√ˆB \´√§Õm ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ z§›mD x©ÿ√ÚD
>tμ\ıË[ ƒV´xD, √V´D√ˆB \´∏[
ÔsQÏÔ^ z§›mD ÿÔ·EÔ[, “>tμ\ıË[
ºkÏÔ”\u≈ ÔÚ›mÈÔfl EÕ>Á™ÁB kΩk Z]BVÔ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı¶ >tμ
÷È¬˛B cÈÔD c^·¶¬Ô Z]BVÔ ¿ı¶ #´ s›]BVƒ›]_ >^πºB
Ák›]ÚÕ>m. ∂>™V_>V[ 17 ÷>μÔ^ \‚|º\ ÿkπkÕ> kV™D√VΩ
÷B¬ÔD ÿ√u≈ \¬Ô^ ÿƒ_kV¬ÁÔ 119 ÷>μÔ^ ÿkπkÕ> ®ø›>V_
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ” 11 ®[√Ï.
ÿ√≈xΩBs_ÁÈ
].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[ ∂kÏÔ^ >tμ ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ[ ÿ√VmÁ\©√u§•D,
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ kΩkWÁÈ©√u§•D ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ. “ƒ∫Ô
ƒ∫Ô
÷È¬˛BD, EÈDA, ]Ú¬z≈^, ÔD√´V\VBD ÷ÕÂV[zD
√È>ÁÈxÁ≈l™´VKD √È >´©∏™´VKD ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ ÔÚ›m
ºkÆ√VΩ[§© º√ˆÈ¬˛B∫Ô^ ®[Æ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔV^·©√|√Ák
÷ÕÂV[˛uzD ªΩÁwBVÔ ŒÚ ÿ√VmÁ\BV™ ÔÚ›mWÁÈ Á\B∫
ÿÔVı|^·m. ∂>Vkm ƒV] ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ŒÚ ÿ√Vm \M>zÈ º\[Á\
( Secular and Universal Humanity) ∂>Á™ ∂ΩÿBVu§B >tμ÷™©
ÿ√ÚÁ\ ( Tamil Elkcs ) ®[√m Á\B\VÔ ∂_Èm ÿƒF] s|©√VÔ
( Message) ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” 12 ®[√Ï.
72
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ƒJÔ›]_ Ôıÿ¶|›> ƒ\>Ï\D ®[√Á>
\mÛ>™[ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ >\¬z^ ƒJÔD º>Ω
“kV™D√VΩ¬
÷Æ]l_ ƒ\>Ï\›]_ ÿkπ©√‚¶™Ï. ƒ\>Ï\D >V[ \M>M[ ∂Ω©√Á¶
∂≈\VÔ¬ Ôı¶™Ï. ƒ\›mkD ®[√m g] ∂≈D. ÷m ÷kÏÔ”¬z©
º√Vm\V™>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÷Õ> ∂≈›][ g”ÁÔÁB cÈÔ
∂·sKD >\¬z^”D Ôı¶™Ï
Ôı¶™Ï” 13 ®[√Ï. ÷ÀkV≈V™ >tμ \´∏[ g]
∂≈›Á> >™>V¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ·VÔºk x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ \Á z§›>
AˆÕmÏ°D ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. xÕÁ>B g] ∂≈›]Á™ºB √V´]
√V´]>Vƒ–¬z ª¶VÔ°D c^kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›>kÏÔ·VÔ ÿkπ©√|kº> ÷kÏÔπ[
\´√§Õm \´ÿ√]Ï¬zD √ΩBVÔ ÷kÏÔπ[ √Á¶©A¬Ô^ ªº¶ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m.
\´ÿ√[√m BV©A \Á \‚|\[Æ >ta[ c^·VÏÕ> g] ∂≈ \´ÿ√™¬
Ôıº¶VD. \´ÿ√[√m >tμ\Á \‚|Õ>V™V ®™ ∂|›> ºÔ^s ®ø˛[≈m.
>tø¬ÿÔ[Æ >Mfl E≈©√V™ \Á c^·m. ÷m >s´ ÷Õ]B ∂·s_ ŒÚ
ÿ√Vm\Á c^·m. ∂©A≈D cÈÔ·VsB \´ÿ√V[ÆD c^·m. x©ÿ√ÚD
ÔsQÏÔπ[ E≈©√DƒD ®[™ÿk[≈V_ ÷›>z xD\ÁÔ”¬zD ªº¶
ª¶VΩ¬˛¶¬zD ∂kÏÔπ[ k_ÈÁ\ºB ®™ÈVD.
J[Æ \ÁÔ^ √u§•D ∂kuÁ≈© Am¬ÔsQÏÔ^ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|

®ÀkVÆ c›]Ô·VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ s·¬ÔD
cÈÔ \Á, ÷Õ]B \Á, >tμ \Á g˛B J[ÆD >tμ
∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. “cÈÔ
÷È¬˛B© √Á¶©√VπÔπ[ cÏºkV| ÔÈÕm WuzD ÔVÈ¬ Ô‚¶D ÷m.
c≈° ka cÈÔ \ÁD, ÂV|ka ÷Õ]B \ÁD, ÿ\Va ka›>tμ \ÁD
÷¬ÔVÈ© Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·ÏÔ”¬z¬ ÔVÈ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ¬ ˛Á¶›m^·™.
÷>™V_ >tμ ÿ\Va¬z \‚|º\ cˆB kw¬z¬ z§X|Ôº· ∂[§, ∏≈
ÂV‚ΩuzD, ÷Õ]B ÂV‚ΩuzD cˆB kw¬z¬ z§X|ÔÁ·•D g”D
kVF©Á√© Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·Ï ÿ√uÆ^·™Ï
ÿ√uÆ^·™Ï” 14 ®[√Ï.
ÔsflEÔ´∫Ô^ ®[≈V_ ÔD√[, ÷·∫ºÔV, k^”k[ g˛B JkÚD>V[

®[√m √V´]l[ kV¬z. ∂Á> Eu∏ ®|›m¬ ÌÆkm ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. √V´]
>tμ ÷È¬˛B k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®©√Ω ∂Á¶BV·D Ôı¶VÏ ®[ÆD ÂVD ÔVı√m
∂kEBD. \Æ√Ω•D, \Æ√Ω•D ∂k™V_ √È WÁÈÔπ_ ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚¶©√‚¶
73
x©ÿ√ÚD Ôsfl EÔ´∫Ô^ ÔD√[, k^”k[, ÷·∫ºÔV g˛B JkÚD>V[.
√V´]l[ ÷Õ>› º>ÏsÁ™ ÷[ÆkÁ´ \Vu§•Á´©√VÏ BVÚt_ÁÈ.
EÈ©√]ÔV´D ÿƒF•^ ÂÁ¶BV_ cBÏÕ>m. ]Ú¬z≈^ cÆ]•D ∂wzD,

ÿ>π°D ÿÔVı¶ ÿ√VÚ·V_ E≈Õ>m. ÔD√[ √Á¶©º√V ÷Às´ıÁ¶•D
c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ®_ÁÈÿBV[§[Á\ÁB ºÂV¬˛©√≈Õm √VFÕ>m.
÷m>V[ √V´]l[ ÔÚ›m. >tμ› º>EB›m¬z ÷·∫ºÔVÁk•D, ÷Õ]B›m¬z¬
ÔD√Á™•D, cÈ˛B›m¬z k^”kÁ´•D ∂kÏ º>ÏÕÿ>|›]Ú¬Ô°D Ì|D.
÷´ı¶Vl´\Vı| ÷È¬˛B k´ÈVu§_ \Æ º√fl∑¬z ÷¶t[§ ÷kÏÔº·
“÷´ı¶Vl´\Vı|
>Mfl EÔ´∫Ô^ ∏≈ √Á¶©AÔ^ ®_ÈVD z[ÆÔ^, ∂ÚsÔ^, A>ÏÔ^,
√^·›>V¬zÔ^>VD
√^·›>V¬zÔ^>VD” 15 ®[√Ï.
xD\ÁÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>BV·Ï z§›> ∂©m_

´z\V[ √]°D ; x©ÿ√Úfi EÔ´∫ÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı¶ √V´]BVÏ z§›>
Eu∏l[ √]°D ; >tμ\´∏[ g]∂≈›Á> ∂Á¶BV·©√|›] WuzD ŒÚ
k´ÈVuÆ ƒ¬]BVÔ ~º´V| >tw[√[ z§›> ∏[kÚD √]°D ÷Õ> xD\Áfl
ƒ∫Ô\ ºÂV¬˛_ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.
ÂV. ∑©∏´\ËB[ ∂kÏÔ^ \´Á√ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >tμ \´∏uºÔu√

ÔsQÏ ~º´V|
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· >tw[√[ √Á¶›]Ú¬zD E≈©Á√ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “ÔsQÏ
>tw[√[ ∂kÏÔÁ·© ÿ√VmkVÔ© √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÏ
kakÕ>kÏ ®™ ÂVD ∑‚Ω™VKD, ∂kÁ´ º\u∑‚ΩB ÷´ı¶Vl´D gı|›
>twÔ¬ ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§[ ƒ\ÔVÈfl ÿƒ_ÿÂ§l[ k´ÈVuÆ›
>¶∫ÔπÿÈV[Á≈ ÷™∫ÔV‚Ω ∂Á¶BV·©√|›] WuzD k´ÈVuÆ©
√V›]´\VÔºk ÂVD ÔË¬Ô ºkı|D. √wÕ>tμ ÷È¬˛B© AÈÁ\ \uÆD
BV©∏B_ g”Á\ ®[√kuº≈V| ÔsÁ>•È˛_ ∂Ω√]›m, ÂT™ÔVÈfl
Ûwo[ º>ÁkÔ”¬ºÔu√© AmÁ\ÔÁ· c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> k´ÈVuÁ≈ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ_KD ŒÚ k´ÈVuÆ
\M>´VÔºk k´ÈVuÁ≈ ÷B¬˛ WuzD ƒ¬]BVÔºk ∂kÏ ÔË¬Ô©√¶
ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ
ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ” 16 .
cÈÔ \´ÿ√[˛≈ kÁÔl_ º\ÁÈ\´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D (√V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶V

á ~º´V| >tw[√[, Am¬ÔsÁ>BV_ z§X| á ∂©m_ ´z\V[ xÁ™kÏ√‚¶
74
gFºk|) ˇÁw \´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D (Á«¬Ì á ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Á«¬Ì,
ÿƒ[Z• o\Á´¬Ì á ~º´V| >tw[√[); ÷Õ]B \´∏[ ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D
(®D.∏.kV∑ º>k[ ÂVBVÏ á Èo>VD∏ÁÔ ∑Õ>Ï¤™D, {.®[.s.z‘©,
ƒflE>V™Õ>[, ÿ√ÚD√¶kD p>´[, ®D.∏.Tº´Õ]´z\VÏ x>oºBVÏ Eu∏)
\ÁÈBV· g¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D >twV¬ÔD ÿƒFmD, ∂§xÔ©√|›]•D, gF°
ÿƒFmD √Á¶›>π›>kÏÔ^ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô^
∂kÏÔ”¬z kVF›>Á\BVºÈºB ∂kÏÔ^ >D √Á¶©AÔ”¬z› ÿ>ˆ° ÿƒF>
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D s>s>\VF ºkÆ√¶ÈV˛[≈™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂kÏÔ^ >D
√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈ÔÁ· cÚkÁ\©√]KD ÷›>ÁÔB c^·VÏÕ> Aˆ>_Ôº·
ÔV´ËÔ·V˛[≈™.
2.2 c^·¶¬ÔD \uÆD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ º>Ï°
ÂT™›mk›Á> c^kV∫Ô› >ÁÈ©√‚¶ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_

sº>EBg]¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ ∑º>EB ®øflE ®[√m ÷ÚºkÆ kÁÔl_
√ˆt›>m(1) >tμ *‚A kV>D (2) ÷Õm *‚A kV>D. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ®ø›m¬
zøs™ˆ_ E.\Ë \uÆD Â.∏flƒJÏ›] >s´ ∞Á™ºBVÚ¬z ª¶VÔ ÷Õm
*‚AkV> ºÂV¬zD ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\© º√V¬zº\ ª¶VΩ W[≈m.
Â.∏flƒJÏ›] E›>Ï \Á ƒVÏÕmD E.\Ë ÿƒ[\Á ƒVÏÕmD
s›]BVƒ©√‚ΩÚÕ>™Ï.
√z›>§°fl ƒÕÁ>l_ / ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD ÁÔl_

“√z›>§°fl
xuÆ©A^πÔÁ· / JÏ¬Ô\VF Ák›m¬ÿÔVı|
xÁ·BΩ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.
EÈÏ ∑Ú]•¶[ / EÈÏ ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B›m¶[

EÈÏ kÚVE´\›m¶[ / EÈÏ ÔD√Ú¶[
EÈÏ sfiQV™›m¶[ / EÈÏ \VÏ¬¸ ∞∫Ô_∑¶[
ºkÆ EÈÏ ®>–¶º™V / Œm∫˛ W[≈ EÈÏ

\™ ÷BK¬z ∂©√VÁÈ ∂ΩflƒVÏÕ> / \VÏ¬Ô›º>V|
Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.
75
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[
÷ÚÕ>m” 17 ®[˛≈VÏ.
Ô\V>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m
Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ ÔsÁ> z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚ ÿÔV^ÁÔ, ∂_Èm >Ï\›m¶[

W[Æs‚¶kÏÔÁ·© º√∑˛[≈m. ÷∫z W[Æs|>_ ®[√>[ ÿ√VÚ^ ∂kÏÔ^
∂k´kÚD ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á\©∏uz ∂©√V_ EÕ]¬Ô xΩBV\_ ∂kÏÔ^
EÕ>Á™¬z xuÆ©A^π Ák›ms‚¶Á>© º√∑˛[≈m. ∂>uz\V≈VÔ
∂Á\©AÔÁ·¬ Ô¶Õ> ÿk‚¶ ÿkπl_ WuzD ∂k´m EÕ>Á™ Ô\VkVÔ
÷Á¶W[Æ \Á¶\V§› ÿ>V¶Ïk>Á™© º√Efl ÿƒ_˛[≈m.
\´Á√ AˆÕmÿÔVı¶V_>V[ AmÁ\BV™ ÿƒF]ÔÁ·© √Á¶¬ÔxΩ•D

®™ E. \Ël[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “ T.S. ®oB‚Ω[
‘Traditional and Individual’ ®[≈ Ô‚|Á´ ®∫Ô”¬z© √V¶\VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m.
∂]Ï¥‚¶kƒ\VÔ ∂]_ \´Á√ ¿ xø>VÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ¿ ®Á>
*≈ºkı|D ®[√m ÿ>ˆ•D. ¿ \´Á√› ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^·V>kÁ´ ¿
AmÁ\ÁB© √Á¶¬Ô xΩBVm. gÁÔBV_ ¿ √ÁwB s≠B∫ÔÁ·›
ÿ>ˆÕm ÿÔV^· ºkı|D. E.\Ë √V]©∏_ÈV\_ ®ømk>VÔ WÁ™©√kÏ
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ∂_Èm >tw[√[ √V]©∏_ ®ø>ÈVD. √ÁwB
g‚Ô”¬z ÂVD ®_ºÈVÚº\ Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ƒ∫Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ”¬z,
Ôo›ÿ>VÁÔ, EÈ©√]ÔV´D, √‚Ω™©√VÁk, ∂ÔÂV˚Æ, A≈ÂV˚Æ
®ø]BkÏÔ”¬z ÂVD Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ∂ıÁ\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈
BVÚ¬zD Ô¶[√¶s_ÁÈ. g™V_ ÿ>V[Á\l_ ÷Ú¬˛≈kÏÔ”¬z¬
Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD
Ô¶[√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD” 18 .
E.\Ël[ º√‚Ωl_ ∂k´m √]_ E.\Ë BVÏ BVÚ¬z ÂVD

Ô¶[√‚|^º·VD ®™ \´∏[ ¿‚E√u§© º√∑˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ>V¶ÏÁ√
÷ÀsÚkÏ >sÏ›> ®ø›m¬ zøs™Ï mıΩ›m s|˛[≈™Ï. º\ÁÈ \´∏[
\B¬Ô›]_ ˇÁw\´∏Á™› >sÏ›m s|˛[≈™Ï. ÷ÀkVÆ ®ø›]™V_
mı¶V¶©√‚¶ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶Ï ÷ÁwÁB kV™D√VΩÔº· *‚ÿ¶|¬˛[≈™Ï. ÷∫z
mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m ®[√m >tμ \´∏[ g] ∂≈D.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ >∫Ô·m Am¬ÔsÁ>l™V_ ƒJÔ›Á> \Vu§

∂Á\›>VÏÔ^ ®™ ∑. ∂´∫Ô´V∑s[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ ∞uAÁ¶B>VzD. “®ø›m
®ø›m
76
÷B¬Ô›]™ˆ[ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔBV·©√|D c^·¶¬ÔxD
kΩk∫Ô”D kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›]™ˆ[ Am¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔBV·©√|D
c^·¶¬ÔxD kΩk∫Ô”D ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB ºkÆ√‚|^·™.
x[Á™ºBVˆ[ >M\M>kV> ∂Ω©√Á¶¬z ®]´V™m ∏[Á™ºBVˆ[
ƒJÔkV>D x[Á™ºBVÏ º\u˛_ x>ÈVπ›mkD TμflE ∂Á¶˛≈
ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›][ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∞u≈™Ï. kV™D√VΩÔ^
>VÌÏ √V´ÊÔ¬ ÔsQÏ ˜©´V[ g˛B ˇÁw ÂV‚|¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔÁÈ
÷È¬˛B¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ· ∞u≈™Ï. ®™ºk ®ø›m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
c^·¶¬Ô› >V¬Ô›>V_ kV™D√VΩÔ^ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™Ï ®[Æ
®ıbk>uz ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. √V´]¬z©∏[ >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
∂Æ√‚¶ ƒJÔ cÏÁk *ı|D ÷Á›mfl ÿƒ[≈kÏÔ^
kV™D√VΩÔ^” 19 ®[√Ï.
kV™D√VΩÔ^
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô›][ º>Vu≈D z§›mD Am¬ÔsÁ> kΩk›Á> ∂m

>twÔD xøkmD √´©∏Bm z§›mD, ∂]_ √∫ºÔu√V·´VÔ°D ºÂƒƒ¬]BVÔ°D
s·∫˛B ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ~|√V| cÈÔ ∂·s_ ∂>–Á¶B √V]©A ®_ÈVD

“Am¬ÔsÁ>l[
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVıº¶ \Á¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ EÈÏ xuº√V¬ÔV·ÏÔ·VÔ
÷ÚÕ>VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔ^ ºÔVÁkl_ >uÿƒBÈVÔ¬ ÌΩlÚ¬˛≈ kVF©A
∞u√‚¶m. AsB´∑, QVM, º\›>V, ∂¬˛MA›]´[, Eu∏, ÂV.ÔV\´Vƒ[,
>tw[√[, *´V, ÷[zÈV© ÷kÏÔ^ EÈ ÿÔV^ÁÔ xΩ°Ô^
®|›m¬ÿÔVı| ÷B¬Ô›Á> g´D∏›>VÏÔ^. ®™¬z› ÿ>ˆÕm >tμ
ÂV‚Ω_ Â¶Õ> Œº´ ÷È¬˛B ÷B¬ÔD kV™D√VΩ>V[. ∂>[ ∏≈z>V[
Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m √´kÈVÔ >tμ ÂV‚|¬z ∂§xÔD g™m. ∂>[
÷È¬˛B› >´›]_ ®™¬z ÔÚ›mºkÆ√V| cı|. g™V_ Am¬ÔsÁ>
®[˛≈ kΩk›Á>› >tμÂV| xøkmD √´©∏Bm kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD>V[.
ÂV–D ∂∏•D ∂Õ> ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl ƒV´V\_ ÿkπloÚÕ>VKD Ì¶
®_ºÈVÚº\ >tÁw xÁ≈BVÔ© √Ω›>kÏÔ^. ÷>™V_ >tμ©
ÿ√ˆºBVÏÔ^, >tμ©√ıΩ>ÏÔ^, º√´VEBÏÔ^ ÷kÏÔπ[ ®]Ï©A
77
zÁ≈Õ>m. >V\Á´ º√V[≈ ÷>μÔ^ Am¬ÔsÁ> ∏uº√V¬ÔV™m ®[≈
g´D∏›>™” 20
>∫Ô^ WÁÈ√V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm \V§ ∂kuÁ≈ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô g´D∏›>™
®[√Ï.
Ô. ÁÔÈVƒ√] Am¬ÔsÁ> k´ÈVu§[ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶∫ÔÁ· J[Æ √z]Ô·VÔ

kz¬˛[≈VÏ (1) \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ¬ ÔVÈD 1930, 40Ôπ_ (2) ®ø›ms[ ÔVÈD
1950Ôπ_ (3) kV™D√VΩ¬ÔVÈD 1970-Ôπ_.
x>_Ô‚¶ ÔsQÏÔ^ kƒ™ ÔsÁ> ®[–D kΩk›]ºÈ ÿÂfiÁƒ©

“x>_Ô‚¶
√§ÿÔV|›m W[≈™º´B[§, A]B ÿ√VÚπºÈV ∂[§ ]‚¶k‚¶\V™
÷È¬˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔlºÈV ~|√V| ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï ∂_ÈÏ. ÷´ı¶VD
Ô‚¶›m¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E, ÿ>πs[Á\,
∂ÕWB©√¶_, º√Vo›>[Á\, >tμ \Á ∂§BVÁ\, Tı√Ô‚|,
ÿ√VÆ©AÏflEl[Á\, ƒx>VB sº´V>D, \‚|*§B >M\M> kV>D
x>oB™ tzÕ]ÚÕ>™. J[≈VD Ô‚¶›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_,
®]ÏÔVÈ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ, ÿÔV^ÁÔ› ÿ>π°, º>ƒ©√uÆ, ºÂÏÁ\,
>tμ\ÁÏflE, ®πÁ\, ÿ√VÆ©AÏflE, ƒx>VB ºÂBD, Ì‚|≈°
c^·™” 21 ®[√Ï.
\º™V√VkD x>oB ÌÆÔ^ E≈©∏B_AÔ·VÔ c^·™
kV™D√VΩÔ·V_ ƒ™ÂVBÔ\V¬Ô©√‚¶ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ x>_

∂Á¶BV·\VF ÷ÚÕ>m ∂>[ \>flƒVÏ√u≈ >[Á\BVzD. ®ø›m ∞uÔ™ºk
ÿƒF•^ ®[≈ ª¶Ô›]oÚÕ> ÔsÁ>ÁB cÁ´kaºB ÷B∫Ôfl ÿƒF]ÚÕ>m.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂Á> ƒJÔ ÷B¬Ô›][ clÏÂVΩBVÔ \Vu§™Ï. º\KD
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ƒJÔ ∂–√k›Á> c^·¶¬Ô\V¬˛B>[ JÈD
¤™ÂVBÔ©√|›mD Â¶kΩ¬ÁÔ WÁ≈ÿkF]Bm ®[Æ ∂kÏ s·¬˛fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔπºÈ ŒÚ ÿ√ˆB \Vu≈›Á>© √VFflƒÈVÔ

WÔμ›]B>[ kVlÈVÔ AÈÁ\ \´∏uzD, º\‚|¬zΩ \º™V√Vk >M\M>
kV>›]uzD cˆ›>VÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÔsÁ> \´∏Á™ ÔVÈÔ]l_ >D ƒJÔ
c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô·V_ ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›]B kV™D√VΩÔπ[ √∫Ôπ©A z§›º>
º\u∑‚ΩB ÔV.Ek›>D∏l[ ÔË©AD Â\¬zÏ›m˛[≈™.
78
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ √V\´ \¬Ôπ[ ƒJÔ© ∏´flƒÁ™ÔÁ· ~|√V‚|¶[
>\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √Á¶›>™Ï ®™ ÿÔ·EÔ[ √]° ÿƒF˛≈VÏ. “√ıΩ>M[
√ıΩ>M[
ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕ> ÔsÁ>ÁB© √V\´M[ ÿ\Va¬z \Vu§™V[ √V´].
√V\´M[ ÿ\Val_ √]° ÿƒFB©√‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÁB, √V\´º™ √]°
ÿƒF•D√Ω ƒJÔ›][ ˇμ sπDA kÁ´ ÔsÁ>ÁB ¤™ÂVBÔ©√|›]Bm
kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬ÔD. kV™D√VΩ ÷B¬Ô¬ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B ®_ºÈVÚD
kVμs[ A]B kVƒ_Ô^ ]≈¬Ô ÂD∏¬ÁÔºBV| TÆÿÔVı|, g›\VÏ›>
®ø]™VÏÔ^” 22 ®[√Ï.
ƒJÔ ~|√V‚|¶[ ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏÔ^
ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \V§ k´ÈVl™.

‘kw¬ÿÔ™©√|km cBÏÕº>VÏ º\uº≈’ ®™©√‚¶ ÿ>V_ÔV©∏B ÔVÈ›]_
kz¬Ô©√‚¶ ÷È¬ÔD ∂>uz x[√VB ÷È¬˛B∫Ôı¶>uz ÷BD∏B
÷È¬Ô\VzD.. ÿ>V[Æÿ>V‚| ÷[≈·°D ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷ÀkVº≈ ŒÚW´VÔˆ©∏[
∂ÉB_ ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ>BVÔºk ¿Ω¬˛[≈m. ∂Ω›>‚| \¬ÔÁ·› >\m ÷È¬˛B
g¬Ô∫Ôπ_ >sÏ›>º>V¶_ÈV\_ º\‚|¬zΩl™Ï. ÂV‚¶VÏ ÔÁÈÔÁ·•D
÷ÀkVFÿ\Va ÷È¬˛B \´Á√•D A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛ºB kÕ>™Ï. Áƒk, Ákk
ƒ\BkV]Ô^ E›>Ï √V¶_ÔÁ·© A≈¬ÔË›>Á\¬zD ÷mºk ÔV´\VzD.
kVFÿ\Va ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁ· W´VÔˆ¬zD º√V¬z √ıΩ> \º™V√VkD \uÆD
º\‚|¬zΩ \º™V√Vk›]uzD ª¶VÔ s·∫˛› º>V[§Bm. ÂT™›mk
÷È¬˛BkV]Ô^ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\•¶[ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D, º√fl∑¬
ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D W´VÔˆ›>™Ï. ®ø›m\´∏™Ï ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿ\·™
kVE©∏uzˆB™kVÔ ∂¶¬˛kVE¬Ô©√‚¶™Ï ®[≈V_ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsB´∫Ô xw¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ°D Ìk_ ÿ>VM•¶[ c´¬Ô© º√∑k™kVÔºk
s·∫˛™.
∂.\VÏ¬¸ kV™D√VΩ Ôs\´∏[ ∏[AÈ›Á>©√u§ ∏[kÚ\VÆ

÷[≈·°D Ì¶ ®ø›>§° ÷_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_
s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “÷[≈·°D
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ÔÈVflƒV´›Á>•D Ì¶
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô \´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ gzD. ƒJÔ©
√ΩWÁÈl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]Ô·VÔ s·∫˛BkÏÔ^ ÿ√Ú\·s_ √∫z
ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD s·∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD
79
\≈Õms¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔ·VÔ°D Ì¶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ s·∫˛™Ï.
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD xuº√V¬z ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ \¬Ô^ ƒVÏA› >[Á\ÁB•D
Eu§>μÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> \´∏™Ï \¬Ô^ ]´π¶tÚÕm sÈ˛ W[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\›
>[Á\ÁB•D ÷Õ>© ∏[™ËloÚÕmD ÂVD √VÏ¬Ô
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m
ºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m” 23 ®[√Ï.
\V–¶D √V|D kV™D√VΩÔπ[ \M> ºÂB¬ ºÔV‚√Vº¶ √V‚|Á¶›

>ÁÈkÏÔ·VÔ º\[Á\ÔÁ·•D, Ô¶°·Á´•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ W[≈ xÕÁ>B
\ÁÔÁ· ®_ÈVD Ô¶Õm √V‚¶Vπ\¬ÔÁ·•D, ∂Ω›>·, sπDAWÁÈ
\¬ÔÁ·•D ƒJÔ›][ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔÁ·•D, ∂¶¬zxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D, ÷[º™V´[™
∏≈kuÁ≈•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô¬ Ô·[ ∂Á\›>m. ÷m >tμ \´∏[ g] ∂≈›][
ÿ>V¶Ï¿‚EBVÔ°D, ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ka©√‚¶ ƒJÔ¿] ƒ\>Ï\ cÏ°ÔÁ·
\VÏ¬EB ºÂV¬˛_ Am©∏›m¬ÿÔVı¶>[ ÿ√ÆDº√≈VÔ°D kV™D√VΩÔ”¬z
kVF›>ÿ>™ÈVD.
\M>Á™ ∂k[
>M ÂVBÔ ∂ΩÔ·VÏ \V–¶D √u§ z§©∏|ÁÔl_, “\M>Á™
÷B_∏Á™, ∂k[ g¬Ô›]Á™á k´ÈVÆ, ÷È¬˛BD, ÔÁÈ g˛Bku§[
Á\B¬ÔÚ›>VÔ¬ ÿÔV^”D ÿ\FlBKD, ÔıºV‚¶xD N•\MƒD
(\V–¶D) ®™©ÿ√ÆD
®™©ÿ√ÆD” 24 ®[√Ï. ∂ΩÔ·Vˆ[ ÔÚ›Á> Œ‚Ω ÔV.Ek›>D∏
\VÏ¬EBfl EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m ®[™ ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “\VÏ¬ÊBfl
\VÏ¬ÊBfl
EÕ>Á™ \´∏_ \V–¶D ®[√m \M>–¬zˆB ÿÔ·´k›Á>, >[
kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ› >Vº™ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬zD ]≈–Á¶B ∂k™m
gu≈ÁÈ, ∂Õ> gu≈ÁÈ ∂k–¬z kw∫Ô°D, k·Ï¬Ô°D ºkıΩB
∂≈, Â[ÿ™§© ÿ√Æ\V™∫ÔÁ·© √u§B§>KD ∂ku§[ ÿ>Vau√V‚Á¶
s>Õm ÌÆ>K\VzD
ÌÆ>K\VzD” 25 .
\V–¶D √V|D kV™D√VΩÔ·VºÈºB Am¬ÔsÁ> √´kÈVÔ

x[ÿ™|¬Ô©√‚¶m. \‚|\_ÈV\_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·
sˆkV¬˛BmD ∂>uÔV™ ƒJÔ c^·¶¬Ô∫ÔÁ· ∞u√|›]BmD kV™D√VΩÔ^
kw∫˛B ÿÔVÁ¶ºB ∂kÏÔ·m ÔV›]´\V™ √∫Ôπ©A √u§ Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´M[
ÔË©A ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.
80
kV™D√VΩÔπ[
“kV™D√VΩÔπ[ gº´V¬˛B\V™ √V]©AÔ·VÔ©
∏[kÚk™kuÁ≈fl ÿƒV_ÈÈVD (1) Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z© √´kÈV™ Ô·D
∞u√|›]Bm (2) Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· sˆkV¬˛BmD ƒJÔfl
ƒVÏA >Õ>mD (3) >tμ\ıËu cˆB E›>VÕ> \Á ƒVÏÕ> \˛μºÂV¬ÁÔ
÷¶mƒVˆ¬ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”¬ºÔu√ \Vu§› >Õ>m (4) >tμ\Á ƒVÏÕ>
¤™ÂVBÔ› >[Á\, >tμ› º>EB ®øflE ÷ku§uzfl ƒVÏ√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_
W[≈m. ÷ku§uÔVÔºk ÷kÏÔÁ· ŒÚ >M ÷B¬Ô\VÔ ∞uÔxΩ•D.
÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿ√Vm ÷B_AÔ·VÔ› >[™D∏¬ÁÔ t¬Ô
ÿkπ©√V|, ƒV]\> \Æ©A, \M>V∏\V™D, ƒ\ÔVÈfl E¬Ô_ÔÁ·•D
ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·•D ÿkπ©√|›m>_, ∂Á™›mÈÔ© √VÏÁk,
k´ÈVuÆ™ÏºkV| kVμs_ ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚¶_ º√V[≈kuÁ≈ ∞uÆ¬
ÿÔVı¶™Ï
ÿÔVı¶™Ï” 26 .
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›> EÈ ºÔ^sÔÁ· ®]ÏÿÔVı| Am¬ÔsÁ>l[

√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ sˆkÁ¶B¬ Ô·™VBÁ\Õ> ∂[Á≈B ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶fl ƒJÔfl ÛwÁÈ›
∞[, ŒÚ ÔsQ[ z§©∏‚¶ {Ï
]Ú.∑.Â¶´Vƒ[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. “∞[,
∂_Èm ŒÚ kÁÔBV™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› º>ÏÕÿ>|¬˛[≈V[? ∞[
÷[ÿ™VÚ √Á¶©√Vπ¬z ∂m ÔıË_ √¶s_ÁÈ? >V[ ƒVÏÕ>
kVa¶∫Ô^, ƒJÔ¬ zø¬Ô^ x>oBku§[ ∂–√k∫Ô^, ∞[ ŒÚ
ÔsQM¶D ∂_Èm ŒÚ EÈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √V]©AÔÁ· ∞u√|›m˛[≈™,
∂_Èm ∂kÏÔπ[ ®ø›m¬Ôπ_ c^”ÁwÕm
Ôs©ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™?
Ôs©ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™?” 27. ÷›>ÁÔB ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶Ô^ xÕÁ>B
√]°Ô”¬z ª¶VÔºk ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ√Á¶©√Vπl[ cuÆºÂV¬Ôo_
®Ák ®Ák ∂kÁ™© √V]¬˛[≈™ºkV ∂Ák ∂ÁkºB ∂k–¬ÔV™
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VÔ ∂k™V_ ÿ>ˆ° ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈™. ŒÚ √Á¶©√Vπl[
ÿ\FlB_ ∂bzxÁ≈•D ∂k[ƒVÏÕ]Ú¬zD EÕ>Á™©√^π•D (School of
thought) ∂>uºÔu√ c^·¶¬Ô∫ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·•D
yÏ\VM©√™kV˛[≈™.
1916 gD gıΩºÈºB ƒV]B ®]Ï©AÏs[ JÈ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^

º>V[§s‚¶™. A]B ÿ>VaoB›>V_ cÚkV™ º√´·sÈV™ ÿ>VaÈVπ kÏ¬ÔD
81
ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬ ºÔV‚√V‚|¶[ >Mflƒ¬]BVÔ cÈÿÔ∫˛KD k·´› ÿ>V¶∫˛
1917á÷_ íBVs_ ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ g‚EÁB ∞u√|›]Bm. g∫˛ºÈBÏ
kÚÁÔ•¶[ ÷Õ]BV°¬z kÕ> x¬˛B\V™ ƒ¬] ÿ>VaoB x>ÈVπ›mk\VzD.
ÿkπÂV‚|› >BVˆ©AÔ”¬ÔV™ su√Á™fl ƒÕÁ>BVÔ°D, JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^
ÿÔV^··° ÷¶\VÔ°D ÷Õ]BV nº´V©∏B x>ÈVπÔ”¬z ∂ΩÁ\BV˛Bm.
√ÁwB WÈ\VMB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ÿ>Va_Ô^ x¬˛B›mkD ÷wÕm
E>Æı| º√Vl™. ÷>™V_ √ÁwB cu√›]xÁ≈ ƒVÏÕ> ƒJÔ c≈°Ô”D (˛´V\fl
ƒJÔD, ƒV], Ì‚|¬z|D√D ƒVÏÕ>Ák) sˆƒ_ ÿ√≈ÈVl™ ®™ ÷Ú√>VD
±u≈VıΩ[ >ÁÈkVƒ_ g™ ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËÁB s·¬˛fl ÿƒ_kVÏ
m.ÊMflƒVt. x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[, ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›m ∂§B›
>ÁÈ©√|xÔ\VÔºk ÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ© ∏[™ËlÁ™•D, ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔ
kΩk∫ÔÁ·•D √u§ s·∫˛¬ÿÔV^· ºkıΩ•^·m. ÷›m¶[ ®]Ï©A¬ z´ÈVÔ
ÿkπ¬˛·D∏B ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ z´_ \uÆD Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Az§›mD
AˆÕmÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩ•^·m.
ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ ÿkπ©√V‚Á¶› m.ÊMflƒVt s·¬zkm ÷∫z

Œ‚| ÿ\V›>\VÔ© √VÏ›>V_ ƒVyB Œ|¬zxÁ≈,
Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “Œ‚|
ƒVyB \]©AÔ^, ºÔVl_ √ı√V| ƒVÏÕ> \]©AÔ^, ÿ√ıbˆÁ\,
\>ÿk§, ÿ√VÚ·V>V´fl ∑´ı¶_ g˛B™ºk ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔ
kΩk∫Ô·VÔ ÷ÚÕ>™ ®™ÈVD. ÷ku§uz ®]´VÔ¬ z´_ ÿÔV|©√º> ƒJÔ
¿]¬ÔV™ ÿkπ©√V| ®™ÈVD
®™ÈVD” 28.
ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬zó[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ \uÆD ∂ku§[ ÿkπ©√V‚Ω[

÷B_AÔ^ z§›m ÷Õ]B ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√|km z§›> ÷Õ]
÷È¬˛B›]_ \Æ©AD ®]Ï©AD √u§B Âº´Õ]´º\VÔM[ \]©¨‚Á¶© √B[√|›]
÷Ú©√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁ·¬ Ôı¶§B xu√|˛[≈VÏ
ÊMflƒVt.
>uÔVÈfl ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬zó[ ÂV[z ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ (1)

“>uÔVÈfl
∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ (Scientific Conciousness) (2) ƒJÔ› >›mk© (Social
Philosophy) √VÏÁk (3) kÏ¬Ô©º√V´V‚¶D (Class Struggle) (4) ∂ÉB_
√VÏÁk (Political Vision). ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÿkπ©√V‚ΩB_∏_ J[Æ
82
ÌÆÔ^ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD (1) \Æ©A (2) ®]Ï©A (3) ÊÏ]Ú›>D Am¬ÔsÁ>
®[√]_ A]B ®[√m z§›mD ÂT™D ®[√m z§›mD c^·VÏÕ>
ƒV´VDƒ›Á>© AÈ©√|›mD √]°Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈•D ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´
\™∫ÿÔV^”ºkVD ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 29 .
Am¬ÔsÁ>
“Am¬ÔsÁ> z§›> ∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑ ∂kÏÔπ[ s·¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔVıº√VD. ÷´ı¶Vkm •›>›]uz© ∏[º>V[§B Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
A]B™ >uÔVÈ {ÏÁ\•¶[ ÌΩB cÏkø›>xD
A]B™” 30 ®™ ∂´∫Ô ´V∑°D, “>uÔVÈ
Am¬ÔsÁ>” 31.
gμÁ\•D Œ›]Áƒ©AD ÿ√u≈ ÿ\VaºB Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z ÂT™D ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ √B[√|›>ÈVD ®™

√V.g™Õ>z\VÏ z§©∏|km Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. ∏ÿ´fi∑ ∂§ÿkVπ
“∏ÿ´fi∑
÷B¬Ô¬ ÔVÈD x>_ ÷flÿƒV_ ∂>[ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√VÚπ_
√B[√|›>©√‚| kÚ˛[≈m. ÔVÈVk]BV˛© º√V™kuÆ¬z ∂_Èm
\Á¬z ®]´V™ Â¶›Á>, Ûw_, \™WÁÈ ®[√™kuÁ≈¬ z§¬Ô ÂT™D
√B[√|˛[≈m” 32. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô
( modern)) ®[≈ ÿƒV_ √B[√|˛[≈m
x¬˛B›mkD z§›m© º√∑D Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÷>Á™ ko•Æ›] ®|›mÁ´¬zD
kÁÔÁ\©√V|D ÷∫z EÕ]¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.
“ >tμ¬ÔsÁ> ÿ√Ú\·° ÂT™›mk›]uz ®]´V™m. ÔV´D

ÂT™›mk ÔsÁ> kΩk›]uz x>[Á\ >Ú˛≈m ; >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
®©º√Vmº\ kΩkfl ºƒV>Á™ÔÁ·© ÿ√Ú\·° Œ©A¬ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÷[ÆkÁ´ c^·¶¬Ô›]uz \‚|º\
x¬˛B›mkD >Úk>VÔ ÷ÚÕmkÚ˛≈m. gÔºk >tμ¬ÔsÁ>ÁB
®]ÏÂT™›m¬ ÔsÁ> (Anti Modernist Poetry) ®[Æ>V[ ÿƒV_ÈxΩ•D ”33.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÔsÁ> \´∏[ c^·¶¬Ô x¬˛B›mk›Á>© AˆÕmÿÔV^·

÷¬ÔË©A A]B kVl_ÔÁ·› ]≈©√>V˛[≈m. ÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶[
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ √´©A z§›> √VÈVs[ √]° z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
A]B kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ Ô·∫Ô^, ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÚ·V>V´ \VÆ>_Ô^,

“A]B
\V§kÚD \M> c≈°Ô^, √ı√V‚|fl E¬Ô_Ô^, A]B ƒJÔ
∂∫ˇÔV´∫Ô^, EM\V¬Ô”D, √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”D ∞u√|›> WÁ™¬zD
83
¤™´fiƒÔ¬ ÔÈVflƒV´D, ÂÁ¶xÁ≈ ∂ÉB_ g˛Bku§oÚÕm ÷[Á≈B
kVμ¬ÁÔ ∏≈©ÿ√|¬˛≈m. ÷ku§[ sÁ·kVÔ°D, ÷[Á≈B
WÔμ˛≈m” 34 ®[√Ï.
÷È¬˛B©√Á¶©A WÔμ˛≈m
Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ƒJÔ›]_ ÷Ú¬Ô¬ÌΩB kÆÁ\,

ÿ√ıbˆÁ\ x>ÈV™kuÆ¬z› yÏ° ÔVbk>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>m ®™ ÷´V.ÂV´VB[
ÔÚ›m ®ı›>¬Ôm. “ \´√VÏÕ> ÷È¬˛B©√V| ÿ√VÚ^ÔπoÚÕm
\VÆ√‚|¬ ÔVÈ›][ º>Ák¬ºÔu√© A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı|
s·∫˛™ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^. ƒ\ÔVÈ© ∏´flEÁ™Ô·V™ ÔV>_, kÆÁ\,
ºkÁÈkVF©A, k´>‚ƒÁ, sÁÈkVE cBÏ°, ª]B cBÏ°, ÷w©A,
∞\Vu≈D, s´¬], Êu≈D, ÷BÈVÁ\, ∂§BVÁ\, \˛μflE, Ô¶›>_,
ÔÈ©√¶D, ÷ÈfiƒD, ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©∏[Á\, ∂ÉB_, ƒV], ÿ√ıbˆÁ\
x>ÈV™kuÁ≈¬ ÁÔl_ ®|›m¬ÿÔVı| >\¬ºÔ cˆB
cÏflEºkÔ›m¶[ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷B∫˛™ ” 35.
>twÔ›]_ \‚|\_ÈV\_ ~w› >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ_ ÿÂ§lKD ÷kuÁ≈

c´ÈVD. \ÔV ÔsÁB x[Ák›m x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏[kÚD
x.ÿ√V[™D√È›][ ÔÚ›m ÷›m¶[ Œ›mºÂV¬Ô› >¬Ôm.
“ t[™_, x˛_, ÿ>[≈_ √u§ ®ømkm>V[ ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ŒÚ

ÔVÈ›]B k·ˆ·D √Úk©º√V¬˛[ ƒkVÈVÔ°D, \ÔVÔs Wu˛≈VÏ.
∂>™V_>V[ ∂kÏ, ÷[™Ák>V[ ÔsÿBø> ∞u≈ ÿ√VÚÿ·[Æ
ÿƒV[™kuÁ≈ ¿Ï ]Ú©∏fl ÿƒV_ÈVyÏ; ºƒVÁÈ, Ô¶_, t[™_, x˛_,
ÿ>[≈oÁ™ \≈°∫Ô^ *Õ]Ú¬zD ÷[™_, cÁw©A, ∞μÁ\, cBÏ°
®[√™kuÁ≈© √V|∫Ô^ ®[ÆD, gÁ¶ cºkV| ∂¶∫ÔVm ÂD º>Ák
TΩÚÕ>V_ \‚|D sΩBVm ÂD kVμ° ®[ÆD √V|D \«V Ôs
ƒV\VMBÏÔπ[ >´∫ÔÁ· ®_ÈVD c>§› >^π¬ÿÔVı| º\ÿÈwºk
xBuE ÿƒF˛≈VÏ ” 36 . ®™ºk √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬ÔV √fiƒD? cuÆºÂV¬Ô,
cuÆºÂV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ºBV kVF¬zD ÂÁ\©√V]¬˛≈
WÔμ°Ô^ \™¬˛¶∫˛_ ºƒÔ´\V˛¬ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ √Á¶©AÔ·VÔ cÚ\VÆD.
ƒJÔ ∂¿]l[ ƒJÔkΩk∫Ô”¬z ®]´V™ ƒJÔ¿]¬z´ÈVÔ, >uÔVÈ

{ÏÁ\•¶–D \´√§Õm \´ÿ√]Ï¬zD kÁÔlKD ÿkπ©√‚¶Ák ®[˛≈
84
kÁÔlºÈºB x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ c^·¶¬Ô∫Ô^
∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∂k´kˆ[ cuÆºÂV¬ÔK¬zD, c‚˛´˛©∏uzD ∞u√
∂k´kˆ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D s>s>\VF¬ ÔV¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. AmÁ\l[
∂º\VÔ sÁ·flƒ_Ô·VÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_, x[Á™© √ÁwÁ\l[
*‚|ÚkV¬Ô∫Ô·VÔ°D, xÕÁ>B ÷È¬˛B© ∏´]Ôπ[ ª¶V‚¶\V™ ªΩÁw©
∏´]Ô·VÔ°D Ì¶ ÂDt_ √]Õm *^kVE©√Á>› #ıΩ Wu˛[≈™.
2.3. Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^

2.3.1 *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ®[√m √ÁwB ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·© A]>VÔ cÚkÔD ÿƒFkm

gzD. Eu∏l[ ƒÏ©√BVÔD, \mÁ´ T´[, {.ƒzÕ>ÈV, ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^
º√V[≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ gzD.
ÿ>V¶¬ÔD ®[≈kÏ ÔsÁ>ÁB› ÿ>V¶∫zÁÔlºÈºB \V–¶›

ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ ÷ÚÕº> Eu∏ ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈VÏ. ÷Á≈k[ √Á¶©∏_ >V[ ®›>Á™
®›>Á™ \M>ÏÔ^ ®[≈VKD s›]BVƒ\VF ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ xÔ∫Ô^ ®–D
nB©√V‚Ω_ ÿ>V¶∫˛
“∂[Á≈¬z ŒÚÂV^/ g´D∏›m Ák›>Vº™ g>VD ∂k–¬z / ∞kV^

ÿÔV|›> ÷MB g©∏π_ / ÷›>Á™ sÁ>Ô·V?” ®™ ssoB› ÿ>V[\\V™
sÈ¬Ô©√‚¶ ÔMloÚÕº> g´D∏¬zD ∂k´m ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ ÔsÁ>Ô·V_
>V[ ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ®™ ÂDÁ\ \ÁÈ¬ÔÁk¬˛[≈VÏ.
∂|›> √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ‘ÂV[’. ∂Õ> gk©√V|ÿ√VÚÁ·ºB ∂kÏ

‘ÂV™≈’ © √VΩ¬Ôπ¬˛[≈VÏ.
“®™¬ÿÔVÚ ÿÔVΩ•D ®™¬ÿÔVÚ √Á¶•D

÷Á≈k[ >´s_ÁÈ
\™¬Ô¶_ ∂ÁÈl_ ƒ™›]´^ Â|s_
\Á≈kVF¬ ˛¶ ®[≈V[
ÂVu√m ºÔVΩ Ww_Ô^ Â|s_
Â¶¬zD ŒÚWw_ ÂV[”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.25á26).
85
®[≈kÏ ∂¶¬˛ kVE¬˛[≈VÏ. ÁÔ∫ÔÏB\VÏ¬ÔD ®™©√|D gk∫Ô¶Õ>
∂[AkaBV™ ÿ>[ÔÁÈ Ákk \´∏_ kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.
“∂|¬˛B √›][ ∂>‚¶_ Œo¬ÿÔ[

gkD √ËBVm” ®[≈kÏ
ÔsÁ> ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_ g´VKD ®[Á™ ∂\‚¶ ŒıVº> ®–D

EkkV¬˛Bˆ[ E›>Ï \´∏[ z´KD, ÂV\VÏ¬zD zΩ ∂_ºÈVD Â\Á™ ∂fiºƒVD
®–D Áƒk\´∏[ ∂©√Ï z´KD ∂>uz ª¶VÔ ªΩÁw© ∏´]Ô·VÔ (Inter
textuality) Œo¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫˛ s|˛[≈™.
√_∏´]›mkD z§›> Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.

ŒÚ
“ŒÚ A›>Ô›Á> kVE©√m ®[√º> ®›>Á™ºBV >[Á\ÔÁ·
\™›]uÿÔVı| ∂Á>©∏≈ A›>Ô∫Ôº·V| Œ›mD c≈μÕmD
√VÏ©√>V˛≈m. ÷Á>›>V[ ÂT™ s\ÏƒÔÏÔ^ √_∏´]›mkD
®[˛≈VÏÔ^
®[˛≈VÏÔ^” 37.
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔÁÈÁB© √VÏ›m ∂Á\˛≈m ®[º≈ ŒÚkV>›]uÔVÔ

Ák›m¬ÿÔV^ºkVD. ∂©√ΩBV™V_ ÔÁÈ ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m?
÷>uz©√]_, ÔÁÈ, ÔÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕº> º>V[Æ˛≈m ®[√m>V[. ∏[
ÂT™›mkD ÷Á>›>V[ z§©√V[ z§©√V[Ô”¬ºÔ ÷‚|flÿƒ_˛[≈™
®[Æ ÿƒV_K˛[≈m. x[A √_∏´]›mkD ®[Æ z§©∏¶©√‚¶mD
÷m>V[. ÔsÁ>, kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂–√k›]oÚÕm ®ø>©√|km ∂_È á
®ø>©√|˛[≈m” 38.
\V≈VÔ, xÕ]B ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕº> ÷[Á≈B ÔsÁ> ®ø>©√|˛[≈m
ƒ\B\ÁÔÁ· \‚|\_È. ÷È¬˛B \ÁÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBV”k]KD Eu∏

k_ÈÁ\ t¬ÔkÏ. Eu∏l[ √Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB x[MÆ›] ÷È¬˛B
\ÁÔÁ· *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm ŒÚ \VuÆ©√]°¬Ô·\VÔ ∂mz§›m
WÔμ›>©√|D ÷´V. ∂≈ºkÕ>[ \]©¨‚ΩÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ Œ›mºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
÷È¬˛B k´ÈVu§_ BV©AD √V|ÿ√VÚ”D ÔVÈÕº>VÆD \Vu≈D

ÿ√uÆ^·™. Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ÷ÚkÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.
ºkÁÈl[Á\, ÈfiƒD, Ô¶›>_, sÁÈkVE, ÔÈ©√¶D ®™ ¿”D ƒ\ÔVÈfl ƒJÔ
86
WÔμ°ÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬zkm ŒÚWÁÈ. √ıÆ ÿ>V‚| ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_
\´√VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕmkÚD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ √Ω\∫Ôπ_ AÁ´ºBVΩ©º√V™ √z]Ô”¬z
\V≈VÔ \VuÆ©√]°ÔÁ· x[Ák©√m, \uÿ≈VÚ WÁÈ, Eu∏l[ √Mx›>D
®–D ÔsÁ> ÷´ı¶Vkm kÁÔ©√V‚| ÿ√VÚ”¬zˆB>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m.
k‚¶¬ Ô]Ï\Á≈B/ k·ÏWÈ° º>V[§|x[ ÷‚¶∂Ω Ô_o_ /

“k‚¶¬
®|›> ∂Ω x^π_ √‚¶ÿ>™fl ÿƒV_KD / √VwV™ ÔV‚ΩÁ¶ºB ®‚Ω ÂÁ¶
Â¶¬zD / ÷kÏºÂV¬ÔD ®[º™ºkV.... (√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ>)
÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ”D, ÔÚ›m ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]•D, √ıÁ¶B

÷È¬˛B \´Á√ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| kVÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ º√V]KD ∂>[
cÚkV¬Ô›]_ √ıÁ¶B ÷È¬˛B \Á¬zˆB ÔsAÁ™ ÷B_A ∞uAD, ÔÚ›>Á\°
÷B_A› >ÔÏ©AD ŒÚ∫ºÔ WÔμÕm^· √V∫˛Á™ ∂≈ºkÕ>[
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
>ÁÈsl[ ÔV>_ cÏ° Am\‚ÔÈ ¿Ï¬ÔE° º√V[Æ (ÿ>V_.

“>ÁÈsl[
1064) ∂Á\>_ºkı|D. ÿ√VÚ^kl[ ∏ˆÕ> >ÁÈk[ *”DÂV^ kÁ´
>ÁÈs ÷_È›]_ gu§ ÷Ú›>_ºkı|D ®[√™ √ıÁ¶B ÷È¬˛B¬
ÔÚ›>Á\°¬ Ô‚¶Á\©A \ÁÔ^, ÷D\ÁÔÁ·© √Mx›>› >ÁÈs
>ÔÏ¬˛[≈V^ ; >ÔÏ©√>VÔ© √Á¶¬Ô© ÿ√Æ˛[≈V^. ®Õ> ŒÚ \´∏[
gwxD ∂ÔÈxD xu§KD >ÔÏ¬Ô© ÿ√uÆ s|k]_ÁÈ. \´∏[
\Vu≈›>¬Ô ÌÆÔ·VÔ¬ ÔÚ>©ÿ√Æ√Ák>V[ \Vu≈›]uz c^·V¬Ô©
ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. ÷Á>©√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô© ∏[AÈD
ÿ>πkV¬z˛[≈m
ÿ>πkV¬z˛[≈m” 39.
√Mx›>¬ ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ ÔV©ÿ√ÆD \Á ∞uA >ÔÏ©A ®–D

x´ıWÁÈlÁ™ ∂¬ÔsÁ>¬ÔV ÷È¬˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_,
\´√§Õm \´ÿ√]Ï¬zD kV™D√VΩ \´∏[ ÷È¬˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔBVÔ°D,
∂ÀsB¬Ô›]uÔV™ ÷È¬˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ®[™ºkV ∂mºk Eu∏¬z\V™
÷È¬˛B¬ ÿÔV^ÁÔ ®™°D ÷™DÔı| E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[ \´∏B_ √VÏÁk √w∫ÔÁ>ÔÁ· ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVı|

“Â.∏flƒJÏ›]l[
∂Á>© Ams>\VÔ© √B[√|›]Bm. ÷[Á≈B Am¬ÔsÁ>© √VkVÏÔ^
87
√Èˆ¶D ÷Õ>© √w\Á¬ ÔÁ>©√V∫z ÔV©√|˛≈m. ∂]KD ∂ÉB_
ÿ√VÚÁ·©√V¶ kÚDº√Vm ÷kÏÔπ¶D ÷Õ]B© √w∫ÔÁ>¬ Ô·fiEBD
{ΩkÚ˛≈m. ÷m¬z¬ ÔV´D ƒ\Bfl ƒVÏ√u≈ ÷Õ]B›][ *m^·
~|√V¶VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. \ıË[ \VıÁ√ cÏÕm ®ø˛≈º√Vm
ŒÚsˆÕ> k´ÈVuÆ© √VÏÁk >∫Ô”¬z› º>Ák ®[≈ ®ıxD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD” 40 ®[√Ï.
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·•D z§X|ÔÁ·•D ÔsQÏÔ^ >∫Ô·m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_

®ÀkVÆ √B[√|›] ∂Á>© Am¬ÔÚ›>VÔ \Vu§BÁ\›>™Ï ®™ ÿ√.∑√V∑
÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω_ √wD ÿ√ÚD
ƒÕ]´º√VL[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm. “÷Õ]B
A´V∫Ôπ[ ∏[™Ë•D ƒ\B kVμ¬ÁÔxÁ≈•D ÷´ı¶≈¬ ÔÈÕm
WÈ°D º√V¬z \¬Ô^ ÷Á¶ºB ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ÷©º√V¬ÁÔ cÏÕ>
ÔsQÏÔ^ ∂[Æ x>_ ÷[ÆkÁ´ A´V¬ ÔÚ›>V˛B ÿ>V[\›Á>¬
z§X|Ô·VÔ© √B[√|›]•^·™Ï. ÷kuÁ≈¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ >VD
ÿƒV_ÈkÕ> ÔÚ›m¬ºÔu√ ƒ\ÔVÈ kVμÁk© ∏´]√o¬Ô› ÿ>V[\¬
z§X|ÔÁ·› º>ÁkBV™ ÷¶∫Ôπ_ \Vu§•D Am©ÿ√VÚ^ Ôu∏›mD,
\]©∏w¬Ôfl ÿƒFmD √B[√|›]•^·™Ï
√B[√|›]•^·™Ï” 41 ®[√Ï.
>ÕÁ>¬z ∂k^ / ŒÚ √Õ>Bfl ƒ´¬z / ÔVxÔ–¬z ∂k^ / ÷´k_

√V¬z / Ôk–¬ºÔV / ∂k^ BÕ]´ cÆ©A....
(Eu∏, ÷´V\M[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂ÔoÁÔ)
gV]¬Ô›>V_ √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿ√ıVÔ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔV©√|˛[≈V^.

A≈ ∂wÔV_ ÷Õ]´™V_ kfiE¬Ô©√‚¶V^, ÿÔ·>\ xMk´V_ Ô_ÈVÔ ƒV√D
ÿ√u≈V^ ®[≈ ÷Õ]B ÂV‚Ω[ √ÁwB A´V∫ÔÁ· ƒ\B kVμ¬ÁÔ xÁ≈ÁB•D
÷´ı¶´¬ ÔÈÕm ÿ>V[\¬ z§X|Ô·VÔ© √B[√|›]•^·VÏ. ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·
÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÁÔBV”k]_ tzÕ> ~|√V|D, k_ÈÁ\•D t¬ÔkÏ Eu∏. •∫
®[–D c·sB_ ∂§QÏ \M> Â™ko \M>[ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ®©º√VmD
÷ÚÕmkÚD JÈ cÚ¬Ô^ √u§ ®|›m¬ÔV‚Ω•^·Á>© ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚Ω JÈ
cÚ¬Ô^ √u§ x[Ák©√m ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm.
√ÁwB ÔÁ>Ôπ_ c^· Ô>V©√V›]´∫ÔÁ· Ák›m A]B z§X¶VÔ°D,

g∫˛È›]_ c^·
√Ω\\VÔ°D \VuÆkÁ> Eu∏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ. “g∫˛È›]_
88
( Arche type)) ®[≈ ÿƒV_ÁÈ JÈ cÚ ∂_Èm g]cÚ ®[Æ z§¬ÔÈVD.
ÿ>V[\∫Ôπ_ EÈ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ ∂Á\Õms|˛[≈™. ∂¿]
÷Áw¬Ô©√‚¶k[ ®[≈V_ ∞ÔÁÈk[, ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[≈V_ ÔÏ[, ÔuA
®[≈V_ ÊÁ>, x[ºÔV√D ®[≈V_ mÏkVƒÏ, ¿] ºÔ‚zD ÿ√ıÁ\ ®[≈V_
Ôı˛ ®™fl EÈ ÿ>V[\∫Ô^ ÔVÈ©√w¬Ô›>V_ JÈ cÚ¬Ô·VÔ
cBÏÕms|˛[≈™. ÷Õ] ÿ\Val_ Á\]o ƒ´ız©>V, ÿ¤Fƒ∫ÔÏ,
∏´ƒV› x>oB ÔsQÏÔ^ ∞´V·\V™ ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·¬ z§X¶VÔ°D
ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï” 42 .
√Ω\\VÔ°D ÁÔBVı|^·™Ï
÷Õ>kÁÔlÈV™ ∂k´m ~|√V‚Á¶•D, º\È]Ô©Aˆ>ÁÈ•D

Â\¬zÏ›>© º√Vm\V™ g>V´\VzD ÷m. ÷ÀkV≈V™ ÿ>V[\
*‚|ÚkV¬Ô\V™ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô
√∫Ôπ©√VÔ ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD’, ‘\mÁ´T´[’, ‘∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^’,
‘∏´VBflE›>D’, ‘{ ƒzÕ>ÈV’ x>oB ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·
÷ÀkÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ ÷™∫ÔVÈVD.BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ, ∞z˛[≈ ÿ>VÚ
ÔVÈD ®™› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÷_ÁÈ! ∂Õ>¬ ÔVÈΩÔ^, ÷´V\™_È.. ÿkÆD >s©A! ®™
xΩ˛[≈m. Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^! gV]¬Ô›>V_
Ô™›]Æ˛B g¶kˆ™V_ Ô_ÈVFfl ƒÁ\Õ> ÷[Á≈B ∂ÔoÁÔÔ^ ÿ√≈
ŒıV> s|>ÁÈÁB© º√E Wu˛[≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>.
“AmÂV^ sΩB_ ØÁƒ© ÿ√Vø>Vfl∑ \m´VAˆ T´[ ka√V‚|¬ºÔVΩ

kÕº>[. xu≈›m \Áw¿ˆ_ /xflÛ|D ÌwV˛› >Á´ÿ\øzD Ôπ\ı />™¬z^
x™˛uÆ ∂–√s›m› >MÿÂÚ©∏_ ŒuÁ≈© ÿ√Vø]_ ŒÚÔD ÂV[....
ÿkÕ]ÚÕ>V_? ®™¬ÔÕ>© / ÿ√VDt WÁ™° k´©ÿ√VÚt ∂øms‚º¶[”. ( √.130
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^)
÷m√u§ ÔsÁ>©√Ω\D z§›> Ô‚|Á´ Œ[§M_ Eu∏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ

Eu∏l[ \mÁ´T´[ ÔsÁ>l_ >tμÂV‚|¬ ˛´VtB
º√∑˛[≈VÏ. “Eu∏l[
\´∏_ kÕ> \mÁ´T´[ ka√V| √Ω\\V¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ka√V‚|¬ÔVÔ
\mÁ´ T´[EÁÈ Ôπ\ıV_ ÿƒFB©√|˛≈m. \mÁ´T´[
ÿ√VDÁ\ÁB ÿÂÚ©∏_ ∑‚|¬ √¬zk©√|›>VÁ\BV_ \ÁwBV_
ÔÁ´Õmº√V˛≈m. ∂–√kfl Û‚Ω_ √ø¬ÔV> √Á¶©AÔ”¬z ºÂÚD Ô]ÁB
89
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶ \mÁ´T´[ √Ω\\V¬Ô© √‚ΩÚ©√m ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ E≈©A
E≈©A” 43
®[˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ \mÁ´T´[ ÔsÁ> QVM \uÆD \.\mÛ>™[ kVE©AÔπ_
ÿkÀºkÆ Aˆ>K¶[ ÿkπ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. ∂Á> ∏[kÚD QVMl[
s·¬Ô›]oÚÕm c´ÈVD.
QV™A´›][ / ÂVuƒÕ]Ôπ_ .... xflƒÕ]Ôπ_ / ∂´¬zÔπ_ ....

∂D√È∫Ôπ_ / kVF©√Õ>_Ô^ / gl´D gl´D / k·ÏÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.75)
QV™A´›][
“QV™A´›][ ÔıÔ^ ]≈¬z\V, ¸º´¬
‘¸º´¬ È>V
È>V’ Eˆ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^, ‘\mÁ´
\mÁ´ T´[
T´[’ g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô
∂ÉBÁÈ s\Ïƒ™D ÿƒF•D ÔsÁ>Ô^. \VÏ¬EBD >™¬z^ ÷¶D
ÿ√u≈>[ sÁ·ºk ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^” ®|›mÁ´›>_ ∂_Èm
skˆ›>ÁÈºB ÿ√Ú\·s_ ÿƒFm ÂÁ¶º√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
EÈ, ]œÏ ®™ ŒÚ √VFflƒ_ JÈD ∂ÔD A≈›Á> clÏkV∫˛B ÔsÁ>Ô·VÔ
\V§ s|˛[≈™. EKÁk›>kºBV˛ (Œπ©√≈Ák) ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÷>uz
Â_È ƒV[Æ. ∂ÔoÁÔ √u§B >™m ÷´ı¶Vkm ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>l_
(∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^) ∂ÔoÁÔÁB© √VÁ≈BVF©
√Ω\©√|›m˛≈VÏ. Eu∏l[ ºƒV>Á™¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°D Œ[Æ A≈D
∂Ô›]™Ï ÔÁ´•D ÔsÁ>, EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ º\KD gμÕm ÿƒ[Æ
÷ÁƒBVF© ÿ√V∫zD. ∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ
√´kƒD” 44 ®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛·Æ˛[≈™.
\M>–¬z^ √´kƒD
\m´ ÿÂÚ©AÔπ[ ÔÚD√VÁ≈ xΩs[ ∏[ ®]Ï˛[≈

s|>ÁÈ¬ÔVF ∞∫˛ WuzD Ôu√VÁ≈ AmWÁ™s_ (8) √w∫Ô™s_ (1)
AÁ>Õms‚¶ >Ú›]_ (Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á119) ®™¬z§©∏|D
QVM. >MJ∫˛_, mÁ g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÷ÀkÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ ∂¶¬˛
A≈©ÿ√VÚ^ kÚÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD, ÿ\[º\KD √VFflƒ_
ÿ√uÆ ÷Áƒ¬z^, g[\ ÷BK¬z^ ÷ÁÕms¶ ºkı|D, ÔsÁ>
÷B¬Ô›][ k´ÈVÆ ÷mÿk[≈V_, Eu∏ ÷Àk´ÈVu§_ ÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ ®™
÷™D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.
90
\mÛ>™[ √VÏÁklºÈV \mÁ´ T´[ ∂Ô Œπ›º>‚¶\VÔ©
kVμsB_ ∂–√k∫Ô^ \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ÿkuÆ
AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. “kVμsB_
∂–√k∫Ô·V_ g´kV´∫Ô·V_ √BM_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı| ÿÂfiE_ Ô™_ ®wºkı|D. Ôu√Á™l_ kVw
xΩBVm. ∂–√k∫Ô^ ®[≈ Û| \M>–¬z› º>Ák. ∂–√k∫Ô^
ÔÚ›m” 45.
kaºB >V[ ∂Ô Œπ ]´”D ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m
Eu∏l[ ƒÏ©√BVÔD ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô›]uz gÔfl E≈Õ>

c>V´\VÔ› ]Ôw› ÌΩB>VzD. º>ƒ›][ ÂVƒÔV´fl ƒ¬]Ô·V™ ƒÏ©√∫ÔÁ·
∂a›ÿ>Va¬zD ºk^sÁB¬ z§X¶V¬˛B ∂ØÏk\V™ ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô¬
ÔsÁ>ºB ƒÏ©√BVÔD ∂>[ Ôs›mkD √u§ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§ ÿ>V¶Ï√V™ ∂|›>
÷Bo_ s·¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÔVÈVD.
ŒÚ ÔsQ[ >[ √Á¶©∏_ cÚk›Á>•D, c^·¶¬Ô›Á>•D ®ÀkVÆ

√Á¶¬Ô ºkı|D ®[≈ E.\Ël[ ÔÚ›m \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “cÚkD
cÚkD
ÔsÁ>l[ A≈\VzD, c^·¶¬ÔD ÔsÁ>l[ ∂Ô\VzD. cÚk›]uz¬
Ô‚|¬ºÔV©Á√› >Úkm BV©A. c^·¶¬Ô›]uz¬ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©Á√› >Úkm
÷Æ¬ÔD. ÔsÁ>l[ A≈\V˛B cÚk›]_ s¶ ∂Ô\V˛B c^·¶¬Ô›]_
>V[ Ô‚|¬ºÔV©A (∂wzD) x¬˛B\V™m. c^·¶¬Ô›][ ÷B_º√ √Ω\D
®[–D ∂wz>V[; cÚk›][ ÷B_A, ÿ>VÁ¶ ®[–D ∂wz ®[Æ
ÿƒV_È ºkıΩB º>Ákl_ÁÈ
º>Ákl_ÁÈ” 46.
Eu∏l[ Ô´∫Ôπ_ ÌwV∫Ô_ ®–D√V| ÿ√VÚ^ s>s>\VÔ© √‚Á¶

y‚¶©√‚| t[–˛[≈m. ÷™DAˆBVfl Eu√ÿ\V[Á≈ ÷¶kÈ\V•D, º\_ ˇwV•D,
zÆ¬zÿÂ|¬ÔV•D, ∂ÚzD ÿ>VÁÈ°\V•D ÔV›>ÁÈ©√‚| ∂ÁÈÕm \VFÕm
∂K›>™ ÔıÔ^. ∂m√u§ ∂|¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÿƒ_˛[≈V[. ÔVÈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬
Ô¶Õ> ÔV›]Ú©A, ÷›>Á™ ÿ\ÚÁÔ ÷Áw›ms‚¶º>V ®™ •Ô∫ÔÁ·› >Ê›>
ÌwV∫Ô_o[ ∂w˛_ ÿƒV¬˛¬ ˛¶¬ÁÔl_,
ÔıVΩ© º√Áw¬z^ EÁ≈©√‚¶ ÿ>™› >ıßÚ¬z^ ˛¶Õ>

“ÔıVΩ©
ÌwV∫Ô_ . . . . . . . ÿƒ_ ÿ>VÁÈº√EÿB™ / c^·∫ÁÔ zÆzÆ¬Ô
ŒÚÿ\·™ sD\K¶[/ søÕ> Ô_ s™sBm. ∑BD ÷wÕm / kΩkfl
EÁ≈©√‚¶ ®[Á™ s|s©√VBV?
s|s©√VBV?”(E.Ô.√., √¬.148á149)
91
BV©A¬Ô‚ΩoÚÕm Am¬ÔsÁ> ºÔVˆWuzD s|>ÁÈBV? kΩkº\
x>[Á\BV™ c^·¶¬Ô›Á>¬ ºÔV‚Á¶s|D \º™V√Vk›]oÚÕm
s|>ÁÈBV? ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÂDx[ ºÔ^sÔÁ· ®ø©AD ÌwV∫Ô_ \Æ>ÁÈBVÔ
E.\Ë ko•Æ›mkm º√V[º≈ c^·¶¬Ô›][ ∂w˛BÁÈ
ko•Æ›m˛[≈>VÔ°D ®ı› º>V[Æ˛[≈m. gÔ ÷ÀkV≈VÔ •Ô∫ÔÁ·›
>Ê›> ÌwV∫Ô_ ®[√m ÔsÁ> \Á z§›> z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬Ô
÷¶\π¬˛[≈m.
√w\´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ‚Ôº· Eu∏l[ ÁÔkı *‚ÚkV¬ÔD ÿ√u≈

√Ω\∫Ô·VÔ°D z§X|Ô·VÔ°D kVÏ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√‚| ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
c^·¶¬Ô ÷B_AÔÁ·•D ko•Æ›>ÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[ xD\Á (>tμ,
÷Õ]B, cÈÔ\ÁÔ^) ƒVÏAˆ>_Ô·VKD ∂kÏ>D xDÿ\Va. ÷È¬˛B© √l_°
\uÆD >twV¬Ô© √∫Ôπ©AÔ·VKD ∂kÚ¬zfl ƒV›]B©√¶ÈVl™. ÷mz§›>
∏[kÚD QVMl[ √]° ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´ ®ı›>¬Ôm.
x[™D s∑kVt›´[ ÁÔ\§©A / ∏[™Ï miBÕ>´V¤[ ÔV>_\≈©A¬z

ŒÚ x[º™V‚¶ Œ›]ÁÔBΩ ŒÚk[, ºk>›Á>¬ ÔV>ÈV¬˛™V[ ÷[ÿ™VÚk[
ÔV>ÁÈ ºk>Á™BV¬zkV[ (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á210).
÷Õ]B \´∏™Ï >tμ\´Á√ ÷Á›m© √ÈÏ Ôı¶™Ï. Eu∏¬z^

“÷Õ]B
÷›>ÁÔB Œ[§©A>V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. Eu∏ >V[ sˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶ \Á
®[√>–^ ÷Õ]BV ®π>VÔ ÷¶Dÿ√Æ˛≈m. ∂ÔoÁÔ, ´V\[,
s¸kVt›]´Ï, Ôı[, ƒzÕ>ÁÈ x>oB ÷]ÔVƒ© √V›]´∫Ô^ JÈD
Eu∏ >™¬ÿÔ™ √VÏÁkÁB© √Á¶›>π¬˛≈VÏ. Ô∫ÁÔ•D ÔVsˆ•D
∂kÚ¬z^ Œº´ ∂·s_ cÏkÁÈÔÁ· ®ø©A˛[≈™. «ˆ›mkVÏ
∂kÏ c^·›]_ ®[ÆD {Ï ∂uA>\VÔ ÷¶Dÿ√u§Ú¬˛≈m.
sºkÔV™Õ>Á´•D, √V´]ÁB•D Œº´ kˆÁƒl_ WÆ›m˛≈VÏ
WÆ›m˛≈VÏ” 47 .
∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D ÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_AÔ^ ∂k´m zÚÂV>Ï √V´] kVlÈVÔ

Eu∏¬z kVF›> ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®™ÈVD.
\‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷›>ÁÔB √V|ÿ√VÚ^ *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ®[√>Á™ s|>ÁÈ©

º√V´V‚¶¬ ÔVÈÔ‚¶ ÷Õ]B¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”º¶ Eu∏ºB ÷™D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.
92
÷·∫ zwÕÁ>l[ ÷[ÿ™Vo› >VÁ´l_ ®∫Ô^ º>k˛ \VÏA
>πÏ¬zº\ mÚDA˛[≈ ÷Ú‚√> \ΩlKD ∑´Õm ÿ√V∫˛|Dº>[ ∑Ák© √VÿÈVπ
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √á108)
√ÁwB
“√ÁwB ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ·© A]B ºÂV¬˛_ z§X|Ô·VÔ°D
cÚkÔ∫Ô·VÔ°D AÁ™˛≈ º√V¬zD, s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶¬ÔVÈ¬
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D k·ÏÕ>m. √VfiƒVo¬z^ √V´>›>VÁB ÷™DÔı¶
√V´]BVˆ[ √VfiƒVoƒ√>D, ÔVπl[ *m ÔV_Ák›m gΩ ∂kÁ™
\Ï›>™D ÿƒF> ÔıM[ ∏fi∑¬ÔVo_ ÔVÕ] >ˆƒ™D Ôı¶
k^·›º>Vπ[ ÔV\Øt•Á¶ ∏fi∑¬ÔV_ á ÔDƒÁ™© A≈DÔı¶ º\VÔ™¬
ÔıÁ™, º\VÔ[>V¸ Ô´DƒÕ› ÔVÕ]BVÔ°D, EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ>
ÔıÁ™fl EÁ≈l_ ∏≈Õ> º>ƒ√¬]BVÔ°D \¬Ô[ÈV_ ƒmÏºk]
cÚkV¬˛B z§X| g˛BkuÁ≈© √ÁwB ÿ>V[\DáA]B z§X| g¬ÔD
®[≈ ºÔV‚√V‚|¬z ®|›m¬ÔV‚|Ô·VÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD
z§©∏¶ÈVD” 48 ®[√Ï. ÷›>ÁÔB
Aˆ>_ kVF¬Ô©ÿ√u≈ Eu∏BV_ ÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
E≈©A≈¬ ÁÔBV·©√‚ΩÚ©√ÿ>[√m c^·VÏÕ> ÷B_º√BVzD?
2.3.2 ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ zó_ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^ ÂV[ÿÔ™ s·¬Ô©ÿ√u≈™.

∂kuÆ^ >ÁÈBVBm ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ (Scientific Conciouness) BVzD.
÷›>ÁÔB ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\l™V_ ∂kÚ¬z¬ ÁÔÌΩB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
E≈©√V™ÁkBVzD. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ ‘ÛˆBWw_’ ÿ>Vz©∏Á™ ∂§sB_
∂§QÏ √.Ô.ÿ√V[–ƒVt•D, Œ©∏B_ º\Á> ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√–D, \VÏ¬ÊB s\ÏƒÔÏ
QVM•D ÿ√ˆmD º√Vu§•^·™Ï. Eu∏l[ ‘{Á¶l[ Ô™°’, ‘ÔVÈD’, ‘s≈Vo
kV_Â‚ƒ›]´D’, ‘ÌwV∫Ô_’, ‘ÂVF¬zÁ¶’, ‘Â|∫zDWÈD’, ‘\M>D’ x>oB
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÔVV\u
º√V™ ÛˆB[ \M>D ˛.∏.2006 x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂§sBu AÁ™ÔÁ>Ô·VÔ
(Science of Fictions) kVE¬Ô°D ÷¶\π¬Ô¬ ÌΩB™kV•^·™.
93
∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· Eu∏ >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ®ÀkVÆ
ÁÔBVı|^·VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ √]Ák¬ ÔVıº√VD. sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
“sB¬Ô›>¬Ô
xÁ≈l_ ∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ·› >ta_ ÿÔVı|kÕ>kÏ Eu∏.
WÈVs_ \M>[ ÔV_Ák›> ÿƒF]ÁB ∂uA> cÏºkV| √V|˛≈VÏ.
\M>[ kÁ´lÈV™ clÏÔπ[ √ˆV\›Á>•D ∂>uz xu√‚¶
ÛˆBMoÚÕm cÈÔD cÚkV˛B √ˆV\›Á>•D ÿÔVı¶ gu≈_ tz
ÔsÁ>ÁBfl Eu∏ √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ. ÛˆBMoÚÕm E>§ ÿÂÚ©A¬ºÔV·D,
cÈÔD ®™›]´”˛≈ ÷Á¶¬ÔVÈ›]_ ®›>Á™ ÿ√ˆB ®ˆ\ÁÈÔ^,
®Àk·° ÿ√ˆB \Áw ÷Ω xw¬Ô∫Ô^, gu≈_ tzÕ> ŒÚ ÔsQ´V_
\‚|º\ ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ√ÚD ÔV‚EÔÁ·¬ ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D
ÿÔVı|k´xΩ•D” 49
®[√Ï.
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§sB_ ÔÚ›m¬Ô”D ∂§sB_ ÿƒF]Ô”D

W´D√ ÷¶D ÿ√uÆ^·™. ‘ÔVÈD’ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ Eu∏ ÛˆBM_ ÷ÚÕm
søÕ> ci ÷≈ºÔ Øt ®[≈ ÿƒF]ÁB s·¬z˛≈VÏ. ÛˆBfl ÿƒDº√V›m /
ci ÷≈ÿÔV[Á≈© ØtÿB™ c]Ï›>m / ®∫Ô”¬z› ÿ>ˆ•D
ÿ>ˆ•D.
(ÔVÈD, E.Ô.√., √á142)
ÿƒÀkVF ˛´Ô›]_ zΩºB≈ÈVD ®[√m ÂVD ∂§Õ> Œ[Æ. g™V_

Eu∏ºBV ®[–Á¶B √´D√Á´ «VokV_ Â‚ƒ›]´›]ºÈºB ∂|›> ±u≈VıΩ_
zΩºBÆkVÏÔ^ ®™ ŒÚ ±u≈Vı| Ô¶Õm Â¶¬Ô¬ÌΩB ÿƒBÁÈ ŒÚ sfiQVM
kV™›m› #mkº™ / ƒV>V´
º√VÈ g´VFÕm ÌÆkm sB¬Ô›>¬Ô Œ[Æ. “kV™›m›
kÚ≠›]_ c™¬z / k´ºkuA© √›]´D kVE›>π›>V[ / ®™m zÚÂV>[
√V´] ∂‚ƒB gıΩ_ / kVμ›m¬Ô^ Ì§ cÁ™ kaB–©∏ Ák¬˛º≈[.
∂|›> ±u≈VıΩ_ ¿ / ∂ΩÿB|›m kÚDº√Vm c[xÔ›]Á´ÁB sÈ¬˛
/xÔ\[ Ì≈ c[ á √VÁ>¬ºÔ kÕms|D , ®[ √´D√Á´ ÔsÁ>Ôº·V|D,
ÔÚsÔº·V|D
ÔÚsÔº·V|D”.. (E.Ô.√., √¬.146, 147))
ÌwV∫Ô_ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_ ÌwV∫Ô_ Œ[Æ º√∑k>VÔ°D,

®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´›][ ºÔV√º\ kV™›Á>¬ ˛a›m¬ÿÔVı| >ıßˆ_ søÕ>º>V
®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´D Œ[§[ / ÿÂÚ©A¬
®™ ÌwV∫Ô_ÁÈºB s™°˛≈VÏ Eu∏. “®ˆÂ‚ƒ›]´D
ºÔV√D ´›> s·V≈VF/ kV™›Á> ÂV´VF¬ ˛a¬Ô› >ıßˆ_
ÂøssøÕm/∂™uE™D >ËÕ>º>V? ®[˛≈VÏ. (E.Ô.√. √.14)
94
Â|∫zD WÈD ÔsÁ>l_ WÈÂ|¬ÔD, Ô¶_ºÔV^, clˆ™© √[Á\©
√_KlˆB k·D (Bio-Diversity) g˛B™°D √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VÔ¬
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ®[™ \VBD ÷m / Ô¶_ WÈ\V˛≈m. WÈD ¿^˛≈m
Ô¶ÈVÔ / E∫ÔkV_ z´∫zÔ”D / ÔD¨´ BVÁ™Ô”D / m^π›]ˆ•D /
clˆ™© √[Á\l[ √ˆºƒV>Á™¬ Ì¶D. (E.Ô.√.√¬á148, 160)
∂b g•>∫Ô^ JÈD cÈÁÔ ∂fl∑Æ›mD ∞ÔV]√›]B∫ÔÁ·

s\ÏflE¬ÁÔl_ ÔV˛>©Ao ®[≈VÏ \Vºƒm∫ á ∂kuÁ≈ºB ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬
sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D / sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D /
ÔV·V™VÔ x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ Eu∏. “sˆ˛≈m
´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔV·Vı
ÔV·Vı” ®™© √¶D∏Ω›m; ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. (E.Ô.√. √á157)
ÂVF¬zÁ¶© √u§B Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>¬z© √VÈVs[ s\Ïƒ™D ÷∫z

Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. ∂]ÔV´D Øt©√ÕÁ> WwÈΩ›mfl ƒVÔfl
“∂]ÔV´D
ÿƒFms|D g√›Á> ∂>[ ∂fl∑Æ›>_ ÿ>VMºBV| WÔμÔVÈ
sÁ™flÿƒVuÔπ_ Eu∏ kÏË¬˛≈VÏ
kÏË¬˛≈VÏ” 50.
sfiQV™D ∂a°©√VÁ>¬z \M>Á™ ÷‚|fl ÿƒ_˛≈m ®™ Eu∏ >™m

ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x[Ák©√>VÔ ÷´V.ÂV´VB[ ÔÚ›m Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
\VM¶ ´›>¬ Ô¶_Ôπ[ º\ºÈ ƒVs[ >ÁÈsˆºÔVÈ \z¶D ®[√™
“\VM¶
º√V[≈ m[√xÁ≈¬zD √Ω\∫ÔÁ· tz]•D √B[√|›] ∂b g•>
g√›Á> sˆ›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ. sB©At¬Ô sfiQV™ cÈ˛_ \M> ÷™D
TVÔ ∂akÁ> s|s¬Ô sÚDA˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂>™V_, sfiQV™›Á>,
∂a°©√VÁ>¬z ÷‚|flÿƒ_KD J¶ÏÔÁ· ®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ. N‚ÈÚD
xºƒVoM•D ÷M•D ÿ√ÚÔ¬Ì¶Vm ®™ WÁ™¬zD Eu∏, ∂b•›>¬
ÔÚsÔπ[ º\_ / s´_√]›]Ú¬zD JÏ¬ÔÏÔ·V_ Øt / xø©Aø]¬
ÔV¶V˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á> ®|›m¬ÌÆ˛≈VÏ
®|›m¬ÌÆ˛≈VÏ” 51.
∂b g•>›>V_ ∞u√|D \V–¶fl EÁ>Ák cÈÔ·VsB \V–¶

“∂b
ºÂV¬˛_ º√VÏ ÿk§BÏÔ”¬z {Ï ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ z´ÈVÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>
∂Á\Õm^·m. ÷]_ ÔsQÏ Eu∏ ∂§sBo[ z§¬ºÔV^
EÁ>˛[≈º√Vm ∞u√|D \V–¶ ∂a°ÔÁ· ∂Á¶BV·D ÔV‚Ω•^·VÏ ” 52.
®[√VÏ ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑.
95
‘{Á¶l[ Ô™°’ ®a_tz \M>M[ g]¬ÔÚ©Á√BVF ÷BuÁÔ
kÁ™Õ> ÔV| á √_ÔÁÈ ∂k–¬z© √lu§¬ÿÔV|›> √V¶ƒVÁÈ á ∂k[ ¿flƒKD
√VFflƒKD √l[≈§Õ>m k™A›ˆÂ]Ôπ[ º>Vπ_>V[. J∫˛_ kÁ·›m›
>V°D kV™´∫Ôπ¶tÚÕm s_s›Á>ÁB•D, \ÁÈflEÈÕ]Ôπ¶tÚÕm
ÿÂƒ°› ÿ>VaÁÈ•D ÔuÆ¬ÿÔVı¶ ÔÁ>ÔÁ·fl E›>ˆ¬˛≈VÏ.
ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ / ÂV¶V¬˛Bk[ / ÷[Æ ÷BÕ]´ ÂVÔZÔ ÿÂˆƒo_ /

“ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ
>[Á™ \≈Õ>V[ \M>[ ®[–D / >[ ÂV\xD ÿÔ‚¶V[ √È´V\™VÔ¬
/ ÔÈ©Á√ ∏Ω¬Ô ºkıΩBk[ k´VÔ\VÔ ºkÏÔÁ·© / ∏≈Vı¶›
ÿ>V¶∫˛™V[ ÷´V\™VF© / Øt ÿk∫ÔV™∫Ô^ ÔV¬Ô©∏≈Õ>k[ /
√´∑´V\™VF› ºÔV¶ˆ ∞Õ]™V[ / √´∑´V\[ / g˛s‚¶>V_
ÿ√u≈>VÁBºB / ÿk‚¶› ÿ>V¶∫˛™V[ ºƒVÁÈk™∫Ôπ[ / ∏^Á·
÷©º√Vm √VÁÈk™∫Ôπ[/ >ÕÁ>BVF \V§™V[
\V§™V[”. (E.Ô.√. √¬.51, 52)
®™› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm {|˛[≈m {Á¶l[ Ô™°, √¬] ÷È¬˛B, ÔD√´V\VB

kˆÔ”D, √´∑´V\[ ÿ>V[\xD ÔV|Ô^ ÷BuÁÔl[ √Á¶©A / √VÁÈk™∫Ô^
\M>M[ √Á¶©A ®–D ÷[zÈV© ÔsÁ>Ôº·V|D Eu∏ Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ.
÷Õ> ∂ˆBÔsÁ>BV_ ÔV™ÔD \M>Ï¬z kw∫˛B ÿÔVÁ¶ÔÁ·•D ÿƒFÂ[§
ÿÔV[≈ \V–¶Ï >D ÔV¶a©A¬ ºÔ|ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô·VF ∂|¬˛›
ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. ÷m ∂k´m ÛaB_ ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ÁB© AÈ©√|›m˛[≈m.
ÔV‚| k™∫Ô^ / kÁÔ ÿ>VÁÔl[§› º>V‚¶D √lÏ WÈD /

“ÔV‚|
g¬Ô©√|k>V_ / ∂ÚsÔπ[ √V‚| / ∂¶∫˛© º√VluÆ , Â]Ôπ[ Â¶™D
/ ÷·D∏^Á· kV>D º√V_ / x¶∫˛© º√VluÆ
º√VluÆ” (E.Ô.√. √.53)
÷BuÁÔÁB ∂§sB_ ∂a¬˛≈m ®[≈ Eu∏l[ ÔÚ›Á> QVM•D

\Vÿ√ÚD ÔV|Ôº·V| \M>–¬z ∞u√‚¶ c≈Ák, ÷D\Vÿ√ÚD
∞u˛≈VÏ. “\Vÿ√ÚD
ÔV|Ô^ \M>–¬z^ º>VuÆs›> \VıAÔÁ· Eu∏, {Á¶l[ Ô™°
®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ kΩ¬˛≈VÏ. \Vÿ√ÚD ∂Ús ÂD ÔVÈfl Ûwo_ ®ÀkVÆ
zÆ˛©º√VF, ÔuÔ”¬z ÷Á¶l_ >s›m© AÈD√fl ÿƒF˛≈m ®[Æ ∂kÏ
ÔsÁ> ÿƒV_KD ÿ√Vøm, ÷BuÁÔfl ÛwÁÈ ∂§sB_ k·ÏflE ∂a¬˛≈m
®[√Á> ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ
ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ” 53 ®[√Ï.
96
2.3.3 kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ÂV‚|©A≈ \M>ÏÔÁ· ‘mDÁ√© Ø \M>ÏÔ^’ ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂k´m

EuG´V™ guÆ©ÿ√V^·VflEl[ gaBVuÁ≈\‚|\_È \ıË[
Á\Õ>ÏÔ·V™ √V›]´kVÏ©AÔ^, \ı\™∫Ô\øD kVfiÁƒt¬Ô ÿÔV∫z› >ta[
k‚¶V´kw¬z, WÈkÁ´sB_ ºÔVÈ∫Ô^, ÂV‚¶VÏ√V¶_Ô^, ÿƒVÈkÁ¶Ô^ ®[Æ
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Ôs›mk›º>V| gk©√|›m˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], ÷ÀkVÆ kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B kÁÔl_ x[™›]
∞Ï ∏Ω›> x[º™VΩBVÔ √w\ÈºB º√ƒ©√|˛[≈VÏ. ∂k´m ƒ™∫Ôπ[
ÔÁ>>V[ ÷Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ x>_±_ gzD. ∂Õ> kÁÔlÈV™ ∂|›>
√VFflƒºÈ Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] BVzD. ÷>[ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ∂Dƒ∫Ô^
kVFÿ\Va \´∏Á™ Am¬ÔsÁ> k·Ï©∏_ A™´Á\©√m. ÔsÁ>ÁB
ƒ™ÂVBÔ©√|›mkm, ƒV>V´ ƒ´Vƒˆ \M>ÏÔÁ·¬ zflE›]´∫Ô·VÔ© √]°
ÿƒFkm. ÷Ák ®_ÈVku§uzD º\ÈVÔ x¬˛B\V™ Œ[Æ ®[™ÿk[≈V_
‘Ôu≈ÿ>_ÈVD ®uº≈ ÷kÏ¬z ÂVD ®™ ÂDÁ\¬ ÔÚ›>aB Ák¬zD’ ∂·suz
ÂÁ\ \ÁÈ¬Ô Ák›m sB©∏_ gμ›mD ∂©√ΩBVÔ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D (So called)
√V\´ÏÔπ[ √V´D√ˆB ∂§°fl ÿƒ_k›Á> *‚ÿ¶|©√ÿ>[√º>. ®ø>©√Ω¬Ô›
ÿ>ˆÕ>kÏÔº· ∂§kVπÔ^ ®–D ÔÚ›>Á\° (Concept) ®[√m ŒÚ kÁÔl_
ÔVÈMB \º™V√VkD. ÂD J>VÁ>BÏÔ^ BVkÚD x‚¶V^Ô·V ®[™? ÷›>ÁÔB
\º™V√Vk›][ ®]ˆBVÔºk J>VÁ>Bˆ[ ∂§°fl ÿƒV›Á> *‚ÿ¶|¬zD
gk©√]kV¬Ôº\ ‘ƒ™∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>’, ‘ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]’ º√VKD ±_Ôπ[
E≈©√V™ ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™ÈVD.
ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ÔsÁ>l_ kVFÿ\Va

>tμÂV‚Ω[ kVFÿ\Va©
\Á E≈©√VÔ¬ Ì≈©√‚ΩÚ©√Á>© √]° ÿƒFm^·VÏ. “>tμÂV‚Ω[
√V´D√ˆBD (Oral Tradition), ÷Õ>© Am¬ÔsÁ>ºBV| ÷Á¬Ô©√|˛≈
xÁ≈Á\l[ E≈©Á√ ŒÚ˛´V\›m Â] tÔ k[Á\BVÔ
®|›m¬ÔV‚|˛≈m. ‘ {|D k´ÈVÆ ’ , ÿÔV|D√Vs ƒVÔVº·V Âø°D √ÚkD
g˛B™ku§_ ÷Õ>´ƒkV>D ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛≈m ” 54. guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[
97
gaBVÆ>V[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®M_ ∂>[ Â]JÈD ®[√m \uº≈mt_ÁÈ
\V–¶D √VΩWuzD Eu∏l[ \™©√|ÁÔ>VMMÕ> Â]JÈº\.
“÷m ®[ BxÁ™ ÷m Ô∫ÁÔ, ÷m ®[ ÔVsˆ, c©√VÆ ÷>–^

ƒ∫Ôt¬zD √VÈVÆ∫Ì¶... s≈D∏ÂÔÏ›m∫Ô√›]Á´¬z ÷m >∫ÁÔBVF
÷Ú¬zº\V” ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ®Õ> kÁÔlKD Â]¿Ï© √∫ˇ‚|fl E¬Ô_ ®wV\_
Â]ÔÁ·ÿB_ÈVD ÷Á›m ∂ÁÔÁ·› >ÔÏ›m gÆÔÁ·©
√V¶Ák¬˛[≈VÏ.
÷m ®[ c]´›][ c©A / ÷m ®[ >VF©√V_ √Ω¬ÔV>

“÷m
÷]ÔVƒ∫Ô”D / ®ø] xΩ¬ÔV> ƒˆ›]´∫Ô”D / ÷>[ ÔÁ´l_ ®[
¿È´›>D / ®[ g]¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿ>V©A^¬ÿÔVΩ ∂Õ]\fl ƒVƒ™›][ /
∞‚|fl∑kΩ ÂV–D ckV˛ / *–D ckVzD ÷Õ> Â]¬z / ÂV–D
ckVºk[
ckVºk[”. ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Á·¬˛[≈VÏ. >[ \ıË[
Á\Õ>ÏÔÁ· ÂD Ôıx[ √V›]´ kVÏ©AÔ·V¬˛© √Á¶›>π¬˛[≈VÏ. ÿ>uz
k·° ∂©√VÚ (√V‚Á¶BV); ®ø√m kB]KD J›>kÁ´¬ Ôı¶V_, >ÁÈzMÕm
WÈD ÌÆD ∂]ƒBD g™ ∂D\V ®™ kV∫z.... (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.71).
ºÂE©A¬z ®|›> ÿ¤[\D / ºÂE©A ... ºÂE©A.... AÚƒÁ™©

“ºÂE©A¬z
º√VÈºk / √ıÁB›Á>•D zwÕÁ>Ô^ º√VÈºk / ®ÚÁ\ÔÁ·•D
c≈°ÔÁ·© º√VÈºk / ∂¬ÔD√¬Ô›Á>•D ªÁ´ºB #¬zD , ∂©√Vs[
ºÔV√›Á> ŒuÁ≈© √VÏÁkBV_ / ÿƒm¬˛ ªÁ\BV¬zkV^
ªÁ\BV¬zkV^”(ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], √.29,30). ÷m>V[ Eu∏ ÔV‚|D ∂D\V ®[˛≈ ∂]ƒBD. ÷ÀkVº≈
\≈¬ÔxΩBV> ÷[ÿ™VÚ zflE›]´D ÿ>uzk·°© √V‚Á¶BV
∂∫Ô´V¬z© º√V¶V>/ \VÏ∏[ ∂ÔÈ›]_ ®ø]lÚÕ>m /

“∂∫Ô´V¬z©
ÔV|ÿk‚Ω WÈÕ]Ú›]B x[º™VÏÔπ[ cÁw©A ∞Ï∏Ω›m WÈ›]_ /
®ø]Bm >s´ ∞ÿ¶ø]¬ Ôu≈]_ÁÈ / g™VKD s_o•D ÔD√–D ÂVs_
ƒ|z| sÁ·BV|kVÏÔ^
sÁ·BV|kVÏÔ^”.. ºkD√D Ø¬ÔÁ·© º√V_ \·\·ÿk[Æ c]ÚD
√V‚Á¶BVs[ ∂–√k¬ Ô·fiEB›]oÚÕm ÿƒVÈkÁ¶Ô^. \V©∏^Á·¬
Ô°ı¶Ú¬z J¬z sÁ¶¬˛≈ÿ>[≈V_ ÔÁ> ∏≈¬˛≈m ®[Æ ∂Ï›>D. √V¶D
AÔ‚|˛[≈ √V\´ ∂§° ˝sÔÁ·©√V| ÿ√VÚ^ g¬˛Bº> √V¶D ÿƒV[™kÏÔ^
98
ÔıbÈ AÁÔ s|>ÁÈ¬ ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔV|¬˛≈ \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt. º\a©√V_ AÔ‚Ωs|D
ŒuÁ≈ ∞Ï; \V≈[, ÈV¶∫Ô‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ ÷kÏÔ^ kˆÁƒl_ ÷Æ]BVÔ Eu∏
∂§xÔ©√|›mkm guÆ© ÿ√V^·VflEl[ ƒoD ∂oBV™ ƒ©Á√kVF©
√wMB©√Á™ ∂k–¬z› ÿ>Va_ ®[™ºkV ∂Dt, g‚|¬Ô_ ÿÔV›mkm>V[.
g™V_ ∂k™m \uÿ≈VÚ xÔD >V[ A^πB_ (Ornithalogy) ∂§°. (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m
Â], √.29, 30).
{FÕ> ºkÁ·l_ / √≈Ák x‚Á¶ ºƒÔˆ©√V[ ®Õ>¬ÔV‚Ω_ ®Õ>

“{FÕ>
\´›]_ / ®Õ>©√VÁ≈©∏·s_ ®[™ √≈Ák x‚Á¶l|D / ∂k–¬z
∂›m√Ω >s‚|©A≈V› ÿ>ˆ•\V? ®[Æ ºÔ‚¶V[ ŒÚ>´D ÿ\·™\VF
c>| ∏m¬˛Bº√Vm ∞·™©√VÏÁkBV_ ˇ§s‚|› >Á´l_ √|›>kV¬˛_
/ ÿÔV‚Á¶fl ÿƒΩ©A>ˆ_ / z§√VÏ›m¬ Ô_ÿÈ§Õ>V[ ÿƒV_oÁk›>Vu
º√V_ √≈Õ>™. ŒÚ º¤VΩ› >s‚|© A≈V¬Ô^
A≈V¬Ô^” 70. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]l[
‘√V¶_ ÿ√u≈ ¸>È∫Ô^’ z§›mD, √V›]´∫Ô^ z§›m\V™ ].∑.Â¶´V¤[
√]°Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ô™ (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √. ).
W›B Ô_BVËÁB› ÿ>ˆ•\V c∫Ô”¬z? / ÿk^Á·•D Ek©A\VF¬ ,

ÿÔV^Á· ÂV^kV¶V> / Ø ∂m / ®∫Ô^ ªÏ ∂¬ÔV / ∂∫ÔD\V ∂©√Ω.... (ŒÚ
˛´V\›m Â], √.80).
¨Ω©AÁÔ
“¨Ω©AÁÔ ªmD \ÁÈB©√ ƒVt, º\a©√V_ \V≈[,
ƒVtBVÏ©√VÏ©√V[, ÿk^Á·flƒVtBVÏ, ÈV¶DÔ‚|D >∫Ô©√ gƒVˆ,
ƒˆ›]´ AÚ≠[ ƒ©Á√kVF© √wMB©√[, √›mkB]ºÈºB ÿ√ˆB
´V∫˛¬ÔVˆBVlÚÕ> E[™¬ ÔıV^, \VÆÔı ]ÚJÏ›]
EkÁÈ©√∑kVlÚÕ> k^πBV›>V^, Á\™Ï ´VEB©√[, Â|¬ÔV‚|©
ÿ√ˆBƒVt, W›B Ô_BVËBVF WÁ™°› yu≈ÈV˛© º√V™ ∂∫ÔD\V,
÷›>Á™ º√ÚD t[™_ ˇuÆ¬Ô·VF kÕm º√V˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷kÏÔ^ A´V
\M>ÏÔ·_È ƒ´Vƒˆ ... ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ˇºw. ÷kÏÔ”¬z¬ ÔsÁ> \z¶D
Û‚Ω, WÁ™°fl ED\Vƒ™›]_ ∞u§ Ák›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏
Eu∏” 55 ®[√Ï.
ÔÁ·›m©º√V™ √‚|©ØflE / {Fÿk|©√m º√V_ / ÔVÈD √VÏ›> ÔıÔÁ·

/ ÔÁ·©√V_ JΩ› ]≈›>VÏ / Â|¬ÔV‚|© ÿ√ˆBƒVt / º√V™ A´‚EºBV|, ®ø√›º>ø
xΩ›ms‚¶m (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.76).
99
mDÁ√©Ø
“mDÁ√©Ø \M>ÏÔ^, ∂Õ]\´∫Ô^, ∂¶ÏÕm ∑u§B
ÂVuA>ÏÔ^, Â]¿Ï z]›m› >VoB \ÁÈ©√VÁ≈Ô^, ÷·D √Úk›m›
º>VwÏÔ^, √V¶_ÿ√u≈ ∂w˛Ô^, ÷ku§_ ŒÚ ˛´V\›][ clÏ©A
ÔsÁ>fl E›]´\VF \Vu≈D ÿ√Æ˛≈m
ÿ√Æ˛≈m” 56 ®[√VÏ √VÈV.
s|>ÁÈ© º√V´V‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ ÷Õ]B ÷È¬˛B∫Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÿ>V[\

*‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V∫˛_ ÿ>V[\∫Ô^, ÷]ÔVƒ∫Ô^ \uÆD ÔVsB∫Ôπ[
√V›]´∫ÔÁ·© √V| ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛Bm ŒÚA≈tÚ¬Ô ÷ÀkV≈VÔ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]
JÈD ƒ´Vƒˆ ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD ˇwV™ ƒV\V[B \¬ÔÁ·•D >D √V‚|Á¶›
>ÁÈkÏÔ·V¬˛ kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ k·\V™ ÿÔVÁ¶ÁB•D kw∫z˛[≈VÏ.
÷ÀkV≈V™ √Á¶©AÔ^ ÿ>V¶ÏÕm kÚD
>.√w\Èl[ √]Ák¬ ÔVÈVD. “÷ÀkV≈V™
º√Vº> ∂Õ> ∂Õ> k‚¶V´ \¬Ô^ ÿ√VmkV™ ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁ·›
>∫Ô”Á¶B™kVÔ cÏkVÏÔ^. >∫Ô”Á¶B™kVÔ c´©√¶V>
®m°D >[Á™•D ÔV©√Vu§¬ÿÔV^·Vm >[\¬ÔÁ·•D ÔV©√Vu≈Vm.
÷Õ> QV™ ÿk^·© ÿ√Ú¬ÁÔ¬ ÔsQº´ z§©∏|D ‘ÔÚ›>ıßÏ
ÔÚ›>ıßÏ
ÔÚ›>ıßÏ’
(\Áwl_ \Áwÿ√Fm kÚkm) ‘ÿƒÕ>ıß
ÿƒÕ>ıß ´VÔ¬ (˛Á·Â]© √z]Ôπ_
ÿƒÕ>ıß’´VÔ¬
\Áw ÿ√Fm kÚkm) ÿÔVı| kÕm^·m ÷Õ>¬ ˛´V\›m Â]
Â]” 57 ®[√Ï.
>.√w\ÈF ÿk^·D ... ÿ√Úÿk^·D / gu§[ ÿ√ÚJfl∑ / ÔÚÕ>ıË•D
ÿƒÕ>ıË•D / ÔÈÕm kÚmº√VF / ªÚ¬z^ g´kV´D / ÿk^·D .....
ÿ√Úÿk^·D / ∂¶∫ÿÔVıËBV / \D\VMBVz© º√Vzm´V / ÿk^·D / ®[Æ
g”¬ÔV^ º√fl∑! (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬.45, 48).
÷Õ> kÁÔl_ x[™›] ∞Ï ∏ˆ›> x[º™VΩBV™ √w\ÁÈºB Eu∏Ôπ[

˛´V\›m W]l[ E≈©∏Á™ ÷ÀkVÆ √]° ÿƒFm^·m ÔkM¬Ô› >¬Ôm. k‚¶V´
kw¬˛Á™© AÁ™ÔÁ>Ôπ_ k·\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·k_È ƒJÔ {ÏÁ\ t¬Ô
÷[ÿ™VÚ ƒÔ √Á¶©√VπlBV™ √V. ÿ¤B©∏´ÔVƒ›][ √]°D ÷›m¶[ ŒÚºƒ´
®ı›>¬Ôm.
‘∞Ú WıV ºƒVÆ WıÆD’ / ‘AπBΩlºÈ W¬ÔVº>ºkD√Ω s‚|

sÈÔVº>’/ ‘Ô¶©√VÁ≈ xø∫˛fl ÿƒˆflƒk–D cı| / ÔD\∫Ìμ s¬˛fl
ÿƒ›>k–D cı|’ (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √.16)
100
ƒJÔ›>·›]uz
“ƒJÔ›>·›]uz xu≈VÔºk A]B sƒBD Am\Vu≈D
kÕms‚¶VKD ÿ\Va ∂©√ΩB_È. ∂>–Á¶B ˝k[ ÷[–D \¬Ôπ[
c≈°Ôπ_ º√fl∑ ÿ\Val_ >∫˛•^·m. A]B clÏ ∞u§ cÈkflÿƒFm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√m \¬Ô^ ƒJÔ›>·›m¬z© A]>VÔ kÕ]Ú¬˛≈ sƒB∫ÔÁ·
∂Ï›>© √V]©AÔÁ·© √Á¶©√V¬Ô\VÔ kw∫z˛≈º√Vm, \¬Ô”Á¶B
ÿ\ValoÚÕm, kVFÿ\Va \´∏oÚÕm ®|›m© Az›mkm
∂kEB\V˛≈m. √Á¶©√VπÔπ[ EÕ>Á™¬z^πoÚÕm \‚|D
∏≈©√>_È ÿƒV_ÈV¬ÔD. ∞uÔ™ºk kVμÕm EÕ]›m ºƒÔˆ›m
Ák›m^· ∂§°fl ºƒt©∏oÚÕm ®|›>V^km. \¬Ôπ[ kVFÿ\Val_
k·\V™ ÿƒVuÔ·fiEB∫Ô^ c^·™. ÷Õ> kÁÔ g¬Ô∫ÔÁ·fl
∑TÔˆ›m, A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·› ÿ>V¶ÈVD. A]Bÿ>VÚ \´Á√¬
ÿÔVı|k´ÈVD. ÔsQÏ Eu∏l[ ˛´V\›m Â] ÷ku§¬zfl ÿƒøÁ\BV™
c>V´D
c>V´D” 58.
k‚¶V´kw¬z ®ø›ÿ>[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ÷Õ]B ∂·sºÈºB x[º™VΩ ®™

ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´›][ ÂVk_ÔÁ· z§©∏|kVÏÔ^. ÷ÀkVº≈ ÿÔV∫z›>tμ
kw¬˛[ Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z x[º™VΩBVÔfl Eu∏ºB ]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÂV‚¶VÏ
kw¬ÔVÿ≈[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ˛´VtB© √]°Ô”¬z© ∂©√V_ ÂÔÏƒVÏ ÂV‚¶VÏ √]°
®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. Eu∏l[ Ìo¬ÔVˆ, ŒÚ
Ìo¬ÔVˆÁB© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬zD º√Vº> ∂kπ[ ÿƒ[Á™fl ÿƒÕ>tÁw•D
ÂB\VÔ© √]° ÿƒFm^·VÏ.
÷Áw›> ÔÆ©∏_ zÁw›> º\M /ÿÈfl∑t Eu≈V^ Ìo á ∂k^ /

“÷Áw›>
cÁw¬zD Ô´›Á>© √u§|D ÔVÁ· / cıÁ\l_ AıËB ƒVo! /
>[™V ™›>™ >V· ÈB›]_ / ƒVF›m¬ Ôø›Á> ÿk‚Ω á ∂k^ /÷[™V
È√Vt ¿‚|© º√flE_ / ÷È¬˛BÂBD ÿƒV‚|D
ÿƒV‚|D” (E.Ô.√. √¬.41, 42).
∂k^ xbxb›]|D ÿ>D\V∫˛Áƒ¬z x›>tμ xÕ]sˆ¬zD.

√V´]l[ Am©º√V¬˛Á™ ∂ΩÿBVu§ºB ÂV[ ®ø> g´D∏›º>[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
A]>VÔ¬ ˛·ÏÕ> ®øflE ÿ√VmkVÔ ÷È¬˛B›mÁ≈lKD E≈©√VÔ¬
“A]>VÔ¬
ÔsÁ>lKD \Vu≈∫Ôπ[ AB_TflƒVÔ ∂ÁÈ√VFÕ>m. ÿ\Val[
÷Æ¬ÔD ÿÂ˛μÕm º√fl∑ ÿ\Va¬z ÿÂÚ¬Ô\V™ ÂÁ¶l[ cÚkV¬ÔD
101
ÔsÁ>l_ ∞u√‚¶ \Vu≈∫Ôπ_ x¬˛B\V™m. ÌΩBkÁ´ º√∑km
º√VÈºk ®ømkm>V[ c›>\D ®[√m ®[–Á¶B Ô‚E ®[≈
Am©º√V¬˛Á™› >ta_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ Ák›>VÏ √V´]BVÏ
√V´]BVÏ” 59 ®[√Ï.
EÕ>Vÿ\ E>≈Vÿ\ / k·›m™º™ A^·Vº´ / E›>V›m› >ıËlºÈ /

º√V≈ºB A^·º´V (ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √á95)
Eu∏•D ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]JÈD ÷Õ>kÁÔlKD >[ √V´] kalºÈºB

ÿ>V¶ÏÕm >¶D√]›>VÏ.
2.3.4 ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ºÔVl_ ÔÈVflƒV´D º>k>VE \´Á√ cu√›] ÿƒF>m. WÈ© ∏Á›mkD

∂›º>k>VE \´Á√› >¬ÔÁk›>m. ÿ√ˆBVÚD, JkVŸÏ ´V\VtÏ>›m
∂DÁ\BVÚD ∂>Á™ ®]Ï›m© º√V´VΩ™Ï. ∂DxÁ≈ *>V™ >Á¶flƒ‚¶›]uz
kaƒÁ\›>™Ï ®[√m k´ÈVu§[ ŒÚÔıË á sÁÈ\ÔπÏ cu√›] ®[√m
∂>uÔ©√VKD ŒaÕ>√V¶Vl_ÁÈ. ÷›>ÁÔB s√flƒV´›]uÔV™ Â]JÈ∫ÔÁ·©
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬z˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
∂D\V ÂÁÔÔÁ· su≈V^ / ∂©A≈D ÔVFÔ§ su≈V^ / >ÁÈl_

“∂D\V
∑\Õm s≈z su≈V^ ∏≈z / ÔuÁ√ su≈V^ / ®∫Ô”¬z¬ ÔV_klÆ
W´D∏Bm
W´D∏Bm”(ÿ\·™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^, √á41). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ kÆÁ\ºB s√flƒV´›]uz
º>VuÆkVBVkm √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√‚|^·m. \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>l_ W´V>´kV™
ÁÔDÿ√ı WÁÈÁ\ s>ÁkÁB s√flƒV´›]uz ÷‚|flÿƒ_km
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬Ô©√|˛[≈m.
∂m ƒÕÁ> / ∂kº·V \∫ÔÈD ÷wÕ> \∫ÁÔ ƒÕÁ> / kV´D ŒÚ

“∂m
xÁ≈ Ì|D ∂k”¬z / ºÂ´D ®©º√Vm \VÆD
\VÆD”(Œπ©√≈Ák, √á41).
®_ÈVD /
sÁÈ\Ôπ[ Ô_ÈÁ≈ kVƒÔ∫ÔÁ·fl Eu∏ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ. “®_ÈVD
÷©º√Vm xΩÕm º√VFs‚¶™ ÷Mº\ÈVkm / ∂kÁ·¬ ÿÔVfiƒD
#∫Ôs|∫Ô^
#∫Ôs|∫Ô^”.. (ƒÏ©√BVÔD, √á69)
102
Eu∏l[ ÷Õ>kˆÔÁ· kVE¬ÁÔl_ º\›>V, ÷[zÈV© ÷Úkˆ[
ÔsÁ>Ô”D Ì¶ WÁ™suz kÚ˛[≈™. ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^ √D kV∫ÔV\_
√^π ÿÔV^˛[≈V^ ®[˛≈ Z]l_ x.º\›>Vs[ √]°D gV]¬Ô \º™V
√Vk›m¶º™ ÿkπ©√‚|^·m. ∞ÿ™M_ s√flƒVˆl[ Ô_ÈÁ≈ÁB¬ Ì¶
gË[ √VÏÁklºÈºB ÔV xB_km ÷m. ÷>uz \V≈VÔ Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>ÁB© º√VÈºk ÷[zÈV© ÔsÁ>•D ÔıËB\VÔ
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|^·m. \´D Œ[Æ >V[ ÷kÁ·¬ Ô√[ mËl™V_
ÿÔ·´k©√|›]Bm ®™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ> zK∫Ô¬ zK∫Ôfl Eˆ¬zD
ŒÚsÁÈ\Ôπ[ Eˆ©∏Á™ºB √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛Bm.
÷[Æ\VÁÈ 5 \Ë¬z / ∂™VÁ> s|] ]≈©AswV / ]≈©√V·Ï :

“÷[Æ\VÁÈ
\VıAtz EºÂÔÈ>V / zK∫Ô¬ zK∫Ôfl Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V^”
(ƒÏ©√BVÔD, √.69). ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\·™›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷>Á™› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›]uz ®]´V™ s\Ïƒ™¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
Œ[≈VÔ© √VÏ¬˛≈VÏ QVM ®[≈ º√V]KD \VıAtz ®[√m ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô
∂Á\flƒÏÔÁ· \‚|\V ∑‚Ω Wu˛[≈m ®[≈ ÷´V. ÂV´VB[ √]°D
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
∂ÉB_ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ÿ√uÆ ∂Á\flƒÏÔ·VÔ kÚ√kÏÔ^ ƒJÔ

“∂ÉB_
∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· xΩ°¬z¬ ÿÔVı|k´ºkı|D. g™V_ ∂ÀkVÆ g‚E¬z
kÚ√kÏÔº· ƒJÔfl ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒFk>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ
∂Á\Õ>VÏÔ^. √Ô_ ®_ÈVD EºÂÔÈ>V°¶[ ÷Ú¬zD ∂Á\flƒÏ
ÿƒF˛≈VÏ” 60.
\VÁÈl_ ∂™VÁ> s|]› E≈©A swV ÿƒF˛≈VÏ
EºÂÔÈ>V¬Ôπ[ Eˆ©A¬ÔπoÚÕmD, Eu∏l[ ÿ\·™›]oÚÕmD

∂™VÁ> s|]Ô”¬z \‚|\_È Ek©As·¬z s|]Ô”¬zD \Á≈xÔ\V™
ˆ¥JÈD g™kÏÔ^ ÷›>ÁÔB \VıAtz g™kÏÔº· ®[√Á> ÂB©√¶
s·¬z˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ÷›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ √_ºkÆ ƒJÔ©
º√V´V‚¶∫ÔÁ·•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬z˛[≈™ Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^. ƒJÔ¿]¬
Ôs¬zó[ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·V™ ƒJÔ› >›mk∫Ô”D ∂ÉB_ √VÏÁk•D
ª¶VΩ Wu√™ºk Eu∏l[ ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>Ô^. ÷ku§_ EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD
®–D ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ> √È´VKD z§©∏¶©√|D E≈Õ> ÔsÁ>BVzD.
103
ªˆ_ ]ÚswV kÚ˛≈m / \Vˆ ØºkV|Ô^ ®ˆ˛≈m / mÁ¶©√D ÿ√V∫z
®ø˛≈m / { / EÈÕ]Ô^ ±_kÁÈ ˛a˛≈m / ÿƒV©√™Aˆl_ / ÿkπflƒ∫Ô·V?/
(´V‚ƒ> EÈÕ], √á68). \VÏ¬EB √VÏÁkÁB c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ>ÁB Eu∏ √Á¶›>VÏ ®[≈ QVMl[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl Eu∏ s\Ïƒ™D ÿƒF˛≈VÏ.
Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “]´Vs¶
\VÏ¬EB© √VÏÁkÁB, ÿ\_È ÿ\_È c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD, ƒÏ©√BVÔD, ´V‚ƒ>EÈÕ] º√V[≈ s|ÔÁ>Ô^, Eu∏l[
\VÏ¬EBD ƒVÏÕ> gºkƒ¬ z´ÁÈ tÔfl ƒˆBVÔ ÿkπ©√|›]™. Â¬ƒÁÈ‚
÷B¬Ô›][ ]ÁƒkaÁB EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ÔsÁ> ∑‚|˛≈m
∑‚|˛≈m” 61 ®[√Ï.
kV™D / ÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> sΩBuÿ√Vøm / ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ~‚Ω \´fl

Eu√º\[ / kVF¬ÔVo_ Jμ˛¬ ˛¶Õ>m .... ºƒˆ¬ zΩ_Ôπ[ ÌÁ´Ô^ *m
ÿÂÚ©A›º>s WÏkV¬ Ì›m WÔμ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^ (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD,
√.93). cÁ¶Á\ kÏ¬Ô›][ ÿÔVΩB ∂¶¬zxÁ≈¬z› yÏkVÔ©
“cÁ¶Á\
A´‚EÁB¬ÔsQÏ x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB ÿkΩ¬zD
A´‚EBV_ cÁ¶Á\ kÏ¬ÔD >ÔÚD, ∂¶¬zxÁ≈Ô”D ∂©º√Vm\VÆD
®[√m ÔsQˆ[ ÔÚ›m, cÁ¶Á\ kÏ¬Ô›][ >ÔÏÁkºB EÔ´∫Ô^
ÿ√VΩBVzD”62 ®[Æ ÔsQÏ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√VΩBVzD
ÿƒ_kV¬z cÁ¶BkÏÔπ[ ∂as™V_ ÷À°ÈÔD ∞u≈D ÿ√ÆD ®[√º>

Eu∏l[ ÔÚ›m ®™ ƒ.gÆxÔD ÌÆkm ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. “E[™VM[
E[™VM[
º√V´V‚¶º\ ∂Ω›>· \¬Ôπ[ ®]ÏÔVÈ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚¶¬
ÌΩB>VF ∂Á\˛≈m. ∂Ω›>· \¬ÔÁ·© Am cÈ˛uz ∂Áw›mfl
ÿƒ_√k™VÔ°D E[™V[ ÿƒB_√|˛≈V[. WÔμÔVÈ›][ zÁ≈ÔÁ·¬
ÔÁ·Õms‚| ®]ÏÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÷›>ÁÔB kÏ¬ÔD
º√V´V‚¶›Á>ºB ºƒV≠oƒ ®>VÏ›> kV]Ô^ k´ºku≈™Ï Eu∏•D,
∂>Á™ k´ºku˛≈VÏ
k´ºku˛≈VÏ” 63 ®[√Ï.
#´›]_ / Ø™VflE \ÁÈl[ ∂ΩkV´›]_ / ∑ÚπBVu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ / cflE¬

ÛˆBÁ™ c^kV∫˛ sø∫zD / ÔV™Ô›][ ÷>B›]_ AÁ>B / ŒÚ EÆ zD√_
E[™V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ / {Ω¬ ÿÔVıÿΩÚÕ>m (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD, √.93).
104
∂ıV, ÿ√ˆBVÏ, ˝kV, ∂©m_ ÔÈVD, √V´] ®™ ∂ÉB_, ∂§sB_
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ®_ºÈVÚD Eu∏l[ √V‚|Á¶› >ÁÈkÏÔ·V˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√ˆBVÏ ŒÚ
ƒÔV©>D ∂_È ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ∂kÏ ƒVÔ©>D ∂_È ƒVÔ©>∫Ôπ[ ƒV>Á™›
ÿ>Vz©A ®[Æ ÿ√ˆBVÁ´ º\[Á\√|›m˛≈VÏ. ~º´V‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕm ®øÕ>© AB_
Œ[Æ ÔVÈVÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB \ıΩ¬ ˛¶Õ> J¶ ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔÁ·•D, ƒV],
\>D ®[≈ ƒÚzÔÁ·•D ƒVD√o‚¶VÏ.
ÔVsB ªu§[ ÔıÔ^ ]≈Õ>m ÔVfiEl_ xu≈›]ºÈ / >Vs søÕ>m

√flÁƒB©√[ \ÁÈfl ƒÕ>™› º>V^ÔπºÈ / ÌΩ› >kμÕ>m / ~º´V‚|¬ ºÔV\Ô[
/ ÿÔV^ÁÔ\Ω>ËºÈ / ºÔVÈ›>tμÂ] / {Ω¬ ÔÈÕ>m / ºÔVΩ\™∫ÔπºÈ ®™›
ÿ>VıΩ_ WÁ≈°Ô^ Ôı¶ \V\Ë ∂ıVÁk¬ ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Á·¬˛[≈VÏ.
«D∏ WÁ™°Ô^, Ô[MBVz\ˆ, ºÔV‚Á¶ ®™› ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ Eu∏l[ √V¶_
ÿ√u≈ ¸>È∫Ô^ Ô[MBVz\ˆ•¶[ ∞MÕ>› >kÿ\™ s™Vflƒ´D
ÿ>V|¬˛[≈VÏ.
x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[ / m¬Ô›]uz / ŒÚ z§X¶V? ∂_Èm s|>ÁÈ©

“x]ÏÔ[MÔπ[
ÿ√ıÔ^ º√V_/ skVÔkVƒÁÈ / ∂Á¶›m© º√V‚ΩÚ¬˛≈VBV? ÔÚ¿o /
ƒx›]´∫Ô”¬z / ∂]º>kÁ>BV ¿? ÔVÈD \Æ>o›> / W´Õ>´›m¬z
\M>[Ák›> / Ôu√Á™ ∂Á¶BV·\V ¿?
¿?” (E.Ô.√., √¬.251á252). ÔVÈD
ÔVÈ\VF ®∫ÔÁ·fl / Eˆ›>√ΩºB ÔΩ›m kÕ> / ]Ú‚| ´VzÔ^ ºƒmÔ^ / ÷kuÁ≈
/ cÚ‚Ω cÚ‚Ω© / A´‚Ω© A´‚Ω / ÂÆ¬˛ ÂÆ¬˛› / mı| mı¶V¬˛ , ®§Õ>m
∂_ÈºkV / ÷Õ> Ák´kV^ (A[™ÁÔ Ø¬zD ØÁ™Ô^, √.256).
Ô[MBVz\ˆÁB x[MÆ›] ŒÚ √V|ÿ√VÚπºÈºB √È ªΩÁwÔÁ·©

∏[M› ÿ>V|¬˛[≈VÏ. x>_kˆl_ x]ÏÔ[Mfl E¬Ô_; ∂|›>kˆl_ ys´©
ÿ√ıËÁÈkV> ºÂV¬z ; (Rodicafeminist) ÿ>V¶ÚD kˆl_ ÿ>V[\D √]° ;
÷ku§uz ®_ÈVD ∂©√VÈV™ {Ï g[*Ô¬ ºÔ^s ®[Æ ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m Eu∏l[
√VÿÂƒ°. ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ¬ Ôı¶ ∂›>Á™
ƒV´VDƒ∫ÔÁ·•D c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
÷ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ∏[xÔ\VÔ ª¶VΩ¬˛¶¬ÔÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
∂ΩÁk©AD ∂kÏ ÿÔVı¶VΩ WuzD zÚÂV>´V™ √V´]l[ ∂Ωfl∑k‚ΩºÈºB
¨|ÂÁ¶ º√V|k>VÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú©√m z§©∏¶›>¬Ô E≈©√Dƒ\VzD.
105
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
2.4.1 ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶VÔ© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
√´Õm√‚¶ √V\´\¬Ôπ[ ÿ√Vm©A›]ÁB› >D ƒÕÁ>› º>Ák¬z ∞u√›

>ÔkÁ\¬zD k_ÈÁ\ ÿ√u≈Ák ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô·VzD. ∂m \‚|\_ÈV\_
ƒJÔ ÷Ú©Á√ g‚EBV·Ï ºÂV¬˛_ \Vu§ ∂Á\¬zD \Á≈xÔ¬ ÔÚ›mÚkV¬Ô©
ÿ√V§ ∂Á\kVÔ°D ∂Ák ÿƒBu√¶¬ÌΩB™ºk. ÷›>ÁÔB √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ,
kVÿ™Vo, ]Á´©√¶D, ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E g˛B ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ_ √ËAˆB
ºÂÏ˛[≈kÏÔπ_ ƒJÔ cÏ° t¬ÔkÏÔ”¬z ∂m ƒkVÈV™ √ËºBBVzD.
ƒ\´ƒ∫Ô^ AˆÕmÿÔV^·V\_ ∂∫z >D ÷Ú©Á√› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ÿÔV^km
ƒV›]B\u≈º>. ®™ºk ƒJÔ cÏ°t¬ÔkÏÔ·V™ º√V]KD ÷›>z
ª¶Ô∫ÔÁ·© √B[√|›] ÿkz\¬Ô”¬z g¬ÔØÏk\VÔ© √∫Ôπ¬Ô {´·ºk
÷BKD. >\m ª¶Ô ∂–√k∫Ô^ z§›> >tw[√[ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“]Á´©√¶›]_ ®ø]›>V[ gÔºkı|D ®[≈ y´V> ºk‚ÁÔ ®™¬˛_ÁÈ.

g™V_ ÂV[ º√V˛≈º√V¬˛_ ]Á´©√¶›]uz ŒÚ x›>D >´°D, ∂m ÿÔV|›>V_
ŒÚ x›>D ÿ√≈°D ÷©º√VmD Ì¶ ®™¬z› >Á¶l_ÁÈ. kƒÕ>›][
ŒÚkV™s_ ®[–D √¶›]uz ®[ Âı√ÏÔ^ ºkıΩ¬ÿÔVı¶>V_ ÔÁ>,
kƒ™D ®ø]º™[. ∂>[ mÁ ÷B¬zÂ´VÔ°D √ËBVu§º™[. ]≈Á\
kVFÕ> ∂Ïh™V ®[√k´V_ ÷B¬Ô©√‚¶ ∂©√¶D ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ
{ΩBm.
÷B¬zÂÏ ºÔ.√VÈflƒÕ>Ï ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ ®[≈ >DxÁ¶B

√¶›]uÔVÔ ŒÚ √V¶_ ®ø]›>´ xΩ•\V? ®[Æ ºÔ‚¶VÏ. º>Ï>ÁÈ ∂∫Ô>D ÿƒFm
ÂV[ ®ø]B ‘ÁÔlºÈ ÔV∑ kVlÈ º>VÁƒ z›]º™ x›]Á´ ÿÔV|›>V∫Ô
E_ÈÁ≈...’ ®[≈ √V¶_ \¬Ôπ[ ÿ√ÚD k´ºkuÁ√© ÿ√u§ÚÕ>º√V]KD,
kVÿ™Vo•D ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚ElKD ∂ÉB_ ÷Ú©√>VÔfl ÿƒV_o› >Á¶
ÿƒFB©√‚¶m.
‘∞wVkm \M>[’ √¶›Á> ÷B¬˛B «ˆÔ´[ >D √¶›]uz¬ Ô¤_ (Gazal)

√VËl_ ŒÚ √V‚| ºkı|ÿ\[Æ ºÔ‚| ®[M¶D kÕ>VÏ. ®ø]¬ÿÔV|›º>[.
106
“®ıu≈
®ıu≈ ÷Áƒ©√V¶_ÔÁ·› ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E, kVÿ™Vo
g˛BkuÆ¬z ÂV[ ®ø]•^º·[. ÷Áƒº\Á> ®D.∏.ÊMkVƒ[
÷ÁƒBÁ\›> ÷Ú√m¬z º\u√‚¶ ®[–Á¶B √V¶_Ô^ ®™¬z tzÕ>
\™WÁ≈Ák› >Úk™. ÔV´D, ®[√V¶o_ \V›]´\_ÈV\_ ∂kÚÁ¶B
÷Áƒ ∂Á\©∏KD ŒÚ ƒJÔ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ cı|. ÷[–D Ì¶ kVÿ™Vol_
√V¶Ô´VÔ ∂§xÔ\VÔ sÚDA˛≈kÏÔ^ ÷[M[ ™VÚÁ¶B √V¶_ÔÁ·›
º>Ï°¬ÔVÔ© √V¶ÈVD ®[Æ ÿ>ˆs›]Ú¬zD √‚ΩBo_ √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[
cı|” 64 . ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ √u§B
ÿ√BÏÔº·V| ®[ ÿ√BÚD cı|
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ >tw[√[ √VÏÁkÔ^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. √V´>›
>Vl¶D ∂kÏ s™°˛≈ √V∫˛_ ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÷m.
®ømºÔV_
“®ømºÔV_ ÿ>FkD / ®ø›mD ÿ>FkD ®[≈kº· /
kV´©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ Œ[Á≈ kV∫˛©√VÏ / √¬Ô© √|¬ÁÔÔπ_ \_ÈVÕm
˛¶Õm / s≠ x›>∫ÔÁ· sBV√V´D ÿƒF•D ÷Õ> ®ø›m¬ÔÁ·BV ¿
ÿ>FkD ®[˛≈VF?
®[˛≈VF?” (kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D, √.116). √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔÁ·© √u§
÷ÀkVÆ ºÔ^s ®ø©AD >tw[√[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈ˛[ *>V™ >\m
Ô|fiE™›Á> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ∂KkÈÔ∫Ô^ / √¬ÔD ÿƒ[ÆkÕº>[.... / kÚD

“√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ
kal_ á ®[ kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ· suÆs‚|› m©√V¬˛ kV∫˛º™[ / ÂVÁ·
√B[√|›> ®ıD ®[≈m 1950á¬z©
®[≈m” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.22). “1950á¬z©
∏≈z kËÔ\B\V™ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔfl Ûwo[ su√Á™© º√V‚ΩBV_ \fiƒ^
÷>aB_ º√V¬z© ÿ√Ú˛B ÿ>[˛≈VÏ
ÿ>[˛≈VÏ” 65 k_o¬Ôı[.
A]Bº>VÏ cÈÔD ÿƒFºkVD á ÿÔ‚¶ / º√Vˆ|D cÈÁÔ ºkÿ´V|D

ƒVF©º√VD ®™ √V´]>Vƒ[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈÁÔ© √u§ g¬ÔØÏk\VÔ¬ Ô™°Ô^
Ôı¶VÏ. ∂>uz \V≈VÔ k[xÁ≈ skˆ©A ®™©√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈÔD
kËÔ©º√V‚Ωl_ ÊáÕm º√VÔÈVluÆ ®[≈ g.∂Õ>VË ´V∑s[ ÔÚ›m
÷∫z ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m.
∂]ÏflER‚|D >ÁÈ©AÔ^, º√VoBV™ √¶∫ÔÁ· tz]BVÔ›

“∂]ÏflER‚|D
>Ú>_, AÁ™B©√‚¶ √_mÁ≈fl ÿƒF]Ô^, º\Dº√V¬ÔVÔ g™V_
sÆsÆ©√VÔ ®øm>_, √VKÏÁk› #ı|D ÿƒF]ÔÁ·•D
107
√¶∫ÔÁ·•D ÿkπl|>_, √VoB_ k[xÁ≈, ∏≈kÁÔ k[xÁ≈ÔÁ·
÷>aBÈV·Ï” 66.
skˆ›>_ x>oB™ \fiƒ^ ÷>aBu ÌÆÔ·VzD ®[√Ï ÷>aBÈV·Ï
÷›>ÁÔB \fiƒ^ ÷>aB© º√V¬˛Á™© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛fl ƒV|˛[≈™
>tw[√M[ √È ÔsÁ>Ô^.
÷Õ]´[ c¶o_ / gl´D ÔıÔ^ / kÕ> ÔV´D / ÷Õ>¬ ÔVÈ

“÷Õ]´[
\fiƒ^ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ / kw∫zD ÿƒF]
ÿƒF]” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √á137).
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔl_ \fiƒ^ / k·Ï¬ÔV\_ √V›]Ô·VD E›]´ k´DAÔπ_ /
“√›]ˆ¬ÁÔl_
ÿƒa¬Ô Ák¬zD ºÔVÁk √VÏ›yMB› >ÁÈÔ^
ºÔVÁk” (sΩB_ sømÔ^, √á84). “√VÏ›yMB›
/ \fiƒ^ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬z” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √á74).
QV™D / k·Ï¬zD √V›]Ô^ á ÷[Æ g√VƒD / gÁ¶Bsμ¬zD /

“QV™D
∂D√È∫Ô^
∂D√È∫Ô^” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.59). ÿ√V∫Ô_ \ÈÚ¬ÔVÔ© ÿ√VFÁB©
º√‚Ω ÔVı˛[≈VÏ. ŒÚ WÚ√Ï ƒ›]B sƒV´Á ÔsÁ>l_, “ÿ√VFÁB WÚ√Ï
ŒÚkÏ / º√‚Ω Ôı¶VÏ. >V∫Ô^ >k≈Vm / √Ω¬zD √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ®m?”.
√Ω©√m kw¬Ôt_ÁÈ / √›]ˆ¬ÁÔÔ”¬zfl ÿƒF] / kw∫zkm

“√Ω©√m
kw¬ÔD
kw¬ÔD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √á55). √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ ª¶Ô›][
ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ ]Á´›mÁ≈l[ \VB¬ ÔkÏflE kÁÈÔÁ·•D
ÔÁÈÔ^ á
]Á´˛a›m ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™ ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^. “ÔÁÈÔ^
\¬Ôπ¶D ÔV∑√§¬Ô¬ ºÔV¶D√V¬ÔD ÿÔV|¬zD / zº·V´V√VÏD
zº·V´V√VÏD” (ªÏ
Ô™°›º>V‚¶D / Ô√VÈ›m^ k·Ï¬zD >ÁÈÔ^ /
∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √á88). “Ô™°›º>V‚¶D
EM\V°¬z
EM\V°¬z” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √á74).
÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®ømk]oÚÕmD Ì¶ ]Á´©√V¶_ ®ømkm ºkÆ√‚¶ Œ[º≈,

]Á´©√V¶_ ®ømkm √u§B ºÔ^s Œ[Á≈ ®]ÏÿÔV^· ºÂÏÁÔl_ ∂Dt ÿÔV›>
Eu∏ ®>uz? ®™¬ºÔ‚¶VÏ. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ÷BÕ]´ Ô]BVF ÔÁ>flÛwK¬zD
ÿ\‚|¬z¬ Ô‚|©√‚|D ®ø> ºÂÏ˛≈ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ z§›m ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©A¬Ô^ ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒVuÔÁ·› / ][–D ÿ\‚|¬z
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. “ÿƒVuÔÁ·›
gº´V¬˛B›][ / ∂Á¶BV·\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>©√E k´V>V? \Ú›mkˆ[ /
ÔÚsÔ·VºÈºB ÔVB\V? ∏D ®|©√>uz© / ÿ√BÏ ∏´ƒk\V?
∏´ƒk\V?”
(ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D, √¬.37,38).
108
“ÔD√º™ / ÷[Æ kÕ>V_ / ÂD∏™V_ ÂDA∫Ô^ .... / ÷ÁƒBÁ\©√V·Ú¬z
ºk‚Ω mÁk›m© º√V‚|© / √V‚ÿ¶ø> kVF©A¬ ºÔ‚¶V[ ºƒ¬˛wVÚD / ]Ú›>¬Ô›
º>kÚD √V‚| ®KDAÔ^ √¶√¶[– ÿÂVÆ∫Ô / gÏº\VMB© ÿ√‚Ω¬z^
k^”kÏ / ÂΩÔ´VF› º>V[ÆkVÏ. k^”kÏ ÉÔÏ
]Ë©√VÏÔ^”. “k^”kÏ
\[≈∫Ô^ ºƒV¶V©A‚ΩÔ^ cÁ¶¬zD √V¶_
cÁ¶¬zD” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.88, 89).“√V¶_
kˆÔπ[ ÷´‚Á¶ ∂Ï›>›Á>¬ ºÔ‚¶°¶[ {Áƒ¬ºÔ /
∂D\©√‚¶mº√VÈ ∂ÚkÚ©A
∂ÚkÚ©A” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.76, 77).
÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ ‘ÿ\‚|© ∏≈©A¬Ô^’ √u§ \‚|\_ÈV\_

‘Ô™°›ÿ>VauƒVÁÈ’BV™ ]Á´l[ \VB¬ÔkÏflE ∂ÉBÁÈ•D Êá©√Á>•D
√VoB_ ÊáÁk•D √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
÷B_√VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD ∂∫Ô>© √V∫ºÔV|, >tw[√M[ ‘√¶D√VÏ¬Ô kÕ>
Ô¶°^’, ‘AmÁ\©∏›>M[ Ô¶°”D ÔÕ>ƒVt© ∏^Á·•D’, ÔÁ>l[ ∂∫Ô>¬
ÔÁÈÁB Â\¬z WÁ™∆‚Ω s|˛[≈™.
√V¶K¬z^ √m∫˛lÚ¬zD ÷´‚Á¶ ∂Ï›>∫ÔÁ·fl ƒV›>V[

“√V¶K¬z^
s·¬Ô›]_ ºÔ‚Ô› >ÁÈ©√‚¶ Ô¶°”¬z ∂§° OÁ´>^πBm. Ô¶°”D
{Ï ®oBV˛¬ Ô>VÂVB˛l[ z‚Á¶© √VkVÁ¶¬z^ OÁwÕm ŒπÕm
ÿÔVı¶V[. Ô¶°^ xÔ›]_ ƒV›>V[ *Áƒ xÁ·¬˛[≈m. ÷ÚkÏ¬zD
÷Á¶ºB ∑kÏ¬Ô›]_ Ô¶°π¶D ƒV›>V–D ÷∫z ƒV›>VM¶D Ô¶°”\VÔ
Œ©√Õ>xD ∏≈¬˛[≈m. \¬¶k_ ÷_ÈV\_ ÷Á>¬ÿÔVı¶V|km ®©√Ω?
®™ Â‚A© √VkÁ™ºBV| ƒV›>V[ Ô´∫ÔÁ· ÷ÆÔ© √u§™V[ ÷Á≈k[
>tw[√[” 67.
®™ ∂∫Ô>¬ ÔÁÈl[ EÔ´∫ÔÁ·› ÿ>V|˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[
ÔD√ÂV¶–D, ºƒ¬˛wVÚD, ]Ú›>¬Ô›º>kÚD, ]Úk^”kÚD

\‚|\_ÈV\_ g™V™©√‚¶ gı¶kº™Ì¶ ]Á´©√¶ cÈ˛_ ∂º>VÔ] g˛s¶
ºÂÚD ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ· ∂∫Ô>D ÷ÁwºBV¶© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛ s|˛[≈VÏ.
>tw[√[ ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚El_ ÿƒF] kVE©√V·´VÔ°D, WÔμ°
kÚÁ™BV·´VÔ°D s·∫˛B ∂–√k›]_ ∏≈Õ> ÷[ÿ™VÚ ∂∫Ô>¬
ÔsÁ> >´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^.
“ÿƒF] kVE©√V·Ï >´› >k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^.... √V‚Ω ÷Ú\_ /

∂©√ΩºB ÷Ú¬˛≈m ; \V›]Á´ ˛Á¶¬ÔV>>V_ / >V›>V #¬ÔD ÷wÕ>VÏ. \V\V
109
ÔVB›]uz¬ / ÔπDA ˛Á¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ. T‚|¬Ô¬ÁÔ© / º√V‚| xΩ¬ÔV>>V_
Á√B[ ÁÔÔπ_ √]B¬ ÔV›]ÚÕ>™ Ek©A¬ ºÔV|Ô^. ∂D\Vs[ /
ÂÁÔ¬ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ ∂©√Vs[ g›]´›Á>¬ ˛·©∏Bm. z|D√ WÁÈ
ÔkÁÈ¬˛¶D.... (®[ T‚| ®]º´ ŒÚ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.100, 101). g™ º√V]KD
kw¬ÔDº√V_ Œo•D Œπ•D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. ®Õ>© √V]©AD ÷_ÁÈÿB™ ®\m
WÚ√Ï ÿ>ˆs¬˛≈VÏ” ®™fl ÿƒF] kVE©√V·Ï WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>VÔ WÁ≈ÿkFm˛≈m
÷¬ÔsÁ>.
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬
“Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ¬ ÌÆk>V™V_ ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E© ÿ√‚ΩÔ^
ÂDT|Ô”¬z^ ÷‚|kÚD \VB cÈ˛[ \B¬Ô›]_ Â\m WR kVμ°
∂Ï›> \uÆ© º√VF s|kÁ> ÿÂfiE_ gË ∂Ω©√mº√VÈ cÁ≈©√VÔ
ÔsÁ>” 68 ÷m ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
cÏ›mD ÔsÁ>
>´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^ ®–D ÿÂ|∫ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E›
“>´›>k§B
]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflE z|D√ Â_K≈Ákfl EÁ>¬zD s>D ÂB\VÔ
skˆ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. Œo•D Œπ•D ®[√m ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E
WÁÈBD Œπ√´©AD ]Á´©√V¶_ WÔμflEBVzD. ÷Õ> ∂Á´\Ë ºÂ´›]_
z|D√ c≈ºk z[§©º√VkÁ>fl ÿƒF] √Ω¬zD √‚¶§°^· >tw[√[
ÿƒF] º√V[≈ c›]BV_ cÏ›]•^·VÏ ®™ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_kVÏ
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD
E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD” 69 .
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ kVlÈVÔ© √´kÈVÔ ∂§xÔD

ÿ√u≈kÏ ®[˛≈ kÁÔlÈV™ ∂k´m ∂–√k© √]°Ô^ ÷∫z s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÔsB´∫zÔπKD, kVÿ™Vo WÔμflEÔπKD Ô_˛,

“ÿ√ÚD√VKD
g™Õ>sÔ¶[, zx>D x>ÈV™ ÿkzƒ™ ÷>μÔπKº\ >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™. tÔflEÈ ºkÆ Eu§>μÔπ_ ÷¶Dÿ√u≈™
÷¶Dÿ√u≈™” 70
®™ ®|›m¬ÔV‚|kVÏ ∂.\VÏ¬¸.
‘ÿƒ[ÿ¶¬¸ ÿ>VaÈÔ¬ Ô‚¶¶›]≈©A swV’Ák¬ Ì¶ √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ

ÿkπl|\·suz› >tw[√M[ ∏´√ÈD ∂kÁ´ WÏ©√Õ]›>m ®[≈ º√V]KD
÷ku§uz ª¶VÔ°D ∂k´ÈV_ ÷B[≈kÁ´ ƒJÔ ∂Ï©√Ë©√V™ zÆ¬ˇ|ÔÁ·
∂kÏ WÔμ›> xB[≈VÏ. ∂ku§uz ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ô^ {´·suºÔ
110
÷¶\π¬zD ®[√]™VºÈºB ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ √¶›]uÔVÔ ∂kÏ
®ø]B √V¶_ (ÁÔlºÈ ÔV∑ kVlºÈ º>VÁƒ) ∂ÉBÁÈ© º√∑k>VÔ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ_
>Á¶ ÿƒFB©√|˛[≈m. ÷ÀkVº≈ ‘∂¤Ïÿ√F¤V[ ÿÂÚ©A ∂ºƒVÔfl
ƒ¬Ô´›Á>•D sƒVˆ¬zD’ ®™› º>EB ÷™ cˆÁ\ÁB© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>
xw¬Ô›>V_ ‘]™\ÈÏ’, ‘m¬·¬ ∞|Ô^’ ÷¬ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁ· ÿkπl‚|
∂kÏº\_ º>ƒ›mº´VÔ¬ zu≈fiƒV‚Ω™. ∂ºƒVÔfl ƒ¬Ô´D ∂kÁ´ sƒVˆ›>>V_
∂kÏ ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E ÿƒF]kVE©√V·Ï √ËloÚÕm ¿¬Ô©√¶°D ºÂÏÕ>m. ∂kÏ
ƒJÔ cÏsuÔVÔ ∂kÏ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> sÁÈ ®[º≈ ÷>Á™¬ z§©∏¶
ºkı|D.
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
2.4.2 Ô_s›mÁ≈ g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊÏºÔ|Ô^
g‚E›mÁ≈ ƒVÏ WÚkVÔfl ÊÏºÔ|Ô^ ∂Àk›mÁ≈ÔπKD \oÕm

˛¶©√>Á™ Ô_s, ∂KkÈÔD x>oB mÁ≈Ô”¬z cˆB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ JÈD
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ∂ÕWB g‚EBV·ÏÔ^ >D g‚E ÷BÕ]´›]uz› º>ÁkBV™
z\V¸>V¬ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒF•D ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s› ]‚¶›Á>
∂\ÈV¬Ô©√|›]™Ï. ∂›>ÁÔB Ô_s xÁ≈ÁB›>V[ ‘º√Ω¬Ô_s’ ®™©√VΩ
W[≈VÏ. √V´]•D, ‘º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›> ÿ√VFDÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^’ ®™›
ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[. Ô_s ®[√m ÷[Æ ∂§°¬ÔVÔ ®[§_ÈV\_
\]©ÿ√ıÔ”¬ÔVÔ suÔ©√|˛≈m. ŒÚk[ Ô_sÁB sBV√V´ c›]BVÔ©
√B[√|›m˛≈V[ ®™¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ƒV|˛≈VÏ.
º>Ï°ÔÁ·s¶ ÷Õ>› /º>ƒ›]_ k[xÁ≈fl ƒD√kD / ®m°D

“º>Ï°ÔÁ·s¶
˛Á¶BVm. Ô_s / \]©ÿ√ıÔ”¬ÔVÔ ∂]ÔV´ØÏk\VÔ¬ /
Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛≈m. √Á¶©A ∂§Ák á ÿkÆD / √Ω©√§kVÔ©
√ÈT™©√|›mD / Ô_s. ÿÔV^Á·BΩ¬zD zº√´ÏÔ”¬z¬
ÌoBV‚ÔÁ·› >BVˆ¬˛≈m. ∂´ƒV∫ÔD ®[–D / ∂kÏÔ·m
ƒm´∫Ô©√ÈÁÔ¬z / ÿk‚|¬ÔVFÔÁ· sWºBVÔD ÿƒF˛≈m.
º>Ï°Ô”¬z© ∏≈z / º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›> ÷©ÿ√VFÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^ /
>ÁÈÁB© √§ÿÔV|›>kÏÔ”¬zfl / Û‚¶©√|˛[≈™
Û‚¶©√|˛[≈™” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›>
ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √¬.31, 37).
111
º>Ï°Ô^
º>Ï°ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVˆ_ÈV› >V¬z>_ ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. “º>Ï°Ô^
®[–D / ÿÔVˆ_ÈV› >V¬z>oÚÕm \VkÁ´¬ ÔV©º√VD /
√^πÔπoÚÕmD √V¶±_ÔπoÚÕmD / Ô_sÁB / *‚º√VD. ÷Á·B
>ÁÈxÁ≈l[ / ÷>B›Á>¬ ˛´ÔË¬zD /÷Ú‚Ω[ ÿ√B´V Ô_s? ÷Õ>©
/ º√Ω¬ Ô_s¬zD ®›>Á™ º√V‚Ω
º√V‚Ω” (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √¬.84,85)
‘sÁÈº√V‚|kV∫ÔkV xΩ•D’ ®™¬ Ô_sÁB ko•Æ›]™VÏ

√V´]>Vƒ[. g™V_ Ô_s k·VÔ›]_ OÁwBºk º√Ω¬Ô_s¬zD ®›>Á™ º√V‚Ω
Ô_ŸˆÔπ_ ÷ÁÈ\Á≈ ÔVBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>
®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. >tw[√[. “Ô_ŸˆÔπ_
∂‚t≠[ √kÛK¬zfl ∑BW]¬Ô_ŸˆÔÁ·© ÿ√Ú\·s_ mk∫Ô ∂´∑
∂–\]›>mD ∂>uzfl ƒJÔ ∂∫ˇÔV´D ˛Á¶›ms‚¶m
˛Á¶›ms‚¶m” 71 .
g∫˛È ÷Õ] g]¬ÔD Ô_s›mÁ≈l_ ª|Ú°k>[ kVlÈVÔ

ÂÏƒˆÔ”D ÂºkV>B© √^πÔ”D º\ÁÈ\B\V>K¬zD ÷Õ]© >ÁÈ©∏uzD
ÿƒVÕ> ÂV‚ΩºÈºB / E[™©∏fi∑ÔÁ· ∂ÕWB\M>´VF /
kaºÔVo™. “ÿƒVÕ>
ºkÔÁk›ÿ>|¬Ô cÁÈÁk¬zD / ÿÔVÁÈ¬Ì¶∫Ô”¬ºÔ ˛´V\∫ÔπKD
˛´V¬˛
˛´V¬˛” (ÂVD ÷Ú¬zD ÂV|, √.27). ÂºkV>BV / √^πÔ”¬z© / √ΩÔ^Ô‚Ω /
xΩ›>VluÆ (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √.122). ‘®_ºÈVÏ ÔıÔÁ·•D ]≈¬zD
Ô_s›ÿ>VaÈVπÔ^’ ®™› >[Á™© ∏´Ô¶™©√|›]¬ÿÔVı¶ Ô_sBV·´V™
>tw[√M[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§B E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
®ı›>¬Ôm.
>D
“>D ÔoºBVÁƒ ªÁ´fl∑u§kÕm EÈ ∂–√k∫ÔÁ·¬
ÌÆD√V∫˛_ >tw[√[ ®ø]B ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ> Œ[§_, {Áƒ
√^π¬z© º√VFkÕm ÁÔÁB c>§Bº√Vm ¶VΩ, \DtÔ^
cÚıº¶VΩB>VÔ°D, c≈∫zDº√Vm Á« Á« ®[Æ ∂ú§B>VÔ°D
g∫˛È, ÷Õ] g]¬Ô›Á>fl ∑‚|˛≈VÏ. g∫˛Èº\VÔD >tμ
\¬ÔπÁ¶ºB √´s \wÁÈBÏ Ô_s•D, g∫˛È \B\V˛ kÚkÁ>¬Ôı|
√V´D ∑\©√kÏÔ^ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ zxÆ˛≈VÏ. >tμ¬ Ô_sÁB TÁ,
\_oÁÔ ®™°D g∫˛È¬ Ô_sÁB¬ ˛>VÏ, zº´V‚¶M∑ ®™°D
cÚk˛›m, g∫˛È› ÿ>V¶Ï√u≈ ˛´V\∫ÔπKD ∂©º√V¬z© √´°km
Ôı| kÚÕm˛≈VÏ
kÚÕm˛≈VÏ” 72.
112
‘ÔÁÈ\Ô^’ √u§B >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©√]°Ô^ ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫Ì≈›
>¬Ô™. ÷´skÏ\V √¶›]_ \‚|D A[™ÁÔ›ms‚| / ®_ºÈVÏ
“÷´skÏ\V
÷>B∫ÔπKD ∂øÁÔÁB W´©A√kº· c™¬z› ÿ>ˆ•\V.. / Ô_s
s√›]_ >DÁ\ ÷wÕ>kÏ¬z© / √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD >ÚD / WkV´º\
√‚¶∫Ô^
√‚¶∫Ô^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆÕ> ÿÂÚ©∏[ \flƒD, √.33).
ÿk^Á·› >V\Á´loÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈ ºkı|D ∂kÁ·!

“ÿk^Á·›
∂Õ>fl/ƒÈÁk W≈D ƒ\V>V™ W≈\_ÈkV? ÷a°Ôº·V| / ®>uzfl
ƒ\V>V™D? √Ω©Á√ / √B™u≈>V¬Ôs‚¶
ƒ\V>V™D?” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.183). “√Ω©Á√
√‚¶›m¬z^ / √|›m kVo√[ ŒÚk[ >™¬z›>Vº™ /
yÁk›m¬ÿÔVı¶V[ Ôˆ›mÔ^ / ÔÁÈ\Ô^ ÔıÔπ_ cÆ›]Bm.....
cÆ›]Bm.....”..
(ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.127).
÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÔÁÈ\Ô^ *m Ôı¶™¬ ÔÁÔ^ ÿ>V|›>kÏ

÷>uÿÔ_ÈVD \Vu≈VÔ ‘ÔÁÈ\Ô^ ÁÔÔπ_ \ıÿk‚ΩÁB•D’, ‘BVaM¶›]_
kVÁ·•D’ ÿÔV|›ms|˛[≈VÏ. ÿk^Á·› >V\Á´ÁB› / ÿ>V‚¶k[ ÁÔÁBfl /
ƒ‚ÿ¶™ sÈ¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶V^ ; Œº´ ∂ø¬z. ∂|¬˛ Ák¬Ô©√‚ΩÚÕ> / ∏^Á·Ô^
√^π© √V¶±_Ôπ[ / ÿÂu§l_ sØ]© ØflÁƒ, ƒÕ>™© ÿ√V‚Á¶› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm /
√BD ÿƒF> ∂k^ √VÏÁkÁB ŒÚ / Ô›>ˆ¬ºÔV_ mıΩ¬Ô© √¬Ô›]_ ˛¶Õ> /
\ıÿk‚Ω º\_ √VÏÁk √]Õ>m. \ÆÿÂVΩ / ]ÚÕ> \Æ›]ÚÕ> ÔV‚Ω_ /
º\‚Á¶¬ ÔÁ´¬zD \ıÿk‚ΩºBV| / ÔÁÈ\Ô^
ÔÁÈ\Ô^” (˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √.101)
A›>Ô© ∏´VËÔ·V™ ÔuÆfl ÿƒV_oÔπ[ ÔÁ>Ô^ xΩÕ>™®™

∑>Õ]´¬ÔVuÁ≈ ∑kVE¬Ô Ák¬zD ÔD¨´\V™ Ô_s¬z¬ Ô‚ΩB∫ ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ
EÕ>Á™ sÕÁ>› yÏ›m¬ Ô‚|D ÷kÏÔπ[ / Ek©A
>tw[√[. “EÕ>Á™
x¬ºÔV E˛flÁƒ ÷Mº\_ /kz©√Á≈•^º· ÂÁ¶ÿ√≈V ÿ>[º√VD /
√Ω©√m ®[√m Ô_sl_ √V]ºB/ ∏´ºBV˛©√]_ >V[ *] W´DAD / ƒˆ
®[√Á>fl ƒVÏÕm Wu√mD / >kÆ ®[√Á>› >ıΩ›m Œa©√mD / ∂§s[
k·ÏflE¬z ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô^ / ƒJÔ \Vu≈›Á>© ƒV›]B©√|›mD /
Ô_s¬Ì¶º\ / A´‚E©√Á¶l[ √VƒÁ≈ gzD ÷Mº\_>V[ / ÔÁÈ\Ô^
swV ®[≈V_ / g•>ØÁ¤ ®[√m ∂Ï›>\VzD
∂Ï›>\VzD” (y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™,
√¬.16, 18)
113
∂≈flÊu≈t¬Ô >tw[√[ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \‚|t[§ WÚkVÔ xÁ≈Á\fl
ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·¬ z§›m ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈ›m¶[ Ek©AÂV¶V›>™D, Èfiƒ ªw_
√u§•D √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁ·¬ ÁÔBVı| ‘Ôıßˆ_ k·ÚD ÔV˛> WÏkVÔD’
ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD ∂ÚÁ\BVÔ x[Ák›m^·VÏ.
Ek©A ÂV¶Vs[ / xΩfl∑¬z c^º· ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ / g>VB›Á>•D
“Ek©A
\¬Ô^ / yÏÁk•D º>|˛[≈™Ï. ∂Á™›m cÈÔ ÿ\VaÔπKD
gu≈_t¬Ôm / E√Vˆ∑ \´›m©º√V™ / s´_ÔÁ· ÷m\‚|º\ /
÷B¬ÔxΩ•D. ÷m ÿ√V[™VF/ÿ√VÚ·VF ÿ√ıVF© / ∏≈kVF ÿ\Va
ÿ√BÏ¬Ô©√|D º√Vm ∂ÔoÁÔ¬ ºÔV©A¬Ô·V_ clˆ›mΩ©A /
g´D√\VzD
g´D√\VzD”.. (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √¬.39, 41)
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ
ÔsQÏ >aw[√[ ∂kÏÔ^ ƒJÔ© ÿ√VÆ©A^· ŒÚ
®ı›>¬Ôm. “ÔsQÏ
Ô_sBV·Ï ®[≈ WÁÈlKD ∂≈flEÕ>Á™BV·Ï ®[≈ kÁÔlKD >\m
ƒ\ÔVÈfl ƒJÔ›][ zÁ≈√V|Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈•D ¿¬zkm ÿ>V¶Ï√VÔ©
√ÈÔVÈD EÕ]›m kÕ]Ú©√VÏ ®[√m cF›mÁ´¬Ô¬ ÌΩB>VzD. kV¬zfl
Ê‚|Ô”¬z {Ï ∂Ï›>D k´ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD, Ek©AÂV¶V ®[≈ ÔV˛>¬
ÔøÁ> WÏkVÔ›Á>¬ Ôwu§s¶ ºkı|ÿ\[ÆD ∂kÏs|¬zD ∂Á≈
Ìk_Ô^ º\u√Ω EÕ>Á™l[ ÿkπ©√V|Ôº· ®[√m ÿkπ©√Á¶
ÿkπ©√Á¶” 73 .
÷›>z √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· x[Ák›m ∂kÏ x[Ák¬zD ÷[–D {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™.
ÁÔkƒD / #¬ÔD ÷_ÁÈBV ÔkÁÈÁB s| Â\m / ∂KkÈÔ¬
“ÁÔkƒD
ºÔV©AÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVfiƒD / ∏aÕm ÿÔV^ ŒÚ / •Ôc≈¬ÔD c™¬zfl
ÿƒVÕ>D ˇμ›>‚|, Â|›>‚| ª]B cBÏ° /
ÿƒVÕ>D” (ªÏ ∑u§ kÕ> {Áƒ, √.86). “ˇμ›>‚|,
ºÔ‚¶V_ . . . ∂´∑¬ / ÔÚ∆È¬ Ô>s[ ƒÕmÔÁ·¬ ºÔV©AÔ·V_
∂Á¶©√VÏÔ^ á º\_\‚¶ ∂]ÔVˆÔ^ >\¬ÿÔ[≈V_ / ÔÚ∆È›]oÚÕm
>DT‚|¬z¬ ÔV_kVF ∂Á\©√VÏÔ^
∂Á\©√VÏÔ^” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD). ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ Ô_s›mÁ≈ \uÆD g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·
∂D√È©√|›mkº>V| ∂kuÁ≈fl ÊÏ]Ú›>D kaxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D x[Ák¬Ô›
>k≈s_ÁÈ.
114
2.4 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^
2.4.3 ÔVÕ]BxD, \VÏ¬EBxD
÷Õ]B s|>ÁÈ©º√V´V‚¶›]_ ∂˛DÁƒÁBºB >D√Á¶¬ÔÈ™VÔ ∞Õ]

cÈÔ›][ Œ‚| ÿ\V›>¬ Ôk™›Á> ~Ï›>kÏ \ÔV›\V ÔVÕ]. ÷Õ]BVs[
º>ƒ›>ÕÁ>BVÔ ÷[≈·°D ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|˛[≈VÏ. ‘\VÏ¬EBD c¶_ ÔVÕ]BD
clÏ’ ®™¬ z§©∏‚¶VÏ ]Ú.s.Ô_BV∑Õ>´™VÏ.
ÔVÕ]B›Á>¬ ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛ \VÏ¬EB›Á>› >øs¬

ÿÔV^”k™kVÔ› >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ƒ‚¶D
“ƒ‚¶D
Œø∫ÁÔ ®_ÈVD ƒuÆD *≈V> / ƒV°Ô^ . . . . ÷Õ]B ∂ÉB_ ƒVƒ™›Á>
÷a°√|›>V> / ∏∫Ô^ . . . .c©∏B c¶o[ / ®_ÈV ÷¶›]KD ÿ>ˆkm
/ º>ƒ©√uÆ ∂kÏÔπ[ / ∂Õ]\ JflÁƒ ∂Áƒº√V‚¶√Ω / ÔÁ´*m ÷[–D
ÔVÕ]BD / ∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m! ÔÁ¶kVl_ / ∂˛DÁƒ ka˛≈m!
ka˛≈m!” (ªÏ ∑u§
kÕ> {Áƒ, √.100).
>tw[√M[ ÔVÕ]B¬ ÔÚ›Á> E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD ∏[kÚ\VÆ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.

º\uƒV] WÈ°Á¶Á\BV·ˆ[ ƒV], kz©A \™©√V[Á\ÁB skˆ¬zD
“º\uƒV]
ÔsÁ>ÿBV[§_ ÷kÏ>V[ / √¤Á™© A´‚E / sº™V√Vºk
ÔV_ÂÁ¶BVÔºk kÕm / Øt>V™D ®[≈°¶[ √ıÁBV‚Ô”¬z© /
√‚¶V¬ ÿÔV|›>kÏ ®[Æ skˆ¬˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
WÈ°Á¶Á\BV·ˆÁ¶ºB ÔVÕ] ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ô·V_ \Vu≈t_ÁÈ ®[√Á>
÷ÀkVÆ z§©∏|˛≈VÏ. ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ºBV ∞\Vu≈∫Ô^,
∞¬Ô∫Ô”¶[ ∂É[ ]‚¶∫ÔÁ· ÂD∏ ƒ‚¶D Œø∫ÁÔfl ƒuÆD *≈V\_,
÷Õ]B ƒVƒ™›Á> ∂a°√|›>V\_ ÿƒ›m©º√V™ ∞ÁwÔπ[
∏∫ÔÁ·¬ Ôı| ÔÁ¶kVl_ ∂˛DÁƒ kaB, ÔVÕ]BD
∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷m°D ÔVÕ]BD ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁ·›
cÏ›m˛≈m” 74.
yÏ¬Ôs_ÁÈ ®[√Á> cÏ›m˛≈m
ÔÁ¶B–¬zD ÔÁ¶›º>u≈›Á> ∂Á¶•D ka•D ∂≈kaBV_ \‚|D

∂Á¶B ko•Æ›mD ÔVÕ]BD E¬Ô_ÔÁ·› yÏ¬Ô ÷BÈVÿ>™ s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ.
115
∞ÿ™M_ g•>√VËBV™ ®]ˆÔ^ x[º™ √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ \¬ÔÁ·
W´V•>√VËBVÔ WuÔ ∂_ÈkV kuAÆ›m˛[≈m ®[≈ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>.
{ÂVF¬z c√º>ƒD / \V–¬zfl ƒ\V>V™D.... ÷Õ> / ƒÔkVμ°

“{ÂVF¬z
ƒˆ©√‚| kÚ\V? kÏ¬Ô ƒ\´ƒD / ∂Ï›>\u≈m. ƒ›]BxD ÿ√VF•D /
ÁÔzK¬˛¬ ÿÔV^· / ®©º√VmD ÷BÈVm ÔVÕyBD ÿku§ ÔV›>Vº™
ÔVk_ WÁÈB∫Ô^ / kw¬z \[≈∫Ô^ ®©º√VmD ÷∫ºÔ
WÁ≈Õ]Ú¬˛[≈™. √ÈV›ÔV´D ®[√m / √È›][ ∂§z§ \‚|\_È.... /
∂¿]ÔÁ· x§BΩ¬zD / ∂≈›][ sa©√V|D gzD
gzD”(y°Ô^
ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™, √¬. 110á111) ®™ ∂≈›]uz \‚|t[§ \≈›]uzD ∂‡º> mÁ
®–D k^”k ÿÂ§l_ ÔVÕ]B›Á> ®]ÏÿÔV^˛[≈ √V∫z Ôk™∫Ì≈›>¬Ôm.
“A≈›]ºÈ ÔVÕ]BDº√E ∂Ô›]ºÈ ∂]oÚÕm \VÆ√|ºkVÏ √u§B

ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È c^·™. ÔVÕ]l¶D / º>Vu≈ ÿ√VFDÁ\ k‚Ω•D x>K\VF á
∂kÏ / kVˆ∑Ôπ¶D ÿku§ÁB / kÛo›ms‚¶m ®[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
÷>Á™ÿBV›>º> ‘ÔVÕ]Ôı¶ ÷´V\´VÎB›]_ BVÚ¬zD ∂Á¶BV·D ÿ>ˆBV>
ÌM cı|’ ®–D ÔsÁ> (º>VË kÚ˛≈m ; ÔV¬]√kM_ ka√V|, ÔVÕ] ƒ\V],
´VÎ ÔV‚Ω_ ]BV™D, ∂˛DƒV ®–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ÷>μ ÿkπX| ®_ÈVD ÿƒF•D
ÔVÕ]B kV]Ôº· √VEƒ›>™\V™ k[xÁ≈ÁB ∞ÁwÔ^ *m Ô‚¶sμ›m
s|kÁ>¬ ÔV‚|˛≈m ∂k´m ÔsÁ>” (º>VËkÚ˛≈m).
ÔVÕ] ±ÈÔ›m^ / ºÂ©>‹[ zı|Ô^ WÁ≈B© º√V‚¶>V_ /

“ÔVÕ]
ÿÔV^”©ØflEÔ^ ]BV˛Ô^ gl™ ®–D mb¬z¬ ÔsÁ>l[ >ÁÈ©º√
ÔVÕ]BD ®[√m>V[. ÔVÕ]B›Á>¬ ÔV¬Ôºk Ì¶ ÷DÁƒ
º>Ák©√|kÁ> x´ı ∑ÁkºBV| cÏ›m˛≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>
÷¬ÔsÁ>” 75 ®™
º>VËkÚ˛≈m ±_JÈD ÔVÕ]B›Á>© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ· ÷™DÔı| ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.
ƒ‚¶D / >∫Ô ∏¸Ô‚|ÔÁ·fl ƒ‚Á¶© Á√l_ ]Ë›m¬ ÿÔV^”D

“ƒ‚¶D
nÕm Â‚ƒ›]´ s|]Ôπ_ ∂B_ÂV‚|› #>ÏÔÁ· \m©A‚Ω¬z
c^πÚÕ> ÂÔ´D cÁ¶›m¬ÿÔVı| ÿkπºB kÕm k´ºkuzD.
ÔVÕ]B©∏ˆBVË / √ˆ\VÆD Œ©√Õ>∫Ôπ_ / √V´>\V>V ÔuÁ√› ÿ>V‚|¬
ÁÔÿBø›m© º√V|D
º√V|D” (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, √.138).
116
÷¬ÔsÁ>lKD x´ı∑ÁkºBV| ‘ÔVÕ]B© ∏ˆBVË’ ®™¬ ÁÔBVı|
ÿ√VÚ‚ ÿƒ§ºkV| AÈ©√|›mkVÏ >tw[√[. ÿ√VFÁB WÚ√Ï ŒÚkÏ ÿ√V∫Ô_
\ÈÚ¬ÔVÔ© º√‚Ω ÔVı√>VÔ >tw[√[ ÿ>V¶ÚD ÔsÁ>BV™ ƒ›]B©
Œº´ŒÚ / \ÔV›m\VÁk
√ˆ\V›]_ ....... “\ÔV›m\V √u§?” “Œº´ŒÚ
cÚkV¬˛B>[ JÈD / ƒ›]BD >™m / ƒ¬]l[Á\¬z› >Õ> /
kV¬zJÈD
kV¬zJÈD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[ tflƒD, √.86).
÷]_ x´ıÂÁÔBVÿ>[≈V_ º√‚ΩBπ›m ‘ÿ√VF’ºB ®[≈ º√V]KD

ÿ√VFl[ √]_ ÿ√VFBV™ √]o_ÁÈ ®[√m>V[. ÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§© º√ƒ
>tw[√[ ÔVÕ]B›Á>› >MÂ√Ï ƒVÏÕ> s]
kÚÁÔl_ Â.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, “>tw[√[
sÈ¬ÔVÔ¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ ; ƒJÔ ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÁÔ¬ÿÔV^· xΩBV>m ®™
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ” 76.
cÏ›m˛≈VÏ
®™ ®|›mÁ´©√m ∞uAÁ¶B Œ[º≈BVzD. ÔVÕ]BD ®[√m ŒÚ

Ô™°\B\V™ c[™> È‚EBD >V[ ®[≈ º√V]KD ÂÁ¶xÁ≈l_ ÔVˆB ƒV›]BD
∂u≈>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈ÿ>[√m >V[ \™D Ôƒ¬zD ƒ›]B\VF¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD
∂ˆƒ™D ®[√m / ∂ÉB_ kw¬z √Á≈B[ ®[√º> /
cıÁ\. “∂ˆƒ™D
√ıÁBVÏ kw¬z ƒV] ∂Ô´V]¬z / ∂ı_ ÔVÕ] ∂ÚπB
ÿÔVÁ¶>V[ / ∂ˆƒ™D ®[√m \ÔV›\V¬Ôπ[ / xÈVD ØEB ÿ\Val_
kÆÁ\Ì¶ / ÷Á≈kM[ ∏´ƒV>\VÔÈVD
∏´ƒV>\VÔÈVD” (∂Õ> ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD, √.12).
ÔVÕ]BD >Vμ›>©√‚¶ \¬Ô”¬z \VuÆ© ÿ√BÁ´fl Û‚|º\ ∂_ÈV\_

∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \VuÆkVμÁk ∞u√|›> k_ÈÁ\ ∂u≈ÿ>™ s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ
>tw[√[. ÿ√BÏ \Vu≈›>V_ ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ yÏÕm º√Vz\V ®[™ ®[√>VÔ ...
‘´VÎÔV‚’ ÔVÕ]¬z / ‘ƒVÕ]k™D’ ºÂÚ°¬z / ÷Õ]BV ÷Õ]BÚ¬z ®[√m ∂k´m
®^·_ ÔsÁ>. ´VÎÔV‚ ®[√mD ƒVÕ]k™D ®[√mD ∂k´kÏ ƒ\V]l[
ÿ√BÏÔ^. ÷Õ]B \¬Ô”¬z ÷Õ]BVºk ƒ\V] Ô‚|˛[≈ ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·
´›]™fl ∑Ú¬Ô\VÔ© ÿ√V‚Ω_ ∂Á≈Õ>Vuº√VÈ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. g‚|©√V_
kVÏ›> / ∂¬˛M¬ zı¶›]_ / ∂˛DÁƒ AÁ>˛≈m. kV™D√VΩÔπ[ AÔμÿ√u≈
Â\m E≈ÔÁƒ©∏_ / QVÈ
∏´Ô¶™¬ ÔsÁ> >tw[√™V_ kw∫Ô©√‚¶º> “Â\m
Â´D√]ÚD ÷\B©√≈Ák Ô^ ÂVD / ®ˆ\ÁÈl[ c^\™D ÂVD / ∂¬˛M¬
117
ÔVu§MºÈ ÷>μsˆ¬zD ∂ÚDAÔ^ ÂVD ]¬zÔπ[ A>_kÏÔ^ / º>ƒ
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^
k´D√u≈kÏÔ^” (º>VË kÚ˛≈m, √.34).
√V´]>VƒM[ √V´D√ˆB›]_ √ˆt›>kÏ >tw[√[ ®[ÆD \¬Ôπ[

√¬Ôº\ W[≈m >V[ √V´]>VƒM[ ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ> \Á. ‘\M>Á™ \≈Õms‚|
÷MÿBV[Æ /
÷È¬˛B\V’? ®[√m >tw[√[ ®ø©AD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ºÔ^s. “÷MÿBV[Æ
ÿƒV_ºkVD ÷È¬˛BD ÷_ÈV\_ / \M>[ ÷ÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈V[ / \M>[
÷_ÈV\_ / ÷È¬˛BD ÷ÚÕ>º> ÷_ÁÈ. ÷MÿBV[Æ / ºÔ‚º√VD Â]su≈
ÔVE_ √¶ÔV? \M>Á™ / \≈Õms‚| ÷È¬˛B\V?
÷È¬˛B\V?” (®[ T‚| ®]º´ ŒÚ
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √.727). ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB x[MÆ›] ŒÚºÔ^sÁB ®ø©∏
s\ÏE¬˛[≈VÏ Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD.
\M>V∏\V™›Á>
“\M>V∏\V™›Á> x[MÆ›> ÷È¬˛B›Á>¬ Ì¶©
√oÿÔV|¬˛≈VÏ. >tw[√M[ \M>V∏\V™›][ ºkÔ›Á>©
AˆÕmÿÔV^· xΩ˛≈m. g™V_ ∂kÚÁ¶B \M>V∏\V™D ŒÚ \>
ÿk§º√VÈ \V§ ŒÚ ÿ√VFÁBfl ÿƒV_È Ák›]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂[A^·
>tw[√[ ∂kÏÔº·! ÷È¬˛BD ÷_ÈV\_ \M>[ k´ÈVu§_
÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ. ∂©ÿ√Vøm ÷ÚÕ>>uz© ÿ√BÏ sÈ∫z ®[√>VzD
®[√>VzD” 77.
÷È¬˛B› >º√Vk™›]uzD OÁwB¬ Ì¶Vm ∏´flEÁ™Ôπ[ ÿk©√D.

kÁ>√|D \V–¶Ï¬z kVμkπ¬Ô ÷È¬˛BD ®[™ ∂´ƒV∫Ô›][ WkV´›
]‚¶\V? ®[˛≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÂT™ c›]Ôπ_ \™D √§ÿÔV|›m \¬Ô^ E¬Ô_ÔÁ·©
A≈¬ÔË›> ÔÁÈÔÁÈ¬ÔVºk zøs™Ï¬z© √]_ ÌÆxÔ\V™ ®]ÏsÁ™BVÔ
®ø>©√‚¶ Â]su≈ ÔVE_√¶ºÔV? ÔıÁsuÆfl E›]´\V ®[˛≈ Z]l_
®ø©√©√‚¶ ºÔ^s ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[ ÛwÁ\Ák© ÿ√VÚ›]© √VÏ›>V_>V[
\M>Á™ \≈Õms‚| ÷È¬˛B\V ®–D ∂k´m \VÏ¬EB¬ ºÔ^sl[
ÿ√VÚ·VwD AÈ©√|D.
÷›>ÁÔB >tw[√M[ ƒJÔ cÏsuz JÈs›>VÔ s·∫˛BkÏ

÷∫ºÔ / ÷È¬˛B›m¬z ®™flEÈÏ EÕ]›>™Ï
√V´]>Vƒº™! ®[√>™VºÈºB, “÷∫ºÔ
\>›]uz ®™flEÈÏ EÕ]›>™Ï ¿ ŒÚk[ >V[ \¬Ô”¬z ®™fl
EÕ]›>VF
EÕ]›>VF” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.50).
118
®[≈kÏ ÔsÁ> º√Eflÿƒ_kmD ÷m√u§ºB. ÷>Á™ºB ÁÔÈVƒ√]l[
kV™D√VΩÔπ_ ŒÚk´VÔ ∂ıÁ\l_
ÔË©AD ÷∫ºÔ cÏ›>k_Èm. “kV™D√VΩÔπ_
>tw[√[ ®\¬z› º>Vu≈\π›>VKD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B_Á√›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^k>uz© √V´]>VƒM¶D ÂVD º√VÔ ºkı|D.
Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ°D k´ÈVuÆ Z]BVÔ°D √VÏ¬zt¶›m© √V´]>Vƒ–Á¶B
ƒJÔ¬ Ôs\´∏ºÈ Â\m ÔsQÏ Â¶Õm kÕ]Ú¬˛[≈VÏ ®[√Ï
®[√Ï” 78.
Ô.ÁÔÈVƒ√] kÏ¬Ô©√VÏÁk•¶–D cÏ°¶–D ÌΩB \VBºÔVÀ¸˛l[

∂Áƒ¬ÔxΩBV> >[™D∏¬ÁÔfl ƒVBÁÈ› >tw[√M¶D ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.
\ÁÈÔÁ·©
“\ÁÈÔÁ·© A´‚|D \M> gu≈ÁÈ \VÏ¬∑¬z^”D
\VºkVo¬z^”D ÔVı˛≈VÏ >tw[√[. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs[ ∂]ƒB∫Ô^
Ôı| >tw[√[ >[Á™ ÷wÕm s¶s_ÁÈ. cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^Á·BΩ›m›
>[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[
ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬z˛[≈VÏ, Aø]Ô”D ∏´·B∫Ô·VzD ®[˛≈VÏ.
EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D ®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ
AsB´∑
AsB´∑. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›]uz^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈ ƒ\>Ï\D
®[≈ cÏÁk \VÏ¬EB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬ÿÔV^”>_
>tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ÔV xΩ˛≈m
xΩ˛≈m” 79 ®™ kV™D√VΩÔ^
kˆ›m¬ÿÔVı¶ ƒ\›mkD ®–D g]∂≈D >tw[√–¬z ª¶VÔ ∂k´m
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\FlBÈVÔ› mÈ∫zkm ®™ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ \.\mÛ>™[.
÷mz§›> ºÔVÁk QVMl[ √VÏÁk•D ÷›m¶[ Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ôº>.

®Õ> ŒÚ \VÏ¬EBÁ™¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ƒ\>Ï\ cÏs[*m √V´]>Vƒ[
“®Õ>
ÿÔVı¶ ºÂƒD gw\V™m \uÆD cÆ]BV™m. >tw[√M¶›]KD
ƒ\>Ï\ cÏ° ®[ÆD zÁ≈s_ÈV\oÚÕ>m
zÁ≈s_ÈV\oÚÕ>m” 80. ssoBfl ÿƒVuÔÁ·ºB
®]ˆÁ¶BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı| ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\¬z¬ Ô‚ΩB∫ ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ.
>‚Ω™V_ ]≈¬Ô ºkı¶VD / ºÔ‚¶V_ ÿÔV|¬Ô ºkı¶VD /

“>‚Ω™V_
>‚|kmD ºÔ‚√mD √ÁwB ∞u√V| / ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ >V[ A]B ∞u√V|
∞u√V|”
ŒÚÁÔl_ ÿÔVΩ / \ÆÁÔl_ m©√V¬˛
(]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.56). “ŒÚÁÔl_
ªÏkÈ›]_ ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ>” (]ÚD∏ kÕ> º>ÏkÈD, √.56).
119
{Ï ∂ΩÁB / x>ÈVπ›mk xΩº\_ Ák›m / {Ï ∂ΩÁB /
“{Ï
WÈ©∏Á›mk ÿÂfiE_ ª[§ {Ï ∂ΩÁB / ∂]ÔV´ kÏ¬Ô›][ xÔ›]_
÷‚| ... / JkΩBV_ xÁ≈Á\ ÿƒFB ®ø˛≈m
®ø˛≈m” (y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™,
√.73) >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^. >tw[√[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ÷[–D √[xÔ\VÔ©
√´Õm√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷∫ºÔ ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >M›>[Á\ E≈¬Ô ∂k´m
c^·VÏÕ> ºÂV¬ÁÔ© AÈ©√|›mxÔ\VÔ¬ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ \‚|º\
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
2.5 ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>l[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
2.5.1 ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD ∂≈flÊu≈D
ÔsÁ>l[ √B[√Vÿ¶[√m ∂>[ ∂w˛B_ ÷[√D \‚|º\B[Æ. ∂m

÷[ÿ™V[Á≈•D ºkıΩ Wu˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ºB ÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VBfl
ÿƒBu√V¶V™ ÷[§BÁ\BV Œ[≈VÔ ko•Æ›mkVÏ Ω.®¸.®oB‚.
“ÔsÁ>BV™m,
ÔsÁ>BV™m, ÔsÁ> ÷[√›m¶[ ∂Á>•D Ô¶Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ
\VÆ>ÁÈ•D Â\¬z› >´ºkı|D ®[√Á>©√u§ ÂVD ∂Á™kÚD AˆÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ WÁ™¬˛º≈[. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| sÁe°ÔÁe
cı|√ıV> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôºe ÷_ÁÈÿB™ ®π>VÔfl
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD” 81 . ‘ƒD√kVt •ºÔ •ºÔ’ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ˇÁ>l[
ÿƒV_os¶ÈVD
\ÔVkV¬˛B›]uz ª¶VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔVbD xÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕº>
∂k´m ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>l[ ∂≈D AÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m.
“x´ıÔπ[
x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ ∏´√fiƒD ÷B∫zD.
∞º>–D Œ[ÆtzÕ>V_ yÁ\ cı¶VzD. ÷©√Ω ∞º>–D Œ[Æ
tzÕ>V_ tzkÁ> ∂¶¬˛fl ƒ\[ ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ ÷BuÁÔlºÈºB
∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD >Ï\D zÁÈÕm ∂>Ï\D
∂]Ôˆ¬˛≈º>V, ∂©ÿ√Vøÿ>_ÈVD ÂV[ ®[Á™© ∏≈©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛º≈[ ®[Æ ˇÁ> ÌÆD kV¬˛B›][ ÿ√VÚ^ ÷m>V[
÷m>V[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√
∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √.12). x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈ ∂›m *ÆÁÔl_
WÔμÕº>ÆD ∂k>V´› º>Vu≈\VÔºk ÔsÁ>ÁB•D x[MÆ›m˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[.
120
÷´V\VB© √w∫ÔÁ>ÁB ªΩÁwBV¬˛ ÷´V\Ï ∂k>V´›][
ºÂV¬Ô›Á>© AÈ©√|›mk>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ÊÁ>Ô^ / √§º√V™Á>¬ Ì¶ ∂§Bs_ÁÈBV ¿∫Ô^ /
∂k>V´ ºÂV¬Ôº\ \≈Õm s‚¶>V c∫Ô”¬z? º√V´V¶ ºkıΩB
ÔsflºƒÁ™ºB...... ®©º√Vm Â¶¬zD / ÷´Vk ƒD«V´D? ®[Á≈¬z
Â¶¬zD / ÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D
÷È∫ÔV>Ô™D” (∑‚|s´_, √.86).
ÔsÁ> ®ÀkVÆ g•>\V˛≈m ®[√Á> ∂©m_ ´z\V[ x[Ák©√Á>

÷∫ºÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑. “®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD Â[Á\ ÂoÕm
yÁ\ ÿƒa¬˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> ∂k>V´D ÿÔV^˛≈m.
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÿÔe´kÏÔ^ ∂Ë]´^˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ>
ÔVıœ√\V˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÊÁ>Ô^ EÁ≈©√|˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
ÔsÁ> √Á¶ÿB|›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD √VfiƒVoÔ^ m˛_
cˆB©√|˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> gÁ¶ kw∫z˛[≈m.
®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ºÔVkÈÏÔ^ ÿÔVÁÈÿƒFB©√|˛≈VÏÔºeV ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
ÔsÁ> ÔıË_ Ô™uÿ√V§ºBV| kw¬ÔV¶fl ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
∑´∏BV˛≈m” 82 .
√E¬z´_ ®ø˛≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD ÔsÁ> ∂x> ∑´∏BV˛≈m
®[ A´‚El[ W≈D √flÁƒ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ ®ø]•êÁ>¬ z§©∏‚|

ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿÔV|Á\ÁB ®]Ï¬zD {Ï g•>\VÔfl ÿƒBu√¶ ºkı|D ®™
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ ®[Æ ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>ÁB >[ ±o_
®|›>V”˛≈VÏ ∑√V∑. “c^ºe
c^ºe ÿÔVÕ>π›m¬ zx§ xÔ| cÁ¶›mfl E>§B
/ ®[ ºÔV¶V¬˛M ®[>kD ÔÁÈ¬Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ]≈Õ> / ®[ ÿÂu§¬Ôı
ÂV[ ÔÈ¬Ô©√‚¶ º√Vm m©∏B gÈÔVÈD / ®[Á\l[ ∏éBD
∂E∫Ô∫ÔÁe, ∂¬˛´\∫ÔÁe, ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe, ºÂV¬˛ ¿ı¶ ®[ ∑‚|
s´_
s´_” (∑‚|s´_, √.3).
>VF\Ω ∂§BV¬ z‚ΩÔeVF zwŸ]©∏[ ÿ>V¶ÚD zwÕÁ>ÔeVF

÷Á´BVzD ∞\VÕ> s‚Ω_ÔeVÔ \¬Ôπ[ º√Á>Á\ ∂©m_ ´z\VM[
ÿÔVΩ\´D, kaÂ¶©√kÏÔ^, kBm k´V>kÏ¬z \‚|D, √VÁÈk™›m© ∏´t|Ô^,
ÿ√VD\ÈV‚¶D Be Indian ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
121
÷Õ]BÏÔπ[ WÁÈÁB ∂©√‚¶\VÔ √¶D ∏Ω›mÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ‘Be Indian Buy
Indian’ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[ JÈD. √VÁÈk™›m© ∏´t|Ô^ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_
“k´Vº>
k´Vº> ®[Æ / ÁÔBÁƒ¬˛≈m / kÚ˛≈VÏÔ^ Ø¬Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ /
÷ÚÕmD / º>[ÂVΩ ÿ\VF¬zD kı|Ô^ / ˛ÁeÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ ÷ÚÕmD /
Ì|Ô‚¶ kÚD √≈ÁkÔ^ ÔD√∫Ô”¬z ∂Á¶ / \M>ÏÔ”¬z WÏkVD
sE›]´\V™ º>ƒD
º>ƒD” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.13, 16) ÿÔVΩ\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>
EÈ©√]ÔV´›]_ \mÁ´ ÔVı¶›]_ k´¬ÌΩB kˆÔÁ· Â\¬z
WÁ™°©√|›m˛≈m ÿÔVΩ\´D º√∑k>VÔ ∂Á\¬˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. “÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Õ]B´VÔ
÷Ú∫Ô^ / ∞\VπÔeVÔ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ®∫Ô^ ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ / ®ˆÕm
÷Ú∫Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.60) “ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú∫Ô^ ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒ\V]•D / º\Á¶BV˛
s|˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ º\Á¶•D ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m
ƒ\V]BV˛s|˛≈m” . (∑‚|s´_, √.76)
“kaÔV‚Ω
kaÔV‚Ω \´∫Ô^/ Ô™©A¬z s≈ÔV˛s‚¶™ / zwŸ]l[ ∏[º™
zwÕÁ>Ô^”.. (∑‚|s´_, √.84) “c[ÔlÆÔ^
zwÕÁ>Ô^ c[ÔlÆÔ^ / ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ¶D E¬Ô
ÿ√VDÁ\Ô^ c[Á™ / g‚|˛[≈™ g|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ô”¬z
/ ¿ºB √B©√|˛≈VF ¿ ÿƒF> ÿ√VDÁ\Ôπ[x[ / ¿ºB søÕm
k∫z˛≈VF”.. (∑‚|s´_, √¬.92, 93) “t‚¶VF
k∫z˛≈VF t‚¶VF ÿÔV|©√kÁ™ÿB_ÈVD /
ÂDAD, º√Á>© ∏^ÁeºB! / c[Á™© ∏Ω›>Á¶¬zD ºÔVË© Á√¬zD /
∞Á¬zD / c™¬z s›]BVƒD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ¿ ®©º√Vm / kB∑¬z
k´©º√V˛≈VF?
k´©º√V˛≈VF?” (∑‚|s´_, √.138).
Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”D s›Á> ∂©m_

´z\V–¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬z ®]´V™ ∂≈flÊu≈¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
‘∑‚|s´_’ g˛[≈m. \™ÿkπl_ ÔVV\_ º√V™kÏÔ^ ‘∏›>M[’
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ ∂Ô[≈m ÔV>ºÈ BVm\VÔ ‘t[ tMÔeV_ ŒÚ ÔΩ>xD’,
ÿ√ÚD√V[Á\BVÔ ‘´ÔEB©Ø°D’ Ô¤_ (gbazal) ÿ>Vz]ÔeV˛[≈™. \ÕÁ>
\º™V√Vk\V™ º√Á>Á\ÁB© º√∑D ∂©m_´z\VM[ ÔVÈkø ÔsÁ>
√V´]l[ √VÏÁkl[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EºB.
“c[
c[ x©√V‚¶[ / ∂ËÕ>m ®[√>uÔVÔ sÈ∫zÔÁe ∂Ë˛≈VF
c[√V‚¶[ zΩ›>m / ®[√>uÔVÔ ÂfiÁƒ¬ zΩ¬˛≈VF
zΩ¬˛≈VF” (∑‚|s´_, √.99).
122
x[º™≈V\_ º>∫˛©∏[™Á¶kVzD ÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬˛Á™ ∂[º≈
ƒVΩ™VÏ √V´] ®™ #´[ z§©∏|km Ôk™∫ÿÔV^·›>¬Ôm. “√V‚¶[
√V‚¶[ ÿk‚ΩB
˛Æ ckÏ©A ¿´V˛s‚¶V_, ∂Á> JΩs‚|© A]B ˛uÁ≈
ÿk‚¶ÿkı|D. √V‚¶M[ *>V™ \]©Á√¬ Ì‚¶ c©A¿Á´¬ zΩ¬Ô
xΩBVm” 83 .
xΩBVm
ÿ>V[Á\BkVD ®–D ®Ák•D Â[≈VÔV ®–D ÂD√wD √V¶KD ‘A´V

t›ºBk ÂƒVm ƒÏkD’ (√ÁwÁ\BV™m ®[√>™VºÈºB ®_ÈVxD E≈Õ>™
g˛s¶V) ®–D ÔVπ>VE[ \ÔVkV¬˛BxD ÷>Á™ ko•Æ›> k_È™ºk. ƒ‚¶D
Œø∫z ¿] WÏkVÔD ®[√>[ º√´V_ ÷∫z ÂÔÏ›>©√|D ∂ÉB_ ÔVF
ÂÔÏ›>_ÔÁe ∂D√È©√|›mD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe ∂k´m √VÚ¬z^ºe Â_ÈÂV|,
zu≈kVπÔ^, zΩÔV´ÏÔ^, ÔV¬˛flƒ‚Á¶ x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
“∂kÏÔÁefl
∂kÏÔÁefl EÁ≈l_ ƒÕ]›º>[ ŒÀÿkVÚk´VÔfl ÿƒV[™VÏÔ^
..... ÂV[ √›]ˆ¬ÁÔ gEˆB[ >ÁÈB∫Ô›]_ cıÁ\ÁB ®ø]º™[,
ÂV‚Ω[ ¸]´›>[Á\ÁBÔ zÁÈ›>>VÔ¬ ÿÔVı|kÕm s‚¶VÏÔ^....
ÂV[ ÿkπºB kÕº>[ / ƒ‚¶D Œø∫z© ∏´flEÁ™ ®m°D / ÷_ÈV\_
ÂV| ∂Á\]BVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m
÷ÚÕ>m” (∑‚|s´_, √¬.12, 14). ÷m EÁ≈kVEÔÁe© º√‚Ω
ÔVı√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚¶m. ŒÚ ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ¶D ∂kÏ \Á™s
ºÔ‚√>VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶ ÔsÁ>l_,
c∫Ô^ *m √ΩÕ> ÔÁ≈ÔÁe / ®©√Ω¬ Ôø°TÏÔ^ / kıV[

z§Ôe_ÈkV ∂Ák? A[ g≈ÈVD k| \VÆ\V? ÔÁ≈Ô^ ÿk”›>V_ º√VÔÈVD
kıV[ z§ º√Vz\V? ÔV¬˛fl ƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ÏÔπ[ ÔÁ≈Ô^ ÷›>ÁÔB
kıV[ z§Ô^ ®[˛≈VÏ, ∞[? “g|Ô”¬z›>V[
g|Ô”¬z›>V[ / c∫ÔÁe¬
ÔVkÈVÔ Ák›>VÏÔ^ / g™V_ / {ÂVFÔ”¬Ô_ÈkV ¿∫Ô^ /
√uÔeV˛s‚œÏÔ^ ............. J‚Á¶©ØflEÔÁe / Â∑¬˛s|D c∫Ô^ ÁÔ
/ ´›>¬ ÔV‚º¶ˆÔ^ ®[≈V_ zD∏|˛≈º>
zD∏|˛≈º>”. (∑‚|s´_, √¬. 39, 42)
®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©∏ mB´∫Ô”¬z© √∫ÔVπBVÔ› >BVÏ. g™V_

ÔÁ≈Ô”¬z© √∫ÔVπ g¬˛s¶VyÏÔ^ ®™ \Æ>o¬˛[≈VÏ
123
ÔV¬˛flƒ‚Á¶¬ÔV´ˆ[ \Á™s. zu≈kVπÔ^ ÔsÁ>l_ ƒ‚¶›][ ∂Ô´V]
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|êm.
“ƒ‚¶D
ƒ‚¶D ÿƒV[™m : ÔV©√m √B∫Ô´kV>D ........... ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mkm ÂV‚Ω[ √VmÔV©A¬z g√›m, ÿÔV‚|km k[xÁ≈
k[xÁ≈”
(∑‚|s´_, √.19). g™V_ B>VÏ›>D ®[™ÿkM_ Ô[™t‚¶ Ô^kÁ´ s‚|s‚|
ÔΩ›m› m´›]B ÂVFÔ^ *mD, ƒ]ÔV´ÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| ƒ]ÔÁe ∂D√È©√|›]B
y√∫Ô^ *mD, Ì‚Á¶¬ zÁÈ¬Ô xBKD z≈kÏÔÁe s‚|s‚| º>Ωfl ºƒÔˆ›>
º>Ã¬Ô^ *mº\ √VF˛[≈™ ƒ‚¶∫Ô^ BV°D. “c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ ƒ‚¶º\ / º√VÁ>l_
\B∫˛fl ƒV¬ÔÁ¶l_ / søÕm ˛¶¬˛≈º> / \msÈ¬z ®[Æ º√ƒ /
ÿk‚Ôt_ÁÈBV c∫Ô”¬z
c∫Ô”¬z” (∑‚|s´_, √¬. 96, 97).
zΩ©√kÏÔÁe› >ıΩ¬zD ƒ‚¶›>V_ Ôêfl ƒV´VB sBV√VˆÔÁe›

>ıΩ¬Ô xΩBV> \B¬Ô º√VÁ>ÁB¬ ºÔ^s¬zêV¬z˛[≈VÏ. c^ÂV‚|
WÚkVÔ›]_ \‚|\_È ÿkπÂV‚| skÔV´∫ÔπKD ÷›>ÁÔB ÷´‚Á¶
ºk¶∫ÔÁe ~wfl E¬ÔK¬z ª¶VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. “º>k
º>k ºk¶D º√V‚¶
ƒV›>V[Ô^ ºk>D {m˛[≈™ / ÷º>V / ´›>©√uÔÁe \Á≈›> {ÂVFÔ^
¿Á´¬ ÔÈ¬˛B √aÁB / g|Ôπ[ *m ∑\›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™”
(∑‚|s´_, √.19). ∂´∑› >´©Á√ \‚|\_È ÿƒVÕ>fl ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^ m[√›]_ ƒV>_
Ôı|D EÕÁ> ÷´∫ÔV> \¬Ôπ[ \Õ> A›]ÁB•D, ∂ΩÁ\›>™›Á>•D ´›>D
ÿkÀºkÆ W≈D ®™ tÔ°D O‚√\VÔfl E›]ˆ¬˛[≈VÏ.
2.5.2 √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D
A›>Ï cflƒˆ›> ÔÁ¶E kVÏ›Á> “∂©º√V yº√V √k (¿ºB c™¬z se¬ÔVÔ

÷Ú) ÷Õ> A›>ˆ[ ÷Æ] kVÏ›Á>ÁB sˆkVÔ se¬z˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ƒ›]B ∂–√kD >VD√›]B c≈° º√VÈ ∂>Á™fl ÿƒV_o¬ÔV‚¶xΩBV>, ÿƒVÕ>
∂–√k›>VºÈºB c´ ÷BKD ; ∂ΩÁ\¬z kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷_ÁÈ. ÂVD
ƒD√V]¬zD ƒD√V›]BD. gÔºk ƒ›]BxD ÂD kVμ¬ÁÔ•D ∂Á\B ºkı|D.
>BÁk ÂV¶V\_ ÷ÚÕm ÿƒVÕ> se¬ÁÔ ∞Õ] ÷Ú›>ºÈ. se¬˛[ >BÁk•D
m≈©√ÿ>M_ ÂVxD se¬ÔV˛¶_ ºkı|D. Â\¬zÂVº\ se¬ÔV˛ s‚¶V_
∂>uz©A≈D ®Õ> ÷ÚÁe¬ Ôı|D ÂVD ®>uÔVÔ ∂fiƒ© º√V˛º≈VD
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD A›>ˆ[ ÔÁ¶E kVÏ›Á>ÁB x[ÿ™|¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[”.
124
÷mºk ÷›>z ∑B›][ º>¶ºÈ ∂k´m gÈV√Á™l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ
∂Á\Õ]B_˛[≈m. “¿
¿ c[Á™ c[™V_ ∂È∫Ôˆ / ÿ√V[™V_
∂È∫Ôˆ¬ÔVº> / ∞ÿ™[≈V_ / ÿ√V[Á™s¶ \M>M[ ∑BD /
\]©AÁ¶Bm
\]©AÁ¶Bm” (gÈV√Á™, √.25). ∂k´m cÁ´Ô_o_ ÿ√V[M–D
\VuÆ¬zÁ≈BV\˛Á\•D \]©AD cÁ¶B>VÔ ∑Bº\ ∑¶Ïk>V˛[≈m.
“kVμ¬ÁÔÿB_ÈVD
kVμ¬ÁÔÿB_ÈVD √uÆ ®ø]Bkº™ / c[ √∫z¬z ŒÚ k´kVkm /
Ák›ms‚|© º√V! / c[ ƒVs_ ƒVD√ÁÈ ∂_È / ÿÂÚ©Á√ s‚|fl ÿƒ_
ÿƒ_”
(gÈV√Á™, √¬.30, 33) ®[≈kÏ √uÆ c≈°©√]ºk‚Ω_ ∂k´kÏ ®flƒ›>V_
ÔV©√¶ ∞mkVÔ ∞º>–D s‚|©º√VÔ ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ.
“®∫ºÔ
®∫ºÔ ∂wzD ∑>Õ]´xD cıº¶V ∂∫ºÔ>V[ / \V–¶D
ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m” , “k´©∏KD
]ÚswV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|˛[≈m k´©∏KD xÁe¬˛≈m / A_ / ºkolKD
\ÈÏ˛≈m / ÂD ºÔV|Ôπ_ \‚|D / ÔVB∫Ô^
ÔVB∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.54,57).
∑>Õ]´º\ \V–¶› ]ÚswV ®™°D, ÂVD ˛a›> ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂDÁ\¬ ˛a›>
ºÔV|ÔeVKD ÂVº\ ƒıÁ¶l‚| \Ω˛º≈VD ®™°D ÷È‚∑\¬ºÔV|Ôπ[
÷È‚ƒ∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“÷∫ºÔ
÷∫ºÔ / ¿ ¿BVÔ ÷Ú©√Á> BVÚD sÚDAk]_ÁÈ ¿ BVÏ
\V]ˆBVkm >V[ ÷ÚÕ>VÔ ºkı|D ƒJÔ›]uz› º>Ák / ÿ¤´V¬¸
∏´]Ô^”(gÈV√Á™, √.5) “c[Á™
∏´]Ô^ c[Á™ ¿ºB ®ø]¬ ÿÔV^ ÷_ÁÈÿB[≈V_ /
¿ ∏≈´V_ ®ø>©√‚|s|kVF ......... c[Á™ ¿ºB>V[ / ∏´ƒs¬Ô
ºkı|D” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.137, 138) “¿Á´©º√V_
ºkı|D ¿Á´©º√V_ / >V\Á´ ÷ÁÈ¬z¬
ˇºw•D º\ºÈ•D / ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VF ÷Ú ¿Á´© º√V_ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
®øm˛≈k™VF ÷Ú / c[ º\_ BVÚD ®ø>xΩBV>√Ω ÷Ú ¿Á´©º√V_ /
®∫ºÔ ∑u§ ∂ÁÈÕ>VKD c[ JÈ ƒx›]´›Á> / ∂Á¶kÁ>ºB
z§¬ºÔVeVF¬ ÿÔV^kVBVÔ
ÿÔV^kVBVÔ” (gÈV√Á™, √.148).
kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[√>Á™ºB \M>[ >[Á™› >Vº™ ∏´ƒs¬Ô xBKD

xBuEBVÔ¬ ÔVbD ∂©m_´z\V[ ÿ√BÁ´¬ Ì¶ ÿ√uº≈VÏ ÷‚¶ kıV[
z§ÿB™fl ∑‚Ω ∂k´kÏ ÿ√BÚD >[MoÚÕº> c]¬Ô ºkı|ÿ\™
∑B©∏´ƒk›Á>ºB ∑‚|˛[≈VÏ. ¿ˆ[ ¿ÏÁ\BVKD ∑B›Á>ºB
ko•Æ›m˛[≈VÏ.
125
“c[
c[ >VÔº\ / c[ ºkÏÔ”¬z kaÔV‚|D / ......... º>¶ºÈ c[
ºkÏÔ^” (gÈV√Á™, √.106) “c[
ºkÏÔ^ c[ xÔkˆ / c[ xÔ›]_ ÷_ÁÈ c[
\™›]_>V[ / ÷Ú¬˛≈m
÷Ú¬˛≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √.124). >™¬zD kV™›m¬z\V™
º√V‚Ωl_ A[™ÁÔÁB•D, ÔıßÁ´•D, sBÏÁkÁB•D, ºÔV√›Á>•D,
ÔV>ÁÈ•D, ®ı∫ÔÁe•D, ®ø›Á>•D, º√flÁƒ•D, ÔsÁ>ÁB•D,
c≈¬Ô›Á>•D, nB›Á>•D, ÿ√ÚJflÁƒ•D ∂kÏ ®|›m Ák›> º√Vÿ>_ÈVD
kV™D xÁ≈ºB ÁkÔÁ≈ÁB•D, \ÁwÁB•D, Â‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe•D, ÿklÁÈ•D,
º\Ô∫ÔÁe•D, t[™ÁÈ•D, ÷ΩÁB•D, kV™s_ÁÈ•D, ÷ÚÁe•D,
˛´Ô∫ÔÁe•D, ABÁÈD ®|›m Ák›m ®]ÏÿÔVı¶>VD kV™D.
“÷Æ]l_
÷Æ]l_ ÂV[ / Am©Am ÷È‚EB∫ÔÁe ºÂV¬˛ Â¶¬zD / ®[
√V>∫ÔÁe ®|›m Ák›º>[. kV™D º>Vu≈m
º>Vu≈m” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.17, 18).
“÷m
÷m º√fl∑¬ ÔsÁ>¬z Â_È ƒV[Æ. ÷Õ> cÁ´BV¶o_ ®_ÈVku§uzD
√]_ÿƒV[™ kV™D, ƒV]¬Ô°D ºƒV]¬Ô°D ÿ>ˆÕ> \M>M[
÷È‚EB∫Ô”¬z x[™V_ º>V_s ∂Á¶km \VM¶›][ \Ô›mk›]uz¬
ÿku§BVzD” 84 .
˛Á¶›> ÿku§BVzD
®™ ®|›mÁ´¬zD ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√VE[ √VÏÁk•D ÷›m¶[

®ı›>zD. >™¬z^ ®]ÚD A]Ú\V™ ÷Ú mÚk∫ÔeVF ÷ÚkÏ
÷Ú©√>VÔ°D; ∂kÏÔπ_ cıÁ\l[ Œπ©√¬Ô›Á> ª|Ú°D ºÂÏÔπ_
ÉÔ™V™ √V¶Ô[ ŒÚkÿ™[ÆD; ÷Úı¶ √¬Ô›][ \Ï\ \ÈÏÔÁe xÔ´k_È
®]ˆÔπ[ c√VvÔ™V™ ∏›>[ \uÿ≈VÚk[ ®™°D x[ Ák›mêVÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[. ∂Õ> √V¶ÔM[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁeºB ∑B›][ º>¶ÈVÔ¬ Ôıº¶VD. ®]Ï
mÚk\V™ ∏›>M[ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[ ®]ÏÿÔV^ºkVD.
“c∫Ô^
c∫Ô^ / ∑B›Á> ºÂV¬˛© A≈©√|∫Ô^ ... ¿∫Ô^ / ∂∫ºÔ>V[
÷Ú¬˛[SÏÔ^. ÷Á> ∂§km>V[ / √BD .... c∫Ô^ √VÁ> / c∫Ô^
√B›>V_ cı¶VÔ‚|D
cı¶VÔ‚|D”(∏›>[, √¬.44, 45). ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ∂kÏ Â]l[
√VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD √≈Ákl[ √VÁ>ÁB© º√VKD ∑k¶u≈>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô‚|D
®™°D ∂Á¶k>uÔ_È ∂a©√>uz›>V[ √BD ®™°D ∏›>M[
®]ÏxÔ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ. Â]l[ √VÁ> >Vº™ gÆ. Â] √ÁwB ÿ>[≈VKD
126
ÿkêD A]>_ÈkV. ºÂuÁ≈B Â]•D ÷[Á≈B Â]•D ÷Õ>kÁÔl_
ºkÆºkÆ>Vº™. AmÿkêD xÕÁ>B Â]¿Á´ \VuÆkm>Vº™.
“Œº´
Œº´ gu§_ ¿∫Ô^ / ÷ÚxÁ≈ ÷≈∫Ô xΩBVm / ®_ÈVD {Ω¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ / ®m°D cÁ≈Õm Wu√]_ÁÈ
Wu√]_ÁÈ” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ,
√¬.62, 63). ˛º´¬Ô ÿ\FfiQVM ÿ«´V¬o¶¸L[ A]Ï¬ÔsÁ>ºB ÷m.
÷>Á™ x[Ák›m ∂©m_ ´z\V[ se¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“gÆ
gÆ ®[√m ÷¶\_È; ¿Ï ÂVD ºÂuÆ¬ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï
ºkÆ ÷[Æ zπ›> º√Vm ÷ÚÕ> ¿Ï ºkÆ ºÂuÆ¬ zπ›> ¿Ï
º√VFs‚¶m. ÷[Æ zπ›> ¿Ï A]>VÔ kÕ> ¿Ï. guÆ¿Á´› º>¬˛ ∂]_
ÂVD zπ©√>VÔ Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^ºkVD. ∂©º√VmD ŒÚ \Vu≈D
WÔμÕ]Ú¬ÔÈVD. ¿Ï ∂º> ¿´VÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ºÂuÆ¬ zπ›>
ÂV\_È ÷[Æ zπ¬zD ÂVD
ÂVD” (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.62, 63).
\VÆ>_ Œ[º≈ \V≈V>m ®[√m >Vº™ \V≈V> s] ®[˛≈ Z]l_

ÿ«´V¬o¶L[ A]Ï¬ÔsÁ>l[ x´ı sÁeBV‚Á¶ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
ÿ√Vm©A›]¬z \V≈VÔ©√‚¶kÏ›>™\VÔ© º√∑˛[≈kÏÔÁe•D ∞º>V Œ[§[*m
∂]Ô ~|√V| ÿÔVıΩÚ©√kÏÔÁe•D ƒ´VƒˆBV™kÏÔ^ >D √VÏÁkl_
Á√›]¬ÔV´[ gÔ›>Vº™ √VÏ¬˛[≈VÏÔ^. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿÂπ° ∑a°
¿¬z©º√V¬z ®[√>[ º√´V_ ÷´‚Á¶ ºk¶D º√V|˛≈kÏ √VÏÁkl_
√‚¶kÏ›>™\VÔ© º√E ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔ ÷B∫z√kÏÔ^ ∏›m¬zπÔeVÔºk
ÿ>[√|kVÏÔ^. ŒÚ Ô_ÿÈ§B©√|D ∏›>Á™ x[Ák›m ÷À°ıÁ\ÁB
∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“∂kÏÔ^
∂kÏÔ^ ∞[ c[*m / Ô_ÿÈ§˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[º≈[. ÂV[
∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂Õ>´∫Ô›][ ÔıVΩ ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™ /
cÁ¶¬Ô© √VÏ¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ®[≈V[ / ∞[ ®[º≈[. / ∂kÏÔ^
ÿkπ©√|k>uz© / √B©√|˛≈VÏÔ^. ∂kÏÔ^ / ºk¶∫Ôπ_ /
kE¬˛≈VÏÔ^ ∂m ∂kÏÔ”¬z / kƒ]BVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ºk¶D ÔÁÈÕ>V_ /
º\Á¶ º√VFs|D ÂV[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B / ∂D√ÈD ÔkM! / ∂D√ÈD / ®[
º\Á¶B_È / Â¶™D. ∂>™V_>V[ ®[Á™© ∏›>[ ®[˛≈VÏÔ^
®[≈V[
®[≈V[” (∏›>[, √¬.10, 11). BVÏ √VÏÁkl_ BVÏ ∏›>[? ®[√m >V[ ÷∫ºÔ
127
sÁ¶ÔV ºkıΩB s™V. ÷>Á™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÔV›]KD ÿv[ √VÏÁk¬z
ª¶VÔ© º√Efl ÿƒ_kVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. “ÂVD
ÂVD BVº´V EÈÁ´ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^
®[˛º≈VD. g™V_ sÚ©A ÿkÆ©A cêk[ ŒÀÿkVÚk–D
\™ºÂVBVπ>V[. ∂©√Ω©√VÏ›>V_ ®_ºÈVÚº\ \™ ºÂVBVπÔ^>VD.
s]sÈ¬zÔ^ ∂kÏÔ^ ∂ˆ>VÔºk ÷Ú¬zD. ÷m ∂_Èm ∂m. ∞>Vkm
Œ[Á≈› º>ÏÕÿ>| ®[Æ \™D ÿƒV_KD / ÷m \™›][ sBV] ®[˛≈VÏ
ºvVv[
ºvVv[” (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.133á134).
2.5.3 zwÕÁ>Á\•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ Ô_s á zwÕÁ>© √V¶_Ô^ ®[√™ ŒÚkÁÔ. ÷Ák

zwÕÁ>Ô”¬ÔVÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√|k™. zwÕÁ>ÔÁefl E›]ˆ¬zD ®ø›m¬Ô^
∂kÏÔÁe©√u§ ®ø>©√|k™. g™V_ ÷Ák ÷´ıΩoÚÕmD ºkÆ√‚¶ Œ[º≈
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÂVD ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩB Ô_s x>_kÁÔ¬z
∂w.k^πB©√V, zw.Ô]º´ƒ[ x>ÈV™kÏÔπ[ √V¶_Ô^, kVı|\V\V ÔÁ>Ô^;
∂|›> kÁÔ¬z √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √V¶_Ô^, kVÿ™Vo ∂ıV Ô‚|Á´Ô^
x>ÈV™Ák ®|›m¬ÔV‚|Ô^.
J[≈Vkm kÁÔ>V[ zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔV^km. ÷Õ>

kÁÔl_ AmÁ\©∏›>[, kı>Vƒ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^; QVM, ∏º´t^ Ô‚|Á´Ô^;
º>kº>k[, º>k>flƒ[, ∂©m_´z\V[, ∏º´D, ´º\i, xzÕ> ÂVÔ´V¤[,
sibA´D ƒ´k[ ÔsÁ>Ô^; ºkK.ƒ´k[, xÚÔØ√] ÂV¶Ô∫Ô^
x>oBÁk ∂¶∫zD. ÷ÀkÁÔlÈV™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬ ÔVıº√VD.
EkÔVEl_ BVÚÁ¶B ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔºkV y¬zflEÔeV˛s‚¶ E≈VÏÔπ[
∂kÈ›Á> x[Ák›m “ kÚ¶Õ>k≈V\_ / zwÕÁ>Ô^ ]™›Á>¬
ÿÔVı¶V|˛≈kÏÔºe / ]™∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶V|kÁ> s‚|¬ /
zwÕÁ>ÔÁe ®©º√Vm / ÿÔVı¶V¶© º√V˛SÏÔ^
º√V˛SÏÔ^” (∑‚|s´_, √.90).
zwÕÁ>•D ÿ>FkxD ÿÔVı¶V|t¶›]_ >V[ ®[√VÏÔºe

∂>[ÿ√VÚ^ ∂ÚÁ\ ÿ>ˆÕ>kÏÔeV_ \‚|º\ ∂Ák ÿ√ÚÁ\•¶[
ÿÔVı¶V¶©√|D ®[√º>.
128
“ÂD
ÂD zwÕÁ>© √Úk›][ / ÷w°¬ÔVÔ ∂øºkVD Â\¬z^ºe Â¶Õ>
/ ∂Õ> \´›]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD / ∂§°¬ÔM cı¶>V_ ÂVD ÷wÕms‚¶
/ ∂Õ> ÿƒVÏ¬Ô›]uÔVÔ ∂øºkVD. / ∏^ÁeÔºe ÿ>FTÔ› y√∫Ôºe
c∫Ôπ¶tÚ¬zD ŒπÁB¬ / ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔVêV\_ c∫Ô”¬z ®∫Ô^
÷ÚÁe¬ / ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔV|¬˛º≈VD / ®∫ÔÁe \[M›m s|∫Ô^
zwÕÁ>Ôºe / c∫Ô^ s´_ÔÁe / ÂV∫Ô^ ∏Ω›m¬ ÿÔV^˛º≈VD /
®∫ÔÁe c∫Ô^ º>kº>ƒ›]uz ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_K∫Ô^
ÿƒ_K∫Ô^” (gÈV√Á™,
√¬.19, 22) ®[Æ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ]Úx[ ∂øm \[≈V|˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>© √ÚkD
>V[ ÂVD ÷wÕ> ÿƒVÏ¬ÔD. ∂m ÷_ÈVÁ\ÔÁe© √VkÁ™BV_ ÷‚| W´©AD
∂§Ák© A≈ÿ\Vm¬˛¬ Ôu√Á™l[ AÁ™Ák ∂´kÁ¬zD zwÕÁ>Ôπ[
s´_ √u≈V\_ sıbÈÁÔ ∂Á¶BV xΩBVÿ>[√m ssoB kV¬z.
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\]Ú^ÔÁeºB ®™
zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔ xÁ™˛[≈VÏ ÔsQÏ.
“A›>Ô∫Ôºe
A›>Ô∫Ôºe / ƒ\Ï›>VlÚ∫Ô^ zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ / ˛a›m
s¶VyÏÔ^....... zwÕÁ>Ôºe / √V¶© A›>Ô∫ÔeVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^ / ∂kÏÔ^
ÁÔl_ ∞[ ÔV˛>¬ z©Á√ÔÁe› / >Ú˛SÏÔ^
>Ú˛SÏÔ^” (∏›>[, √.80) ®™¬
ºÔ‚˛≈V[ ∂©m_´z\VM[ ∏›>[. ÂD √VÏÁkl_ ∏^ÁeÔºe A›>Ô∫ÔÁe¬
˛a©√kÏÔ^. g™V_ ∏›>[ √VÏÁklºÈV A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∏^ÁeÔÁe¬
˛a©√Ák.
“ÂDxÁ¶B
ÂDxÁ¶B ∏´flEÁ™ √^πl_ ÔuzD zwÕÁ>ÔºeV \Vkº™V
∏´flEÁ™” 85
∂_È; \V≈VÔ gEˆBÚD ÿ√uº≈VÚD >V[ x¬˛B\V™ ∏´flEÁ™
®[√VÏ º¤. ˛ÚiJÏ›]. ÂVD ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z¬ Ôu∏¬zD x>_ c√º>ƒº\
º¶V[‚¶V¬ ®[√m>Vº™. ∂m\‚|\V º√EB>uÔVÔºk ∏´D√Ω, ®KDA x§•D
∂esuz. A›>Ô∫Ôºe ∂kÏÔ^ º>VπKD cê›]KD ∑Á\BVzD ∂esuz.
Ô_s¬Ì¶º\ EÁ≈flƒVÁÈBVÔ, s|xÁ≈ÁBºB ∏^ÁeÔ”¬z s|>ÁÈBVÔ
Â\¬z› >ı¶Á™BVÔ ®[√m>Vº™ ÂV‚| Â¶©A. ÷>Á™›>V[ º¤.˛Úi
JÏ›]l[ √VÏÁk•D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈™.
“\Áw¬z©
\Áw¬z© / √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛º™[ / ®[ / sÁ>Ô^
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™
ÔÚ˛s‚¶™” (´ÔEBØ, √.130).>VD \Áw¬z© √^π¬Ì¶›]_ Œm∫˛Bº√Vm Ì¶
129
\ÁwÁB \‚|º\ √VÏ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>>VÔ¬ z§©∏|kVÏ ˛.´V¤ ÂV´VB[.
Ô_s keVÔ›][ ®_ÁÈ¬z ∂©√VÈVÔºk ÷Ú¬˛[≈m cıÁ\BV™ Ô_s.
∑B\V™ √Á¶©√Vu≈ÁÈ \VkM¶D #ıΩ keÏ¬zD ƒV›]BD Ô_s¬
Ì¶›]ºÈ ÷_ÈV\u º√V™>V_ >V[ ®[ sÁ>Ô^ ÔÚ˛s‚¶™ ®[√>[ JÈD
cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ. zwÕÁ>Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÂVD √lÈ ºkıΩB √¬Ô›Á>•D ÂD
Ô_s xÁ≈l[ *>V™ s\Ïƒ™›Á>•D ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬z˛[≈™
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
“ÿ√ı
√ı ÷È‚EBD ∂_È / kaÔV‚Ω\´D √ÈÏ / ∂>[ ∂ΩlºÈºB
kE¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫˛ s|˛≈VÏÔ^
s|˛≈VÏÔ^” (´ÔEB©Ø, √.130)
ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ ÷™D ÔVı√kÏÔ^ ÿku§ ÿ√Æ˛[≈VÏÔ^.

∂ΩlºÈºB kE¬Ô› ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈kÏÔ^ ÿ√ıkafl ºƒ´_ ®–D k^”kÏ
kV¬˛[√Ω >DÁ\ ÷w¬˛[≈VÏÔ^. ∂k^ gÔÏs›][ / ∂ΩÁ\BV˛
∂kÁeºB / ∑u§fl ∑wKD √ˆ>V√Ô´\V™ / ˛´Ô∫Ô^ ÂVD ÂVD / ÔVV\u
º√VkmD ∂kπ¶º\; ÂDÁ\¬ Ôıÿ¶|©√mD ∂kπ¶º\ gı ÿ>VÁÈÕm
º√VÔ°D, >[Á™ *‚ÿ¶|¬Ô°D ÿ√ıº ÔV´Ø>\VzD ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô›Á>•D
º√∑˛[≈VÏ.
“∂kπ¶D
∂kπ¶D º>Vu√>V_ / ÂVD >©A˛º≈VD
>©A˛º≈VD” (∏›>[, √¬.66, 67)
÷›>ÁÔB º>V_sBV_ >©∏›>_ ®[√m cê√ΩºB ÿku§ ÿ√Ækm>V[.
÷>Á™› ]Ú¬z≈Áe•D {º≠VÁk•D x[ Ák›m ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï
®|›mÁ´©√>[ kVlÈVÔ› ÿ>πkVÔ c´ÈVD. “A≈kVμs_
A≈kVμs_ º>V_s
mÁÈB[™VÏ ÔıbD ÿÔVeKD ∂ÔkVμs_ ª¶ou º>Vu≈kÏ
ÿk[≈VÏ ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD k^”kD ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D. ƒV_∏≈z¬ Ô‚¶Áe
®[√mD Ì¶o_ ÿku§ ®[√mD ÷ÁkºB >VD. {º≠V ÿƒV[™Á>
ÂVM∫ºÔ WÁ™∆‚|˛º≈[ ÿ√ıÔ”¶[ skV]¬Ôºk xu√¶VyÏÔ^.
Ô]º\V‚ƒD” 86 .
∂∫ºÔ ƒ´VÔ]>V[ Ô]º\V‚ƒD
®™ºk ŒÚkÁÔl_ ÷m º>V_sÁBºB ÿku§BVÔ \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÿÔVê

k_È ÔÁÈºB ®™ÈVD. “®©√Ω•D
®©√Ω•D ∂k^ / ®ˆÕ>VÔ ºkı|D. ∂k^
kw¬zÔπ_ / ÿÂÚ©A¬z ÿkÀºkÆ √V›]´D. ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ŒÚxÁ≈ /
∂k”¬ÔVÔ kV>VΩ© √VÏ›m / \mÁ´l_ ŒÚxÁ≈ ¿]√]BV™m. g™V_
130
/ ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ / zu≈kVπ¬ ÌıΩºÈºB Wu˛≈m / ƒV‚E ÿƒV_È \‚|D
ŒÚxÁ≈ Ì¶ / kÕ>]_ÁÈ ƒV‚EBVÔ ÷ÚÕmD
÷ÚÕmD”. (∑‚|s´_, √¬.9, 10)
®™ ÷´V\VB, EÈ©√]ÔV´ kw¬zÔÁe ®_ÈVD ªΩÁwBV¬˛

ÿÂÚ©A¬z^ ∂k^, ∂k”¬z^ ÿÂÚ©A ®™ ÷[≈_È ºÂu≈_È ∂k^ ®ˆÕm
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈V^ ®™ ƒ]l[ ƒ]ÔÁe √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛ ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈VÏ.
∏[–Õ ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>l_. “∂ΩÂV^
∂ΩÂV^ ÿ>V‚| / c[Á™
®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©AÔπoÚÕm / s∑k‘√ÿ\|›m ®øÕm Wu˛≈VF ¿ .... ®∫Ô^
ÿku§Ô”¬z© ∏[™V_ / ¿ ÷ÚÕ>VF c[ º>V_s¬z© ∏[™V_ / ÂVD
÷ÚÕº>VD... ÷º>V! c[ x[™V_ zu≈ cÏflE•¶[ >ÁÈzMÕm
Wu˛º≈VD / c[ ÿ√ıÁ\ ®[≈ ÿ>FTÔ ÿÂÚ©∏_ ®∫ÔÁe©
√ˆ∑›>©√|›mkVBVÔ
√ˆ∑›>©√|›mkVBVÔ” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.7, 10).
®™ zu≈ cÏkV_ >ÁÈ >Vμ›] Œ‚| ÿ\V›> gı zÈ›][

∏´]W]BVF› >Vº\ W[Æ Œ©A>_ kV¬zJÈxD kw∫z˛[≈VÏ. ÷m√u§B
∑√VE[ √VÏÁk•D ÷∫ºÔ ®ı› >¬Ôm. “ÿ√ıÁ\¬z
ÿ√ıÁ\¬z x[™V_ gıÁ\
zu≈kVπ¬ ÌıΩ_ ÿ√ıΩÁ\©√|›]B º√V¬ÁÔ {Ï Œ©A>_
kV¬zJÈ\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>l_ √]° ÿƒFmêVÏ. gıÁ\, ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB¬
ÿÔV|Á\©√|›]BÁ> cÏÕm >DÁ\© √ˆ∑›>©√|›> ºkı|˛≈
÷Àºkı|>o_ ÿ√ıbˆÁ\ºB ÔsÁ>l[ g>V´ ∑Ú]BVÔ Œo›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m” 87 .
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m
÷©√ΩÿB_ÈVD ÿ√ıΩÁ\¬z ®]´VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ º√EW[≈VKD

÷[Á≈B ÿ√ıËBkV]Ôπ[ cˆÁ\¬z´ÁÈ ∂k´V_ ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVê
÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ÿ\_o™D k_o™\VzD xBuEl_ sÔV´\V˛s‚¶>VÔ¬
zu≈fiƒV‚¶°D ÿƒF˛[≈VÏ. “√ˆ>V√\V™
√ˆ>V√\V™ √≈ÁkºB / x[A E≈z
Ô›]ˆ¬Ô©√‚¶VF / ÷©º√Vº>V Ìıÿ¶[Æ WÁ™›m¬ Ì‚Á¶ºB m≈Õm
s‚¶VºB / ®∫Ô^ ÷Ú‚|Ôπ[ ∑¶º´ / EDMÁB•D EÁ≈ÿB[Æ WÁ™›m
s‚¶VºB
s‚¶VºB”. (∑‚|s´_, √.81)
º\ÁÈ ÂV‚Ω[ ∑>Õ]´© √VK≈°¬z ®]´VÔ ∂kÏ ÛÁeÁB \Æ¬zD

ÿƒ∫ÔuÔ^ ®™¬ z§©∏|km ƒˆ>V[. g™V_ cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®ø©Ak>Á™ºB
z|D√ kVμsKD ÿ√VmkVμsKD Ì¶ ∂kÏ ºÔ^s¬z cêV¬˛s|˛[≈VÏ.
131
“ÔV‚|¬z©
ÔV‚|¬z© º√VF Ô|Õ>kD ÿƒF>VKD ¿∫ÔV> ∂ÔÕÁ> z|D√
kVμ¬ÁÔl_ ¿∫˛s|˛≈m. z|D√ kVμ¬ÁÔl_ gbD >[
∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬˛≈V[. ÿ√ıbD>[ ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬˛≈V^.
∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ÷w¬Ô \Æ©√kÏÔeV_, cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®ø©A√kÏÔeV_>V[
z|D√›]_ ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ cÚkV˛[≈™. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔMB\Æ¬zD ÔVFÔ^
ÛÁeÁB \Æ¬zD ÿƒ∫Ô_ Ô‚¶¶›]uz gÔVm
gÔVm” cˆÁ\ xw¬Ôt‚|fl ÿƒ[≈
ªÏkÈ›Á>© √VÏ›mfl Eˆ¬zD ∏›>M[ √VÏÁkl_
“y√fl∑¶Ï
y√fl∑¶Ï / EDMÁB¬ Ìıÿ¶[Æ cÁ¶›ms‚¶V_ / ÔVu§_
∂ÁÕm º√VzD ..... ÔV>o_ EÁ≈©√|km / ∑>Õ]´›Á> s¶fl
∑Ô\V™>_ÈkV? / ∂[A¬z¬ Ô‚|©√|km cˆÁ\ÁB s¶ /
c[™>\V™>_ÈkV? Â]ÔÁe ¿∫Ô^ / √VÏ›>]_ÁÈBV? / ∂Ák
∑>Õ]´\VÔ› >V[ {|˛[≈™ / g™V_ >∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™¬ / ÔÁ´ÔÁe› /
>V∫Ôºe cı¶V¬˛¬ ÿÔV^˛[≈™. √≈Ák¬zfl E≈z xÁe©√º> /
x‚Á¶fl EÁ≈¬z^>V[
EÁ≈¬z^>V[”. (∏›>[, √¬.86, 87)
Ô‚|©√V‚Á¶ ko•Æ›>¬ ÔÁ´ÔÁefl ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|km ƒˆºB. ∂kÏ

ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ √]KD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>lºÈºB ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m ®ÀkVÆ
Â]Ôºe >\¬ÔV™ ÔÁ´ÔÁe >V∫Ôºe ∞u√|›]¬ÿÔV^˛[≈™ºkV ∂ÀkVº≈
z|D√kVμsKD ÿ√Vm kVμsKD cˆÁ\¬z´ÿÈø©AD √V]¬Ô©√‚¶ >´©∏™Ï
>∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ®_ÁÈÔÁe› >Vº\ kÁ´BÆ›m¬ÿÔVê ºkı|º\ ∂_ÈV\_
∂>Á™› yÏ\VM¬Ô \u≈kÏÔ”¬z ∞m ∂ÚÔÁ>? ÿ√ıË[ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
gV kÁ´BÆ©√m? cˆÁ\ xw¬Ôt|√kÏ ∑>Õ]´›Á> cˆÁ\ √§©√k´V
WÏl©√m. ∑>Õ]´D ®[™ ÿÔV|›m© ÿ√Æk>V? ∂k´kÏ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
∂k´kº´ kÁ´BÆ©√m >Vº™ gÔfl ƒˆBV™>VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ÷BKD ®–D \VuÆ›
>´©AÔÁe \Æ>o¬Ô ÷BÈVm.
“∑>Õ]´D
∑>Õ]´D ∂∫ºÔ / ∑kVƒ\VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∏≈Ï>´ kV∫zD /
∏flÁƒBV_ ÷´Vm
÷´Vm” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.65) ®[≈kÏ Ô™V¬ÔVbD Œ©∏ÈV>
ƒx>VB›]_ ºkı|\V™V_ ŒÚkÁ´ ŒÚkÏ AˆÕmÿÔV^kmD s‚|¬
ÿÔV|›>K\VÔ ∂[A¬ Ô‚|©√V| c[™>\VÔ kVF¬ÔÈVD. ®∫ÿÔ_ÈVD
g]¬ÔD ¿Ω¬˛[≈º>V ∂∫ÿÔ_ÈVD cˆÁ\¬z´_ ®øÕº> yÚD.
132
“ÌÕ>o_
ÌÕ>o_ ÷Ú‚| / xÔ›]_ ÛˆB[ ÿ√ıÔºe / c∫ÔeV_>V[
®\¬z ÷´°D √ÔKD ÷>μÔπ_ ∂x>D / saÔπ_ Âfi∑ ÿ√ıÔºe /
c∫ÔeV_ >V[ ®\¬z kVμ°D \´xD
\´xD” (ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D, √.81).
ÿ√ıÔeV_>V[ ÷´°D √ÔKD kVμ°D \´xD ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÿ√ıÁ\ÁB gıÁ\ ∂bzD s>›]ºÈºB ∂Ák ∂Ák
∂ÀkVÆ kVF¬˛[≈™.
√V| ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ª¶VÔ ∂kÏ>D ÿkπ©√V|Ô^ x´ı√V|ÔeVÔ›

º>Vu≈\π¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák ∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô c›]BVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_
∂kÏ>D Aˆ>o[ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õm^·™.
xΩ°Ô^
\Á ®[√m A]BÁ> ºÂV¬Ô© √ÁwBÿ>™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ŒÚ Ûw_

ÿ>V¶ÏflEºB. \´Á√B§Õº> \´Á√ *§BVÔ ºkı|D. ÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>ºÈV|
\´Á√ ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı| >\m √V|ÿ√VÚÁ·fl E≈Õ>
AmÔsÁ>Ô·V¬˛•^·™Ï.
Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD, ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\,

kVFÿ\Va \Á, ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶D ®[≈ kÁÔ©√V‚Ωuz^ ∂¶¬ÔÈVD. ssoBD,
E›>Ï \Á, Áƒk\Á, Ákk \Á g˛B \ÁÔÁ· >\m ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm^·VÏ Eu∏.
√ÁwB k´ÈVuÆ¬ ÔÁ>ÔÁ·•D *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ

Eu∏. ƒÏ©√BVÔD, \mÁ´T´[, ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^, ∏´VBE›>D,
{ ƒzÕ>ÈV ®[≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *‚|ÚkV¬Ô© √V|ÿ√VÚπ_ ∂Á\•D √V∫z
Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>¬ zó[ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ôπ_ >ÁÈBVBm ∂§sB_

{ÏÁ\BVzD. ∂kÏ>D ∂§sB_ {ÏÁ\ ÁÔÌΩB √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^
s>Õº>V>>¬Ô™kVzD. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ÛˆBWw_, {Á¶l[ Ô™°, ÔVÈD,
«VokV_ Â‚ƒ›]´D, ÌwV∫Ô_, Â|∫zWÈD, \M>D x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVÔ c^·™.
133
Â|∫zD WÈD ÔsÁ>l_ WÈÂ|¬ÔD, Ô¶_ºÔV^, clˆ™© √[Á\©
√_KlˆBk·D g˛BÁk Ì≈©√‚|^·™.
∂b g•>∫ÔÁ· ´V‚ƒ> ÂVFzÁ¶BVÔ x[ Ák¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏.
kVFÿ\Va \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁ·© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛B x>_±_ √w\ÈFl[

ƒ™∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>, ∂|›>m Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]. ÷>[JÈD ƒ´Vƒˆ¬zD
ˇwV™ ƒV\V[B \¬ÔÁ·•D, >D √V‚|Á¶› >ÁÈkÏÔ·V¬˛, \¬Ôπ[ kVFÿ\Va
\´∏[ k·\V™ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kw∫˛•^·VÏ.
Eu∏ ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·•D, ƒJÔ© º√V´V‚¶∫ÔÁ·•D EÔ´∫Ô^

ÿ√VΩBVzD, ƒÏ©√BVÔD, ´V‚ƒ> EÈÕ] x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈD \VÏ¬EBD
ƒVÏÕ> ∂≈flÊu≈›][ ka ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ.
~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ª¶ÔD,

Ô_s›mÁ≈, g‚E›mÁ≈ ÊÏºÔ|Ô^, ÔVÕ]BxD \VÏ¬EBxD ®™
kÁÔ©√|›>©√‚|^·™.
√›]ˆ¬ÁÔ cÈ˛_ ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ· \‚|\_ÈV\_ ]Á´›mÁ≈l[ \VB¬

ÔkÏflE kÁÈÔÁ·•D ]Á´ ˛a›m ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
ÔD√–D, ]Úk^”kÚD \‚|\_È gı¶kº™ Ì¶ ]ÁćÈ˛uz kÕ>V_
∂kÏÔ^ √V| ∂º>VÔ]>V[ ®[≈ ∂kÈ›Á> ∂∫Ô>fl ∑ÁkºBV|
√V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.
÷[Á≈B Ô_sÁB ÿ\¬ÔVºÈ Ô_s ®™fl ƒV|˛≈VÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB

Ô_sÁB© º√Ω¬Ô_s ®[≈VÏ √V´]. >tw[√º™V º√Vo¬Ô_s >BVˆ›>
ÿ√VFÁ\ \z¶∫Ô^ ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈VÏ.
Ô_s \uÆD g‚E›mÁ≈fl ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ· ∂D√È©√|›mkº>V| ∂kuÁ≈fl

ÊÏ]Ú›mD kaxÁ≈ÔÁ·•D x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. ÔVÕ]B›Á> ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬˛
\VÏ¬EB›Á>› >øs¬ ÿÔV^”k™kVÔ› >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ ∂Á\Õm^·™.
134
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· ∂k>V´D ®|¬zD
∂≈flÊu≈D, √V¶Ô–D ∏›>–D, zwÕÁ>•D ÿ√ıÁ\•D ®™ x›>ÁÈ©AÔπ_
kÁÔ©√|›>ÈVD.
x´ıÔπ[ ƒ\WÁÈ ∂›m*ÆÁÔl_ WÔμÕº>ÆD ∂k>V´›

º>Vu≈\VÔºk ÔsÁ>•D x[MÆ›m˛≈VÏ ∂kÏ.
Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁ· s>s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”km ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z ÁÔkÕ>

ÔÁÈ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∑‚|s´_ √V|ÿ√VÚ·V˛[≈™.
zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z ÂVD Ôu∏©√ÿ>_ÈVD Â\m ÷ÚÁ·ºB ∂kÏÔπ¶tÚÕm

ÂVD ŒπÁB¬ ÔuÔºkı|D ®[Æ ko•Æ›m˛≈VÏ.
gı ÿ>VÁÈÕm º√VÔ°D, >[Á™ *‚ÿ¶|¬Ô°D ÿ√ıº

ÔV´Ø>\V˛≈V^ ®™ ÷Ú√¬Ô›Á>•D º√∑˛≈VÏ.
135
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1) kV™D√VΩÔπ[ \V–¶ ˇ>D

E.ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt, ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^, ‘kV™D√VΩÔπ[ ˇ>D’,,
ºk^s ÿkπX|, ºÔVÁk, 1973, √.1.
2) √Á¶©√V”Á\’,, >VB≈D, ]ÚflE, 2000, √.70.

k_o¬Ôı[, ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\
√Á¶©√V”Á\
3) kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
Eu∏, ‘kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ’,, ÿ√V^·VflE, ¤™kˆ 1981.
4) ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ
∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ E≈©∏>μ’,, \mÁ´, gÔ¸‚ 95.
5) ÷È¬˛B©√VƒÁ≈’,, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™.∏©´kˆ 1993.

∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘÷È¬˛B©√VƒÁ≈
÷È¬˛B©√VƒÁ≈
6) ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va’,, WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √¬.13á14.
7) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|

m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ºÔV‚√V|’, √.41.
8) √Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D
>twk[, ‘√Á¶©AD, √Á¶©√Vπ•D’,, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ, 1989,
√.20.
9) QVM, ºÔVÁk, ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>

>tμ¬ÔsÁ>’, QVMÔ‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]-3,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
√¬.394, 424.
10) º\Èm.,
11) Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE•D kV‚¶xD

ÿÔ·EÔ[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> kV‚¶xD’, ÿƒD\ÈÏ, \mÁ´,
gÔ¸‚á95.
12) >ta[ ∂Á¶BV·D

].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ‘>ta[ ∂Á¶BV·D’, ÿk^πT] ÿkπX|, \mÁ´,
1999, √¬.21á23.
13) >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^

\.\mÛ>™[, ‘>tμ© EÕ>Á™Ô^’,,
ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003, √.210.
14) Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|

∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|’,, ∂[™D √]©√ÔD,
>fiƒV∆Ï, 2006, √¬.68á69.
136
15) √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
Eu∏, ‘√Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D’, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, 2001,
√¬.25á26.
16) ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[

ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ‘]≈™VF°
ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,, 2005, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, √.342.
17) ªmk›]©A_
].∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’ ¨ÔV¬ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
1993, √.313.
18) clÏ ®ø›m ÷>μ,

÷>μ ºÂÏÔV_, E. \Ë, ]ÚflE, º\á2009.
19) >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°

∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, ‘>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ]≈™VF°’,, √¬.238á239.
20) A]BÔVuÆ’,, \mÁ´, ¤™.2008.

∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘A]BÔVuÆ
A]BÔVuÆ
21) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,

ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √¬. 39á40.
22) Am¬ÔsÁ> k·ÏflE•D kV‚¶xD

ÿÔ·EÔ[, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> kV‚¶xD’, ÿƒD\ÈÏ gÔ.95,
\mÁ´.
23) ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD

∂.\VÏ¬¸, ‘∂]ÔV´›Á> º√∑ºkVD’,, √.64.
24) \VuÆ©√ı√V|D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D

÷´V.ÂV´VB[, ‘\VuÆ©√ı√V|D ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,
√.65.
25) º\Èm, √.65.
26) Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, kV™D√VΩÔ”D, ƒJÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,

Am¬ÔsÁ>•D, Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
‘Am¬ÔsÁ>•D, Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D’, √.7.
27) ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va’,, √¬.120á121.

].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ‘ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>l[ÿ\Va
28) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|

m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|’,, √¬.
9á11.
29) º\Èm., √¬.9á11.
137
30) >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ]≈™VF°
∑.∂´∫Ô´V∑, ‘>tμ© ]≈™VF°’,, √.148.
31) ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|

m.ÊMflƒVt, ‘÷Ú√][ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|’, √.41.
32) c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD

√V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆá2009,
33) ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD ∂Á\©AD

Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD’, EÕ>™V
ÿkπl|, ]ÚflE, 1998, √.101.
34) Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ Am©√VÏÁk

√VÈV, ‘Am¬ÔsÁ> Am©√VÏÁk’, ∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ 1981, √.20.
35) \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D

÷´V.ÂV´VB[, ‘\VuÆ© ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,,
√.39.
36) B>VÏ›>xD g›\VÏ›>xD

x.ÿ√V[™D√ÈD, ‘B>VÏ›>xD g›\VÏ›>xD’, ~w ÿkπl|,
∞©´_ 1991, √.28.
37) ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD ∂Á\©AD

Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[, ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD’,, √¬.96á100.
38) º\Èm, √¬.96á100.
39) ÷´V.∂≈ºkÕ>[, √Mx›>¬ÔsÁ>, ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\

√Á¶©√V”Á\’, √¬.169á170.
√Á¶©√V”Á\
40) E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], ‘ÔsÁ> Am∑D’, Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^,

ÔsÁ> \ÁD Am∑D
ÔVÀBV, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003, √.309.
41) ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>
ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ‘®m Am¬ÔsÁ>’, ÔV√VoÔV √]©√ÔD, ]ÚflE,
1998, √¬.57á58.
42) Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, ‘Eu∏ Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^

√B∫Ô^’,
Ôs>V ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, √¬.13á14.
43) º\Èm,.
44) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.451.
45) \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^,

√.138.
138
46) E.\Ë, ÂÁ¶ ÷>μ, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™, 1969.
47) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.453.
48) Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, √. 155.
49) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √.454.
50) √VÈV, Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ, ˛Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸, \mÁ´, 1993,

√.17.
51) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ©√ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,

√¬.69á70.
52) ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √¬.132á133.
53) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>, QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]-III, √.454.
54) ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek>D∏, x[–Á´, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], Ôs>V ÿkπX|,

ÿƒ[Á™, 2004.
55) ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, Â]l_ kÕ> ÔsÁ>, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬. iv-v
56) √VÈV, A]B WÈsB_ ÔsÁ>Ô^, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], √¬. viii, ix
57) √w\ÈF, ∂ıÁ\l_ √Ω›º>[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, Ωƒ.

2000, √.37.
58) √.ÿƒB©∏´ÔVƒD, ÔsÁ> ÷[ÿ™VÚ kÁÔ, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™,

h[, hÁÈ á 2000, √.15.
59) Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D

√VÏÁk•D, √.152.
60) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,

√.95.
61) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>, QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 450á451.
62) ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D,

√.73.
139
63) º\Èm, √.73.
64) ºÔV. >Vº\V>´[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ºÂÏÔV_, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ

÷>μ,
ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2000.
65) k_o¬Ôı[, \¬Ô^ ÔÈVƒV´›Á> \ıV¬zD ƒ¬]Ô^,

WRÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 1985, √.27.
66) g.∏.∂Õº>VË´V∑, ÷>aB_ {Ï ∂§xÔD, gº´V¬BD √]©√ÔD,

]ÚflE, 1986, √.130.
67) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, ÔVÕ] √]©√ÔD,

>fiƒV∆Ï, 2000, √.160.
68) ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[

ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.127.
69) E. ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √¬. 114á115.
70) ∂. \VÏ¬¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÔÁ·© º√∑ºkVD,

√¬.65á66.
71) >tw[√[, Ô_s ®[™ sÁÈ?, ]™\Ë \VkÏ \ÈÏ, ÿƒ[Á™,

º\á1996, ÿƒ[Á™, √.12.
72) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.95.
73) ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[

ÔsÁ>Ô^, √.82.
74) E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.171.
75) º\Èm, √.172.
76) º\Èm, √.173.
77) Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, x[–Á´, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, ØDAÔVÏ

√]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.15.
140
78) Ô.ÁÔÈVƒ√], x[–Á´, º>VËkÚ˛≈m, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1993.
79) \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÿ\FlBu

EÕ>Á™Ô”D, √¬. 151á210.
80) QVM, >tμ¬ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √. 519.
81) Ω.®¸.®oB‚, ÔsÁ>l[ ƒx>VBflÿƒBu√V|, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™,

∂¬.1997.
82) ÿ√. ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.23.
83) ÿ√.#´[, √V´] >tμ kƒ™›]´‚|, ºÂ≠™_ A¬ Ω´¸‚, Am]_o,

1912, √.179.
84) ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷È¬˛BxD Ô_s•D, ∂Ô´D,

>fiƒV∆Ï, 2003, √.72.
85) ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>[, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V

√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2005, √.25.
86) º\Èm, √.28.
87) ÿ√.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´ º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √¬. 126á127.
141
÷B_á3
x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^
3.1 ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
3.2 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿÂ§
3.3 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿÂ§
3.4 ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿÂ§

÷B_á3
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§Ô^
3.1 ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^
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∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú©√>Á™¬ ÔsÁ>lB_ gFkV·Ï √ÈÚD
x[Ák›mê™Ï. AÁ™ÔÁ> gFsuzD ÔsÁ> gFsuz\V™
ºkÆ√V‚ΩoÚÕmD ÷>Á™ c´ÈVD.
¸œ√[ ‹ÔV¬ AÔμÿ√u≈ g∫˛È ®ø›>VeÏ ÿ«e|Á´‚?

“¸œ√[
®[√>V™ ±_ kˆÁƒ Œ[Á≈ ∂kÏ ®ø]•êVÏ. ∂ku§[ √z]ÔeVk™.
1. ÿ«e| Á´‚ ® ÂVk_

2. ÿ«e| Á´‚ º\VÏ ÂVk_¸
3. ÿ«e | Á´‚ N¸¶VˆÔ_ ÂVk_¸
4. ÿ«e | Á´‚ º\VÏ N¸¶VˆÔ_ ÂVk_¸
5. ÿ«e|Á´‚ ≠VÏ‚ ¸º¶VZ¸
6. ÿ«e|Á´‚ º\VÏ ≠VÏ‚ ¸º¶VZ¸
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7. ÿ«eÂV‚ |Á´‚ ® ÿ√VB‚ˆ
8. ÿ«e ÂV‚ |Á´‚ º\VÏ ÿ√VB‚Z¸ ®[Æ Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ®ø]
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Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ∂È∫ÔV´› ]≈Á\B_È.
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g˛B ÌÆÔ^ ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÿ√Bˆ_ ÿ\Va√VkD ÿ√Æ\V™V_ ∂m
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ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™DÔV ÷›>ÁÔB ÷B_AÔÁe ∂§Õm ÿÔV^”D
143
xÁ≈º>Ák” 2 ®[√Ï m. ÊMflƒVt.
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ÔÚ›]B_” 3.
cÚkV¬zkm. >›mkD ®[√m >[ ÔÚ›]B_
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ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.
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cıÁ\ºBV|
c≈°Ák›m¬ ÿÔVêV> ®m°D √Á¶©A gk]_ÁÈ, ÔsQM[ √Á¶©A
cıÁ\ÁB› >s´ ºkÆ ®Á>•D ÿÔVı¶]_ÁÈ” 5
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144
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145
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cÁ´BV|˛[≈™” 12 ®[√Ï QVM.
zwÕÁ>Ô^ cÁ´BV|˛[≈™
“zwÕÁ>
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146
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x›mº\VÔ[. “®_ÈVs>
®_ÈVs> WB]ÔÁe•D >ÔÏ›mWuzD ƒ¬] \M>M¶›]_
cı|. º>EB, ÷™, \> kVμ°Ô”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶ zwÕÁ>Á\•¶[ \™D
sa©A© ÿ√ÆD Ôº\ ∂m. ÷[ÿ™Vv[¸ ®[˛º≈Vº\ \™©√]°Ôπ[
c>sÁB c>§s‚| sa¬zD zwÕÁ>Á\ ∂Á>¬ z§©∏|˛º≈[.
ÔsQ[ ∂©º√Vm ∂§Õº>V ∂§BV\ºÈV ÷ÕWÁÈÁB ∂Á¶Õm
s|˛≈V[. ∂ÀkÁÔ¬ Ô∫ÔπºÈºB kVμs[ ®_ÁÈl[Á\,
AÈ©√|˛[≈m” 14 ®™ ∏º´t^ ªÆkÁ>
ÿƒV_K¬z ÷∫ÔV> Ø´D AÈ©√|˛[≈m
ÿ√V]ÿku√[ >™m ±o_ ÌÆ˛≈VÏ.
cuÆ ºÂV¬ÔKD, c^kV∫˛¬ ˛´˛›mfl ÿƒˆ›m¬ ÿÔV^kmº\ ÔuÆ¬

ÿÔV^”D ÊˆBkaxÁ≈ÔeVzD. cuÆºÂV¬Ôo_ ˛Á¶¬zD √V| ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe
s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_ E›]ˆ¬Ô xÁ™kº> Ôs›mk›]uÔV™ ªuÆ¬ Ôı
gzD. c^kV∫˛BÁ> ∂©√ΩºB ∂_ÈV\_ \Æ√Á¶©Afl ÿƒF•D \Á¶\Vu≈º\
√Á¶©√V¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈BVzD.
“ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsÁ>•º\ ØtÁB ºkÿ≈VÚ ]Áƒ ºkÔ›]oÚÕm Ôs>Ê›>

ŒÚ √]kVzD. gD ÔsÁ> ®[√m >ˆƒ™\VzD”. “÷Õ>¬
÷Õ>¬ ÔVb>_ ÷ÚºkÆ
WÁÈÔπ_ WÔμ˛≈m. Œ[Æ ®[ƒVÏÕ> / ®™¬Ôπ¬Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬zD ∂_È
ÂV[ º>Ω¬ ÿÔVı|s‚¶ ÷Õ> kVμs™V_ ®™¬z kVF©√m ∏§ÿ>V[Æ
÷Õ> Øtl[ xÔ|ÔπoÚÕm ∏´√fiƒ›][ sˆ°ÔVbD ®[ x[º™VÏ
ÔVı xBuEÁB ∂|›> ÔıËBVÔ ÷ÚÕm ÿ>V¶Ïkm. ÷Õ> ÷ÚºkÆ
ÔVb>_Ô”D kVF¬Ô© ÿ√Æk>uz zwÕÁ>Á\ \™WÁÈ
∂kEB\V˛[≈m. . . . . . . . ..”
®_ºÈVÚ¬z^”D c^ÿeˆ•D ÷Õ> sa©A ®[–D ÿÂÚ©A

∂Õ>Õ> \M>ÏÔeV_ Ôı|∏Ω¬Ô©√|˛≈ º√Vm ∂m √Á¶©√Vu≈ÈVÔ°D
\ÈÏ˛[≈m” 15 .
÷[™ ∏≈kVÔ°D \ÈÏ˛[≈m
“c›]Ô^ A]™©√|›>_ ®[≈ ]‚¶›Á> ∂\_√|›m˛[≈™.

A]™©√|›mD xÁ≈Ôºe c›]Ô^”. “ A]™©√|›>_ ®[√m ÿkÆD
÷È¬˛B›]‚¶D ∂_È. ∂m cÈÁÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ s>\VÔ© √VÏ©√m; √VÏ¬Ô›
147
#ı|km. ∞uÔ™ºk cê cÈÔD √u§B √VÏÁkl_ ∂]Ú©] ÿÔVı|
ºkÿ≈VÚ s>\VÔ cÈÁÔ \™›]_ Ô‚¶Á\©√m A]B cÈÔ ºÂV¬˛uÔV™
º>¶_ ÷m. A]>VÔ cÚkÁ\›>_ ®[√]_ √ÁwBÁ> cÚ¬zÁÈ›>_
∂¶∫zD” 16 .
®[√mD ∂¶∫zD
“ÔsQ[ cıÁ\BVÔºk cÈÁÔ•D ∂]Kê ŒÀÿkV[Á≈•D

s›]BVƒ\VÔ© √VÏ¬˛≈V[”. “∂k–Á¶B
∂k–Á¶B ÿ>VÁÈºÂV¬z© √VÏÁkJÈD
∂k[ √VÏ©√m Ôu√Á™ÁB ∂_È \u≈kÏÔ^ √VÏ¬Ô \≈Õ>Á> ∂k[
√VÏ¬˛≈V[” 17 . “ÔÚ›][
√VÏ¬˛≈V[ ÔÚ›][ ÿkπ©√V¶VÔ ºkÆ ®Á>ºBV ∂k[ ÿƒV_È
xB_˛≈V[. ∂Õ> ºkÆ ®mºkV >V[ ÔsQ[√VÏÁk. ÷Õ>©
®[˛º≈VD” 18 .
√VÏÁkÁB› >V[ ÔsÁ> ∂DƒD ®[˛º≈VD
“®toΩ¬Ô[¸ cıÁ\ÁBfl ÿƒV_ g™V_ ƒˆ›mfl ÿƒV_ (Tell the

truth but tell it slant) ®[Æ ÿƒV_KkVÏ. g™V_ kVƒÔ[ ÷Õ> ƒˆ›mfl
ÿƒV_KD >e›]uz k´Vs‚¶V_ ∂m ÿkÆD kVÏ›Á>¬ Ì‚¶\VÔºk ∂k–¬z›
ÿ>[√|˛≈m”. “xø
xø cıÁ\ Œπl_ Ôı zÚ¶V˛© º√VFs|D.
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ\e™›]uzD ÷¶D cı|. ÿƒV_ÈV\_ EÈkuÁ≈ s¶
ºkı|D” 19 .
ºkı|D
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\e™D ‘÷kºÔƒ[’ ®™©√|D. kVÏ›Á>Ô”¬z ÷Á¶l_

ÿ>V¬˛ WuzD kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe kVƒÔ[ Ôı¶Á¶k>uÔVÔ s‚|Ák¬Ôºkı|D.
gÏk¬ºÔVeV≈VÔ ∂Á™›Á>•D >Vº™ ÿƒV_o¶ ºkı|D ®™ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D
]Ë›m Ák›ms¶¬Ì¶Vm. ÿƒV_o[ \Õ]´xD ÔsÁ> ÿƒV_ {FÕ>
ÿ\e™xD ÔsÁ> ®[√VÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›]. ÷ÁÈ\Á≈ÔVBVÔ Ø¶Ô\VÔºk ÔsÁ>
ÁÔBVe©√¶ºkı|D. √V\´ kw¬˛_ ƒVÁ¶ º√ƒ≈m ®[√VÏÔ^. ®∫Ô z›] ®∫Ô
kV∫z> ®[√Ï. ÷ÁkBV°º\ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ôπ_ >sÏ¬Ô©√¶ºkıΩB
\uÆD ÔkM¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩB ∂Dƒ∫ÔeVzD. ÔVÈÕº>VÆD ÔsÁ> ®[√m
÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔÁÈ•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVıº¶ ÿ>V¶´ÈV™m. ∂m ÷Áƒ¬ÔÁÈ,
Ô‚¶¶¬ÔÁÈ, Eu√¬ÔÁÈ ®™©√ı>øsB √V¶_, BV©∏[ Ô‚|\V™D ÿƒm¬˛fl
ÿƒ§kV¬zD O‚√D ®™ ÔsÁ>¬z ª¶VÔ ÔÈÕm k´ÈVluÆ. ÂT™›mk
k´suz© ∏[ {sB¬ÔÁÈ ƒVÏÕ> ÷ƒ∫ÔºeV| ÷È¬˛B© √ˆ\VD ÿ√u≈m.
148
®ø›mÔVÈ›]_ cê¶∫˛B ∂Á\]¬ z´ÈVÔ ÿ\e™ kVE©∏uzˆ›>VluÆ.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ÔVÈ›]_ Ìk_ √ıAD ∂È∫ÔV´©√ıAD ÌΩ k´ÈVluÆ.
sB©AWÁÈºB kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂ΩÂV>\VluÆ. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›][
º√fl∑›º>V´Á•D, kƒ™ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>©º√V¬˛_
ÔÈÕm≈kV¶ÈVl™. ∂fl∑ª¶Ô k´kV_ ÔVm¬zˆB>VÔ ÷ÚÕm kÕ> ÔsÁ>
ÔıË[ ÔV‚E¬zˆB Ô‚AÈ©√Ω\∫ÔÁe ∂´kÁ¬ÔÈVluÆ. cesBo[
>V¬ÔxD ÔsÁ>¬z^ ª¶VΩ Am¬ÔsÁ>l[ A›mlÏ©∏uz kakz›>m.
“x[ÿ√_ÈVD
x[ÿ√_ÈVD \™D ®[≈V_ WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D Ì|D
º\u√´©√VÔºk ÔÚ>©√‚¶m. ∂>[*m √Ω•D kıD ÔÚ›Á>
ÿkπl‚¶V_ ∂m º√VmD ®[§ÚÕ>m. ÷©º√V> \™›][ ÷Ú ÌÆÔ^
º\_\™D, ∂Ω\™D ®[Æ g´VFÕm º√ƒ©√|˛[≈™. ∂Ω\™
WÁ™°Ô”D cÏ°Ô”D, º\_\™ \‚¶›]uzD, º\_ \™›]oÚÕm
∂Ω\™›]uzD ÿƒ[Æ √Ω˛[≈™. ÷ÀkVÆ kÕm º>V[Æk>uz
ŒÚkaºB ∑ºBflÁƒ©√ˆ\Vu≈D ( Free Association ) ®[Æ \™sB_
ƒV›]´›]_ Ì≈©√|˛≈m. ÷Õ> kal_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> ÿkπX‚|xÁ≈
÷B∫z˛≈m. Œ[Á≈¬ ÿÔVı| ÷[ÿ™V[Á≈ ∂§B Ák¬zD ÷Õ>
kaºB>V[ z§©√Vu≈_ ( Suggestion ) cı¶V¬˛fl ÿƒB_√|˛≈m.
÷¬z§©√Vu≈o_>V[ Am¬ÔsÁ> >™m koÁ\ÔÁe ª[≈
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m”20 ®[√Ï E. Ô™Ôƒ√V√].
Ák¬ÔxΩ˛≈m
∂|›mkÚD ºÔ^s ÔsÁ>BVÚ¬ÔV™m ®[√m. ®›>ÁÔB \¬Ô^

∏ˆs™Á´ kVƒÔÏÔeVÔ z§¬ÿÔVı| ÔsQ[ >™m ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
Ô‚¶Á\¬˛≈V[ ®[√>uÔV™m. ÷>Á™ ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>,
ºkÏ¬ÔsÁ> ®™ ŒÚkVÆ √z›m¬ÔVÈVD. ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ> ®[√Á>
\›]B>´kÏ¬Ô© A›]˝sÔπ[ ÿ\e™ kVE©∏uÔV™>VÔ°D, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>
®[√>Á™ ÿkz\¬Ô^ x[Ák¬Ô©√|D Ìk_ ÿ>VM cÁ¶B>VÔ°D;
ºkÏ¬ÔsÁ> ®[√>Á™© √V\´\¬Ô”¬ÔV™ º√fl∑ kw¬˛_ x[ Ák¬Ô©√|D
÷™ kÁ´sB_ √V∫˛™>VÔ°D kÁÔ©√|›]¬ ÿÔVêÈVD. ÷›>ÁÔB
√Vz√V‚Ω[ ªº¶ ÂVD \™∫ÿÔVı¶VÔ ºkıΩB x¬˛B ∂DƒD ÷Ák ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÁÔÁ\¬zD ∞u√ ∂>™>[ ∂w˛B_ ∂Dƒ∫Ô”D, ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô”D
149
ºkÆºk≈VzD ®[√º>. ∂>Á™› yÏ\VM¬Ô k_È ∂ÚÔÁ> ∂Àk›>e›]_
÷B∫z√kÏÔ”¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™>VÔ ∂Á\B¬ÌΩBº> gzD.
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_ √u§© º√∑kÿ>[√m ∞≈›>Vw¬ ÔsÁ>l[
ºÔV‚√V|ÔÁe© √u§© º√∑k>uz ÷ÁBV™m>V[. (1) ÔsÁ>
AˆB©√|D s>D (2) ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va (3) ÔsÁ> kVƒÔ \™›]uz^
÷B∫zD s>D (4) ∂Ï›>fl ƒV›]B©√V|Ô^ g˛BkuÁ≈fl ºƒÏ›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V_>V[ ∂¬ÔÚ›m› ÿ>Vz]Ô^ ÂT™ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛BÈVÔ
ƒV›]BD” 21 ®[√Ï ∏´D\´V¤[.
gzD. >z] kVFÕ>ÁkBVkm ƒV›]BD
“clÏ›>[Á\>V[
clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ∂wz. clÏ›>[Á\ Am \ÈÏflE ®[˛≈
cıÁ\BVÔ ŒÚ ÿkπX‚Ω_ WÈ°D WÁÈºB ∂wz. ÷>Á™ c´V>kÏ
√lKD ∂w˛B_ ŒÚ k≈ı¶ ÷B_ ( Craft ) >Vº™ ∂[§ ∂wz¶[
ƒD√Õ>D cê Œ[≈[Æ. ÷Õ> clÏ›>[Á\>V[ ®[™ ®[Æ √VÏ›>V_
ÔVÈVD” 22
∂m ¿]•ÏsoÚÕm ∏ƒÔV> ŒÚ \º™V >Ï\D ®[Æ ÔVÈVD
®[√Ï ÿ√V]B ÿku√[.
“kVμ¬ÁÔl[
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∏ˆ¬ÔxΩBV> √z]BVÔ √Á¶©Afl ÿƒB_√V|D
∂wzÏflE•D ŒÚÔVÈ›]_ ÷ÚÕ>™. cÁw©A ÷kuÁ≈¬ ÔekVΩfl
ÿƒ[Æ >M›]≈[, cBÏ´ƒÁ™ cÁ¶ºBVÚ¬ÔV™>VÔ \Vu§BÁ\›m
s‚¶m”23 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>[. ∂wÿÔ[√m √VÏ¬Ô©√|D ÿ√VÚπ_ ÷_ÁÈ.
s‚¶m
ÔVk_È ÔıÔÁe© ÿ√VÆ›º> ∂m >ÔkÁ\•D ®[√Ï. kVƒÔ[ √∫ºÔuÁ√
ko•Æ›mD ∂Á\©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ ÷m >M›>ÿ>VÚ mÁ≈BVÔºk
keÏÕmêm.
“{Ï
{Ï ÷È¬˛B© ∏´]l[ ∂Ï›>D ∂m º>V[§B ÿ√Vø]ºÈºB
yÏ\VM¬Ô©√‚| ®fiƒV xøÁ\ ÿ√uÆ s|k]_ÁÈ. ∏[kÚD
ƒÕ>]l™´V_ A]B ∂Ï›>∫Ô^ >´©√‚| A]B √B[√V|Ô”¬z ∂m
ÿÔVê©√|˛≈m. ÷©º√Vm ÷È¬˛B kVE©ÿ√[√m >M›>ÿ>VÚ
mÁ≈BVÔºk keÏÕmêm. ∞uA ∂w˛B_ ( Reception Aesthetics )
ÿ√u≈m” 24 ®[√Ï Ø´flƒÕ]´[.
®[Æ ÷›mÁ≈ ÿ√BÏ ÿ√u≈m
150
3.2 Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[√Á¶©A ÿÂ§
Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsQÏ ÁÔkı›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬

ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD ÿ√Æ˛[≈m. ∂m ∂Õ>Õ> ÔsQˆ[ ºÂV¬zWÁÈ,
ÿkπ©√|›mD c›]xÁ≈ x>oBku§[ s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔVD \uÆD
∂bzxÁ≈ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›º> >ÔkÁ\˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[˛≈ Œº´
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ ®ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÔsÁ>BV˛[≈m ®[√>[ JÈD s·¬ÔÈVD.
zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ / zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√EuÆ / Â‚|Ák›m¬

“zwDA
Aø” 25 ®[√Ï
ÔV›]ÚÕº>[ ÿÂ|\´xD \´¬ÔM•D WwÈVflE ÿÂπÕ>m Aø
].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[.
“ÂÆ¬˛B
ÂÆ¬˛B \VD√w / Â|s_ {Ï Aø EÆ¬˛l[ c>B\VFfl / E§º>
ÿÂπÕ>m ÿÔV‚Á¶© Aøs[ / WtÏÕ> √VÏÁkl_ ®‚¶Ω© √VD∏[ / ÷´V¤
ÔD¨´D Aø›> \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ / Aø]l_ ®§Õº>[ ÂøsB AøºkV /
ÂÔÏÕ>m ºƒu§_ \Áw ÿ√VaÕm {FÕ>º>VÏ / ÁkÔVE ÂVπ_ >Áwfl
E≈ÿÔV[Æ / >ÁÈ¿‚¶ÈVluÆ! >πÏ©√‚¶VÁ¶ / >∫Ô© Øflƒ´D zπˆÁÈ
Â|s_ / ÿÔVø \fiƒ^ÔM Ø∫˛Áe¬ Ì‚Ω_ / Am¬zl_ ÂV>D
>V∫zºk[ ®[Æ >ÁÈkÁƒ¬ ˛[≈º>V? ∂øÔo[ ÷>BxD / >πˆ[
>VBÔD ®økmD cBÏkmD / clˆ[ cˆÁ\ÿB[Æ √VÏ›m©
√VÏ›ÿ>Á™© / √ˆÔE¬ ˛[≈º>V?
˛[≈º>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák, √¬. 35á3).
÷¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶•D Aø°D ÿkÀºkÆ ºÔV›]_ ÿkÀºkÆ

s>\VF¬ ÔsÁ>•Ú¬ÿÔV^˛[≈™. ÷m √u§B ∏´VMl[ ÔÚ›m ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD. “\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB›
\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB› #¬˛ ®§Õº>[; AøÿÂπÕ>m
®[√m ∂k´m ÔsÁ>. ÷∫z \´Á√, \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ g¬˛ ®^π
ÂÁÔBVΩ™VÏ Áky¸k´[. ÷>uz WBVB\V™ ®]Ï©Á√ Eu∏
ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ. clÏ›>›mkD ®[≈ >™m ÔsÁ>l_ #¬˛ ®§Õ>
\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ \ıË_ AÁ>Õm clÏ›ÿ>øÕ>m; ˛Áe √´©∏¬ ÔMÔ^
>Õ>m ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. >tμ \´∏™Ï WÔμÔVÈ›]uz› º>ÁkBV™
TˆB›Á>fl Eu∏ ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ?” 26
ÿkπ©√|›]™VÏ? ].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[
ÔsÁ>ÁB›>V[ QVM QV√Ô©∏ƒÔVÔ Áky¸k´[ ÔsÁ> ®[˛≈VÏ. √ÁwÁ\
\uÆD \´∏[ *>V™ ®ø›m \´∏™ˆ[ ®ˆflƒ_ kÁÔ©√‚¶ Œ[≈VÔ QVM
151
÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB (].ºƒV.ºk.ÔsÁ>)¬ ÔVı˛[≈VÏ.
“zwDA
zwDA \V¬ÿÔV‚Á¶ zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√EBm ®[Æ ].ºƒV.
ºkbºÔV√VÈ[ ®ø]™VÏ. ÷™©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛
∂a˛≈m ®[√m ∂kÏ ÔÚ›m. ®ø›m ÷>a_ ÿkπkÕ> ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>¬z ®]Ï¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]™VÏ Eu∏. \Vs[ ÷™D ∂ak]_ÁÈ.
clˆ[ ÷B¬ÔD ∂¶∫zk]_ÁÈ. >[Á™› >Vº™ Am©∏›m¬
ÿÔV^˛≈m. \M>–D ∂ak]_ÁÈ. ÷m clˆ[ >›mkD ®[√m ÔsQÏ
ÔÚ›m. clˆ[ >›mkD Â\¬z xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. \Áw›mπ,
A_o[ k´ÈVÆ ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ sˆkV™m. ÷>[
gwxD, ∂Ï›>xD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ. g[\Vs[ z´KD ÿ>ˆk]_ÁÈ.
ƒÚzfl EÕ>Á™ÔÁe¬ ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛º≈VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ ÿƒV_KD
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m” 27 ®[√Ï
ÔsQÚ¬z^ kVμs[ g>V´D º>|D º>‚¶D ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
\mÛ>™[. ÷>[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVÔ clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D,
clˆB¬Ôº\ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ŒπBVÔ ÿkπ©√|k>VÔ°D ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›]Á™ ÷™D
ÔVbD \.\mÛ>™[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>ÁB•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.
“ºƒu§MºÈ
ºƒu§MºÈ ÂVuÆ Â|D / ÿƒD√mD s´_kÁes_ ÿƒÕ>Vw©
ØºkV| / ÿƒÚ˛Ák›> zw_ ÿÂπs_ ÔVuÁ≈fl ∑Ú‚ΩÿBVÚ / ÔÔ™ÿkπ©
√Õ>V¬˛ ÁÔflE≈˛_ ÿƒı¶VΩ¬ / ÔV‚Ωs‚|© º√V˛≈m ABÁÈ©
√´sÿB™© / Ø‚ΩkÕ> ŒÚkÈk[ º√VÏ ∂´∫˛_ \È´s‚¶ /
ÿ√V[ÿ\VaÔ^ √VΩBº>V? xBK∫ÔV_ ®[≈V| / xBo[ÔV_
ÿ√ÆÔÿk™ ÿ\V›> clÏ›mΩ©∏[ / JÈŒπ sDtBº>V?
sDtBº>V?” (Œπ©√≈Ák,
√¬. 6á7). “÷Á>
÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVê ÷B_k]_ÁÈ. ®M–D
÷m g[\Vs[ z´_. kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ.
\M>Á™© √≈ÁkBVÔ, ∑>Õ]´D º>Ω ∂ÁÈ√k™VÔfl ÿƒFkm ÷Õ>¬ z´_
ÔÚ›m” 28 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m
÷Úk´m √]°Ô”D ÷∫ºÔ Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ô™ºk ®[≈ º√V]KD zwDA

\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[≈ x[ÿ™V‚Á¶ QVM•D, zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®™
®|›>Vı¶VKD ∂>uÔV™ cêVÏÕ> ÿ√VÚÁe \.\mÛ>™–D ÔV›
152
>k§s|˛[≈™Ï. ][≈∏[ ®§B©√‚¶ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ \ıË_ TμÕ>V_
xÁes|D. g™V_ zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ∂ø˛›>Vº™ \‚zD? ÷]_
zÈ©ÿ√ÚÁ\ º√∑D zwDA \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ®[–D z§X| J>VÁ>BÏ ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB©
º√E >[™VÈVÔV\_ ∂sÕm TˆBD ÷wÕ> ÿƒBÈu≈ >[Á\¬z g˛kÕ>m.
÷mºk ].ºƒV.ºk. ÔsÁ>l[ ƒV´VDƒ\VzD.
Eu∏ ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B∫z>eº\ ºkÆ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ º√ƒ©√|km zwDA

\V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ÷_ÁÈ, Aø›> \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ºB ∂m ∂s¬Ô©√‚¶>[Æ. ®™ºk
Aø]l_ ®§B©√‚¶∏[ Aøs[ clˆB¬ÔD ºƒu§KD, ÿÔV‚Á¶l[
clˆB¬ÔD \ıËK\VÔ ÷´ı|º\ clÏ›]¶ÈV˛[≈™. Eu∏l[
clÏ›>›mkD \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB•D, ÿÔV‚Á¶© AøÁk•D √V|ÿ√VÚeVÔ¬
ÿÔVıº¶ clˆ[ ÷B¬ÔD √u§•D, Œπ©√≈Ák JÈº\ clˆB¬Ôº\ ÔsÁ>
gÔ ÿkπ©√¶ÈVzD. JÈV>V´D z§›mD ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›Á>fl E≈©A≈
kΩkÁ\›m s|˛[≈VÏ Eu∏.
“Ô>°¬z
Ô>°¬z ∂Ú˛_ / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛ s‚¶m.
ÿ>V‚¶V_ ]≈¬zÿ\™› / º>V[Æ˛≈m Á>ˆBD k´s_ÁÈ. \ÁÈÁB
∂ø›]© √VÏ›>V_ ∂w˛B xÔD ∞mD / ®‚Ω© √VÏ¬zº\V? WflƒBt_ÁÈ.
cÆxD ÂVF kÕm / >ÁÈÁB ¿‚|º\V? √BD >mDA˛≈m. ÔVÈD
ÔÁ´˛≈m / ÷Õ> kVƒo_ ÷›mÁ© ÿ√Vøm / ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√Á>
®kº´–D / ÷·¬ÔV´\VF WÁ™©√VÏÔºeV? ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂´kxD / ]|¬˛¶
Ák¬˛≈m ŒÀÿkVÚ ƒÈ™xD / ∂]´ Ák¬˛≈m. \™∑ ∂ø˛≈m / ÔıßÏ
ka sπD∏_ º>∫˛ Â|∫z˛≈m
Â|∫z˛≈m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
276á277).
÷©√ΩBVÔ¬ Ô>Ák› >‚¶› Á>ˆBD k´V\_, √BD >mD∏, >|¬˛‚|

∂]ÏÕm Â|∫˛ ÔVÈD ÔÁ´˛≈ º√VmD ÔV›m¬˛¶©√m ÿ>V¶ÏÔÁ>BV˛[≈m.
÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§B √]°ÔÁe•D ÔVıº√VD. “ Ô>kÚºÔ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º>
kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛s‚¶m. ÿ>V‚¶V_ ]≈¬zÿ\™› º>V[§™VKD >‚Ω› ]≈¬Ô
\™›]_ Á>ˆBt_ÁÈ ®[˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ. Á>ˆBt_ÈV> WÁÈl_
ÁÔÔÁe© ∏ÁƒÕm ÿÔVı| ÔV›m¬ ˛¶¬˛≈VÏ. ÿ>ÚÁk© √´V¬z©√VÏ›m
\]_º\_ ÷Ú¬zD ÔV¬ÁÔÔÁe ®ıb˛≈VÏ. ŒuÁ≈› ÿ>[Á™ÁB
153
∂Ωx>_ OMkÁ´ g´VFÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏ. >‚Ω›]≈¬Ô› Á>ˆBD
k´s_ÁÈ.. Ô>° ®[√m ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ŒÚ z§X| ∂kÚ¬z^ ∞º>V
∂Á¶›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ∂Á> Œm¬Ôºkı|D. >[™È∫Ô^,
√ÁwÁ\¬z s∑kVƒD, ∂Õ>¸m ®™ ®›>Á™ºBV >Á¶Ô^ ÷kuÁ≈›
>‚Ω›]≈¬Ô› Á>ˆBD ºkı|D >[Á™› >Vº™ º>VıΩ© √VÏ¬Ô
ºkı|D. k´ÈVuÆ¬z^ √BD ÿƒFB ºkı|D. ∂©ÿ√Vøm>V[ BVÏ
®[√m ÿ>ˆ•D. >[–Á¶B zÁ≈WÁ≈Ô^ ÿ>ˆ•D. ÷©√Ω k´ÈVuÁ≈
ÿ\FlB_” 29 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ \.\mÛ>™[.
gFkm \VÏ¬EB ÿ\FlB_
“∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m
∂Á¶√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m Ô>°. Ô>Ák› >‚¶ÈV\V? Ì¶V>V ®[≈ >B¬ÔD
>‚Ω™V_ ®Õ> xÔD ®Õ> cÏºkV| ÿkπ©√|D. >‚¶›>B∫˛ ÿkπl_
cê ÿ>[Á™ \´›][ ∂eÁk, ∂eÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈V[ ÷Õ>
\M>[. Ô>° ®[˛≈ ÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ> ®Õ> \Ï\›Á> cê¶¬˛ ÷Ú¬˛≈m?
Â\¬z^ ÂVD ÷[–D >‚Ω› ]≈¬Ôs_ÁÈ. ÂD c^ gw∫ÔÁe ÂVº\
>Ê¬Ôs_ÁÈ. Â\¬z ÿkπlKD ®›>Á™ºBV Ô>kÁ¶©AÔ^ ÂVD
\›]B>´kÏ¬ÔD. >B∫˛›>V[ Wu˛º≈VD. >‚|ºkVD; ®]ÏÿÔV^ºkVD.
Eu∏ ®Õ>¬ Ô>s[ x[ >B∫˛ Wu˛≈VÏ? ÿk_k>uz {Ï cÈÔD
ÌÏºkVD”30 ®[√VÏ QVM.
÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ \VÏ¬E[ ÌuÁ≈ ÷∫z WÁ™° ÌÏºkVD
Ô>suz ∂©√V_ ÷[™ÿ>[Æ ÿ>ˆBV> WÁÈlKD, Ô>Ák›>‚¶›

>B¬Ô\VÔ°D ÔV›m¬˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[≈V˛s‚¶m. ÔV>o[ ®]Ï√Vo[
∞uAD W´VÔˆ©AD ∂§B ÷BÈV\KD, ÔÁ¶› º>uÆD >ÁÈkÏÔπ[
∂k>V´›]uz gÔ°D ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[≈V˛s‚¶m. ®ku§[
Â¶\V|D Ww_Ô^ ÂVD? ®Õ>fl ƒm´∫Ô›][ √ÔÁ¶ÔeV_ ÂÔÏ›>©√|D ÔVFÔ^
ÂVD? ®Õ>fl Û›]´¬ Ôlu≈V_ g‚|s¬Ô©√|˛[º≈VD ÂVD? ÷Ák
®Á>©√u§•D ∂§ÕmÿÔVê ÷BÈV\ºÈ ÔV›m¬˛¶©√º> kVμ¬ÁÔ
®[≈V˛s‚¶m. Â\¬z^ºeºB √È\™›>Á¶Ô^; A≈›]ºÈ•D √È >Á¶Ô^ ®™
kV∫z ÷Õ>¬ Ô>°¬ÔsÁ>•D ]≈¬Ô› ]≈¬Ô© A]B A]B Ô>°ÔÁe› ]≈Õm
ÿÔVıº¶ º√VÔk_È ]≈Õ>xÁ™¬ÔsÁ>BVF ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ∂k´kÏ
ÁÔflƒVsÔ”¬ºÔu√ ÷¬Ô>s[ Ô>k∫Ô”D >Vμ]≈¬zD kıD Eu∏BV_
Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|êm Ô>°.
154
“>™m
>™m Ûw_, >™m ƒJÔ© ∏ˆ° ®[≈ k‚¶∫Ô”¬z^ ∂_Èm
√z]Ô”¬z^ W[Æ, ∂>Á™ xøÁ\ÿB[ÆD ∑B\V™ AM>D ®[ÆD
Ôu∏>D √ıË¬ ÿÔV^km ŒÚWÁÈ. ∂>Á™fl E§>e°D Ôı|
ÿÔVêV\_, ÿ√V›>VD ÿ√VmkV™ º\ÿÈøÕ> kVˆBV™ sƒB∫ÔÁe
®ømkm ÷[ÿ™VÚWÁÈ. \V≈VÔ, ÷Ú¬˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D >´©√‚¶
∂_Èm >V™VÔ kˆ›m¬ÿÔV^˛≈ Ûw_ÔÁe•D, √´Õ>ÿ>VÚ
ƒJÔÿkπl_ cêVÏÕ> ƒJÔ cÏºkV|, ∂kuÁ≈ c≈°Á¶B
cı|” 31 ®™
√z]ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV´ ÔVˆB∫ÔºeV| √VÏ¬˛[≈ WÁÈ Œ[Æ cı|
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[.
÷Õ> J[Æ WÁÈÔπ_ J[≈Vkm WÁÈ√V‚|¬z© ÿ√VÚÕ]k´¬

ÌΩB™kVÔºk Eu∏l[ √ÈÔsÁ>Ô^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. ∏´√fiƒ›]™ ŒÚ
Ì≈VÔ› >[Á™ c´k_È \™D Eu∏¬z kVF›]Ú¬˛[≈m. >[ ÔsÁ>©
√VÏÁk z§›mD ®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ºÂV¬ÔD z§›mD º√ƒ kÚÁÔl_.
“\V–¶
\V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂–√k›>´VE_ √VÏ©√m ®[ ÔsÁ>©
√VÏÁk. \M>–¬z^”D, ÷BuÁÔ ÿkπlKD ∂[Á√ sÁ>©√m ®[
®ø›m¬Ôπ[ ºÂV¬ÔD. \M>º™ ÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ√z] ®[√>V_
÷BuÁÔ¬z ºÂÚD ∂a°Ôπ_ ÿÂVÕm º√VkmD ®_ÈVkÁÔ
∂¶¬zxÁ≈ÔπoÚÕmD Êá°ÔπoÚÕmD \M>Á™¬ ÔV¬Ô
ÿƒB_√V|” 32 ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
xB_kmD ®[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂Ω›>efl ÿƒB_√V|
÷Õ> º√V>xD ∂k´m zÚÂV>Ï √V´] JÈD ∂kÚ¬z kVF›>º> kVM_ √≈¬zD
A^ÿeÈVD ÂV[ ®[˛[≈ k_È ∂Õ> QV™º\ Eu∏¬zD ÁÔÿÔV|¬˛[≈m.
“s∑kÿkπ©√Va[
s∑kÿkπ©√Va[ / \Ï\¬ ÔÚ©Á√l_ / ÂV–D ÔVÈxD /
ŒπÕ]ÚÕº>VD / Â‚ƒ›]´© Aø] ∂b¬ÔeVF / ∂b¬Ôπ[ ∏^Áe
ÂV[ / g™>V_ Asl[ / ®Õ>fl ºƒ>xD / ®[Á™ ∂wÁk¬˛[≈™ /
®Õ> ckÁÔ•D / ®[Á™› m^π ®wÁk¬˛[≈™ / ÷M ®™¬z / \´D
ŒÚº√Vmt_È / ÂV[.... ÂV[ / ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_
ÔVÈ\V˛s‚¶>V_” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©
√B∫Ô^, √¬. 141á144).
“√ˆV\
√ˆV\ ÷B¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_okÚD ÔsQÏ ∏´√fiƒ›][
155
JÈ¬ÌÆÔπ[ \M>Á™¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ. ÔVÈxD ÂV–D Œ[Æ ®™fl
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω ∏´√fiƒ›]_ WÔøD ®Õ> WÔμ°D >[Á™fl ƒÈ™©√¶
Ák¬˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. Â‚ƒ›]´xD ÂV–D ºkÆ ∂_È.
∂ıÁ\•Dáÿ>VÁÈ°D, √ÔKDá÷´°D, √VÁÈ•Dáƒx›]´xD,
∂øÁÔ•DáEˆ©AD, xøÁ\•DáJπ•D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^ ∂_È. Œ[Á≈
\u≈m ª|Ús›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ®∫zD WÁ≈Õ]Ú¬˛≈m √ˆØ´D
®[˛≈VÏ” 33 \.\mÛ>™[.
®[˛≈VÏ
÷Ú^ ®[√m zÁ≈Õ> Œπ ®[√VÏ √V´]. ÷Úºe c[ ÊÏ {sBÏ

∂§Õ]Ú©√VÏ ®[√VÏ √V´]>Vƒ[. >[JÈ gƒV[ÔÁe© ∏[ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ
Eu∏•D.
“÷Ú‚|
÷Ú‚| / ÿkπflƒD ÷[Á\ ∂_È ŒπÁB / kΩÔ‚|D ƒ_ÈÁ¶
√Ô_ / ÷Ú‚|¬z ®]Ï©√>D ∂_È ÷Úπ[ / ÿ\_oB ÔÁ´ƒ_.
\ΩÕmº√Vkm / xΩÕm º√Vk>[Æ {Ï ®_ÁÈÁB¬ / Ô¶Õm º√Vkº>
®]KD ®m°D / ÷_ÁÈÿB[§_ÁÈ ®_ÈVku§KD / ®_ÈVD cı|
√ˆØ´›]KD /Jπ›>™D JπlKD cı| / √ˆØ´›mkD
√ˆØ´›mkD”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 243á244).
®Àke° ∂ÚÁ\BV™ Ôs›mkD. ÷]_ \ıË_ kV™xD cı|

kV™›]_ \ıbD Ì¶ ®™ kÚD kˆÔπ_ ÔV¬˛¶©√m ∂ı¶›]_ cêm
∏ı¶›]_, ∏ı¶›]_ cêm ∂ı¶›]_ ®™¬ ÔVk_È E›>Ï \´∏[ >›mk
¿‚EBVÔ ÷>Á™¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD. “ Ø´D xøÁ\ ®]KD ÷_ÁÈ.
÷Ú©√Ák ®_ÈVD ∏[™∫Ôºe. ®Àke° ∏[™∫ÔÁe Œ[Æ
]´‚Ω™VKD ŒÚ xøÁ\ ˛Á¶¬ÔVm. ∏[™›]_ xøÁ\BVÔ \‚|º\
÷Ú¬ÔxΩ•D” 34 ®[√Ï AsB´∑. “ÿƒV_√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m
÷Ú¬ÔxΩ•D ÿƒV_√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m
∂√ˆØ´D ÷Á≈k[ √ˆØ´D
√ˆØ´D”. (Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆá107)
cÈ˛[ Œº´ √ˆØ´D √´Dÿ√VÚ^ \‚|º\. ∂ÀkVı¶k[

√Á¶©∏ºÈºB ®›>Á™ ®›>Á™ ∂√ˆØ´∫Ô^? g™V™©√‚¶ ∂Ôı¶
√ˆØ´\V™ gı¶k[ √Á¶©∏ºÈB ∂√ˆØ´∫Ô^ >sÏ¬Ô ÷BÈV>Ák
®[˛≈º√Vm \M>™V_ √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶ √Á¶©∏_ ∂√ˆØ´D ÷_ÈV\u
156
º√VFs|\V ®[™? ÷Ák ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∂Ô©√|›]ºB Eu∏ >[ ÔsÁ>
ÿ\ValÁ™ tÔfl ÿƒ§kV™ ÷Æ¬Ô kVÏ©A¶[ √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>D /
JπlKD c™¬z √ˆØ´›mkD ®™¬Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[
>ÁÈ©A ®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D... ®[≈ √V´]>VƒM[ √V¶_ kˆloÚÕº>
®|›>Ve©√‚|êm. (®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D ƒ¬]B¶V, >D∏ ∞øÔ¶_ ∂k^
kı\¶V) ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> z§›mD ÷[ÿ™VÚ¬ÔsÁ> z§›mD cˆB
√]°ÔÁe ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“÷Õ>¬
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ \VÏ¬EB ÷B∫˛BÁÈ¬ ÔVÈVD.
÷Õ]B›>›mk›º>V|D ÔsQÏ √VÏÁk ÷ÁÕm ÿƒ_˛≈m. ®[T|D
\ÁD ®™¬z^ Œ[≈V˛[≈™. \´›]–^ ÂV[ Œ[§s|˛º≈[.
÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂV[ ®[™ g˛º≈[ ®[≈ xÁ≈l_ ÔsQˆ[ cÏ°Ô^
sˆ˛[≈™. ºkÏÔ^ √V>VeD kÁ´ ÿƒ_˛[≈™. sˆÕm ÿƒ_KD
˛ÁeÔ^ ˛ÁeÔπ_ kÕm >∫˛fl ÿƒ_KD √≈ÁkÔ^ √≈ÁkÔπ[
x™Ô_Ô^ . . .. . ÿkΩ›> ∂Ω\´›]_ ÔÁ´BV[ zΩlÚ¬zD ∂ÚkÚ©√V™
ÿ√VÕm c^ºe ÂVÔº\V Â´Ôº\V ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ÷ku§_ ºƒVÔ© √∑Á\
÷ÚÕ>VKD ÔVuÆ kÕ>V_ >ÁÈsˆ›m© º√V‚| ∂øÁÔ. ÷›>Á™¬zD
~|Ô‚¶ ~ƒV™ JÁÈl_ ÔflE>\VÔ© Ø›> ŒÚ Ø ÷ÀkVÆ >V–D >[ T|D
\´xD Œ[§lÚ©√Á> ®[\´D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ. ºk>Á™
t¬Ô>VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z^πÚÕm>V[ ∂Õ>©Ø \ÈÏ˛≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ºk>Á™Ô”¬z ~|Ô‚|˛≈m ÷Õ>©Ø. ÔsQˆ[ ÿ\FlB_
WÁ≈˛≈m” 35 ®[√Ï \.\mÛ>™[.
∂[∏_ WÁ≈˛≈m
“ÛˆBWw_
ÛˆBWw_ ÿ>Vz©∏_ \´D ®[ÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ> ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁe
∂º>ÿ√Bˆ_ ®Àke° ÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw©√m ®[Æ ÔsQÏ ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈VÏ.
®™m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´D ®[Æ ÿƒV_ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ. \´D ]ÚÔ_, xÆÔÈVÔ
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿkl_ ÿÔV|Á\, º√V]B ¿ˆ_ÁÈ. c´D ÷_ÁÈ.
kVΩkuÆD ∂Õ> \´›][ cflE¬˛Áel_ ~ƒVMB JÁÈl_ {Ï ∂w˛B
\ÈÏ Ø›]Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ÔsÁ>ÁB xΩ¬˛≈VÏ. Â\¬z^ ˛eÆ˛≈m
÷Õ>¬ÔsÁ>. z|D√fl Ûwo_ c≈° ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ^, kVμ¬ÁÔ ku§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. \´›Á>© º√VÈ. ®M–D, \´D ŒÚ ØÁk \ÈÏ›mk>[
157
JÈD clÏ ÷B¬Ô›Á> ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈m. \M>–¬z^ ÷[–D ∂[A
∂w˛B>VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ~´D ÷[–D ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> \´D ƒVÔVm. ÷Õ>
\M>[ ∂aÕm s¶ \V‚¶V[. ∂Ô®øflE º\ºÈV∫˛•ê, Eu∏l[
÷m°ÿ\V[Æ” 36 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
∂uA>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷m°ÿ\V[Æ
kVÁÔ•DáÔÚ∫ÔVo•D, ÿkıÔ¶DADá~‚Ω•D, ∂¶ÏÕ> kV™›]_ / ŒuÁ≈›
º>¬z\´D / kV™›m¬z› / >VÛ™ #ı ®[≈ / WÁ™©A / º\Ô∫Ôπ[ EºÂ˛>[
®[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\ / >V[ ÿƒV[™V_ >V[ / \Áw kÚ\VD / ∂©√Ω ŒÚ ÷Ú\V©A /
∂[Æ / \´Dÿk‚ΩÔ^ ∑u§fl ∑u§ kÕ>VÏÔ^ / ∞≈ ÷≈∫Ô© √VÏ›m›
>ÁÈBÁƒ¬Ô°D / ºkˆ_ søÕ>m ÿk‚| / º>¬z \´›m¬z. (J|√M, √¬.71á72).
º\‚ΩÁ\ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ º>¬z\´D \u≈ \´∫ÔÁ· s¶ E≈Õ>m ®[≈ ®ıD
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√Á> s·¬z˛≈VÏ. ∂Õ> ®ı›]™V_ ∂m ÿk‚|©√‚|
∂akÁ>•D Ì§ \™>M[ ®ı›Á> \Á≈xÔ\VÔ ÷Ω›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
ŒÚ ÿ√VÚÁe ∂º> ÿ√Bˆ_ ®Àke° ÔVÈ›]uz ∂Áw©√m ®™›

ÿ>V¶∫zD Eu∏ >\m T‚Á¶ ÷M\´D ®[Æ ÿƒV_ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ. Ô_BVı˜l[
ÔsÁ> Œ[Æ. “∂Ë_
∂Ë_ z‚Ω ®∫Ô^ T‚Ω_ ÷ÚÕ>m. ÂV∫Ô^ ∂Ë_
÷ÚÕº>VD” 37 ®[Æ xΩ•D ∂¬ÔsÁ>l[ >ÁÈ©º√V
z‚Ωl[ ˛Áel_ ÷ÚÕº>VD
∂Ë_ z‚Ωl[ T|D ®∫Ô^ ˛Áe•D ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD Ô_BVı˜l[
ÔsÁ>ÁB© º√VÈºk Eu∏ sÁ>lKD T|D \´xD Ì| s‚|¬ Ì| √V•D
s›Á> WÔμ˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ \´D √u§B ÔsÁ>ÁB•D ÷›m¶[
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“®[
®[ \Á™s¬z / ∂m>V[ ∏≈Õ>T| ®[ ∑Ô m¬Ô∫Ô”¬z /
ÿkÀºkÆ ∂ÁÈ¿e∫Ôπ_ / gÆ>_ xÈVD Ø∑D / √V‚|¬zΩlÚ©A.
√flÁƒfl ƒx›]´D / sDt¬˛¶Õ> ÷¶›]_ / ÿk‚¶ÿkπ ÿkÆD√´©A ®[
Ww_, ®[ clÏ¬ÔVuÆ ®[ g[\ ƒ∫ˇ>D. ∑^πÔ^ .... cÈÏÕ>
÷ÁÈÔ^ \´›mb¬zÔ^ / ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´D / Øtl[ ÔVB\VF
sˆƒ_s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>m. xÕÁ>B \´\Vkm ∂kÏ T‚| \´D. g™V_
÷Õ> \´º\V ®[ T‚Ω[ º\uz©A≈›]_ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ WÈ›]_ / ŒÚ
√flÁƒ© ∏éBD º√V_ / WuzD ºk©√\´D
ºk©√\´D”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^,
√.286).
158
>[T‚| \´›Á>© √V¶ kÕ> Eu∏ >\m T‚Á¶ ÷M \´ÿ\[º√[ ®[≈VÏ.
∂|›> T‚| \´›Á> \Á™sl[ ∏≈Õ> Tÿ¶™°D >D Ww_, clÏ¬ÔVuÆ, g[\
ƒ∫ˇ>D ®[ÿ≈_ÈVxD ÿÔVı¶VΩ W[≈VÏ. ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VF sˆƒ_ s‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> ÿ>[˛[≈VÏ. gÔ ÷©√Ω T‚|\´›Á>•D √¬Ô›m
T‚| \´›Á>•D ÿƒVÕ>∫ ÿÔVı¶VΩBkÏ ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´›Á>© Øtl[
ÔVB\VÔ c´k_ÈkÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ \´›][ ∂Ω\´k|¬ÔÁe•D √V|˛[≈VÏ.
>V¬z>_ÔÁe› / >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVı¶m º√V_ / JÏ¬Ô›>™\V™ ÿk‚|D

z›mD / k|¬ÔeVF¬ ˛¶¬zD ∂Ω\´›]_ .../∂¬˛ ºÂVF¬z ∂›]©√V_ ºƒÔˆ›>
∂Á¶BVe∫Ô^ ®™©√VΩfl ÿƒ_ÁÔl_ ´©√Ï \´›]uz ´∫Ô^ A]>_È ®[≈
gÔVƒD√‚| ºƒ≠VÈ›][ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ”D ÂD WÁ™suz k´ÈV˛[≈™.
“√|Ôe›]_
√|Ôe›]_ / ºkÿÈ|›m WuzD / ∂ı[\VÏ ∑kVtÔ^ º√V_ /
∂Õ> ∂›]\´xD / ∂¶ÏÕm ∑u§B ÂV_A>ÚD / ÿÔ›m¬ÿÔ›ÿ>[Æ /
gu≈∫ÔÁ´¬ÿÔVÚ / W´Õ>´¬ ÔVkÈ™VÔ. A_KD ÿkmÿkm¬zD /
√VÁ≈Ô”D ∂™_√ø¬zD / ∂©º√VmD ∂D\Vs[ x›>Dº√V_ / zπÏflE
swV¬ ÿÔVı¶V|D / ∂›]\´ Ww_ ÔsÕ> gu≈∫ÔÁ´ºBV´D . ÷eD
s>Ák ÷[M¬zD / ÂV_ ÔV‚|¬zD / ∞º>V ∞º>V ÷Ú©√>VF¬ /
ÔVmÔ^ zÆzÆ›m¬ ÿÔVı¶mı| / g™V_ ∂›]\´D / ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A©
∏´\VD ®|›]ÚÕ>m
®|›]ÚÕ>m” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬. 218, 220).
∂›]\´D \‚|\V ÷∫z ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© ∏´\VD ®|›]Ú¬˛[≈m.

Eu∏•D Ì¶›>Vº™ ´ÔEB¬ÔV©A© ∏´\VD ®|›]Ú¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω¬ ÔVmÔ^
zÆzÆ›> º√V]KD ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© ∏´\V›Á> \™›]_ ÷Ú›] Eu∏l[ º√™V
WuÔºkıΩB ÷¶›]_ W[Æs|˛[≈m ∂_ÈkV? ∂∫ºÔ>V[ Wu˛[≈VÏ
Eu∏•D! ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_K∫ÔÁÈºB Ôs›mk›][ Û‚∑\D.
gÔ ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ÿÔV‚Á¶© Aøs[ WtÏÕ> √VÏÁkl_ ®‚¶Ω©√VD∏[
´V¤ÔD¨´D ®™°D, ∂øÔo[ ÷>BxD >πˆ[ >VBÔD ®™°D, ÿ\V›>
clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ Œo sDtBº>V ®™°D, Ô>°¬ÔÚ˛_ ÔV›m¬ ˛¶©√º>
kVμ¬ÁÔBV˛s‚¶m ®™°D, ∂b¬Ôπ[ ∏^Áe ÂV[ ®™°D; ÷Ú‚| ŒπÁB
kΩÔ‚|D ƒ_ÈÁ¶ ®™°D, √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>™D, JπlKD
√ˆØ´›mkD ®™°D; ÿk‚|©√‚¶ ∂Ω\´D Øtl[ ÔVBD ®™°D ÿƒV_ÁÈºB
159
\Õ]´\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_Èm \‚|t_ÁÈ Eu∏l[ Ôs›mkD. ∂›]\´D
®|›]Ú¬zD ´ÔEB¬ ÔV©A© √ˆ\V›Á>› >VxD ®|›>k´VF ∂k´m
ÿ\e™›>VKD ÔsÁ> g˛ \ÈÚD Ôs›mkº\ Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ˝k ªuÆ¬
ÔıÔeVzD. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷∫z ®|›>Ve©√‚¶ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z
ª¶VÔ°D clÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ ŒoBVÔ°D, clˆB¬Ô›][ ˝k ŒπBVÔ°D
ÿkπ©√|kº> Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ Ôs›mk\VzD.
“>[JÈD
>[JÈD ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m ®[Æ sB¬zD
ÔsQÏ cBÏ›mΩ©∏[ JÈ Œo ÔsÁ> ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷BuÁÔ \uÆD \M>
cÁw©∏oÚÕmD º√VÏ x>oB kVμ¬ÁÔ x´ı√V|Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD
ÔsÁ> kÚ˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. clˆB¬ÔD >V[ ÔsÁ>BVÔ, ŒπBVÔ
ÿkπ©√|˛≈m ®[√m ÔsQÏ ÔÚ›m. ÷Á> xøÁ\BVÔ›
ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVê ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ®M–D ÷m g[\Vs[ z´_.
{Fk]_ÁÈ” 38 ®[√VÏ \mÛ>™[.
kVμsB¬Ô›][ z´_. ÷Õ>¬ z´_ {Fk]_ÁÈ
Eu∏ g[\Vs[ zóoÚÕm, kVμsB¬Ô›][ zó_ ÷ÚÕm ÷Õ>

{BV> zóoÚÕm ∂kÏ ÔsÁ> ®ıu≈ z´_ÔeVF ÂDx[
sBV∏¬ÔÈV˛[≈m. ®[™V_ xΩBVÿ>™ xΩBV>ÁkÔπ[ ÂuÿƒF]ÔÁe ∂kÏ
√‚ΩBo|˛[≈VÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>l_ ºÂ´∫ÿÔV_oÔÁe©
ÿ√VÆ›m¬ÿÔVê; ∂ÚDAÔπ[ kVF ˛a›m ∂[MB ÿ\Va ]Ë¬zD
k[xÁ≈ÁBfl ƒ˛›m¬ ÿÔVê; ÔVV\_ º√V™ Â]º>Ω kVøD Â]ÔÁefl
∑|ÔV¶V¬zD c[\›>›Á> Œ›m¬ ÿÔVê; Ô¶u ƒ∫Ô\©º√´wÁÔ© √VwV¬˛
\M>¬ Ô´∫Ô^ Aˆ•D ∂ÚkÚ©Á√¬ ÔÁÈ g[tÔD ®™¬ ÿÔVı¶V¶. ÿ\Va
ÿkÆ©∏_ÁÈ ®[≈√ΩºB >VF ÿ\Va ÷ÁƒÁB ∂k\]¬zD ]tÁ´ Œ©A¬ÿÔVê;
∂ÉB_ kV] zD∏|D g•>›Á>•D, ∂]ÔV´›Á>¬ zD∏|D ∂§kVπÔÁe•D
ÿ√VÆ›m¬ÿÔVê; ÔV|ÿÔV[Æ ÿÔV^ÁeBΩ¬zD √V>Ô›Á> ∂–\]¬Ô
ƒV]ºko¬z ¿Úu§ ƒ\›mk© √lÏÔπ[ \ÔÛ_ ÔVı√>VF kVÏ›Á>¬
ºÔVA´∫Ô^ Ô‚|ºkVÁ´ ÂD√ ÿÔV¬ºÔVÔ∫Ôºe ÿk‚zD√Ω ∂Õ>´∫ÔÁe©
√˛´∫Ô\V¬zD ºƒ‚Á¶ÔÁe ÷È¬˛B\VÔ É¬Ô ®™›>[ xΩBV>ÁkÔπ[
ÂuÿƒF]© √‚ΩBÁÈ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈kÏ.
160
“÷[–D
÷[–D ®›>Á™ºBV xΩBVmÔ^ cı| ÔV_A^π º√V‚|
WÆ›>È[Æ / xuÆ©A^πBV_ ÔsÁ>¬z / ∂Á º√V¶ xΩBVm /
®[√m ∂kuÆ^ Œ[ÿ≈™
Œ[ÿ≈™” (J|√M, √¬. 108á109).
∂Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷Á¶WÆ›] s|˛[≈VÏ. ∂∫˛ÚÕº> xΩkÁ¶BV\_

xΩ•D ∂∫˛ÚÕº> cıÁ\l_ g´D√\V˛[≈m ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>. ÂDt_
∂k´kÏ¬zD ÿkÀºk≈VÔ ÔV_A^π º√V‚| WÆ›>È[§ xuÆ©A^πBVF
ÔsÁ>¬z ∂Á º√V¶ xΩBVm ®[˛[≈ Eu∏l[ Aˆ>K¬Ì¶VÔ Â.∏flƒJÏ›]
\uÆD ÂzÈ[ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ^ ªΩÁw©∏´]ÔeVÔ ( Inter Texts ) ª¶VΩ¬
˛¶¬˛[≈™.
“√z›>§°fl
√z›>§°fl ƒÕÁ>l_ / ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD ÁÔl_ xuÆ©A^πÔÁe
/ JÏ¬Ô\VF Ák›m¬ ÿÔVı| \™›]_ √‚¶ mÁ≈l_ / xÁeBΩ›m¬
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>VÏ / EÈÏ ∑Ú]•¶[/ EÈÏ ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛B›m¶[ / EÈÏ
kÚVE´\›m¶[ / EÈÏ ÔD√Ú¶[ / EÈÏ sfiQV™›m¶[ / EÈÏ \VÏ¬¸
®∫Ô_∑¶[ ºkÆ EÈÏ ®m–¶º™V / Œm∫˛ W[≈ EÈÏ / \™
÷BK¬Ô©√VÁÈ ∂ΩflƒVÏÕ> \VÏ¬Ô›>Vº´V| / Eˆ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï.
∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ / ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[ /
‘Ô\V ÷ÚÕ>m” 39 ®[√VÏ Â.∏flƒJÏ›].
Ô\V’ ›>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m
Ô\V
xu∑‚ΩBkVº≈ ÔVuA^π º√V‚| WÆ›>È[§ xuÆ©A^πBVF¬

ÔsÁ>¬z ∂Áº√V¶ xΩBVÿ>–D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ”¬ Ì¶VÔ
‘xuÆ©A^πBV_’ Ì¶ xΩk]_ÁÈ ®>Á™•D WÆ›> ®–D ÂzÈ[ kˆÔ”D,
‘∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ’. ]œÿ´[Æ ®[ ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[.
‘Ô\V›>V[’ ÷ÚÕ>m ®[–D Â.∏flƒJÏ›] kˆÔ”D ªΩÁw© ∏´]ÔeVÔ
(inter-texts) ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB √_ ∏´]›mkD (Inter-texuality)
z§›> se¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿÂƒ°©∏[™o_, ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ÔÚ›m WÁÈÔ^,
√Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™” 40
ÿ\VaWÁÈ ÿ√uÆ, c^ ÷ÁwÔeV˛© √´kÈVÔ© √Vs¬˛¶¬˛[≈™
®[√Ï ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[. “ŒÚ
ŒÚ A›>Ô›Á> kVE©√m ®[√º>, ®›>Á™ºBV
>[Á\ÔÁe \™›]u ÿÔVı| ∂Á>©∏≈ A›>Ô∫ÔºeV| Œ›mD
161
c≈μÕmD √VÏ©√>V˛≈m. ÷Á>›>V[ ÂT™ s\ÏƒÔÏÔ^ √_ ∏´]›mkD
( Inter-texuality ) ®[˛≈VÏÔ^. kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔÁÈÁB©√VÏ›m ∂Á\˛≈m
®[º≈ ŒÚ kV>›]uz Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^”ºkVD. ∂©√ΩBV™V_, x>o_
ÔÁÈ ®∫˛ÚÕm kÚ˛≈m? ÷>uz©√]_ ÔÁÈ, ÔÁÈloÚÕº>
º>V[Æ˛≈m ®[√m>V[. ÔsÁ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ∂–√k›]oÚÕm
®ø>©√|km ∂_È. \V≈VÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕº>
®ø>©√|˛≈m” 41 ®[√Ï Ô.Ø´flƒÕ]´[. Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kVμ¬ÁÔ
®ø>©√|˛≈m
∂–√k›]oÚÕmD, ∂k´m cêVÏÕ> º>¶ooÚÕmD, xÕÁ>B
x[º™VΩÔπ[ √Á¶©AÔπoÚÕmD ∏≈Õ> kı\VF ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ÷m
√u§ ∂kº´ Ì≈¬ ºÔ‚º√Vº\.
“gl´D
gl´D Ôu√Á™Ô^ ∂ÁÈº\V] kÕ>VKD ®Á>•D ®[ ∂ƒÈVÔ¬
ÔÚmD √w¬ÔD ®™¬z ÷_ÁÈ. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[Æ
ÔÚmD zÚzÈ kVEÂV[. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z© √V´]l[ ÿƒV_o_, ®ø›]_
ÂV[”42 ®[√Ï Eu∏. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[ÿ≈VÚ
xø˛© º√V™k[ ÂV[
zÚzÈkVEBVF Eu∏ºB ÿÔVı¶VΩ WuÁÔl_ ÷Á>©√u§ ÂVD ÿƒV_È ®[™
÷Ú¬˛≈m. g™V_ ÷]KD gw\VÔ¬ ÔkM¬Ô ºkıΩB ÿƒF] Œ[Æ
÷Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿƒF]Ô^ ®[™ºkV ∂k´m zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕmD J>VÁ>B´V™
x[º™VΩÔπ¶tÚÕmD ÿ√u≈ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ∂Á>¬Ì¶ Eu∏
®ÀkVÆ ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ ®[˛≈ s>›][ s›]BVƒ›]ºÈºB Eu∏l[
Ôs›mkD E≈Õ]Ú¬Ô¬ ÔVÈVD.
“ÔsÁ>¬zˆB
ÔsÁ>¬zˆB ÿ√VÚeVÔ©Am s≠B∫ÔÁe© √V´] ÿÔVı¶kÏ.
√wDÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ ÌÆt¶›mD, A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈,
√VΩ•êVÏ” 43 ®[√Ï
Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV| cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D √VΩ•êVÏ
®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·. A]B √V|ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬ Ôı|ÚD √V∫z, √ÁwB
s≠B∫ÔÁe¬ Ì¶ A]B xÁ≈l_ ÔÁÈÂBD º>V[≈¬ Ôs›mk gu≈ºÈV|D
cÏflE ºkÔ›º>V|D ÿkπ©√|›mD s>D ÷[º™V´[™∏≈kuÁ≈› >D
zÚÂV>ˆ¶tÚÕm ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ© ÿ√uÆ¬ ÁÔBV”D xÁ≈l™VºÈºB Eu∏•D
Ôs›mk O‚√∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛[≈VÏ. ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_
J[Æ WÁÈÔ^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
162
“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ∞º>V Œ[Á≈fl ÿƒV_È WÁ™¬˛≈ º√Vº> ∂>–Á¶B
√ıÁ√fl ƒVÏÕ> º>Ák, ∂>uzˆB kΩkwÁÔ› yÏ\VM›m s|˛≈m.
º\KD, ÿƒV_K˛≈ ºƒ]•D ∂>[ Tfl∑D, ®_ÈV ºÂ´xD
Ô‚|¬Ô¶∫zk]_ÁÈ; ®™ºk ∂>[ ∂eÁkÔ”D Ô‚|¬z^
÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk, ÔsÁ>l[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_, J[Æ
WÁÈÔÁe ÂVD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ˛≈m.
(1) >MWÁÈ¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ {ÚÏÁkfl ÿƒ§kVÔ°D ]‚√

O‚√\VÔ°D ÿƒV_o xΩ˛≈m. (zÆÕÿ>VÁÔ, Âu§Á ∂ÔÂV˚Æ
º√VÈ). (2) {ÚÏ° ∂_Èm ŒÚ WÔμ° ®[≈VKD ∂>[√È
ºÔV∫ÔÁe kÚË¬˛≈m. (√›m©√V‚Ω_ z§fiE©√V‚|, ÿÂ|Â_kVÁ¶,
\mÁ´¬ÔVfiE º√VÈ) (3) ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ \VÆ˛≈m. E§B ÔÁ>BVÔ
÷Ú¬ÔÈVD; ∂©º√Vm {ˆ´ı| WÔμflEÔÁe \‚|º\ ÿÔVı|
∂Á\BÈVD. ∂_Èm ƒuÆ sˆkV™ ÔÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. ∂©º√Vm
√È WÔμflEÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı| sˆkVÔ ÿÂΩ>VÔ á kÚË›m© º√VÔÈVD.
÷Õ> ÷´ıÁ¶•D ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ> ( Fictional poetry ) ®[Æ ÿƒV_˛º≈VD
÷m)” 44 ®[√Ï ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[.
(\Ëº\ÔÁÈ, EÈDA º√V[≈m ÷m)
÷›>ÁÔB J[Æ WÁÈÔπ[ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]KD Eu∏l[

ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™D ÔV ÷BKD. x>ÈVk>VÔ x>oÚ WÁÈÔ”¬zD ŒÚ
ºƒVuÆ©√>\VÔ {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe \‚|D c>V´\VÔ¬ ÔVıº√VD.
“√El_
√El_ ÔÁe›> √Ô_Ô^ / \_oÁÔ ÿÂΩl_ \B∫˛B / ∂Õ]©
ÿ√VømÔ^ ÷Á\l[ ÔıßÚD / ÷>B›]_ ´›>xD cÁ≈Õmº√V™ /
ÿÂΩB ÷´°Ô^ Ák´V¬B∫Ô^ / √M©ÿ√VΩBVF c]ÚD ÁkÔÁ≈Ô^.
xΩÕ>™ ..... ®_ÈVD / ÷©º√Vm xΩÕm º√VFs‚¶™ / ÷Mº\ÈVkm
∂kÁe¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD #∫Ô s|∫Ô^
s|∫Ô^” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.127)
∂kπ[ √Ô_Ô”D, ∂Õ]© ÿ√VømÔ”D, ÿÂΩB ÷´°Ô”D,

ÁkÔÁ≈Ô”D ®™ ®m°º\ ∂k^ kƒt_ÁÈ. ÷©º√Vm ®_ÈVxD
xΩÕmº√VFs‚¶™ ÷MBV˛KD ∂kÁe¬ ÿÔVfiƒD #∫Ôs|∫Ô^. ÷m
sÁÈ\Ôπ[ WÁÈ Ôı| ƒVÈ©√ˆÕm ÷´∫zD Ôas´¬ÔD g˛B
163
{ÚÏsÁ™› ]‚√O‚√\VÔfl ÿƒm¬˛B x>_WÁÈ ∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>.
sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈ ®–D ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe x.º\›>VkV_ ÷∫z>V[ ∂k^
√D kV∫ÔV\_ √^πÿÔV^˛≈VÏ ®[Æ>V[ ®ø> xΩ˛≈m. ∂>uÔV™ √]ÈVÔ
®]Ï¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ Ì¶ ÷>Á™ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ÿÔVêÈVD. Œ›>
∂ÁÈkˆÁƒl_ Eu∏l[ cÏÁk© º√VÈºk ÷[zÈV©∏¶xD
ÿkπ©√‚|êm. \´D Œ[Æ>V[ ∂kÁe¬ Ôk[ mËBV_
ÿÔe´k©√|›]Bm ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV© ÔıËB∫ÔMB (Ôk[ mË á ∏›m¬z
J|]Á´) ÷MB|›m {ÚÏÁk© √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_ kÚË¬zD ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ
∂eÁk¬ ÔsÁ>¬z {Ï c>V´D Ì§ s·¬ÔÈVD.
“ÔV‚|¬z´∫z
ÔV‚|¬z´∫z º\È]ÔVˆ¬z ŒÚ√ÈT™\VÔ N...N...N
ÔıÁfl Et‚Ω / Â\‚|fl Eˆ©A¶[ / ∂Ï›>AiΩºBV| / ‘Good Day Sir’
ÿƒV_KD / t¸ ‘∏¬z© ∏E[ xÔ›º>V| / ŒÚ Â[§•Á´ /
‘º>∫¬R...t¸;
º>∫¬R...t¸; / \a¬Ô°D k¬˛_ÈV ÿk^πswV xÔ›>kM¶D /
ƒ∫ÔÂV¶Ô Ω¬Ô‚ / ±Æ ‘√VF¬z suÆ›>´ ºkı|D / ÿƒBÈÚ¬z ŒÚ
ÁÔÈVz / ‘∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;’ / \]B c° ºkÁel_ ÷[Á™¬zD
∂m¬ÿÔ[™... ƒVÏ;
>lÏƒV>D ¸ÿ√≠ÈV? / ®–D ŒÚ ƒ\Vπ©A / ®™¬z ∂_ƒÏ... ∂>™VºÈ
º>¿Ï ºkÁel_ √V´VxÔ\VÔ© º√VzD g¨¸ ºƒkÔM¶D / œ ºkıΩ¬
ÿÔfiE¶ / √ÁwB √V¬˛ÁB WÁ™∆‚|D / ∂k[ xbxb©A¬z / ŒÚ
ºÔ¶BD / ŒÚ z|D√ ÂÈ sƒVˆ©A / ¶°[√¸ ÿÂˆƒo_ / º√êD
ÿ√ıË[ º>Vπ_ ÁÔ√¶ / ∂k^ / ]´VÔ©√VÏÁk¬z / ∏^Áe©
ØflEBVF© ÿ√V∑∫˛ / ŒÚ´ÔEB¬ ÿÔfiƒ_ / ‘®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D
®¬¸˛R¸t...º\¶D’ / \VÁÈ
nÕm \Ë¬z / T| *ı¶mD / ®‚|kBm Ôs>V¬z‚Ω / ∂©º√VÀ
\VÏ¬’ / ®[Æ ÿÔV‚Ω ∂eÕ> /
Ô¬˛ºÈ / ®™¬z› ÿ>VıIÆ \VÏ¬
ÿÔV^Áefl Eˆ©A¬z / xmz √ø¬Ô ŒÚ √]_ / ‘√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ’ /
√eVÏ...√eVÏ...√eVÏ
ÂD\ ÿ´∫ÔƒVt º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[
º´V≠¬ÔV´[>V[” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.
120á123).
\V™ cÏ° k´ºkıΩB ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ®_ÈVD ÷©√ΩBVÔ ŒÚ √ÈT™\V™

÷π©AD; ∏E[xÔ Â[§•Á´•D; Â¬ÔK¬zD ƒ\Vπ©AD; √V´VxÔ›m¬zD ÂÈD
cƒVkKD; ´ÔEB¬ ÿÔfiƒKD ®™ ÿkπ©√‚¶ ÁÔBÈVÔ›>™D ÿÔVı¶V¶
164
ºkıΩB ∏^Áefl ÿƒ_k›]¶D xm˛_ ∂Á≈k>VF ÿkπ©√|D √ıÁ√©
√ÈºÔV∫Ôπ_, √È kı∫Ôπ_ ÿ>V|›m tÁ¶˛[≈m Eu∏l[ ®ê_
ÔsÁ>. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ kVÏ©∏uz ª¶VÔ°D ÔV¬˛¶¬zD
÷[º™V´DƒD ÷´ı¶VKº\ ŒÚÂVπ[ √Èÿ√VømÔÁe kˆÁƒBVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm,
~u≈ΩÔπ_ ŒÚ ]Ú©A xÁ™ºBV| ŒΩ›m› ]Ú©AD {.ÿ«[§l[ ÔÁ>
c›]ÁB¬ ÁÔBVıΩÚ¬zD √V∫˛_ >V[ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ E≈¬zD
Ôs›mk›][ Û‚∑\D. ÷´ı¶VDWÁÈ ∂eÁk© √ˆ\V›]_ {ÚÏ°
®[√>uz© √]ÈVÔ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe© √Èkı∫Ôπ_ cÚ‚Ω sÁeBV|D
‘ÔÁÈ¶V¸ºÔV©’ º√VÈ¬ ÁÔBV”D √V∫zD Eu∏¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈºB ÷>uz
‘x^’ ‘ºÔV|’, ‘∑kÏÔ^’ x>oB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D (ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^) W≈D
ÔsÁ>ÁB•D (J|√M) ®|›m¬ ÔV‚¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVêÈVD.
“zÆ¬˛™V_
zÆ¬˛™V_ A^π / ¿‚Ω™V_ ÿÂ|fiƒVÁÈ ÿÂπÕm ÿÂπÕ>V_
√VDA / kÁeÕm cÚı¶V_ ƒ¬Ô´D. ]´ı¶V_ \´D / ÿ\oÕ>V_ ÿÔVΩ
∂¶ÏÕ>V_ ˛Áe / √¶ÏÕ>V_ A>Ï ƒVkÔVƒ\VÔ© / ¿‚Ω© √|›>V_ \ÁÈ
∂∫zD ÷∫zD / ∂e°Ô^ Ák›m¬ Ô‚Ω™V_ T|. ÁÔº√V_ zs›m /
ŒÚ kV•D Ák›>V_ ÿƒDA, >ÔkÁÈ >‚Ω kÁe›m / {‚Ω™V_ kVÔ™D
*‚Ω™V_ TÁ. ÿƒV_È©º√V™V_ / ®_ÈVD ŒÚ ºÔV|
ºÔV|” . (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.280).
ŒÚ ºÔV| {Ï {sBM[ ÁÔkı›]_ ®[™ÿk_ÈVD g˛≈m ®©√Ω

®_ÈVD ∂>Á™ ∂k[ y‚|˛[≈V[ ®[√Á> \‚|\V ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> kÁ´Õm
ÔV‚|˛[≈m. ŒÚ ÔsQ[ Œº´ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ®©√Ω ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD *‚Ω¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD
®[ÆD cÏ›m˛[≈m. W≈∫Ôπ[ ÿÂˆƒ_ / ÔV| / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıÔV‚E /
kV™s_ / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıVJflE / √flºƒVÕ] / W≈∫Ôπ[ AM>D / ÔVÕ]l[
Ô>Ï / W≈∫Ôπ[ ÔıßÏ / ∞∑s[ ÷´›>D / W≈∫Ôπ[ ƒ∫ˇ>D / º\Vº™VoƒV.
(J|√M, √¬. 75á76.) W≈∫Ô^ Eu∏l[ ∂Ô´V]l_ ÿ√≈ÈVzD ÿ√VÚ‚
ƒV›]B∫Ô^ tÔ©ÿ√ˆBÁk. W≈∫Ôπ[ ÿÂˆƒ_ ÔV| ®™› ÿ>V¶∫z√kÏ
ÔıÔV‚E kV™s_, ÔıVJflE √flºƒVÕ], \VB¬ÔıVΩ ÔV>oÔı, √Õ>BD
ÂÔÚD Â], ÔÚ©Á√ ÛˆB˛´D, ƒÕÁ> √‚|©ØflE, ÔsÁ> g] JÈ›][
{sBD, ºƒVÔD √VÏÁkBu≈kM[ \™D, AM>D ÔVÕ]l[ Ô>Ï, ÔıßÏ ∞∑s[
165
÷´›>D, ƒ∫ˇ>D º\Vº™VoƒV, ]Á´flÊÁÈ kV™D, ∞\Vu≈D √VÁÈk™D,
gflƒˆBD ÔV‚|©Ø, ]ÚswV ÔVfiE©√‚|, Ww_ ÷Ú‚|, ÔÈk´D ¿È˛ˆ©
√ê›>V¬z, ÿ√Út>D º>EB¬ÿÔVΩ, Œø∫z z§fiE©Ø, ÿÔVı¶V‚¶D ˛´V\›mfl
ƒÕÁ> ®[≈|¬˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶ º√VF “W≈∫Ôπ[
W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[
ºk>Á™ / ÷Õ]BV W≈∫Ôπ[ y´V> º√VÏ / ÷Õ]BV
÷Õ]BV” (J|√M, √¬. 75á77)
®™ x›>VF©√VÔ Â¶©AWÁÈÁB s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. W≈∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™,
y´V> º√VÏ ÷Õ]BV ®[ÁÔl_ ®›>ÁÔB ∂ˆ>V™ sB©√V™ x›>VF©A
∂m?xÕÁ>B kˆÔπ_ kÚ \Vu≈∫ÔÁe kV™s_ ºÔVÈ\V¬˛ kÕ>kº´
÷Æ] kˆÔπ_ kÚº√>∫Ôπ[ º>ƒD, ºk>Á™ y´V> º√VÏ ®™ ÂDÁ\
sB©∏_ gμ›] s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVº≈ ∑kÏÔ^ ®–D ÔsÁ>lKD
∑kÿ´ø›mÔÁe•D ∑kÿ´V‚ΩÔÁe•D s>s>\VÔfl E›]´Õy‚Ω¬ ÿÔVıº¶
kÕ>kÏ. “EÁ≈fl
EÁ≈fl ∑kÏÔÁe•D s¶ / koÁ\BV™Ák \M>[ Ô‚Ω /
\M>Á™© ∏ˆ¬zD \V™ÊÔfl ∑kÏÔ^.. ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ / ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák
ÔV¬Ô©√|km / ®m ®[Æ Ôı| Ô¶©√VÁ´ ®|¬ÔbD / ∑kÏÔÁe ÷Ω¬Ô
÷Ω¬Ô”
(J|√M, √¬. 112á115).
\M>[ Ô‚Ω \M>Á™© ∏ˆ¬zD \V™ÊÔfl ∑kÏÔ^ ®[˛≈º√Vm

kÚº√>›>V_ sÁeÕ> ‘yı¶VÁ\fl ∑kÏÔÁe•D’, ƒV] ÿk§BV_ sÁe•D
‘ÿÔe´k¬ ÿÔVÁÈÔ”D’, ∞º>V Œ[Á≈¬ ÔV¬Ô ®øÕ>Ák ®[˛≈º√Vm
‘\–>Ï\›Á>•D’ ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD Ôs›mk›][ E≈©√VÔ ÷kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\˛[≈™.
“AB_ÔÁe
AB_ÔÁe ÿk[≈ / A[™ÁÔºB º√V]Ô^ ÷Áw›> / \V>kº\ ¿
ƒ›]BD ®|›> / ∂k>V´D ∂˛DÁƒ kΩ›> / ÷]ÔVƒD ∞°ÔÁÔ^ /
•Ô›]MKD ÷[–D clÏ¬zD / >›mkD ¿ ÷™ÿk§ \>ÿk§ / W≈
ÿk§Ô^ ∂Á™›m ÿk§Ô^ / \›]lKD g>´kuº≈VÏ / ƒVFÕm ÿÔVê
∂FBV c[≈[ / ]Ú›º>V^Ô^ ƒÕ]´ ÛˆB[ / cêkÁ´ >ÕÁ> ¿
÷Ú©√m / ÿ\F ∂_ÈºkV? ÷Õ]BÏ ®\¬z/ ÿ\F©ÿ√VÚ·VF ®[ÆD
÷Ú©√m / ¿ ∂_ÈºkV?
∂_ÈºkV?” (\ÔV›\V, √.21).
∂Á™›m ÿk§Ô^ \›]lKD g>´kuº≈VÏ ƒVFÕmÿÔVê

∂´kÁ¬zD ]Ú›º>V^ÔeVÔ \ÔV›\VÁk ÷™DÔVbD Eu∏ AB_ÔÁe
166
ÿk[≈ A[™ÁÔ, º√V]Ô^ ÷Áw›> \V>kD, ƒ›]BD ®|›> ∂k>V´D, ∂˛DÁƒ
kΩ›> ÷]ÔVƒD ®–D zÆ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§s[ O‚√xD ÁÔÌ¶ ®πÁ\lºÈºB ∂ÚÁ\
ÁÔÌ¶©√VΩ Wu˛[≈VÏ. ®[≈ º√V]KD Eu∏ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ ÔVÕ]B
∂ÉBÁÈ¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ∂kÁ´¬ ÔkÏÕ>m ®[™ºkV \ÔV›\Vs[ \M>
ºÂBº\BVzD.
“keêD
keêD √Úk›]ºÈºB ®[Á™ g‚ÿÔVı¶ >ÁÈkÏ \ÔV›\V
‘kVμs¬Ô
kVμs¬Ô kÕ> ÔVÕ] \ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’ ®[Æ √V´]•D ka©√|›]™VÏ. \™ÿ\Va
ÿ\FÔπ_ ƒ›]BD ÔV›> \ÔV›\Vs[ ∂ÉBÁÈs¶ ∂kˆ¶D
ÔkÏÕ>m” 45 .
zΩÿÔVıΩÚÕ> \M>D ®[Á™¬ ÔkÏÕ>m
ÿ√Vm\M>M[ A›]©º√V¬˛_ ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>©√¶V> E[™fl E[™

ÿƒF]ÔÁe•D, ÂD\V_ xΩBVm ÂD ƒ¬]¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶m ®™ \ÁÈ›mWuzD
Ø>VÔ´\V™ E¬Ô_ÔÁe•D ÔVÕ]BVÏ ®©√Ω ∂bz˛[≈VÏ ®[˛≈ WÁÈlºÈ•D
∂k´V_ \ÔV›\VÁk ÷™DÔV xΩ˛[≈m. ]˛μ ÛμÕ]ÚÕ> ]_o T]Ôπ_ /
√M ÛμÕ]ÚÕ> \VÁÈ©ÿ√Vøm / \™]_ sˆÕ>m / \ÔV›\Vs[ xÔD /
clÏº√VzD kÁ´ cıVs´>D / ∂A_ ÔÈVD gƒV› / g´fi∑ ´ƒD>´ /
Ô´Ô´ÿk[Æ ¤kÏÔÈV_ / ÔıÔ^ ¿Ï \_Ô / ∂ıo[ cıVºÂV[A /
WÁ≈°u≈ ºƒ] (J|√M, √. 23). “E§Bÿ>_ÈVD
E§Bÿ>_ÈVD E§BmD ÷_ÁÈ /
ÿ√ˆBÿ>_ÈVD ÿ√ˆBmD ÷_ÁÈ / \ÔV›\V¬Ô”¬z
\ÔV›\V¬Ô”¬z” (\ÔV›\V, √.21).
ÁÔ ÷´V‚Á¶•D, Ô>´VÁ¶•D ∑º>EB›][ z§X|ÔeVÔ ÔVÕ]BVÏ

∂Á¶BVe©√|›]™VÏ. g∫˛È ∞ÔV]√›]B›Á> ®]Ï›m ∂˛DÁƒ kal_ ∂kÏ
º√V´VΩ W[≈VÏ. ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ®[™ ®–D ŒÚ ºÔ^sÁB ®]Ï
ÿÔV^”xÔ\VÔ ∂k´π¬˛[≈ sÁ¶lKD, \ÔV›\VÁk© √VΩ WuzD ∂k´m
ÔsÁ> kˆÔπKD Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ¬ÔV™ E>D√´ ´ÔEBxD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™. √fiƒV© ÷Á·Q™V™ zÚƒ´ı JÈD \ÔV›\VÁk•D,
∂kˆ[ ÿÔV^ÁÔÔÁ·•D ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏.
“ÔsÁ>
ÔsÁ> ®[≈V_ ®[™? ®›>Á™ºBV se¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷>uz cı|.
®[Á™© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ á ÔsÁ> ®[√m \Á≈Õm ˛¶¬zD \M>ºÂB
ªuÆ¬ ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE>V[. ÷Á>›>V[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
kÚ˛º≈[” 46 .
ÔsÁ>lKD ÂV[ ÿƒFm kÚ˛º≈[
167
÷>uz º\_ ÂV[ ºkÆ ®>Á™•D ÿƒV_È ºkı|\V ®[™? ÷mºk >V[
∂Õ>fl E>D√´ ´ÔEBD. ºkı|\V™V_ ÷>Á™ºB ÂVD ÷[–D ÿÔVfiƒD
sˆ›ÿ>|¬ÔÈVD. \M> ºÂB ªu≈¬ÔıÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶˛≈ xBuE ®[√m
kVμkV∫z kVøD kVμxÁ≈ÁB¬ Ôı¶Á¶B°D ka kz¬zD xBuEºB.
\ı√B–≈ ºkı|D ‘®[√V‚|› ]≈›>VºÈ ÷Õ> ÁkB›Á>© √Vo›]¶
ºkı|D’ ®[˛≈ zÚÂV>ˆ[ √V¶_Ô^ \M>ºÂB ªuÆ¬ ÔıÔÁe¬
Ôı¶Á¶B k_È xBuEBVÔfl Eu∏¬z^ √È \Vu≈∫ÔÁ· cı¶V¬z˛[≈™.
“>›mkD
>›mkD ÷_ÈV> ÔÁÈ √B[>´Vm / Â[Á\ ÿƒFBV> ÔÁÈ
\VıA≈Vm
\VıA≈Vm” (\ÔV›\V, √.19) ®™ \ÔV›\VÁk© √V|D kˆÔπ[ ƒV´VDƒxD
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>¬ÔÁÈÁB cÏ›> k_Èº>. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ>ÁB
OıÔÁÈBVÔ°D √B[ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÁÔBV”D Eu∏l[ ÿÔVÁ¶BV˛[≈m.
“∂b•›>¬ ÔÚsÔπ[º\_ / s´_ √]›]Ú¬zD / JÏ¬ÔÏÔeV_ Øt / xø©
Aø]¬ ÔV¶V˛....¬ ˛¶¬zD”. (E.Ô.√. √.26).
∂k´m ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈ›]uz ª¶VÔ \V–¶ ®]ˆÔÁe ÷™DÔV k_È

>›mk© Aˆ>_Ô”D >VÔD ÿ>VÁÈ¬zD EÆ Â]BVÿB[ ÔsÁ> Â¶¬Ô‚|D ®™
Â[Á\ ÿƒFB k_È √B[ÔÁÈBVÔ°D ÔsÁ> Eu∏¬z kƒ©√|˛[≈m.
3.3 ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[√Á¶©A ÿÂ§
ÔsÁ>© AÁ™•D Am¬ÔsQÏÔ”^ >D >M›>[Á\BV_ E≈©∏¶D

ÿ√Æ√kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[. Am¬ÔsÁ> \‚|\_ÈVm \Á¬ÔsÁ>lKD >\m
Ôs©AÈÁ\ÁB ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁ·•D \M>
√ÈT™∫ÔÁ·•D, ∂ÉB_ ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁ·•D >D ÔsÁ>© √V|ÿ√VÚ·V¬˛•^·VÏ.
®m ƒˆ ®m >kÆ? ÷´ıΩuzD ÷Á¶ºB ®[™ c≈°? ÷Õ>¬ ºÔ^sl[

ƒˆÔπ[ ÔÏ©√∫Ô^ / >kÆÔ^ ∂Ω›>_
sƒV´\VF ®ø˛[≈m ŒÚÔsÁ>. “ƒˆÔπ[
]Ú›>_ÔeV_ / ÔVB©√|k]_ÁÈ ÔVsB∫Ô^ ∏EÆÔ^ \Ωl_ / ÷´VÔ©
√ˆ∑Ô^ ˛Á¶¬ÔÈVD! ƒˆBV™Á>fl ÿƒFB¬ / ÔVÈD √VÏ›m¬ ÔVÈD
√VÏ›m¬ ÔVÈ\VkÁ>s¶ / ∂Ω¬ÔΩ >kÆÔ^ ÿƒFBÈVD ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> /
Â]ÁB s¶› ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ºB º>kÈVD! / √ømÔÁefl ÿƒFm √øm
√VÏ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ©√º> / ÷B∫zD kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ÷È¬ÔD
÷È¬ÔD”(ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D, √¬.12á13).
168
®∫ºÔ ∏Áw√‚º¶VD ®™› ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔV^km>Vº™ ∂>Á™›
]Ú›mk>uÔV™ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›Á> ÂVD Ôı¶Á¶B¬ ÔV´D g˛[≈m
®[√>™VºÈºB ƒˆÔπ[ ÔÏ©√∫Ô^ >kÆÔ^ ®[˛[≈VÏ. ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]
º>∫˛s|D ]Áƒ \≈Õ>VKD {Á¶ {Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD. º>∫˛™V_ zeD,
z‚Á¶>V[ {Ω™V_>Vº™ gÆ, Â] √ÁwB>VÔÈVD ÿkêD A]m A]>VÔ
gÔºkı¶V\V? ®™ºk √øm √‚¶VKD √øm √VÏ›m ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıº¶
÷Ú©√m>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ºÔ ÷È¬ÔD.
“ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â] ®[√mD, ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ ®[√mD ÔsÁ>l_
÷¶Dÿ√ÆD √Ω\∫Ô^. Â] ÂÁ¶ÁB \≈©√ÿ>[√m \M>M[ cÏ°
Â]¬ºÔV {Á¶¬ºÔV >[–Ï° ÷_ÁÈ. Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D \M>[
/ ÔsQ[ >™¬z^ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂ku§[ kaºB ÔsQ[
º√∑˛≈V[. ŒÚ kÁÔl_ ÷m ÔsÁ>l[ ÷B¬Ô›]_ cBˆB>eD.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> kˆÔÁe› >tw[√M[ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ÂVD
ÔVxΩ•D. kVμsB_ z§›m, ÔsQÏ {Ï cıÁ\ÁB ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>π°√|›m˛≈VÏ. >kÆÔ^ ÿƒFkm z§›m› >B∫Ô
ºkıΩB]_ÁÈ. º>V_sÔ^ ÷_ÈV\_ ÿku§Ô^ ÷_ÁÈ. √BD/
∂–√kD tÔ x¬˛BD. ∂–√k›Á>© AˆÕmÿÔV^˛≈ ∂e° x¬˛BD.
º>¶ºÈ / ÷B¬Ôº\ Â\¬z x¬˛BD. ÂVD ®©º√VmD Â]BVÔ
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBVm. {Á¶BVÔºk–D ÷B∫Ô xΩ•D. ]Áƒ >k§™VKD
÷B¬Ô›]_ ÂVtÚ¬Ô ºkı|D. ÷>Á™fl ÿƒV_KD ÿ√Vøm ÔVsBxD
{sB∫Ô”D ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD cu√›]BV˛[≈™ ®[≈ cıÁ\ÁB•D
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ”47 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ºƒÏ›mfl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ
Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D √Ω\\V¬˛ \M> cÏÁk•D kVμsB_

cıÁ\ÁB•D \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÔVsBxD {sBxD cu√›]BVzD
xÁ≈lBÁÈ•D ÷>uÌ¶VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ QVM. ∂Ω›>_ ]Ú›>_ÔeV_
ÔVB©√|k]_ÁÈ ÔVsB∫Ô^ ®[˛≈º√Vm *e*e ∂Ω›m›]Ú›]
kVÏ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√|D º√Vm>V[ ∂Ák A¶Dº√V¶©√|˛[≈™ ®[≈ √Á¶©A
´ÔEB›Á>•D ÷¬ÔsÁ> º√Eflÿƒ_˛[≈m. ÷∫ºÔ ÔsÁ> ®ømkÁ>› >VD
®Õ> ƒÕ>Ï©√›]_ ®>uÔVÔ WÆ›> ºÂÏÕ>m ®™fl ÿƒV_KD ∂k´m kV¬zJÈxD
÷>Á™ ko•Æ›> k_È>VzD.
169
“1988á_
1988á_ ÂV[ Ôı√VÏÁk ÷wÕº>[. ∂>[∏≈z ÂV[ ÔsÁ>
®[Æ ®ø>s_ÁÈ. ®ømk>uzD ∂Àk©º√Vm ]Ú›mk>uzD
Ôı√VÏÁk º>Ák. ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ ®ø> ®[™V_ ÿƒV_È
xΩBVm”48 ®[√VÏ QVM. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> ®ø©AD cÏ°ÔÁeºB ÷[ÿ™VÚ
xΩBVm
ÔsÁ>lKD ºkÿ≈VÚ ∂ÁÈkˆÁƒl_ >tw[√[ *‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.
“∂–√s©√m
∂–√s©√m Â_Èm / ®©º√VmD ®Á>BVkm kVμ¬ÁÔ / ÿkÆD
g•^ ∂_È ∂–√kD ∂–√kD ÿÔ‚¶m / ®[Æ \u≈kÏ ÿƒV_KD
Œ[Á≈¬Ì¶ / ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm ÿÔV^km / ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ
ÿÔ‚¶]_ÁÈ” . ÿkuÆ¬
Ì|ÔeVF / TE ®§BV\_ ÂVuÔÁe / ∞>Vkm ∂–√k›>V_ W´©∏
Ák©√m Â_Èm. “ Â]¬z /{‚¶D ∂–√k\V˛≈m. {‚¶›]uz / Â]
∂–√k\V˛≈m”.. “®©º√VmD/
∂–√k\V˛≈m ®©º√VmD/ ®Á>BVkm ∂–√s›>V_ ÿkÆÁ\¬z /
∂–√k\VF / ÂVD Tw\V‚º¶VD
Tw\V‚º¶VD” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.43á44). gÔ
÷©√Ω›>V[ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Ï›>©√|›> xBKD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD ∂m
kVμsB_ cıÁ\BVÔ°D ÔsÁ>l[ xÁ≈lBÈVÔ°D ÂDÁ\
kÕ>Á¶BÈV˛[≈m. ∂kº´ ÷m√u§•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“ÔsÁ>>V[
ÔsÁ>>V[ ÔsÁ>BVk>uz, kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD,
∂Ï›>∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD kVμ¬ÁÔÁBºB ÂD∏lÚ¬˛[≈m.
kVμ¬ÁÔ¬z ∂Ï›>Dá ∂–√k∫Ôπ_ ÿ>ˆÕmD ÿ>ˆBV\KD, AˆÕmD
AˆBV\KD E>§¬˛¶¬˛≈m.... ∂Õ> ∂–√k∫Ô”¬ÔV™ s\Ïƒ™D
ÔsÁ>¬z© √¬Ô›]ºÈV #´›]ºÈV ÷Ú©√Á> ®ø]Bk[ ∂¬ÔÁ≈ºBV|
ÿƒF>V[” 49 ®[√VÏ >tw[√[. ®m ∂wz? ∂w˛[ xÔkˆ
∂–\]¬Ôºk ÿƒF>V[
®∫˛Ú¬˛≈m? ®›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> Â\¬ÔV™ º>Ák. ÷Õ>¬ ºÔ^sÔπ[
sƒV´\VÔ°D sƒV´ÁBVÔ°D ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ >tw[√M[ EÈ ÔsÁ>Ô^.
“ŒÚ
ŒÚ / QVMl[ / ÿ\e™›][ x[ ∂wz / ∂w˛[ x[ ∂a˛≈m
∂a•D ∂wÔV cıÁ\ ∂wz? ∂aBV> / ƒ›]B›][ ÿÂu§l_ ®m /
∂ÁBV> ]ÈÔ\VFfl ∑¶Ï˛≈º>V / ∂mºk... g[\Vs[ / xu≈›]_
W›]B›][ / ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z ®m / Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬˛≈º>V ∂mºk
∂wz
∂wz” (˛w¬z ƒV·´D, √¬.51á52). ƒ›]B ÿÂu§› ]ÈÔ\VÔ› ]ÔμkmD,
W›]B›][ ŒÚ ÿ>§©A¬z© Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]©√mD QVMl[
170
ÿ\e™\VzD. g[\Vs[ xu≈›]_ Ø´›mk›Á>© º√V]¬Ôk_È
QVMl[ ÿ\e™ ∂wz √u§B º\È]Ô© Aˆ>_Ô”¬z ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
se¬Ô∫Ô^ ˛Á¶¬˛[≈™. QVMÁB x[MÆ›] ∂w˛[ sƒV´›Á>
WÔμ›]BkÏ ∏ÔVƒVºkVs[ x[MÁÈlKD ∂>Á™ºB ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
“∏ÔVºƒV / ®[ ÿ\V›> kΩk›Á>ºB ®™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD / ®™¬z ∞u≈√Ω

\Vu§BÁ\¬Ô© º√Vk>VÔfl ÿƒV[™VÏ ‘∂wÔVÔ ÷Ú¬z\V’ / ºÔ‚º¶[ ‘∂wÔVÔ
÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V?’ ¿BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V? ∏ÔVºƒV / s´_ÔπÁ¶ºB
gºkƒ\VÔ ∂ÁƒÕ>m #ˆÁÔ ‘∂wÔVÔ’ á ®[º≈[ ‘∂>uz ºkÆ g^ √VÏ’
sÚ‚ÿ¶[Æ / A≈©√‚|s‚¶VÏ ∏ÔVºƒV”. ÷Ák¬ z§›> √]°ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[
Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD. “÷∫z
÷∫z AÁ™B©ÿ√u≈ ∂wÁÔs¶© AÁ™BV cıÁ\
º\ÈV™ÿ>™ cÏ›>©√|˛≈m. ¿ÈD√Vˆ›> ÿ√Ú∫Ô¶o[ E§B
∂ÁÈÁBfl ƒ›]B ªuÿ≈[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[ (ÔVÈ›m¬z ŒÚÂV^ xÕ])
Ø´›mk›Á> ®m º√V]¬˛≈º>V ∂mºk ∂wz ®™ WÁ≈•D ÔsÁ>l_
∂aBV> ƒ›]BD, g[\V, W›]BD, Ø´D g˛B ÔVÈD, ÷¶D, A≈cÈz,
Â¶©A ƒV´V> ÿƒVuÔ^ ka ∂wÁÔ ÿ\FlB_ O‚√D ƒVÏÕ>>V¬˛ s|˛≈VÏ
>tw[√[”50 ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.
>tw[√[
∂wz! ∂wz! ∂wz! / ∂w˛º™V| √wz! / √wÔ© √wÔ c™m / \™]_ \ÈÚD
∂wz / cÁÈl_ ∞Áwº√V|D c©A¬Ô_o_ ∂wz / EÁÈÁB kΩ¬zD E§B cπ
/ ÿƒF•D ÁÔÔ^ ∂wz! / ºÂV°D ∂wz ∏≈ˆ[ / ºÂVÁk ¿¬zD º√Vm / ƒV°D
Â_È ∂wz / AÔμfl ƒˆ>D √Á¶¬zDº√Vm (>tºwVsBD, √¬.24,25,26).
Œ©√Á™Ôπ[§ ÂVD ÂV\VÔºk ÷Ú©√º> á ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√º> >[MB_√VF
\ÈÏkº> ∂wz ®™ ∏ÔVºƒV kVlÈVÔ Â\¬z cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
∂wÔVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V? ¿BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|\V ®–D ∏ÔVºƒVs[
ºÔ^s¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ ÷mºk. ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú©√º> Â\¬ÔV™ ÂD ∂wz ÷∫ºÔ
∂w˛B_ z§›> ºÔ^sÔÁe ®]ÏÿÔV^”xÔ\V™ ÷[–D EÈ √]°Ô”D
÷›m¶[ ®ı› >¬Ô™ºk.
“∂w˛BÁÈ
∂w˛BÁÈ kÁ´BÆ›mfl ÿƒV_k>V™V_ ®m Œ[Æ ∂>–Á¶B
÷B_∏_ ÷Ú¬˛≈º>V ∂m ∂wÔV™m ®™ÈVD. ŒÚ ØÁk BVÚD ÿƒm¬Ô
xΩBVm. ÷©√Ω›>V[ Ø¬Ô ºkı|D ®[Æ BVÚD ÿƒV_os¶ xΩBVm.
171
®[–Á¶B WÁÈ, ®[–Á¶B søtBD, ®[–Á¶B √VÏÁk g˛BkuÁ≈
ÂV[ ÿÔVfiƒD \≈Õm ∂_Èm >sÏ›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÷B_Aê ∂wz
xΩ•D” 51 ®[√VÏ ÷[zÈV©.
®[√m ®[™ ®[√Á> ®[™V_ Ôı¶§B xΩ•D
º\KD ÷[zÈV© ÷m√u§ ÿ>V¶ÏÁÔl_,
“ÂV[
ÂV[ ®[ W≈›]_ Ø¬˛º≈[. ÂV[ ®[ \›]_ Ø¬˛º≈[. ®™m
÷B_∏_ ®™m cÏs_ ÷M ÂV[ ∂]Ïºk[. >Vl[ ´›>D √VÈV˛≈m
®™m ´›>D √V¶ÈV˛[≈m. c[Á™fl ƒÕ]¬Ô Œ©√Á™Ô^ ∞[?
®>uz?” 52
c[M¶D º√ƒ ∂È∫ÔV´D ®>uz?
“kV[ºÔVs[
kV[ºÔVs[ ∂¶ÏÕ> \fiƒ^ \ÈÏ {sBD B>VÏ›>\VÔ ÷_ÁÈºB
®[≈ º√Vm ∂k´m √]_ I paint my reality ” 53 . “>[
>[ º√V¬˛_
√VF˛[≈m Â]. >V[ º>V[§BVF \ÈÏ˛[≈m Ø¬Ô^. ¿•D c™m
®[√m” 54 ŒÚ
Bº>flÁƒl[ \™›Á> x[º™V¬˛B ÔVÈ›]_ ÿƒK›m ®[√m
ÿƒ[ (Zen) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va. ÷Ák BV°D ÷B_Á√ºB ∂wÿÔ™© º√Efl ÿƒ_k™ºk.
÷m°D ŒÚs> ÿƒ[\º™V √Vkº\ ÷>Á™ºB ºkÆs>›]_
ÿkπ©√|›m˛[≈m. c√ºBVÔ©√|›>V> x›>∫Ô^, √ÁwB>VF©º√V™ A[™ÁÔ
Ôıb¬z k´V> ÔıßÏ›mπÔ^, ~BD º√V™ Ô™°Ô^, √B[√|›>V> √Ô_Ô^,
#¬ÔD º√VÔ© √V¬˛•ê ÷´°Ô^, ÔV©√Vu≈ xΩBV> Ák´V¬˛B∫Ô^,
ÔÁ¶©∏Ω¬Ô xΩBV> s´>∫Ô^, ∂[MB\V™ xÔ∫Ô^, ∂Ω¬ÔΩ \VÆD \™∫Ô^
÷Ák ®_ÈVku§u§¬zD √ı¶\Vu≈VF ŒÚÔsÁ> >Úk>VF c›]´kV]¬zD
>tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ôº™
“÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÂV[ / ÷´k_ √V¶_ ®[M¶D ÷_ÁÈ / ÷´k_
JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[? g™V_ / c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>
÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ / ®[Á™ºB >Ú˛º≈[
>Ú˛º≈[” (÷´°©√V¶Ô[, √¬.81á83)
®™› >[ º√´›Á> xΩ¬˛[≈V[. ÷´k_ JflE_ ∑kVE¬Ô ÷BK\V? ∂k´kÏ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂k´kÏ ∑kVƒº\. ∂Á>¬ ÔV‚ΩKD ÂV[ ÂV™VÔ°D, ¿ ¿BVÔ°D
÷ÚÕm ∂k´kÏ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂k´kÏ √Á¶©º√VD ®[˛≈VÏ. ÿkÀºkÆ
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ© √È kı∫Ôπ_ √È ºÔV∫Ôπ_
÷>Á™ºB ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷ÁkBV°D >M› >M©
√ˆ\V∫Ôºe.
172
“c[T‚Ω_
c[T‚Ω_ / ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ¿ ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_
/ ÷Ú c™¬ºÔ / ŒÚ ÂVÔˆÔD kÕms|D Ô|Á\ÁB¬ Ôwu§s‚| xÔ›]_
\ÈÏflEÁB \V‚ΩÁk¬zD \™D kVÏ›Á>Ô”D ¿•D / kVF]≈Õm Ô›>
\V‚œÏÔ^”.. “ ∏^ÁeÔ^ ÿƒF•D EÆEÆ / ∏ÁwÔ”¬zD / ÔıÔπ_
\V‚œÏÔ^
√u≈Vm ÿÂÚ©A¬ / Ô∫z ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ
c[ / z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF
ÂVF” . “ ÿ√uº≈VÏÔ^ Ì¶© /
∏ˆB›]uzˆB ∂ÕWB´V˛© ÿ√ÆkÏ \ˆBVÁ>
\ˆBVÁ>” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.66á68). z|D√D ®[√m ÿé›´D √wÔ ∞u≈ ÷¶t_ÁÈ ®[√VÏ
kı>Vƒ[. ŒÚkÏ ÿ√VÁ≈ ÷ÚkÏ Â‚A ®™ s‚|¬ ÿÔV|›m kVw© √w˛™V_
>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD. ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ÂVD √wzD ÂVÔˆÔD
ÿƒVÕ> T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ®™ºk ÂD T‚Ω_ ÂVtÚ¬zD º√Vm ∂BÈkÏ T‚Ω_
÷Ú©√m º√V[≈ ÂVÔˆÔ›Á> ∂–ƒˆ›m© √w˛™V_ ®©√Ω ÷Ú¬zD
®[√>Á™ºB >tw[√[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“T‚Ω_ ∂kÏ>D cÏÿkøflEÔÁe ÷B_√VÔ ®Õ> \™›>Á¶•t[§

ÿkπl|kVÏ ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe› >D º>Ák¬ºÔu≈Vuº√V_ g∫ÔV∫ºÔ º√V‚|
Ák©√VÏ. c° x>_ ∂Á™›m› º>ÁkÔÁe•D ∂Ák √u§B
s\Ïƒ™∫ÔÁe•D ÿkπ©√Á¶BVÔºk ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ”. “g™V_ ∂kº´
÷[ÿ™VÚkˆ[ T| ÿƒ[≈V_ º\u√Ω ∂Á™›m ∂Dƒ∫ÔπKD >D
cÏÿkøflEÔÁe ∂¶¬˛ ∂kuÆ¬z º\ºÈ ŒÚ ∑BÔ‚|©√V‚|© º√VÏÁk
∂ËÕm ÿÔV^kVÏ; gÁ¶BËÔπ_ ŒÚ ÊÏÁ\ º√bkVÏ. c´¬Ô© º√ƒ\V‚¶VÏ.
c° √u§B s\Ïƒ™∫ÔÁe x[Ák¬Ô \V‚¶VÏ. ÷©√ΩBV™ º√VÏÁk º√VÏ›>
WÁÈºB, ‘ÂVÔˆÔD’ ®[Æ Ì≈©√|˛≈m”. “º\uz§›>
º\uz§›> z|D√ ƒJÔ
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈Ôπ[ *>V™ {Ï Œ©∏B_ s\Ïƒ™\VÔºk º\u∑‚ΩB
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ∂Á\˛≈m. ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_
º√¬ÌΩB ÂVÔˆÔ∫ÔÁefl ÿƒVÕ> T‚ΩºÈ º√Ë¬ ÿÔVê xΩÕ>V_
z|D√›]_ ®w¬ÌΩB cÏflE© ∏´flEÁ™Ô^ √ÈkuÁ≈› yÏ›ms¶ÈVº\
gºÈVƒÁ™”55 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
®[√m ÔsQÏ >ÚD gºÈVƒÁ™
z|D√fl E¬Ô_Ô”¬z› yÏ° ÔV‚|D ºÂV¬zÁ¶Bm ®[≈ kÁÔl_

÷¬ÔsÁ> Ôk™›]uz cˆBm. g™V_ ®Àke° #´D ∂–√k ƒV›]BD ®[√m
173
skV>›]uzˆBm. ÷©√Ω ÂVÔˆÔD º√bD WÁÈl_ T| T¶VÔ
(s|>ÁÈ•Ï°¶[ kVøD ÷¶\VÔ) ÷Ú¬z\V? ®[˛≈ s™V sÁ™•D
®ø©A˛[≈VÏ. ÷m ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ Â_ÈkÏ ®[≈ s™V Â\¬z^ ®øD. ÷Õ>
s™VÁk¬ ÔsÁ>lºÈºB ®ø©∏ sÁ¶>ÕmêVÿ´™°D ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.
÷©√Ω ¬ ºÔ‚ÔÈVD ¿ / ÷m ÿƒBuÁÔB_ÈkV? á ÷m s™V ®[ ÿƒFkm /

gÁ¶Ì¶fl ÿƒBuÁÔ>Vº™ / ®[√m sÁ¶ ®™¬ z§©∏|√kÏ ∑‚Ω¬ ÔV‚|k>[Æ
∂>uz› >tw[√[ kw∫zD sÁ¶.
“®Àke°
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω? / ºÔ‚ÔÈVD ¿ ®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®[Æ
∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚√VBV? ®™› >tw[√[ ®ø©AD √]_ s™Vºk
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ÔV›>k§B ∂>uÔV™ sÁ¶BVzD. ÷©√Ω ÷ÚÕ>V_
T|T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬z\V ®[√m ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ ®ø©AD s™V. ÷©√Ω
÷ÚÕ>V_>V[ T| T¶VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ®[√m >V[ >tw[√M[ cêVÏÕ>
ce¬˛Á¶BV™ sÁ¶. ‘ÿƒBuÁÔBV™
ÿƒBuÁÔBV™ ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ
ÂVÔˆÔ\VÔ’
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB–¬z©√|km ‘÷BuÁÔBV™
÷BuÁÔBV™ ∑kVƒ\VÔºk
∑kVƒ\VÔºk’ >tw[√™V_
x[ Ák¬Ô©√‚|êm. ÷m >[Á™© º√VÈºk>[ z|D√›>VÏ
cÏ°ÔÁe•D \]¬Ô©√wÔ ºkı|D ®[≈ \º™V√Vk›][ ÿkπ©√Vº¶.
÷∫z>V[ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿku§ÿ√Æ˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´k_ JflE_ ®k[ ∑kVE©√V[ ®™¬ ºÔ‚zD ºÔ^s•D, ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
®Àke° ºÂ´D ÷©√Ω ®™fl ∑kVE©√m √u§¬ ºÔ‚¶VBV ®™ ®ø©√©√|D
ºÔ^s•D kÕ>Á¶•D Œº´ √]_ ®[√m ‘÷B_º√
÷B_º√ ∑√Vk\V™ ∂wz
∂wz’
®[√m >Vº™? ÷Ák BV°º\ ÷B_√VÔ ÷Ú©√Á> >[MB_∏_ >V™VÔ,
÷Ú©√Á>ºB ]BV™\VÔ¬ ÔVk_È ÿƒ[ \º™V√Vk›][
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe” 56 .
ÿkπ©√V|Ôºe
“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏Kê
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏Kê (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ) ®_ÈV¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m© º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™
EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D, ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı|
se∫z˛[≈™. ®™¬z ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ tÔ°D ∏Ω›>
ÔsÁ>BVÔ©√|km ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ ®[≈
ÔsÁ>BVzD. ÂÔ´kVEBV™ Â|›>´ kÏ¬Ô \M>M[ \™WÁÈÔÁe©
174
√¶D ∏Ω¬zD ∂uA>\V™ ŒÚÔsÁ>BVzD. \M>[ >[ ∂Ô›]uz^
®›>ÁÔB ∂E∫Ô\V™ ŒÚ ∏≈sBVÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D, ÿkπºB
®›>ÁÔB ºk¶∫Ô^ ®_ÈVD >[ xÔ›]_ ØE¬ ÿÔV^˛≈V[ ®[√Á>•D
>tw[√–¬ºÔ cˆB √VËl_ ÿƒV_o ÷Ú¬˛≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ÿkπºB
ÔΩ›>k[ T‚Ω_ ƒV©√V‚Ω_ c©A¬ / ÿÔVfiƒD zÁ≈Õ>>uÔVÔ c[ /
z´K¬z^ {ΩkÕm zÁ´¬ÔVm ÂVF ®[ÆD ∂\ÏÕ]Ú¬zDº√Vm /
gΩ¬ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD ÔV_Ô^ / g¶V>√Ω Ô°´kD ÔV¬zD ®[ÆD
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ kÕmÌ|Dº√Vm >tw[√[ √πflÿƒ™ ÿkπ©√|˛≈VÏ.
º\KD >D \™ \VπÁÔl_ Â_È Â_È ÔV‚EÔÁe ÂÁ™B s¶V\_
∂|¬˛Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^kmD, º>Ák©√‚¶ ∂ÕºÂ´›]_ ∂ÁkÔÁe¬
ÔV‚EBVÔºk kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ kΩ›ÿ>|©√mD {Ï cBÏÕ> ÔÁÈQM[
÷BuÁÔBV™ z\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[≈ ]≈™VFkVeÏ ÌuÆ¬zD
>tw[√[” 57.
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ se∫z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[
‘÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ’ >[ T‚ΩKD ÷Ú¬Ô xB_km ®[≈

÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe’ ®[–D ÔsÁ>l_ ®ø©√©√‚|ê
ºÔ^sÔ”¬z sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ÔsÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\Õ]B_˛[≈m. z|D√D ®[˛≈
WÆk™›]_ z|D√› >ÁÈk´V_ \u≈ z|D√›>kÏ √V]¬Ô©√|km z§›>m ‘sÁ¶
˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe’. ÔsQ´VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈ ŒÚ z|D√› >ÁÈkÁ´ ∂kÏ
z|D√›>VÚD ®]ÏT‚|¬ÔV´ÚD >D º>ÁkÔÁe WÁ≈° ÿƒFk>uÔVÔ WÏ√Õ]¬
zxÔ\VÔ ÔsQ´VÔ ÷Ú©√Á>© ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>V© º√V¬ÁÔ©√u§Bm. ÔV˛>›]uz
k´V> ŒÚ ÔsÁ>? ÔsÁ> ®ø>V> ÔV˛>D \πÁÔ¬ÔÁ¶© √‚ΩBo¶ \Á™s¬zD,
s|xÁ≈¬ ÔΩ>D ®ø> \Ô–¬zD; ºÔVÈD º√V‚|©√VÏ¬Ô \Ú\Ô”¬zD
\Áw¿Ï¬z‚Á¶l_ Ô©√_ s¶© º√›]¬zD; ÔVmzÁ¶B ®]Ï T‚|¬ÔV´Ú¬zD
º>Ák©√|˛[≈m.
“c^ºe
c^ºe ]ÚD∏¬ / ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ºÔ‚º¶[; c[Á™© ∏≈z ®ø]¬
ÿÔVê‚|\V ÔV˛>D / >™¬z ∂kEBt_ÁÈ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ÿƒV[™m /
®©º√VmD ®[Á™ ®ø> ºkı¶VD
ºkı¶VD” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.9á10).
“ÂV[ ÔsÁ> ®ø>ºkı|D. ÔV˛>D ®|¬˛º≈[. ÔsÁ>ÁB

\™›]uz^ºeºB Ák›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô xΩBVm. xu§B ÔÚÁk© ∏´ƒs©√m
175
º√VÈ¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB ®ø]Ák›ms¶ ºkı|D. ∂©ÿ√Vøm>V[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔsÁ> ∑´©√>uz \™›]_ ÷¶D ∞u√|D”. “ÂV[
ÂV[ ÔsQ[ ®[√Á> ÷kÏÔ^
ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>s_ÁÈ. z|D√›>ÁÈk[ ®[≈ xÁ≈l_ ∂k´kÏ
º>ÁkÔÁe ÂV[ WÁ≈ºku≈ ºkı|D. ÔsÁ> ®ø>V\_ ®[™V_
÷Ú¬ÔxΩBs_ÁÈ ®[√Á> ÷kÏÔ^ ∞uÔs_ÁÈ.
AˆÕmÿÔVês_ÁÈ. ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ÂV[ ÷¶D ÿÔV|›ms‚º¶[.
÷kÏÔ”D ®[Á™ kV‚|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®[M¶tÚÕm ®[Á™ºB ∏|∫˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[” 58 ®™
ÿÔV^˛≈VÏÔ^. ÂV[ ®m°D ÷_ÈV\_ g˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[
s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ÔsÁ> ®ø>V> / ÔV˛>D Œ[§ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ / ®[ÿ™[™

ºkı|ÿ\™ / ®ø]B–©√ ºkı|D. \πÁÔ¬ÔÁ¶¬z .... / \Á™s ºÔ‚¶V_ /
kVƒ_ / \Áw¿Ï¬ zÁ¶l_ / Ô©√_ s|k>uz ÷Õ>¬ ÔV˛>D / ®™¬z ºkı|D /
º√›] ÿ>V¶∫˛™V^ ∂¶D∏Ω¬Ô. (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬. 9á10) . ‘ÔV˛>›]uz
k´V> ÔsÁ>’ z|D√ WÆk™›]KD ƒJÔ ÷Ú©∏KD ‘>V[ >V™VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô
÷BÈV\_’ >s¬Ô ºÂÚD ∂kÈ›Á>, z|D√›>ÁÈk´V™ >™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD
ÔsQÁ™› >¬ÔÁk›m¬ ÿÔVê \V‚¶V\_ z|D√›>V´VKD ®]Ï T‚¶V´VKD
WÔμ›>©√|D zÆ¬ˇ|ÔeV_ zÁ\kÁ>¬ z§›m WÔμk>V˛[≈m. ÷>uz
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔ z|D√›>ÁÈk´V_ ∞Á™B z|D√ cÆ©∏™Ï \™¬ÔVBD √¶ ºÂÚD
∂kÈ∫ÔÁe sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈m. ÷ÀsÚ
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬zD ÿ√VmkV™ ª|ƒ´D ®[√m z|D√ WÆk™›]_ ŒÚkÏ
\uÿ≈VÚkˆ[ \™°Ï°ÔÁe© ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>V\_ A≈¬ÔË©√Á>•D;
®|›ÿ>§Õm º√∑kÁ>•D; ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD \u≈kÏ WÁÈl_ ÷ÚÕm ∂kÏÔπ_
ŒÚkÁ´ ŒÚkÏ AˆÕm ÿÔVê xBÈV> \™© º√V¬zÔÁe•D; AˆÕmÏs[
∂ÁÈ ¿È Œ›]Áƒ° ∂kÏÔ”¬z ÷Á¶ºB Œ›mk´V\_ ∂kÏÔ”¬˛Á¶l_
sˆƒ_Ô^ ºÂÏkÁ>•D ÿkÀºkÆ s>›]_ x[ Ák©√™ºk \‚|\_ÈV\_ sÁ¶
˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe xu∑‚ΩB ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l[
√V|ÿ√VÚ”¬z \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ°D; ÷]_ ®ø©√©√‚|ê ºÔ^sÔ^ ∂¬ÔsÁ>l_
÷>uÔV™ sÁ¶ÔÁe¬ Ôı¶Á¶•xÔ\VÔ°D ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√™ºk. ÷Ák BV°D
ŒÚ ∏´flEÁ™l[ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ®ÀkVÆ ®_ÈVD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ¬
ÁÔBVı| ÷Ú>´©AÔÁe•D ∂>™>[ ºÔV›]KD ºÂV¬zWÁÈlKD
176
∂b˛› >tw[√[ √[xÔ\VÔ› >D ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬ Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ ®[≈
√V∫˛_ ÂVD Ôk™∫ Ì≈›>¬Ô™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷ÀsÚÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿkÀºkÆ
s>\V™ kVE©AÔ”¬z ÷¶Õ>´¬ÌΩB™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ô”¶[ Œ©A
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ s\ÏƒÔÏ √VÏÁkl_ ÿkÀºk≈VÔ s>Õº>V]fl
E≈©∏¬Ô©√¶¬ÌΩB™kVÔ°D Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|ê >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>fl
ƒV>Á™ ÂDt_ sB©∏_ gμ›>k_È>VÔ°D cêm. ÷∫ºÔ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
“ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm
ÿÔVfiƒ\Vkm / ∂§sÚ¬˛≈>V c™¬z / ®m¬z WÈD kV∫Ô
ºkı|D / c¶º™ / ®[Á™•D c[Á™•D AÁ>¬ÔkV? / ∂k^ xÔ›]_
÷ÚÕ> / WÈV / cÁ¶√‚|fl E>§Bm / “\ÚÕm
\ÚÕm / kV∫˛›>Vº™ >Ú˛º≈[ /
\Æ√Ω•D \Æ√Ω•D / Âflƒ ºkı|\V ÷©√Ω? / ∂©√VÁkfl ƒo›m¬
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c>|ÔÁefl ƒV›]lÚ¬Ô ºkı|D / \´›][ / ÁÔÔÁe© ∏Ω›m¬
ÿÔVı| / ∂©√V ÿÔfiE™VÏ
ÿÔfiE™VÏ” (√Mÿ√F•D √Ô_, √¬.49á50).
÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩºB ‘c_ÈVƒ© √BD’ ŒÀÿkVÚ xÁ≈•D º√VF›>V[

ÿ>VÁÈBb\V? ®–D ÂÔD xÁe›> ºÔ^sBV_ \Ôπ[ gÁƒº\_ søÕ>
ˇ≈ÈV_ ∂kÏ A≈©√|Dº√Vm \Ô^ kVƒu√Ωl_ W_ÈV\_ xÔD ÿ>V∫˛© º√V™
ÿkÆÁ\ÁB WÆ›] sÈ˛fl ÿƒ_kÁ>•D; ∂|›> \V>D Am ˝[¸ kV∫˛¬
ÿÔVı¶V_ º√V>V>V ∂m¬z ®>uz ∂kƒ´D ®[≈kÏ ÿÔV]¬Ô Ák›>
kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ A≈©√|x[ sÁ¶ÿƒV_o©º√VzD \Ôπ[ Ø¬zD xÔxD Â‚¶\V˛
s‚¶m ∂kÏ¬z ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe”.
“÷Às´ı|
÷Às´ı| ÔsÁ>Ô”º\ z|D√¬ Ô‚¶Á\©∏[ √ı√V‚|
WÁÈÁB Á\B©√|›]BÁk. x>ÈVkm ÔsÁ> (÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_)
√ı√V| EÁ>BV\oÚ©√>uÔV™ x[ÿ™flƒˆ¬ÁÔBVÔ© º√Ë¬
ÿÔVê©√¶ºkıΩB \™ keD √u§Bm. \u≈m, º√Vm ÿkπ©√|›]B
kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ÿÂVÕm º√V™ \™∫Ô^ √u§B Ôas´¬Ô\VzD.
∂–√k©√]°” 59 .
x>ÈVkm ∂§°Á´; \u≈m ∂–√k©√]°
177
‘sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁel_’ ÔsÁ>ºBV| ‘kÆÁ\©√V|’ ®–D ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔsÁ>•D Œ©∏‚| ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôº>.
“ÔÏ›>º´
ÔÏ›>º´ / \´›][ x[Ì¶ ŒÚ ÔÁ¶E© º√V¤™D / c\¬z
÷ÚÕ>m x>_ º√V¤™›m¬z / x[™VºÈºB ÂV∫Ô^ xΩÕm
º√V˛º≈VD” 60
º√V˛º≈VD
“kÆÁ\l[
kÆÁ\l[ ÿÔV|Á\ÁB© º√∑D kÆÁ\©√V| ‘(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)
(ªÁ\ÿkl_)’
ÔsÁ>•D, √Vƒ© ∏Á©A¬zD ÿ√VÚπB_ƒVÏ√u≈V¬zÁ≈
WÁÈÁ\Ô”¬ztÁ¶l_ E¬˛› >s¬zD z|D√› >ÁÈkÁ´¬
ÔV‚E©√|›mD ‘sÁ¶ ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ>•D (gw\V™ cÏ°›
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
>´∫ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVı¶) ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∑‚¶›>¬Ô™. ÷´ıΩKD gw\V™
ºƒVÔD ÷ÁwºBV|kÁ> cF›m´ xΩ•D. gl´D kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_
sˆ›m©º√ƒ ºkıΩB m[√ámB´ WÁÈÔÁe tÔ O‚√\VÔ°D ∂–√k
>Ú˛[≈™” 61 ®[√VÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
xøÁ\•¶–D ÷ÀsÚ ÔsÁ>Ô^ >Ú˛[≈™
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ ƒx>VB©√VÏÁk á z§©√VÔ kÏ¬Ô© √VÏÁkƒVÏ
Ôs›mk›][ E≈©√V™ ÿkπ©√V|Ô”^ Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÀkV¬ÔD
(kÆÁ\©√V|)’ ÔË¬Ô©√¶›>¬Ôm. ‘sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD
‘(kÆÁ\©√V|)
(kÆÁ\©√V|) sÁ¶˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
ºkÁe’ ÔsÁ> {Ï
{´∫Ô ÂV¶Ô¬ ÔV‚Eº√V_ sˆkm, ŒÚ W´Õ>´ kÏ¬Ô¬ z|D√› >ÁÈkˆ[
÷B∫zWÁÈÔÁe ºÂÏxÔ¬ ÔV‚EÔeVÔ x[ Ák›m cÏflEÁB keÏ›m
ÂÔÏ›]fl ÿƒ_km ÷¬ÔsÁ>. ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe ®]Ï ÿÔV^”D º√Vm
cÏflE kƒ©√‚| kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe¬ ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ºÔV√›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mkmD
∏[™Ï ∂kuÆ¬ÔVÔ¬ Ôas´¬Ô©√|km\V™ ƒ´Vƒˆ\™D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
ÂD ÔV‚E¬z kÚ˛≈m. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÂDÁ\ºB Â\¬z©
A≈WÁÈBVÔ¬ ÔV‚E©√|›m˛≈m ®™ÈVD. ÷ÀkÁÔl_ ∂–√kfl ÿƒ§°D
ÿ\FDÁ\•D t¬Ô ÔsÁ> ÷m. kÆÁ\©√V|, sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe
g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ gw\V™ ƒJÔ cÏs[ ∏aƒV≈VÔ
ÿkπ©√‚¶ÁkBVzD. ÷ku§_ \V–¶D º√∑˛≈m. ƒx>VBD \uÆD
√ı√V| ƒVÏ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ cBÏ>´\V™ Œ[≈VÔ á ÷>Á™
sÁw˛º≈[” 62 .
sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬zD ºkÁe ÔsÁ>ÁBfl ∑‚¶ sÁw˛º≈[
178
sÁ¶˛Á¶›> ºkÁel[ x›>VF©A ®[™ºkV sÁ¶ ˛Á¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ
®[√Á>›>V[ ∑‚Ω Wu˛[≈m. “®[ºÔ^sÔÁe
®[ºÔ^sÔÁe ÷©√Ω / ®™¬z› >BVˆ›m¬
ÿÔV|›> / kVμ¬ÁÔl¶D / ÂV[ ºÔ‚Ô ºkıΩB ºÔ^sÔÁe / ÷´s_
ºÔ‚º¶[. kVμ¬ÁÔ / ®™¬zˆB sÁ¶ÔÁefl ÿƒV_È / sΩBÁÈ ®[M¶D
∂–©∏ Ák›>m / sΩl_ Œ[ÆD ÿƒV_Èºk ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ” (√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_,
√.51).
“∂kÏ
∂kÏ º√V[≈ ÿ√ÚÕÿ>VÁÔBV™ Â|›>´ kÏ¬ÔD z|D√›
>ÁÈkÏÔ^ ∂Õ> sÁ¶•¶[ ÌΩB sΩBÁÈ› º>Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈VÏÔ^.
÷m>V[ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>VM©ÿ√VÚ^. ÷È¬˛BD ∂–√k›Á>
Á\B©√|›] WuzDº√Vm ∂m clÏ›mΩ©AÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬
∂©√ΩºB” 63 ®[≈ º√V]KD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>l[ \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ
ÔsÁ>•D ∂©√ΩºB
x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|ê ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ ®–D ÔsÁ>l_
÷>uÔV™ √]_ÔÁe ÂD\V_ ÷™D ÔV xΩ•D. ÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe
Â¶©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛B ÂÔÏkVÔ ÷™D ÔVı√m¶[ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô
xÁ≈Á\Ôπ_ Œ[≈VÔ°D ∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD. ÷m√u§B QVMl[
√]sÁ™ ÷∫z Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >[ >ÕÁ>ÁB© √u§ºBV, ª›m¬zπ \V\VÁk©
√u§ºBV ÔsÁ>l_ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒV[™VKD ÷›>ÁÔB \M>ÏÔ^ ÂD
ƒJÔ›]_ ÂVD ÔV kVμÕ>, kVμ˛[≈ ®›>Á™ºBV \M>ÏÔπ_
÷kÏÔ”D ŒÚ EÈÏ ®[Æ ÂD\V_ AˆÕm ÿÔVê ÷BKD. ÷m°D
Œ[Æ” 64 .
ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈Ôπ_ Œ[Æ “÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_ (√Ëÿ√F•D
√Ô_) cê √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷›>ÁÔB cÏºkV| ÂVD kVE¬˛º≈VD.
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÂDÁ\ ÷©√Ωfl ÿƒFms‚¶m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ÁÔÔπ_ ∂Ô©√‚|
Â\¬z^ EÆ›ms‚º¶VD. \u≈kÏÔπ[ \˛μflEÁB¬ ÿÔ|¬˛º≈VD
kVμ¬ÁÔ á ÷m ƒJÔ kVμ¬ÁÔ. ƒJÔ›][ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩÔ”¬z ÷Á¶l_
ºkı|D” 65.
ÂVD ÷Ú¬˛º≈VD. ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔÁB›>V[ ÂVD kVμÕ>VÔ ºkı|D
“kVμ¬ÁÔ
kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[Á™ ÷©√Ω Ák›mêm ®[√m ŒÚkÁÔl_
ƒ\V>V™D ÂV[ ®[™ ÿƒFB xΩ•D? ÂV–D >V[ ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[.
ŒÚ ƒ\BD ®[ \Á™sÁB, zwÕÁ>ÔÁe¬ ºÔV∏›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD
179
÷[ÿ™VÚ ƒ\BD ∂[A ÿƒF˛º≈[” 66
ÿƒF˛º≈[ “®™
®™ ÷Ú>´©A
∂_ÈV‚¶∫ÔÁe•D ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ku§uz ª¶VÔ Á\B›]_
zsÕ> {Ï cÏsoÚÕm ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D cê¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m; ∂Õ>
{Ï cÏs[ Á\B›]oÚÕm cÈÔ›Á>ºB cê¶¬˛© √VÏ©√m ®[˛≈
kÁÔlÈV™ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô xÁ≈BVÔ ÷>Á™ QVM ÷™DÔı|
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ” 67. “∂w˛[
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂w˛[ xÔkˆlÁ™ ÿÔV|Á\¬z ®]´VÔ¬ ÿÔVΩ
∏Ω¬zD xÔD EkÕ> ÿƒVuÔπ_; ∂WBVB∫Ôπ[ \VÏ∏_ √VFÕm
ÿÔV‚|D zÚ]ºBV| ÿkπkÚD Ô‚¶Vˆ¬ ÌÏÁ\l_; º√VoÔπ[
xÔ›]Á´ ˛a¬zD ∂ƒ_Ôπ[ g›]´›]_; ÿ√VFDÁ\ÔÁe
∂D√È©√|›mD ƒ›]B›][ gºkƒ›]_; ]BVÔ ºk^sl_ gz]BVÔ
gsÿƒVˆÕº>VÏ xÔ›]_ Ôı| ∂Á¶˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[
>tw[√[”..
(˛w¬z ƒV´·D, √¬.31á33)
“∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ >M¬ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ ®[Æ kÕ>º> ∂w˛B_ EÁ>Õ>
÷¶›]_ >V[. Â[≈VÔ ºBVE›m© √VÏ›>V_ ÂV[ º√V´V‚¶›Á>
®øm˛º≈[ ®[Æ ÿƒV_km Ì¶ ∂w˛B_ \Æ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_ ÿkÀºkÆ
s>∫Ôπ_ ∂>Á™ *‚ÿ¶|©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔ>V[; ∂w˛B_
\Æ¬Ô©√|D º√Vm ∂w˛B_ ∂kEBD ®[Æ ºÔVÚ˛≈k™VÔºk ÂV[
º√V´V‚¶D>V[” 68.
÷Ú¬˛º≈[. ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ ºÔVˆ¬ÁÔºB ŒÚ º√V´V‚¶D>V[
÷∫ºÔ >tw[√[ º√V´V‚¶›][ ∂w˛BÁÈ© º√∑xÔ\VÔ°D ÷[zÈV©

∂w˛BK¬ÔV™ º√V´V‚¶›Á>© º√∑xÔ\VÔ°D Œº´ A^πl_ ƒÕ]¬˛[≈™Ï.
÷›m¶[ ®›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ> >™¬z› º>Ák ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
“kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe
kVÏ›Á>ÔÁe / kw∫zD x[ kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ®™¬z kw∫Ô ŒÚ
ÔsÁ> ºkı|D
ºkı|D” . “ sa©Á√ {Ï / gÁ¶ÁB© º√V_ ∂sμ›m
®§Õms‚| c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ ÿ>V©ÿ√[Æ z]©º√[ ∂©º√Vm /
gÁ¶ÁB› >V–D ∂sμ›m ®§Õms‚| / ®[º™V| z]¬Ô kÚ\V ŒÚ
ÔsÁ>? kV¬˛B∫ÔÁe / \ΩBV¬˛ ®[Á™¬ ˛¶›]¬ ÿÔVı| / >ÁÈ
ºÔV]s¶¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÁÔl_ / s´_Ô”D √VƒxD ÷ÚÕ>V_ º√VmD
®Õ> s\ÏƒÔ[ √u§•D / ÷_ÁÈ ÔkÁÈ ®™¬z / ∂Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z
®[Á™ºB >Õms|ºk[ √ˆƒVÔ
√ˆƒVÔ” (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ,
180
√¬.90á93). kVμ¬ÁÔÁB kw∫zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D; saJΩ› mlo_ z]¬zD
Ô™s[ ÿ\Val_ WÚkV\VF c¶[ zπ¬zD ÔsÁ> ºkı|D. (sa©Á√
∂sμ›m c≈¬Ô¬ ze›]_ z]›>_ ®[√m saJΩ› mlÈVøD ÔÁÈÿ\Va
z§›> √Ω\D) kV¬˛B \Ω ˛¶›] kVfiÁƒºBV| >ÁÈºÔV]s¶ k_È ÔsÁ>
ºkı|D. ∂›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>¬z› >[Á™ºB >Úºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ, x[A
c∫Ô”¬ÿÔ[Æ ŒÚ ÔsÁ> ÷ÚÕ>V_ ÿÔV|∫Ô^ ∂>uz› >[Á™ºB›
>Úºk[ (÷´k_ Jfl∑D ÷´°©√V¶KD) ®[≈kÏ. ÷∫ºÔ Eu∏l[ √]Ák•D
÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“EÈºkÁe
EÈºkÁe º>Vw–D gzD á mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD ÷Úı¶
\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D ∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬z ÿkπflƒ
Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD. ÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 69.
E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[
‘Ô™ÔVD√´∫Ô”D ΩƒD√Ï©Ø¬Ô”D’ ‘∂´π©Øs[ ∂øÁÔ’ ®[Æ

®_ÈVxD \\u≈ \ÈÏÔ”D \VÁÈBVÔ© Ø°D √V|ÿ√VÚeVl™.
Ô™ÔVD√´∫Ô”D, ΩƒD√Ï©Ø¬Ô”D ÔsÁ>l_ \Õ>™. ∂´π©Ø
ÔsÁ>BV´D g™m. ÷mº√VÈ >tw[√[ ÁÔl_ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ•D ÔsÁ> \z¶D
>ˆ¬˛[≈m.
“>Vk´¬
>Vk´¬ zu≈kVπBV / ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚| ∂|¬z T|Ô”¬˛Á¶ºB /
®[T‚| ®]ˆ_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ? ÔVk_mÁ≈l[ AÈ[
sƒV´Á º√VÈ ÔVuÆ / ÷>[ z|tÁB© / ∏Ω›m ∂Á≈˛≈m ÷´°
√Ô_Ôπ_ / º√∑k>uz¬ Ì¶ ®Õ>fl ÿƒΩÿÔVΩ•D / ∂Ú˛_ ÷_ÁÈ.
∂|¬z\Á™¬ zΩlÚ©A¬ / zwÕÁ>Ôπ[ ∂øÁÔ Œo ºÔ‚º¶ /
keÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ / ∂∫Ô∫z ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™. ~w›>twÁ™ / ÷∫zê
>twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_; / ∞ÿ™[Æ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF?
º√VF?”
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.111á114)
“sÁ>¬zD
sÁ>¬zD Ô´xD, keÏ¬zD Ô´xD ∂§BV\_, kVΩ
k>∫˛¬ÔVFÕm TμÕm \Ω•D kÁ´ ®_ÈV ˝k´VEÔπ[ A≈¬ÔË©∏uzD
181
geV˛ WuzD {Ï ∂]ƒB kVμ° ∂>uz ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>V_, gkD ∂uÆ
∂Á\]BVF ÿƒVÕ>¬ÔVo_ ÿƒVÕ> kVμs_ kVøD ∂Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®[™ WÁ™¬˛≈m ®[√m ®™¬zD ÿ>ˆBVm; ®kÏ¬zD ÿ>ˆBVm.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫zê >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ Œm¬Ô©√‚¶ ÿƒΩ, ÔsxΩ
AÁ™Õm ∂´∫ºÔ§Bm. ÷Õ> g´kV´, gÏ©√V‚¶ cÈ˛_ ∂¶¬Ô\VÔ
∂Á\]BVÔ gw\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>© √ıÁ Â¶›] kÚ√kÏ ÔsQÏ
>tw[√[. ∂>™V_>V[, ∂k´V_ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ¬zD Ôs\VÁÈ
AÁ™B xΩÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩÁB© √u§© º√∑D º√VmD, \u≈
Wu˛≈m” 70 .
ÔsÁ>ÔπKD \M> ºÂBº\ º\ºÈV∫˛ Wu˛≈m
“®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ¬z ÂD ƒJÔ›]_ ®Õ> \ˆBVÁ>•D ÷_ÁÈ. EÈ´m

\´›]uz ∂m c>°˛≈m. ÔÚ¬ÔÁÈ©A¬z¬ ÿÔV˘´\V™ xÁ≈l_
√B[√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^. ®Ú¬ÁÔ, ˛´V\∫Ôπ_ ÷©√Ω ®_ÈVD ŒÚ sÔV´\VF,
Ôƒ©√VF √]kV˛•êm”.
“ÂÔ´›]_ ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ¬z ®[™ \ˆBVÁ> ˛Á¶¬zD?..... ÂVÔˆÔ©

ÿ√Ú¬ÔD ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩÁB ®©√Ω¬ ÔkM¬zD? ˛´V\∫ÔÁe s‚| ÂÔ´∫Ô”¬z
kÕm ºƒÏÕm s‚º¶VD Â\¬z^ ®πÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ; ®πB kˆÔÁe ºÂE¬zD ∂[A
÷_ÁÈ; E‚|¬ zÚsÔ^ Ì¶ Â\¬z ÷[Æ º>Ákl_ÁÈ”. “ ÂVD ®Á>
÷wÕº>VD, ®Á>© ÿ√uº≈VD? ºkÏÔÁe ÷wÕº>VD; ∂È∫ÔV´∫ÔÁefl
ÛΩ¬ ÿÔVıº¶VD. Â\¬z^ √M ~´D ÷[–D cê>V? Ek[ ∂´π©
ØÁk ∂ËÕm ÿÔVı¶V[; ®Ú¬Ô\ÈÏÔÁe ∂ËÕm ÿÔVı¶V[.
®πÁ\l_ >V[ ÷Á≈k[; ®πÁ\l_>V[ ∂wz; ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩºBV|
ÂVD ÷[–D º√ƒ›>V[ ºkı|D. ÂDÁ\ ÂVD Ôwu§¬ ÿÔVı¶V_,
º√ƒxΩ•D” 71.
c]Ï›m¬ ÿÔVı¶V_, ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩºBV| ÂVD ÷[–D º√ƒxΩ•D
‘zs ÷Ï© A_oÁÈ ®Ú¬ÔD’ gl–D ‘Ô¶°^ º√ºD ®[™Vm’ ®™fl

ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ x>_ ; “\ıÔ›m©
\ıÔ›m© ØÕmπÔ^ ∂[≈ÈÏÕ> ÷>μÔÁ¶l_
√V_kaB” 72 ®™ E∑¬ÿÔVÁÈ √u§ ∂.zºƒÔ´[ ÔÚ›m
ÿk^ÿeÚ¬ÔD √V_kaB
∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m.
182
®™fl E∑¬ ÿÔVÁÈ √u§© º√∑D Á«¬Ì ÔVÈD kÁ´ ®Ú¬ÔDØ°D
√V|ÿ√VÚ^ g˛›>V[ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m. √ÁÔB´ƒÏ WÈ∫Ôπ_ ®Ú¬ÁÔ•D
®^Áe•D sÁ>›m¬ ÔøÁ> ∞Ï Ø‚Ω cø>Á> k´ÈVÆ º√Efl ÿƒ_˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫zê >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√V_ ∂|¬z \Á™Ôπ_ ∂∫Ô∫z
ÿ>V‚ΩÔπ_ x¬˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD ÿƒΩÔ^ ®‚Ω© √VÏ›>™ ®[˛≈ ckÁ\
®›mÁ ∂ÚÁ\BV™ Œ[Æ. ÷©√Ω x›>VF©∏_ {´]ÏflEÁB ª‚Ω, ∞ÿ™[Æ
ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ˛≈m ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©A˛[≈m. xΩÕ> ∏[ *ı|D
ÔsÁ>ÁB *e°D kVE›>V_ ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ >Vk´¬zu≈kVπ ®[˛≈º√Vm
ÿƒVÕ> ÂV‚ΩºÈºB ÂV|Ô¶›>©√‚¶ ∂Ô]ÔeVÔ zu≈kVπÔeVÔ©
√a∑\›>©√‚¶kÏÔeVÔ √¶V> √V|√|D ~w›>twÏ ∂kÈ∫Ô^ º\È]Ô Tfl∑¶[
ÂDx^ skˆ¬˛[≈™. ∞ÿ™[Æ º√VF ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®[˛≈
º√Vm ∂©√Ω¬ºÔ‚Ô xB[≈V_ xB[≈kÏ √V|D sƒV´Á¬z geVÔ ºÂÚD
®[√Á>fl ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_ofl ÿƒ_˛[≈m. Â_È ∂ÉB_ ÔsÁ>¬z
cˆ›>V™ ƒˆBV™ c>V´\VÔ ÷>Á™ ÂVD ÷™D ÔVxΩ˛[≈m. ÂD
√VÏÁk¬z *^ kVE©∏_ ∏Ω√¶ÈVzD cıÁ\Ô^ ~w›m¬ ÔÈVW]l[ √VÏÁk¬z
x>_ kVE©∏ºÈºB ∏Ω√‚|© º√V˛[≈™. \‚|\_ÈV\_ Â\¬z© ∏Ω√¶V>
cıÁ\Ô”D Ì¶›>V[. ∞ÿ™M_ ∂m ~wfl Ûwo_ kVF›mê ∂–√k›>V_
∂kÚ¬zfl ƒV›]B©√‚¶>V˛[≈m.
“÷Õ> ÷¶›]_ >V[ (ÔÁ¶E kˆÔπ_) ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÿkÆ\º™ ®Ú¬Ôfi

ÿƒΩÁB √u§© º√ƒkÕ> ÔsÁ> ∂_È ®[√mD ∂>uz ∂©√VKê \uÿ≈VÚ
s≠B›Á>© º√ƒ kÕ>m ∂m ®[√mD ®D c^”Ïs_ √]˛[≈™. ∂Õ>
\uÿ≈VÚ s¶BD ~w›m› >twM[ ∂Ô]WÁÈBVzD”. ~w›m ∂Ô]\VÕ>ˆ[
∂|›> >ÁÈxÁ≈© ÿ√ıÔ”D gıÔ”D >twÔ› >twÚ^ ƒ\kB]™Ú¶[
ÔV>K≈° ∞u√|›]¬ ÿÔVê¬ÌΩB ƒÕ>Ï©√ ÛμWÁÈÁB ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩl_
ÿ√VÚ›]¬ ÔV‚¶©√‚|ê xÁ≈Á\ z§›m ŒÚ x¬˛B\V™ ÔkM©∏uz cˆB
∂Dƒ\VÔ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
“ka>k§B
ka>k§B / kı›m© ØflE ŒÚÂV^ \B∫˛fl ∑u§Bm
÷>[º\_ / \Ú›mk\Á™l_ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚¶ ºÂVBVπº√V_ xÔD ÿkπ§B
ª>V©Ø¬Ô^ / c‚ÔVÏÕ]ÚÕ> ÔVDAÔÁe s‚| / {Ωs¶› mΩ›>™ ∂Õ>
183
kı›m© ØflEºBV| ®[√>VÔ ∂Õ>¬ ÔV>uÔ™° WÁÈ ÂD Ôk™›m¬z
x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ka>k§B kı›m©ØflE >twÔ›m ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈ÁB•D {Ωs¶› mΩ¬zD ª>V©Ø ∂Ô]› >twˆ[ ÷eÕ>ÁÈ
xÁ≈l™Á´•D ÿ√VÚ›>x≈fl∑‚Ω Wu√™. ÷ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD sˆ›m©
ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔVê©√|D WÁÈl_ ÷Õ> ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÔsÁ> ~w›][
∂Ô]› >twÏ √u§B ∂–>V√›]u ∏≈Õ>m ®™ ª˛›>uzˆB>V˛≈m.
ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô›]_ ∂§xÔ WÁÈlºÈºB ÷Õ> ªÔ›m¬ÔV™ sÁ>
ª[≈©√‚| s|˛[≈Á\ÁB, ÔV| Ô¶›>©√‚¶ zu≈kVπ, ÔVk_mÁ≈l[
AÈ[sƒV´Á x>ÈV™ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶ÏÔπ[ √l_WÁÈ cÏ›mD ~w›m
∂Ô]› >twÏÔÁe© √ˆ>V√›]uz cˆBkÏÔeVÔ ºÂV¬˛
∂ÕWB©√|›>ÈVÔVm ®™› >twÔ›]™Á´ ºÂV¬˛ s|s¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
ºkı|ºÔV^ ®™ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB (~w›m› >tw™V˛B) BV[ cÏ˛º≈[.
“kı›m©
kı›m© ØflE \uÆD ª>V©Ø JÈD >VD ∑‚|D z§X‚|©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D kK∆‚¶ k_È ∂Ôfl ƒV[ÆÔeVÔ ~w›>VÁB© ÿ√uÿ≈|¬Ô¬
zÚ] EÕmD ºƒFÔ”¬z ®[ k¬ÔD ®™°D, ~w›>twflEÁB \Õm
ÿÔV^ c™¬ºÔ–D Ao©√V¬˛BD kVF¬Ô‚|D ®™› >tw[√[
÷Ú√›º>V´VD ±u≈Vı|› >tw–¬z xΩkVF x[ Ák¬zD ŒÚ ÿƒV_
ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ” 73 . ∞ÿ™[Æ
®™°D z§©∏‚¶ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D ®|›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ
º√VF¬ ºÔ‚ÔkV xΩ•D. ∂Ú˛_ º√VF ®–D ºÔ^sl_ ÿƒVÕ>fl ƒºÔV>´ÏÔ^
m[√›]_ ƒV>_ Ôı|D ∑D\V ÷Ú¬Ô ºÂÚD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
~w›>twÁ™ ÷∫zê >twÏÔ^ √VÏ©√m º√VÈ ®[˛≈º√Vm cÁ´BV¶_
WÔμ›>V\_ ®‚Ω©√VÏ›>_ ®[˛≈ ∂esºÈºB ÷Ú¬zD ∂kÈD √]kV˛[≈m.
∏[ Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ>•D ~u≈ΩÔ”¬z© ∏[√V™ kVE©∏_ A›mlÏ©AD
Am©√ˆ\V∫Ô”D ÿ√≈ÈV˛[≈™. ÷›>ÁÔB Ôs›mkt¬Ô ∂ÉBu
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z º\KD √È c>V´∫ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD.
“√w¬Ô©√‚¶
√w¬Ô©√‚¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ / *‚¶ xΩBV> √V¶ÈV™º√Vm / ∂k[
\°™›][ ÷Æ¬Ô›Á> cÁ¶›m / \ıÿ∫zD #sBm ÔVuÆ.
\¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ¬ / z´_ ÿÔV|›>V[ >ÔÏÕ> √VÈ∫Ôπ_ / >¶DA´ı¶
cıΩÔπ_ ÷ÚÁe© ∏a›m ∂´ƒV∫ÔD ®ø] Ák›>m ∂k[ ÿ√BÁ´
sƒV´ÁÔπ_ / ∂kπ¶D ∏[ ÔVB∫Ôπ_ Øtl[ ÷´›>D kaÕ>m.
184
÷´ÔEB∫Ôπ_ ∂k[ / ]BV˛BV™k[ ∂Õ> / ÷´ÔEB∫Ô^ cÁ¶√|D
{ÁƒÁB / k´ÈVu§[ ÿƒs‚|fl ÿƒsÔ^ ºÔ‚Ôºk ÷_ÁÈ. ∂k[ /
\´›Á>› >VıΩ {ΩkÕ>V[ / søÕm ®∫ºÔ–D ªÏÕm ®wsÚD∏ /
÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB› >s´¬ / Ô>Ák› ]≈©√VÏ BVÚº\ ÷_ÁÈ
÷_ÁÈ”..
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.29á30)
‘\≈›]uzD ∂‡º> mÁ’ ®™ k^”kD ∑‚|km º√V_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D

xÕÁ>B ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBV™ kVE©∏uz cˆBº>. ∂k™m \≈fl
ÿƒB_Ô”¬z ∂ΩÂV>\V™m ∂[A >Vº™. g™V_ \¬Ô”¬ÔVÔ¬ z´_
ÿÔV|©√kÏÔπ[ \≈fl ÿƒB_ÔeV_ ∂´ƒV∫Ô∫Ô^ ÷ÚÁe©∏aÕm ®ø] Ák›m
∂§s¬˛[≈™. ys´ kV]Ôÿe™© ÿ√BÏ Û‚Ω, sƒV´ÁÔπ[ ∂k[ c¶D∏[
ÔVB∫Ôπ_ kakm ∂k[ ÷´›>\_È Øtl[ ´›>D ®[˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
÷´ÔEB∫Ôπ_ ∂k[ ]BV˛BV™V[. ÷›>ÁÔB ]BVÔ ºk^sl_ gz]BVÔ
gs ÿƒVˆÕº>VÏ xÔ›]_ >V[ ∂w˛[ xÔkˆlÁ™ >tw[√™V_
∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV xΩ˛[≈m. gD ÷m A≈ Œ©√Á™© AÁ™kw˛_ÁÈ.
cêVÏÕ> ƒ›]B›][ c^xÔ© º√´wz. ÷©√Ω› ]BV˛BV™kM[ ÷´ÔEB∫Ô^
cÁ¶√|D {Áƒ k´ÈVu§[ ÿƒs‚|fl ÿƒsÔ”¬z ºÔ‚Ôs_ÁÈ ®[˛[≈ º√Vm
ys´kV] x›]Á´Ô”¬z ∂©√VÈV™ ∂k[ ]BVÔ›][ ÿ√VÚ^ AÁ>•ı¶
k´ÈV≈V˛© º√VzD ∂kÈD º√ƒ©√¶ÈV˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB ]BV˛Ôπ[
\´›]uz© ∏[™V™ sÁ>BV˛ s|˛[≈ ÷¶\VÔ› >DÁ\© º√V[≈kÏ
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ >s´¬ Ô>° ]≈¬Ô \VuÆ BVÚº\ ÷_ÁÈ ®[˛≈º√Vm x[A ∑‚ΩB
®‚Ω©√VÏ›>_ ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬ Ô¶Õm √VÏÁkBVeÏ ®[˛≈ ®_ÁÈÁB¬ Ô¶Õm
√∫ºÔu√VeÏ ®[˛≈ ÷¶›Á> kÕ>Á¶BÈV˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ º√V´V‚¶
∂w˛B_ AÈ©√|D ∂ØÏk¬ ÔsÁ> ÷mÿk™ÈVD. ys´kV]Ô^ ®™©ÿ√BÏ
Û‚¶©√‚¶kÏÔ^ ∂´ƒV∫Ô›][ √VÏÁkl_ >V[ ∂©√Ω. g™V_ c[Á\l_
∂kÏÔ^ º√V´VπÔ^ ®[º≈ ∑‚¶©√¶ ºkıΩBkÏÔ^. ÷>[ \Æ√¬Ô\VÔ©
º√V´VπÔeVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ EÈˆ[ √BD ∞Æ¬z\V≈VF xΩÕm º√V˛≈
∂kÈ›Á>•D √]° ÿƒFB› >k≈s_ÁÈ >tw[√[.
ÔV|Ô^ / Â|∫˛™ ÔVuÆ / ÂÔ´› >B∫˛ / \´∫Ôπ¶D xbxb›>m /

∏π§Bm / #´›m \ÁÈÔ”D mb¬zu≈™ / kÕ>m gºkƒ / \> ÔπÆ / kÕ>m
185
ºkÔ\VF / gÈB kVƒo_ k´ºkuÆ / \VÁÈl‚¶™Ï / ÿÂu§l_ / √·√·¬zD /
√‚| xÔ√¶VD º√V‚|s‚¶™Ï / kaÕ> ÔÚDAflƒVu§[ / ]›]©∏_ / ÷·˛© º√V™m
÷È‚EBD / ÷Æ¬ÔD / ÿÂ˛μÕm º√V™m ÷>B›]_.
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á25)
∂Õ>¬ ÔπÆ ∏π§Bº√Vm ÔV|Ô^ Â|∫˛™, ÔVuÆ ÂÔ´›>B∫˛

\´∫Ôπ¶D xbxb›>m. #´›m \ÁÈÔ”D mb¬zu≈™. ∂>[ ÂÁ¶
∂]Ï°Ô^ ®]Ï©AÔ”¬z¬ ÔÚsºÈºB ÔÈk´D ∞u√|›]™. ∂>[ >Õ>∫Ô^
÷w¬ÁÔ© ∏e¬zD ®™ \¬Ô^ ÂD∏™Ï. gÈB kVƒo_ ∂>uz k´ºkuA \VÁÈ,
º\e>VeD ∂>[ \™›Á>› >¶ss‚¶™. m›>Vˆ ÂV>∑´D ºkÔ› >Á¶ÔeVF
Œ›mÁw›>™. ÿÂu§l_ ƒÕ>™›]ÈÔD, √e√e¬zD √‚| xÔ√¶VD,
ºÔV‚Á¶loÚÕm ∂ı¶V ∂ı¶VkVF ÿÂFDt].... BVÁ™¬z¬ ÔıÔπ_
Ô™_∏[ kV∫˛Bm. ÔVmÔ^ sE§ÔeV_ ∂ÁƒÕm gu≈› ÿ>V¶∫˛™. Êu≈›Á>
\V™ÊÔ\VF› m]¬ÁÔl_ E¬˛lÚÕ> √ÁÔ ÂøsBm. ÔÆD√fl ƒVu§[
]›]©∏_ ÷e˛©º√V™m ÷È‚EBD. ÷>B›]_ ÿÂ˛μÕm º√V™m ÷Æ¬ÔD.
∂ÔÈ©√‚Á¶l_ Á>›> Ôø›m\ËÔ^ ∂>uz kVF›>m.
“∏π≈o_
∏π≈o_ ∑] \V§s‚¶m. ÌÏÁ\•D z›>_Ô”D /
>Õ>∫ÔπoÚÕm c]ÏÕ>™ ∂∫zƒ ∂§xÔD, ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔV_Ôπ_ /
Ô™›> ƒ∫˛oÔ^ \´Ë›> ºÔV√›][ ƒVD√_ √´sBm ∂¬ÔD√¬ÔD /
\°™D ∏π≈ÁÈ© √§›>m ŒÚÂV^ ÔVmÔÁe / sÁ≈©∏_ WÆ›]s‚|
∂Ô[≈™ ∂Áƒ°Ô^. ∏≈ÿÔVÚÂV^ / ÔVÈ›][ s´_ ÿ>V‚|©√VÏ›>m /
BVÁ™ ÿƒ›m© º√VlÚÕ>m
º√VlÚÕ>m” .
(®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬.23á26)
∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ ®–D >tw[√M[ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ> {Ï ∂ÚÁ\BV™

z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>. “>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ ‘∏π§
∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ
ÔπÆ’ ®–D
ÔsÁ>l_ ∂kÏ ÂD∏B A´‚EÔ´ ÷B¬Ô›Á>¬ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X‚¶V_
∑‚|˛≈VÏ. ∂kÏ ÂD∏ ÷ÚÕ> ÷B¬ÔD √Ω©√ΩºB koÁ\ z[§ Œ|∫˛©
º√VFs‚¶Á>, >tw[√[ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> ÂD∏¬ÁÔ TV˛© º√V™Á>
÷¬ÔsÁ>” 74 ®[√VÏ E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.
skˆ¬zD ÷¬ÔsÁ>
186
“∂ÉB_
∂ÉB_ \uÆD ƒJÔ WÁÈlÈV™ ÷È¬˛B yÏ°ÔÁe› >ÚD ®™
ÂD√©√‚¶ \Vÿ√ÚD ®]Ï√VÏ©ÿ√V[Æ á º√ÿ´øflEÿBV[Æ á >Õ>
∞\Vu≈›Á>© º√∑km. ÔV|Ô”D \ÁÈÔ”D Â|∫zD kÁÔl_
gÏ©√ˆ›m kÕ> ŒÚ ÔπÆ \Vÿ√ÚD ƒV>Á™ÿBV[Á≈© AˆB©º√V˛≈m
®[≈ ®]Ï√VÏ©Á√ ∞u√|›]s‚|, ~u§_ ÿƒBÈuÆ W[Æ clÏs‚¶m
®[√>VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒF] ∂Á\˛≈m. >twÔ WÁÈlKD
∂Á™›]Õ]B WÁÈlKD \‚|t[§ ∂Á™›mÈÔ WÁÈlK∫Ì¶
WÔμÕmê ƒ\ÔVÈ k´ÈVuÆ WÔμ°ÔÁe Â\m \™¬Ôı x[ WÆ›mD
kÁÔlu ÿ√VÚ^ sˆ°D gwxD ÿÔVı|ê g¬ÔD ÷m. ÷∫ºÔ
BVÁ™•D EÈkÁÔfl ƒJÔ \VÕ>Á´¬ z§©√>VÔÈVD. ƒx>VB›]uz©
ÿ√ÚD ®øflE >ÚºkVD ®™ xw∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| ∂ÉBKÔz kÕm g‚E
¨¶D ∞§B ∏[™Ï ∂>[ kƒ] kVF©AÔπ_ \™›Á>© √§ÿÔV|›m›
>DºkÔD ∂¶∫˛WuzD ∂ÉB_kV]ÔÁe ÷¬ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω•›mk>VÔ¬
ÿÔVêÈVD”75 ®[Æ s·¬zkVÏ Â.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿÔVêÈVD
“ÂD
ÂD ®_ºÈVÚ¬zD ÿ>ˆÕ> ÔÁ>>V[ ÷m. ∂ÉB_ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^
A´‚EÔ´\V™ xw¬Ô›º>V| ˛eD∏ kÕm ∂ˆBÁ ˛Á¶›> c¶[, ∂>[
ÿƒVzE_ >[Á™ ÷wÕm º√V˛[≈™. ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”D ÷©√ΩºB.
>twÔ›][ ºƒVÔD ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. º>Ï>_, ∂ÉB_ ®_ºÈVÁ´•D
sø∫˛s|˛≈m. >tw[√[ z§X‚|¬ÔsÁ>l_ ∂wÔVÔ›>V[ ÔÁ>
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ” 76 ®[√VÏ QVM.
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ
÷¬z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>l_ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X‚ΩÁ™ ∂kÏ ÂD∏lÚÕ>

÷B¬Ô\VÔ ÷™DÔVbD E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫Ô›][ √VÏÁk ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔl_ÁÈ.
∞ÿ™M_ >tw[√[ ÂD∏lÚÕ> ÷B¬ÔD ÂokÁ¶Õ]Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™VÈm
ƒ\´ƒ∫ÔeV_ Ô‚|ı| ÔVÈ\V˛s¶s_ÁÈ. ®™ºk º>Ï>_ ∂ÉBÁÈfl ƒVÏÕ>
Ô‚EÔÁe¬ ÔπÆ ®–D z§X¶VÔ¬ ÔVbD ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[ \uÆD QVM ÷ÚkÏ
√VÏÁk•D ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ ÌΩBmkV•ê™. ÷B¬ÔD ®[≈ ∂es_ ºÂV¬ÔV\_
∏π§kÕ> ÔπÆ ®[√>Á™© º√V´VπÔeVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ EÈÁ´¬ z§›> z§X¶VÔ¬
ÿÔVı| kVE©√>uzD ÷¬ÔsÁ> ÷¶Õ>Ú˛[≈m. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>
\VÏ¬EBD ko•Æ›mD \Vÿ√ÚD ÿ\FÁ\ÿBV[Á≈ ∂Ô©√|›]Bÿ>[√mD,
187
∂>Á™ ÿkπ©√|›]B z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>l[ Ô‚¶Á\©∏™V_
∂ÚÁ\BVÔ kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚¶m ®[√mD ÷>[ E≈©√Dƒ∫ÔeVzD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>
ko•Æ›] WuzD \Vÿ√ÚD \VÏ¬EB ÿ\FDÁ\ ÷mºk:
“ÿ√VÚ”¬z
ÿ√VÚ”¬z ÷Á´BVz√k[ cıÁ\© ÿ√VÚÁe¬ ÔV\V‚¶V[.
∂mºk ®_ÈV kÁÔBV™ \B¬Ô›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶¬ ÔV´D. ÷m>V[
x>ÈVπBD keÏ›> ÿ√ÚD \B¬ÔD” 77
\B¬ÔD ®[Æ s·¬z˛≈VÏ
®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[.
gÔ ÷ÀkVÆ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X|, ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[

®|›mÁ´©A, ÷B_√V™ ∂w˛B_, º√V´V‚¶ ∂w˛B_, z§X‚|¬ ÔÁ>©√V∫z,
s›]BVƒ\V™ A]™©√|›>_ x>ÈV™ku§uz ª¶V™ c›] xÁ≈ÔeV_
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|ê™.
3.4. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √Á¶©A ÿÂ§
ƒJÔ›][ EÁ>°ÔÁe ®|›m¬ÔV‚|km ®[√mD, ƒJÔ ∂¿]¬z ®]´VÔfl

ƒJÔ ¿]ÁB cBÏ›]© ∏Ω¬zD ÔsQM[ >VÏ*Ô¬ Ô¶Á\ºB. ÷kuÁ≈
ÂD∏¬ÁÔ k≈‚E ƒVÏÕ> ∂Ô\™ cÁeflƒ_ÔeVÔ¬ ÔVbD √VÏÁk ∏≈w
cÏÕ> ]ˆ√V™ Aˆ>ºÈBVzD.
“ƒJÔfl
ƒJÔfl EÁ>°ÔÁe¬ ÔV‚|>_ Ì¶ ƒJÔ ¿]l[ ®∫zD √´sB
WÁÈÁB gk©√|›]¬ ÔV‚|km º√V[≈ ŒÚ ÔÁÈO‚√º\ ®™ÈVD.
EÁ>°ÔÁe ®ømkm EÁ>°ÔÁe© √Ω\ O‚√∫ÔºeV| z§©√VÔ
®ømkm ®[√ÿ>_ÈVD, ƒJÔ¿]l[ gμÕ> ºkÏÔÁe O‚√\VÔ
\Á≈xÔ\VÔ cÏ›m˛[≈ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV[ÆÔºe gzD. ƒJÔ
cÏ°Á¶B ]≈™VFkVe[ g´VFflEBVe[ ÷©√Ω›>V[ ∂b˛© √VÏ¬Ô
ºkı|D. ÷kuÁ≈ ÂD∏¬ÁÔBu≈ ∂Ô cÁeflƒ_Ô^ ®™ Œm¬zkm
ÌΩBm” 78 .
ƒJÔ cÏ°Ô^ √u§B gμÕ> AÈ©√]s[Á\ÁB¬ ÔV‚¶¬ ÌΩBm
“ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ
ÔVÈ∫ÔVÈ\VÔ \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB Aw∫˛, ∂>™V_ gu≈_ ÿ√u≈
÷È¬˛B© √Ω\∫ÔÁe, ∂ku§–^ >uÔVÈ cê¶¬Ô›Á> ∞u§ ÷kÏÔ^
(kV™D√VΩÔ^) \Æ cÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒF˛≈VÏÔ^. ÷>[ JÈD ÔVÈ›][
188
∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^” 79 ®[√Ï
gu≈ÁÈ› >D ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÷Õ> s›>ÔÏÔ^ ∞uÆ˛≈VÏÔ^
QVM. ∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”D ®Õ>kÁÔl_
√Ω\∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV^k]_ s›]BVƒ©√|˛[≈™Ï ®[√Á> m.ÊMflƒVt•D,
QVM•D ÿkπ©√|›mD √VÏÁkÔ^ ÿ>πkVÔ cÏ›>k_È™.
“A≈›]Áfl
A≈›]Áfl ∑BDk´ \ı¶√›]_ / º√VoÂe[Ôπ[ Ì‚¶D /
ÁÔl_ \VÁÈ•¶[ / zÚ‚|› >\BÕ]
>\BÕ]” (√V_T], √.72).“ ®©º√VmD /
Û>V‚¶D” (º>Ï>_) “ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ
\¬Ôºe º>VuzD/ Û>V‚¶D ÿkπflƒ›]uÔVÔ ÂVD ∞u§Ák›>
se¬zÔ^ ÷Ú‚Á¶© ∏´flƒV´D ÿƒF˛[≈™
ÿƒF˛[≈™”.. (x‚Á¶kVEÔ^)
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x>_ ÷´ı|D º>Ï>ÁÈ•D J[≈Vkm

ƒ™ÂVBÔ›Á>•D ∂ku§[ EÁ>°ÔÁe \™∫ÿÔVı| ∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™.
“Ôs¬ºÔVs[
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷[Æ ÂÁ¶ÿ√uÆ kÚD º>Ï>KD,
ƒ™ÂVBÔxD s\Ïƒ™›m¬zêV˛•ê™. º>Ï>_ Ôe›]_ ÂVD
ƒÕ]¬zD º√Vo ∂ÉB_ >ÁÈkÏÔÁe© º√Vo Âe[ ®[ÆD, \¬ÔeV‚E
\´Á√B§BV> kV¬ÔVeÏÔÁe¬ zÚ‚|› >\BÕ] ®[ÆD
z§©√|›]•êVÏ. º>Ï>_ √u§B x›>V´D ÔsÁ> º>Ï>_
ÂÁ¶xÁ≈¬zD ∂Á\©A¬zD ÔsQÏ ®ø©∏•ê ®]Ï©A¬ z´ÈVzD
ÿÔVu≈¬zeD \¬ÔeV‚El[ \Vu≈›m¬zD \Á¬zD A]B ∂Á≈ÌkÁÈ
ÔsÁ>BVzD” 80 .
®ø©∏•ê ÔsÁ>BVzD
“ÿƒVuÔeVÔ
ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_, √Ω\sBÈVÔ ÿkπ©√|›>_ ®[≈
÷ÚWÁÈÔπKD ƒJÔ¿]¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ gu≈K¶[ ∂Á\B xΩ•D. ÷∫ºÔ
÷Õ> ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿkπX‚|›]≈[ ÔV´\VÔ›
>´ºkÆ√V| ∂Á\BÈVD. ÷ku§_ ÿƒVuÔeVÔ ÿkπ©√|>_ ®[√]_
®ê_ x¬˛B\V™m. ®ê_ z§©A¶[ ´z\V–D ®ø]•êVÏ.
√VuÔ¶È´∫ÔD, nÕm gı|Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷>Á™¬
ÔVÈVD” 81.
ÔVÈVD
º√Vo Âe[Ôπ[ x[kÚD ÔV‚E JÈD, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ›Á> ®ê_

ÿƒF˛≈VÏ ´z\V[. º>Ï>_, ÿÔVu≈¬zÁ¶ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿƒVuÔeVÔ
ÿkπ©√|>KD nÕ>Vı|¬ ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>l_ z§X¶VÔ°D x[
Ák¬Ô©√‚|ê™. nÕ>Vı|¬ÿÔVÚxÁ≈ ÔsÁ>lKD √VuÔ¶È´∫ÔD
189
ÔsÁ>lKD ÷È¬˛B¬ z§X|Ô^ \Á¶\Vu≈\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVe©√‚|ê™.
“ÌÏÕm
ÌÏÕm √VÏ›>o_ / ∂Á¶BVeD AˆÕ>m ®_ºÈVÚD/ ºÂuÁ≈B
ÂV¶Ô›][ √V›]´Õ >V∫˛Ôºe. ÷º>V / ÷eD ÿ√ıVÔ ŒeÁk¬˛ws
Â[™VÔ ∂]B\V[ / \V∫ÔMBVÔ ÿÂ_o¬ÔM
ÿÂ_o¬ÔM” (√V_T], √.73)
ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· ÿƒVuE›]´∫Ô·VÔ \Vu§¬ÔV‚|km √Ω\D gzD. ∂©√Ω\D
√u§B √_ºkÆ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁ· Œ›m ºÂV¬zkm ÷∫z ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ŒÚ
ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶º´V ∂_Èm ckÁ\ºBV ∂_Èm cÚkÔº\V √Ω\›Á>©
ÿ√uÆ›>´xΩ•D. √VÏ©√>uz skˆ©A \V]ˆ cê √z] ¿ı¶ √Ω\\VÔ
g¬Ô©√¶ÈVD. ∂§°D cÏflE•D ÷ÁBÕ> \™ sÁeÁkfl ƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ ÿ>ˆB¬
ÔV‚|km √Ω\D ®™ÈVD.
“√Ω\D
√Ω\D ®[√m ŒÚ ÿÂVΩl_ cÏflE¬ÌÆD ∂§° WÁÈ•D
ÿƒVuE›]´D” 82 E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√]. “√Ω\D
Ì|k>V_ º>V[Æ˛≈ ÿƒVuE›]´D √Ω\D \™›m^
ÔV‚EÔeVÔfl E›]ˆ¬zD >[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. √Ω\D, cÏ°, cÏflE
∂§°›>e∫Ôπ_ sÁeÁk ∞u√|›] ∂§kVÏÕ> >e›]uz kVƒÔÁ™
ÿÔVı¶m” 83 . \Áw ÿ√F•Dº√Vm ∞u√|D
∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_KD ÷B_A ÿÔVı¶m
t[™_, ÷Ω, kV™s_ ®[≈ º\Ô›]_ ∞u√|D ÷BuÁÔ WÔμ°ÔÁ· ºkΩ¬ÁÔ
cÏflE ∂§°WÁÈ ®[≈ J[Æ ÔV‚E©ÿ√VÚ·VÔ √Ω\©√|›]•^·VÏ ∂©m_
´z\V[ ®[√VÏ ∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑.
∂©m_ ´z\V[ t[™ÁÈ¬ ÔV‚E©√|›mDº√Vm “kV™

kV™ cuƒk›][ /
kV™ºkΩ¬ÁÔ á ÔV‚E©ÿ√VÚ^ x˛uAuÆ Ô¬zD / ÿÂÚ©A© √VDAÔ^
ÔÆ©A c>‚Ω[ / ÿkπflƒ c·≈_ácÏflE, ÷ΩflÿƒVuÿ√Vas[ /
á∂§°WÁÈ” 84 t[™_ ®[≈ ÷BuÁÔBV™ ŒÚ ÿƒBÁÈ
∑Ú¬ÿÔø›m á∂§°WÁÈ
√Ω\©√|›]¬ ÔV‚E, cÏflE, ∂§° WÁÈ¬Ôe[Ôπ[ kVlÈVÔ ÿkπ©√|›]¬
ÔV‚Ω•êVÏ. t[™_ z§›> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB c›]WÁÈl–D
º\D√‚¶ kΩkkVÏ©√V™ √Ω\ x>[Á\¬ ( imagist ) ÔsÁ>¬z cˆ›>V™
c>V´\VÔ¬ ÿÔVêÈVD. √Ω\x>[Á\¬ ÔsÁ> √u § ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ
ÌÆ˛[≈VÏ.
“AÈ™–√k
AÈ™–√k cÚ¬ÔÁe ( images) ÿ\Val_ ÔV‚|D xÁ≈Á\ºB
√Ω\sB_ ( imagery) ∂Á\©√VzD ÷À°Ú¬Ô^ ÔV‚E, Œo, \D, ∑Ák,
190
ÿ>V¶_ g˛B nDAÈ[ WÁÈÔπKD, ÷Ák ÷ÁÕ> √ÈWÁÈÔπKD
ÔsQ™V_ cÏ°¬z ∞u√°D ÿ√VÚıÁ\¬z ∞u√°D
√Á¶¬Ô©ÿ√Æk™. ckÁ\, cÚkÔD g˛B WÁÈÔπoÚÕm tÔ ®πB
WÁÈl_, Œ[§uz Œ[Æ ®[≈ Œ©AÁ\ WÁÈloÚÕm xuÆÚkÔ
WÁÈkÁ´ ∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD
∂Á\¬Ô©√¶ÈVD”.. “√Ω\º\
√Ω\º\ ÿ√VÚıÁ\BVÔ Wu√mı|.
√_ºkÆ ˛Áeflÿƒ§° ( Complex ) cÏºkV‚¶∫Ô^ √Ω\\VÔºk
ÿkπ©√|D ÔsÁ> ÿ\VaBVÔ x>[Á\ WÁÈ ÿ√Ækmı|; mÁ c›]
WÁÈloÚÕm ƒuÆ¬ ÌΩB x>[Á\ WÁÈ¬zfl ÿƒ_KD keÏflE ÷m.
÷›>ÁÔB ÔsÁ>ÔÁe √Ω\ x>[Á\ ( imagist ) ¬ÔsÁ> ®[˛º≈VD
®[˛º≈VD” 85.
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ¿]º>kÁ>, >™º>kÁ>, QV™º>kÁ>, ∑>Õ]´ º>kÁ>,

ƒ\V>V™ º>kÁ> ®[ÿ≈VÚ º>kÁ> sÁƒ©√Á¶©AÔÁe x[ Ák›mêVÏ.
÷ku§_ ¿] º>kÁ> ÔsÁ>ÁB x[Ák›m ∂>[ √Ω\sBu E≈©∏Á™•D
∂È∫ÔV´› >[Á\l[ tÁÔÁB•D m.ÊMflƒVt ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬z˛≈VÏ.
“∂©m_
∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D ∂È∫ÔV´› >[Á\ ƒuÆ #¬ÔÈVÔºk
÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂kˆ¶xD cÚkÔ© √V∫˛ÈV™ √Ω\sB_ tz]BVÔ¬
ÔV©√|D. ¿] º>kÁ> ®[≈ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷>uz Â_È ƒV[≈VÔ¬
ÿÔVêÈVD. ®∫Ô^ º>V‚¶›m© / Ø¬ÔπÿÈ_ÈVD c[ ºÔVl_
ÿkekV_Ôπ[ / ®flƒD c^∏´ÔV´ÿ\∫zD / ƒÚz x‚Á¶Ô^
x‚Á¶Ô^”
cÚkÔsBK¶[ ÌΩB ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ƒV]B›]uÿÔ]´V™ ƒJÔ¿] ÂsuEÔ^
÷ÁÕm kÚD “ c[ ºÔVlK¬z / ÿkπºB ÿÂ|∫ÔVÈ\VÔ WuzD /
ÂÕ>™VÏÔπ_ gıÔπ[ / ÿÂÚ©A¬ zı¶D >BV´V˛≈m / º√V / ∂]_
º√VF zπ›m¬ ÿÔV^
ÿÔV^”.. ÷ÀkVÆ E≈©√VÔ ∂Á\Õmê ÔsÁ> ¿ı|
º√VzDº√Vm tÁÔBV™ z§©AÔ^ ºƒÏ¬Ô©√‚| ÿƒBuÁÔ› >[Á\
ÿ√uÆs|kmı|. “ ÿÔVÁÈkV^ / c[ÁÔ¬z \‚|D ®©√Ω
g√´\V˛≈m? ´›>D / c[ÂÔ_Ôπ_ \‚|D ®©√Ω / \Ú>VË g˛≈m
∞... ¿] º>kÁ>ºB / c[ kV^x>o_ / c[ÔıÔ‚Á¶ ∂Æ¬Ô‚|D
÷©√z]l_, kVƒÔˆ[ \™›Á> c¶[ ˛eflE•≈fl ÿƒFkm º√V[≈ {Ï
ÔVÈVD” 86 . >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_
∂È∫ÔV´›]≈[ AzÕ]Ú©√Á>¬ ÔVÈVD
Œ[§_ ÌÆ˛[≈ √]KD ÷∫ºÔ m.ÊMflƒVt¬zD cˆB √]ÈVÔ ∂Á\Õm
˛¶¬˛[≈m.
191
“ÔsÁ>BV™m
ÔsÁ>BV™m ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\k>uz ÷´ı|
ÔV´∫Ô^ cê™. (1) √V|ÿ√VÚ^ s>Õ]Ú©√m (2) √V| ÿ√VÚπ[
*>V™ ÔsQˆ[ ∂y> cÏ° ®øflE. ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ®ø>
ºkı|D ®™› yÏ\VM›ms‚| ®ø> ∂\Ïkm ˛Á¶BVm. ®™m ÔsÁ>
¿ıΩÚÕ>V_ ∂]_ ∂Àke° ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[Æ ∂Ï›>D
∂_Èm s›]BVƒ\VÔfl ÿƒV_È ºkıΩB ∂kEBº\V ÂV[ sÚDAD
cÏ°k´ ÷ÿ>_ÈVD ÿƒV[™V_>V[ ƒˆBVÔ kÚD ®[≈ WÁÈºBV
ºkı|D” 87 .
∞u√‚ΩÚ¬Ô ºkı|D
∞≈›>Vw ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”º\

ÁÔBVı|ê™Ï. ∂kuÁ≈ ÷∫ºÔ s·¬ÔÈVD.
ˇμ¬Ôı¶ √>s¬z ®[M¶D / ˇμÔı¶kÏ \‚|D sı©√D ÷|Ô.

kw¬Ô§QÏ á ªÁ\Ô^ / z\V¸>V á ÁÔ ÷_ÈV>kÏ / ƒV‚E á zÚ¶ÏÔ^
¿]√] á ÔVmºÔeV>kÏ. ª™xu≈kÚ¬z ∞MÕ>fl ƒKÁÔ ®M_/ ¿]
x¶\VÔV\_ ÷Ú¬Ô ®™ kw¬z\[≈D º√∑k>VÔ ∂∫Ô>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ x¶\V˛B
¿]\[≈›Á>¬ ÔV‚|kVÏ Eu∏.
∂kÏÔ^ / ¿]º>kM[ ¿ı¶ z≈‚Á¶BV_ / ÔVmÔ^ ÿ>V¶V> ∞¬Ô¬

ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™©A≈¬ÔË¬Ô©√‚¶ \¬ÔÁe© √u§•D ¿]º>kM[ ÿÂ|∫z≈‚Á¶
√u§•D ®|›mÁ´¬zD >tw[√[ >Ú\ º>kÁ>/ ]™¬Ìo kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|
]ÁƒÔ”¬z¬ / ÔÆ©√Ω¬Ô© º√VFs‚¶V^ ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
÷kuÁ≈¬ÔV‚ΩKD ÷>Á™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÁÔBV”D √z] m.ÊMflƒVt tÁÔ
∂È∫ÔV´\VÔ¬ z§©∏|D √z]lºÈºB ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈m. ÿÔVÁÈkV^ c[
ÁÔ¬z \‚|D ∞[ g√´\V™ÿ>™› ÿ>V¶∫˛ ¿]º>kÁ>l[ kV^ x>o_
º>kÁ>l[ ÔıÔ‚Á¶ ∂Æ¬Ô‚|D ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï√kÏ.
¿] º>kÁ>ºB / c[ >´V∑› >‚|¬ÔÁe¬ ÿÔVfiƒD Ôı ]≈Õm√VÏ

/ ∂∫ºÔ A≈Vs[ \Vtƒ›Á>fl / E∏Ô^ cı g´D∏›m s‚¶VÏÔ^
®[–D º√Vm>V[ ∂©m_ ´z\Vº™ z§©∏|km º√V_ ∂kÚ¬z© √V|ÿ√VÚ^
*>V™ ∂y> cÏflE ÷[–D ÷[–D ®™ s›]BVƒ\VÔ› ÿ>V¶´ ∂kÁ´
÷B¬zk][ sÁeºk A≈Vs[ \Vtƒ›Á>fl E∏Ô^ cı
g´D∏›ms‚¶ÿ>[–D ÿ>V[\ \Á¶\Vu≈\VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V™V_ √Á¶¬Ô©
192
ÿ√u§Ú¬˛[≈m. ÿ√VmkVÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Æ¬ÔxD ÿƒ§°D
kVFÕ>Ák. √V|ÿ√VÚÁe© ÿ√VÆ›º> zÆ∫ÔsÁ>ºBV ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ºBV
kVF¬ÔÈVD. >D ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÷ÚıÁ\ ( security ) √u§© ∏[kÚ\VÆ
s·¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ÷Æ¬Ô›]uÔVÔ ªÁwfl ƒÁ> ®[Æ ÂV[ WÁ™©√Á>
®[˛≈VÏ” 88. √Ω\xD z§X|D ºkÆ√|D
®_ÈVD ÿk‚Ω ®§Õm s|ºk[ ®[˛≈VÏ
÷¶∫ÔÁe•D √Ω\º\ z§X¶VÔ cÚ\VÆkÁ>•D gFkV·ÏÔ^ s·¬˛•^·™Ï.
“z§X‚Ω_
z§X‚Ω_ kVƒÔÏÔ”¬Ô ŒÚ m_oB\V™ ÿ√VÚ^ ÿkπ©√V| ÷Ú¬zD.
g™V_ √Ω\›]_ kVƒÔ ∂–√k∫Ô”¬z ∞u√© ÿ√VÚÁe¬z§©√|›m
keÏ›m¬ ÿÔV^k]_ s›]BVƒ\V™ sÁeÁk› >Ú˛[≈m
>Ú˛[≈m”..
“÷´°D
÷´°D √ÔKD º√V_ ÷Ák >M›º> ÷Ú©√>VF¬ ÔÚ]™VKD
∂Õ] \B¬Ô∫ÔÁe ∂Ôu≈ xΩBs_ÁÈ
xΩBs_ÁÈ” . “ √Ω\∫Ô^ ÿkÆD
kÏÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√VmD ®[≈ WÁÈl_
÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂Ák √Ω\∫Ôºe. z§X|Ô^ ∂_È. \uÿ≈VÚ c‚ÿ√VÚÁe
cÏ›mD WÁÈl_ >V[ √Ω\D z§X¶V˛≈m. cÚkÔ WÁÈl_
cÚkV¬Ô©√|D ŒÚ √Ω\D cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD
z§X¶V˛s|kmı|” 89 .
kÁÔl_ kÕ>V_ ∂m z§X¶V˛s|kmı|
“Œ©A≈kVKD
Œ©A≈kVKD Œ‚|≈kVKD \uÿ≈V[Á≈¬ z§©√VÔ cÏ›mD
ÿ√VÚ^ ( object ) z§X| ®™©√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[Á≈
cÏ›mk>uz J[Æ kÁÔl_ ÿƒB_√|˛≈m. z§X| \uÿ≈V[§uÔVÔ
WuÔÈVD. ∂_Èm \uÿ≈V[§[ ∏´]W]BVÔfl ÿƒBu√¶ÈVD, ∂_Èm
\uÿ≈V[Á≈fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|kº>V| ∂Á\BÈVD. EÈ z§X|Ô^
\uÿ≈V[Á≈ ( Something else) cÏ›>V\_, >D ÿ√VÚºeV| ÷[–D
Ì|>ÈV™ ÿ√VÚÁe ( Something more) cÏ›mD
cÏ›mD”90.
g´VÏ ®ø]B ‘ED√ovD’ ®[–D ±_ ÿ√ÚD√VKD ∏ÿ´fi∑¬

z§X‚ΩBD√u§ se¬zkÁ>ºB >[ x>[Á\ ºÂV¬Ô\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶m. g™V_
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gFºk¶V™ ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_’ z§X| ®–D
±ºÈV z§X‚ΩB›][ º\ÁÈ±_Ô^ \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ >tμ, k¶ÿ\Va
±_Ôπ[ √∫Ôπ©Á√•D ŒÚºƒ´› ]´‚Ω›>Úkm. ƒ∫Ô ÷È¬˛BD, ƒ\B
193
÷È¬˛BD, E›>Ï ÷È¬˛BD, √V´] ÷È¬˛BD ®™ >ta[ z§X‚|› ÿ>V¶ÏflEÁB
÷™∫ÔV‚|D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ >V[ ∂m gu≈ºÈV|
ge©√¶ÈVluÆ ®[˛≈VÏ.
“y√
y√ \´›]_ / y¬ÔM cı s‚Ω_ kÕ>m / ÔMºBV s‚ΩÁÈ
cı¶m
cı¶m” (√V_T], √.16). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ y√\´D ®[√m z›mse¬ÁÔ•D y¬ÔM
®[√m yfl∑¶Á´•D √Ω\©√|›m˛[≈™. ÷m s‚ΩÁÈ© √V|ÿ√VÚeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı|
ºÂV¬Ô©√|ÁÔl_ √Ω\¬ÔsÁ>. g™V_ s‚Ω_ ®[√º> \uÿ≈V[§[
z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVê©√|Dº√Vm ÷mºk z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>BV˛ s|˛[≈m. s‚Ω_
®[√>Á™ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D, y√¬ÔÁÈ ®[√>Á™ \VB¬ ÔkÏflE¬ÔV™
z§X¶VÔ°D, y√ \´›Á> ∂ÉB_ kV]¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>o_ TμºkVÏ¬zD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™¬ ÔV>_
kÁÈ¬zD, y√\´›Á> kÁÈ T∑ºkVÏ¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD ∂_Èm
s‚Ω_ ®[√>Á™© √¬>Ï¬zD y√¬ÔM ®[√>Á™ ∂Ú”Á´¬zD y√\´›Á>©
º√VoƒVtBVÏ¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∑‚¶√wD ®–D >ÁÈ©AD ÷›>ÁÔB
J[ÆkÁÔ© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿÔV^”>K¬zD ∞uAÁ¶B>V˛≈m. ®™ºk,
÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ y√\´D y¬ÔM g˛B √Ω\∫Ô^ >DÁ\•D
cÏ›]© ∏§ÿ>V[Á≈•D cÏ›mD kÁÔl_ kÕ>>V_ ÷m z§X‚|¬
ÔsÁ> g˛s|˛[≈m.
“ŒuÁ≈
ŒuÁ≈ ÿÂÚ©A / c>‚Ω[ kVE©∏_ / A_ÈV∫zwºÈ cÚz˛≈m
cÚz˛≈m”..
(√V_T], √.53). A_ÈV∫zwo[ kVE©∏_ ÂVD cÚzºkVD. g™V_ >[Á™
kVE¬ÁÔl_ >Vº™ cÚzD A_ÈV∫zwÈVÔ ÿ\øzk›]ÁB©
√Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. kÚÁ™BVÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm ºÂÏ ÿ√VÚºe º√Vm\V™
WÁÈl_ ∂Á\Õmê>VKD, ∏§ÿ>VÚ ÿ√VÚÁefl∑‚Ω WuÔV>>VKD ÷m
√Ω\¬ÔsÁ>BV˛[≈m.
“k´∫Ôºe
k´∫Ôºe / ƒV√∫Ô^ / gzÿ\[≈V_ ÷∫ºÔ/>k∫Ô^ ®>uÔVÔ?
®>uÔVÔ?”
(√V_T], √.79). ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ k´∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™¬ ÔÁ¶¬Ôı √VÏÁk¬zD
ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √V´VxÔ›]uzD >k∫Ô^ ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>K¬zD TμÕ>
º>kÁ> ®[√Á>¬ ÔV>o¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD, k´∫Ô^ ®[√Á> ∂´∑›
]‚¶∫Ô”¬zD, ƒV√∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™ cˆB √B™VπÔ”¬z kVF¬ÔVºÈ
194
ª¶Æ¬zD ÷Á¶› >´ÔÏÔ”¬zD, >k∫Ô^ ®[√>Á™© √È[ ºkıΩ WuzD
ÔV›]Ú©A¬zD, TμÕ> º>kÁ> ®[√Á> g‚EBVeÏÔ”¬zD z§X¶VÔ°D
kVE¬ÔÈVD. ®™ºk ÷m z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ> g˛[≈m.
*ÿ\FDÁ\lBD ( Surrealism ) ®[√m Â¶©∏BÁÈ tÁÔ©√|›]¬

Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√|k>VzD. ÷>Á™ ®πÁ\BVÔ© AˆÕmÿÔV^k>uz ∞u√ {ˆÚ
c>V´∫ÔÁe¬ ÔVıº√VD. Ô¶°eÏ EÁÈÔπ_ \M> c¶KD BVÁ™›
>ÁÈ•D ÷ÁÕm √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶ ∏^ÁeBVÏ EÁÈ ŒÚ ƒÏˆBoƒfl Eu√D ‘®[
ÿÂu§© ÿ√V‚Ω_ yÁB Ák¬˛≈VF’ ®[˛≈ ]Á´© √V¶_ kˆ•D ‘®[ klu§_
√VÁÈkVÏ›>VF’ ®[Æ kw¬z© ∏´ºBVÔ›]KD Ì¶ ÿ√V]Õm ˛¶©√m
*ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬ Ìº≈ ƒÏˆBoƒD ®™©√VÈV >ta_ ∂m √u§B x>_ ±ÁÈ
∂§xÔ©√|›]™VÏ. ∂>Á™ ÷È¬˛B c›]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶ kÁÔl_
QV™¬Ì›>–D, ∂©m_ ´z\V–D x[º™VΩÔeVkÏ. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB¬
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º> ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √V_T]. A]B
c›] \uÆD kΩk›Á> ∂§xÔ©√|›m˛[≈kÏÔºe √Á¶©A kΩs_
\‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂ku§[ Ô‚¶Á\©∏BÁÈ•D se¬˛BVÔ ºkıΩB º>Ákl_
÷ÚÕm ∏≈Õ>º> √V_T]l[ √Á¶©√V¬Ô ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬zD ∂k´m
‘\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È’.
“∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[
∂Ω\™¬Ô¶[ >[ ∂]B gw∫Ô”¬z ®[Á™ ∂Áw›>m. ÂV[
ÿk§ºBV| √VFÕº>[. ∂ÁÈÔºeV| sÁeBVΩº™[. Jμ˛º™[.
x›m¬ zπ›º>[. ∂Õ> x›m¬zπB_>V[ √V_T]
√V_T]. >VMB∫˛ ®ø›m,
sº™V>fl ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔ ]BV™ WÁÈl_ >Vº\ c]¬zD √Ω\∫Ô^
z§X|Ô^ ®[Æ *ÿ\FÁ\l[ √_ºkÆ ƒV›]B¬ ÌÆÔÁe•D ÷]_
√ˆºƒV]›m© √VÏ›]Ú¬˛º≈[. ÿ>V[\ c›]l[ ƒ¬]ÁB cÏ›>°D
÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\ ke›Á>¬ ÔV‚¶°D ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ∂]Ô\VÔ©
√ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[” 91 .
√B[√|›]© √ˆºƒV]›]Ú¬˛º≈[
*ÿ\FDÁ\l[ √_ ºkÆ ƒV›]B¬ ÌÆÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_

√Ω\∫Ô”D z§X|Ô”D ∂¶∫zD. A]B ºkÆ√V¶V™ ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^,
ÿ>V[\∫Ô^, >VMB∫˛ ®ø›m kÁÔlKD cı|. ÿ\e™©√VÁÈ ÿkπ,
go∫Ô™ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈD >V√∫Ôπ[ ÷Á\, ÿƒVÏ¬Ô\Ô´Õ> ÔÏkD ÷Ák
195
√V_T]l[ ÿƒsl[ ∑kVƒ›]_ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD A]B ºkÆ√V¶V™ ÿƒVu
ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, ¿Ï ÿÂF ∂Ô_, {¶ kı|Ô^, ÿ\e™\_ g•>©Ø¬Ô^,
ÂVÔo∫Ô© Ø gƒ™D, ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ÷Ák ∂k´m ŒuÁ≈xÁÈl[ A]B
ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^.
“ÿ\e™©
ÿ\e™© √VÁÈÿkπl_ / •ÔD•Ô\VÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ> /
ÿ√ÚJfl∑¬Ô^ c[ go∫Ô™ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ›]_ sDx˛[≈™
sDx˛[≈™” (√V_T],
√.23). ÿkD√VÁÈBVF›>˛¬zD s´Ô›yl_ •ÔVÕ]´∫ÔeVÔ ∂ÁÈÕm ]ˆÕ>
¿|lÏ©A¬Ô^ g´›>ø°D go∫Ô™›]_ ∂Á¶¬ÔÈ\V˛ √VÁÈk™fl
ºƒVÁÈÁB¬ (Casis in dosert) Ôı¶Á¶Õ> xøWÁ≈s_ sDt¶ÈV˛[≈™.
√V>∑´∫Ôºe ÂV>¸k´∫ÔeVÔ ∂kem kÚÁÔ ÿƒsl[ ∑kVƒ\V˛[≈m.
“¿ÏÿÂF
¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_ / WtÏÕ> ∑¶º´ {¶ kı|Ô^ / ÿ\VF¬zD
∑Á>ÿ\V‚º¶ c™¬z^ ÂV[ / \Ô´Õ>\V™mı| ÿÂÚ©A› mı|ÔÁe /
sø∫zD ÂV[ c[ ÿ\e™ \o_/>ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô kÕ>mı| ®[
÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√l[ ∂Ú˛_ xÁe›> ŒuÁ≈ xÁÈºB
xÁÈºB” (√V_T],
√¬.42á43) ®™› >VD √l[≈ ]BVƒ´VƒÏ ÔÁÈ¬Ô_Ÿˆl[ ∂Ú˛_ ÷Ú¬zD
\VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze \ı¶√ QV√Ô∫ÔÁe *‚ÿ¶|¬˛[≈VÏ. ¿ÏÿÂF ∂Ôo_
WtÏÕ> ∑¶Ï, {¶kı|Ô^ ÿ\VF¬zD ∂Á> ÿ\V‚| ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD >Á™›
>VÈV‚ΩB >VFÁ\ÁB©√V|˛[≈VÏ. ÿÂÚ©A¬ ºÔVa ÿÂÚ©Á√ sø∫˛ \o_
>ÁÈAÁ>©√Á> mB´∫ÔÁe sø∫˛B >V[ ÿ\e™ \o_ >ÁÈAÁ>¬Ô
kÕ>>VÔ x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷∫ºÔ ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√ ®[√m ∂kÏ √l[≈
]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_ŸˆÁB•D ŒuÁ≈xÁÈ ®[√m \VˆBD\[ ÿ>©√¬ze
\ı¶√›Á>•D z§X¶V¬z˛[≈™.
“®[
®[ g≈Vkm s´_ kaºB EKÁkloÚÕm / kΩ˛≈m ´›>D gD
/ ®[ \VDƒD / kVÏ›Á> g˛≈m
g˛≈m”(√V_T], √.5) kVƒÔÏÔ”¬z› >D
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂§xÔD ÿƒFm Ák©√>uÔV™ ŒÚ xÔkˆfl Ê‚¶VÔ ÷¬ÔsÁ> √u§
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“º√™V
º√™V ®™¬z© ∏§][ ˛wÁ\ ∂_È >u˛wÁ\ ®[s´_Ôπ_
Œ[Æ g≈Vkm s´_ kVμ¬ÁÔ ŒÚ EKÁk ; ∂]_ ÂV[
∂Á≈B©√‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈[. gıÔ^ ]≈Õ> ÔVB∫Ôπ[ ´›>D>V[ ®[
196
g≈Vkm s´_kaBVÔ ka˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD á ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD ®[ c¶_ ÔÁ´Õm ÔÁ´Õm
kVÏ›Á>BV˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>BVkm á ŒÚ
∑>Õ]´D; ∑ÔV–√kD; T| ]ÚD√_! ®™ºk ®[ º>kº™! ®™¬z¬ ÁÔ
T|]ÚD√_!
ÿÔV|›yÏ
ÿÔV|›yÏ” (\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, √¬.11á13)
÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ ssoB› ÿ>V[\D ÁÔBV·©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈m. g≈Vkm s´_

®[√m {Ï *ÿ\FÁ\lB¬ z§X¶VzD. g≈Vkm s´_ ®[√m º√™VÁk¬
z§©√>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m. “ ∞∑∏´V[ \–¬zÈ›]uÔVÔfl EKÁkl_
∂Á≈B©√‚|›>V[ zÚ]ÁBfl EÕ]™VÏ ®[√m ssoBD ÌÆD
ÔÚ›>VzD. ÷¬ÔÚ›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ÔsQÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >[–Á¶B
g≈Vkm s´ÈV˛B ®ømºÔVo[ kVlÈVÔ› >V[ EÕ>Á™¬ zÚ]ÁBfl
√Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ” 92 .
ƒx>VB›]uz¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏ
“Ôs¬ºÔVs[
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> \V–¶ kVμ¬ÁÔ¬ÔVÔ ƒx>VB
º\D√V‚|¬ÔVÔ ∂Ï©√Ë¬Ô©√‚¶ ®ı¬ zÚ] ®[ÆD ∂k´m º√™V
z§©∏‚|êVÏ” 93 . ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe
g≈Vkm s´_ ®[ÆD z§©∏‚|êVÏ
\‚|\_È ∏≈ ƒ\B› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D ºÔ^s¬zêV¬z˛[≈VÏ.
“EKÁk
EKÁk \´∫Ô^ / ÷Õ>©√EÿÔVı¶ \´∫Ô^ \Vtƒ
√‚EËÔeV˛s‚¶™. ŒÚ ÛˆBÁ™© ∏´ƒs›m / º√V]l[ Ww_ /
ÿkπflƒ›Á> ∂ˆ¬zD sBV]BV˛s‚¶m. ŒÚ E[x›]Á´l_/QV™
Û‚∑\›Á>ºB ∂∏Âl›> s´_Ôπ[ / ƒÈ∫ÁÔl_ÈV> Â¶™›Á> /
∂≈∫ºÔu§B ∂º> Ô_ÈV‹™ ˇμ / WtÏÕm W[≈ ]ˆÛÈ s´_Ô^ /
®ıVl´D ®KtflƒD √w∫ÔÁefl ÿƒÚzD Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™
Ôø\´∫ÔeVl™” (√V_T],
√¬.89á90).
EKÁk© º√VÏÔÁe cê¶¬˛fl EKÁk \´∫Ô^ \Vtƒ

√‚EËÔeV¬˛s‚¶™ ®™°D; ÛˆB[ A›>Ú¬zD º√V]Ww_ ÿ√e›>›]uzD g™
z§X|Ô^ ÷[Á≈B ÿ√e›>›]uz^ ª|ÚsB ÷Õm›mk›Á>ºB ÿkπflƒ›Á>
∂ˆ¬zD sBV] ®™°D; Â¶´Vƒ >›mk∫ÔÁe ∂∏Âl›> Ekÿ√Ú\VM[
>Vı¶k¬ Ì›m ∂´∫ºÔ§B Ô_ÈVÈ \´›][ ˇºwºB ƒ\¬ Ôøºku≈D
197
WÔμÕ>m ®™°D (÷∫ºÔ Ô_ÈVÈD á Áƒk ƒ\B›]uzD, ®ıVl´D
®KtflƒD√w∫Ô^ á ƒ\Ï ®ıVl´kÏ¬zD z§X|ÔeVl™). \>ÿk§ÁB
∂ÀkD\>¬ ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬ Ì¶VÔºk º>VKˆ›m s|˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÀkVÆ
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe g”D c›] º√VÏxÔ›]_ ®]ˆl[ g•>∫ÔÁeºB ÁÔ©√u§
∂kÏÔ”¬z ®]´VÔ© √B[√|›> k_È gu≈_ ∂kÚ¬z¬ ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈBV˛
s|˛[≈m.
“ml_∑kVƒD
ml_∑kVƒD ∂¶∫Ô / ®[ ∂™VÁ>¬ Ô™° /
∂ÔVÈ\´\Á¶Õms‚¶m √VÁkfl ƒ\V]l_ / ∂>[ ƒk ∂¶¬ÔD
ÿ√ÚJfl∑ cπ / Ô_ÈÁ≈ kVƒÔ› º>Ïs[ / ÷[–D / >|\V§¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô / ÷Á\©ö c›]Ôπ_ ]´kfl∑¶ÏÔÁe› / ]™xD ∞u§
Ák¬˛º≈[ ÂV[
ÂV[” (√V_T], √.17)
#¬Ô›]_ √E›>ø> >[ Ô™Ák© √Vƒ›m¶[ ∂^π ª‚Ω keÏ›> ¿•D;

cÏ°ÔÁe ÿ\e™›]_ ˛¶›]lÚÕ> ¿•D ŒÚ›] >V™V? ®[˛≈ ºÔ^sl[
ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVF› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÷©√z]ÁB ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >VMB∫˛ ®ø›>VÔ
∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD.
©º´[ √ÈxÁ≈ ko•Æ›]fl ÿƒV[™ Ìu§[√Ω ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›

>[MB¬ÔD ( Poetic automatism ) ÔÚ›m≈s[ ÛwÁ\Ák› >[M_
ÿÔVı¶>VzD ®[√Ï. ÷Õ> ∂Ω©√Á¶lºÈºB A]B ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔeVÔ Ô™s[
ÿ\VaBV_ ÿ>V¶ÚD >VMB∫˛ ®ø›>VÔ ÷©√z] ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. “ŒÚ
ŒÚ
ÔsQM[ >M©√‚¶ ~|√V| ÔV´\VÔ Œº´ z§X| *e*e ∂k[
√Á¶©∏_ √´kÈV™ g‚E ÿ√≈ ºÂÚD ÷>Á™ºB \§>Ú z§X|
( recurrent symbal ) ®[√Ï. ÔsQ´m cê›Á>•D, ∂kÚÁ¶B
®ø›Á>•D g‚E ÿƒFk>V_ ÷kuÁ≈ ∞‚¸ ‘g”D z§X|Ô^’ ( ruling
g”D z§X|Ô^
symbals ) ®[√VÏ. ÷kuÁ≈fl E≈©√VÔ gFÂ> º¤Vƒ©kV´[ ¨fl ÷Ák
ÔsQÏ cÏÁk© ¨Ω›]Ú¬zD √ı∏™V_ ¨Ω¬zD √Ω\∫Ô^ ( obses-
sive ®[√VÏ” 94 . √V_T]ÁB gF° ÿƒF> {Ï gFkVeÏ
images ) ®[√VÏ
ÿÂu§¬Ôı, ÷Á\, EKÁk, Â‚ƒ›]´D g˛BÁk \§>Úz§X|ÔeVÔ kÚkÁ>
®|›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•êVÏ.
198
ºÔVΩfl ÛˆBÏÔÁe© ∏aÕm Â‚ƒ›]´∫Ô^ ÿƒFº>[ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ ÿƒ§°
®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD ŒÚ ƒ∫ÔV´›>V_ ÷Õ>© Øt √ı√|›>©√‚¶ ∏[, Â‚ƒ›]´
sÁ>ÔÁe› #°ºkVD ÷∫ºÔ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>m ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
Â‚ƒ›]´ ºk≠\ËÕ> ®ø›m¬Ô^ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ se¬ÔD ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
÷eºkM_ ÷´° Â‚ƒ›]´ x^π_ s´Ô WÈ° ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ Ø ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD,
ÂV‚Á¶©∏ˆÕ> ∂Ô]ÔeVF Â¶¬˛[≈™ ®[≈ ÷¶›]_ g[\V ®[≈ ÿ√VÚπKD
®[ ED\Vƒ™D gÔVB›]_ ®[≈VKD, ®[√VÏÁk Øtl[*º> ŒÚ
Â‚ƒ›]´Dº√V_ ®[–D ÷¶›]_ cBÏÕ>kÏÔπ[ ÔÚÁ© √VÏÁk ®[≈
ÿ√VÚπKD Â‚ƒ›]´D √V_T]l_ √_ºkÆ ÿ√VÚπ_ ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m..
*ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ √Ω\D, z§X|, A]B ÿƒVu ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, >VMB∫˛

®ø›ÿ>™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔBV™ ƒV›]B© √V|ÔÁe•D ÿkÆD c›]flºƒV>Á™
®[˛≈ ∂es_ W[Æs¶V\_ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_
WÁÈÂV‚Ω•êm ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô© √Á¶©A ÿÂ§BVzD. \uÆD
s›]BVƒ\VÔ© A]™©√|›m>_ ®[√]_ AmÁ\ÁB cÚkÁ\›>_ ®[√º>V|
√wÁ\ÁB cÚ¬zÁÈ›>_ ®[√mD ∂k´m ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV”D √V∫˛_
ª¶VΩ› ÿ>V¶Ïk>V˛[≈™. ÷mkÁ´ ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √u§ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™.
÷M ∂kˆ[ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.
“´›>D c[ ∂∏º≠Ô\V?/ ÷m ®Õ> \>D? ®Õ> ºk>D? / ÷kÏÔeV c[

√¬>ÏÔ^?”. “yÁ\ ∂]Ôˆ¬zD º√Vÿ>_ÈVD ∂k>ˆ©º√[ ®[≈VºB / ÷Á>s¶¬
ÿÔVΩBÔVÈD ®m? / ®∫ºÔ ÔVºVD / c[ ∂k>V´D?”
“gÈB\Ë
gÈB\Ë {Áƒ•D / \Û]l[ ∂Áw©ÿ√Vo•D / ÔVu§_
ÔÁ´Õm ƒ∫Ôt¬zD ∂Ï›>D/ ÷kÏÔ”¬z ®©º√Vm se∫zD?
ÔÁ¶EBVÔ¬ ºÔ‚˛º≈[ ¿ NÕmkV? x¸‹\V ´V∫ÂD√Ï ®[≈ √]ºÈV|
÷Á©A mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m
mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶m”(gÈV√Á™, √¬.28á29). ®[ \>\V™
º√F∏Ω›>k–¬z ®]´V™ Ôı¶™¬ z´ÁÈ ∂≈flÊu≈›m¶[ ∂w˛BºÈV|D
÷MBˇÁ> /
º√∑˛[≈VÏ, Ô¶°eVºÈºB >k≈V™ ®ı ®™›mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶>VÔ“÷MBˇÁ>
÷Õm¬ÔÁe•D / ˇÏ›]tz Á√∏^ / ˛§›mkÏÔÁe•D x]ÏÕ> zÏg[/
cÚkV¬zD” 95 ®[√m
x¸‹DÔÁe•D cu√›] ÿƒFBV\_ / \M>ÏÔÁe cÚkV¬zD
ÿ>V¶¬Ô ÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ Ô™kVÔ ÷ÚÕ>m. ∂m >ÔÏÕm º√V™Á> >k≈V™
199
®ı W‘∏¬˛[≈m ÷Õ> ÷¶›]_ ŒÚ ÿ√ı QVM >twÔ x>_kÏ *m
÷´V\Ï√VÈfl E¬Ôo_ >ÁÈÁB¬ ÿÔVF•D √›kV s]›> >Ú›]_ z§©∏‚¶m
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz
ÿÔVfiƒÔVÈ›]uz ÷Õ> √Ôk›ˇÁ>, Á√∏^, zÏg[ J[Æ¬zD
>Á¶ s]¬Ôºkı|D. ∂ku§_ Ì≈©√‚|êku§_ ®Õ>ÿkVÚ >kÆº\
÷_ÁÈ. g™V_ ∂ku§uÔV™ >k≈V™ sBV¬˛BV™∫ÔeV_ >V[
®_ÈVD”96 ®[√Ï ~≠V ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À.
÷›>ÁÔB ∏´flƒÁ™Ô^ ®_ÈVD
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”º\ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD x›]Á´

√]›>kÏÔ^. ÿkzƒ™ ∂´∫Ô\V™ ÔsB´∫˛_ Ì¶ E≈©√V™ z§X|ÔÁe¬
ÁÔBVı| ∂ƒ›>¬ ÌΩB k_ÈÁ\•D ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬zı|. ÷Õ]BVs_
ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈ ∏´Ô¶™©√|›>©√‚ΩÚÕ> ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ÔD√[ swV¬
ÔsB´∫˛_ ∂kÚ¬zˆB >ÁÈ©A ÁÔºBl.
“>[
>[ \Ô[ ∂´ƒV·› / >Õ]´∫Ô^ ÿƒF>V^ ÿ√V[\ÔÁ™¬
ÔV‚|¬z© / º√V¬˛™V^. ÁÔºÔlÁB› >V[/ Ôs√V¶ kÕm^ºe[ Ôı¶
ÿ√VÚÿe_ÈVD ÔVVyÏ ®[≈ ∂Õ>¬ÔVÈ¬ Ô‚¶ ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩ WÁÈl[
∂ÉBÁÈ© º√EB ∂kÏ ÔsÁ>l_ ÁÔºÔlÁB ÷Õ]´V ÔVÕ]¬zD
>[\Ô[ ®[√Á> ´V˝ÀÔVÕ]¬zD ÿ√V[\Ô[ ®[√Á>©
A≈¬ÔË¬Ô©√‚¶ ÔV\´VƒÚ¬zD ÿ√VÚÕmD kıD º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>lKD
ÁÔBVı¶VÏ” 97 .
z§X‚Á¶fl E≈©√VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶VÏ
“ÔV>ÁÈ
ÔV>ÁÈ \‚|\_È / Ô¶°Áe k∫zk>uzD / ÂV[ ®[√m>V[
sÁÈ se¬˛_ >[Á™ ÷w¬zD / ®ıÿBVF ÷Ú / ∏´ÔVƒD ∂Á¶
kVF gD / >uÿÔVÁÈ ÿƒFm ÿÔV^ ¿ ∂\´™VkVF
∂\´™VkVF” (gÈV√Á™, √.135)
ÔV>_ x>_ √¬]kÁ´ ÂVÁ™› m≈Õ>V_>V[ ÔVˆB ƒV›]B\VzD.
E™D ÷≈¬Ô¬ Ôu≈VKD / E›] ®_ÈVD ÿ√u≈VKD \™D ÷≈¬Ô¬ Ô_ÈVÏ¬z

kVºB[ √´V√´º\ ®[√m >V•\V™Ï √V¶_ \™D ÷≈¬zD ÔÁÈ ®[Æ {º≠V
ŒÚ±ºÈ √Á¶›mêVÏ. \™D >V[ √ÁÔ. ∂Á>¬ ÿÔV›mºkVD kVÚ∫Ô^.
∂Á>¬ ˛a©º√VD kVÚ∫Ô^ ∂Á> ºk‚Á¶BV|ºkVD kVÚ∫Ô^ ®™© √V´]•D
√V|kVÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ\FlB_ Ìº≈ ∂›>ÁÔB ªΩÁw©∏´]ÔeVÔ (inter
200
textuality ) ÷kuÁ≈ÿB_ÈVD ÂDx^ *e°D WÁ™∆‚¶k_È>V˛[≈m.
÷È¬˛BD ∂–√k›]oÚÕm º>V[ÆkÁ> ∂>uzx[ Ôıº¶VD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>
\‚|D ÷È¬˛BD ÷È¬˛B›]oÚÕm º>V[ÆD √–koÁ¶ c≈Ák
x[Ák©√>V˛[≈m.
“÷È¬˛B©
÷È¬˛B© ∏´]¬zD ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÷È¬˛B© ∏´]¬z\V™ c≈ºk
Ô¬˛_ ®|›m¬ ÿÔVê©√¶ ºkıΩBm √–koÁ¶ c≈° ®[≈ >e›]_
Ák›º> ÷È¬˛B k´ÈVÆD ÷È¬˛B kÁÔÁ\Ô”¬z ÷Á¶lÈV™
se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D” 98 ®[√Ï Â.x›mº\VÔ[.
ºkÆ√V|Ô”D se¬Ô©√¶ºkı|D
÷›>ÁÔB ∂Á\©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛u Ì¶VÔ°D ÿ√VÚ‚√|›>¬ ÌΩB Œ[≈VF

÷¬ÔsÁ> Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|êm. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ √Á¶©A ÿÂ§Ôπ[
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm Eu√O‚√D. ∂>Vkm ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒ§kV™ ÷Æ¬Ô\VÔ›
>´k_È O‚√D. ~° ÷´¬Ôt[§ ∑B>Ë¬ÁÔ ÿƒFBk_È √Á¶©√Vπ¬ºÔ
ÔVˆBƒV›]BV\¬ ÌΩBm ÷m.
“ÿ√ÚD√VKD
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÂV[ ¿ı¶ ÔsÁ>Ô”Á¶B ®]ˆ. ®Àke°
∑Ú¬Ô\VÔfl ÿƒV_È xΩ•º\V ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z ÔÁ¶E √‚ƒ\VÔ ÷>uzº\_
kˆÔÁe ∂Ω¬ÔxΩBVm ®[≈ WÁÈ kÚD kÁ´lKD ÔsÁ>ÁBfl
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[” 99 ®[Æ >Dx¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[§_ z§©∏‚|êVÏ.
∑Ú¬˛s|ºk[
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÷∫ºÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ§°¬z c>V´\VÔ {ˆÚ ÔsÁ>
kˆÔÁe \‚|D ÔVıº√VD.
“®[Á™¬
®[Á™¬ Ôı¶mD / ÔsøD c[ ÷Á\Ô^ ÿÔV∑kÁÈBV? /
*[kÁÈBV? c[ √VÏÁkÔ^ / √≈Õm kÚkm ®[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ /
÷Á´º>¶ºkV? Ì| Ô‚¶ºkV?
Ô‚¶ºkV?” (√V_T], √.33) ÿkπl_ ÷Ú¬zD ÿÔV∑¬ÔÁe
c^k´V\_ >|¬Ôk_Èm ÿÔV∑kÁÈ. c^ºe E¬˛B *[ÔÁe ÿkπºB≈
s¶V\_ >|¬Ô k_Èm *[kÁÈ. Ôı¶mD ÔsøD ÷Á\Ô^ c‚AÔ xBKD
>[Á™› >|¬zD kÁÈBV? ∂Ô©√|›] ÿkπºB≈ s¶V\_ ÔV¬zD kÁÈBV
®™°D, √≈Õm kÚD ∂k^ √VÏÁkÔ^ >[ ˛ÁeÔπ_ ÷Á´ º>Ω©
√≈Õº>VΩs¶kV ∂_Èm >∫˛lÚÕm Ì|Ô‚Ω¬ zΩlÚ¬ÔkV ®™°D
ÿ√VÚ‚ÿƒ§°¶–D, ÷Æ¬Ô\V™ ÿƒ§°¶–D Ô‚¶Á\›mêVÏ. ∂|›>m
∂ıV √u§Bm.
201
“∂ø˛[≈
∂ø˛[≈ º√VmD / º\ÔD º√VÈ ∂ø>k[ ¿ sø˛[≈ º√VmD /
sÁ>ÁB© º√VÈ søÕ>k[ ¿
¿” (sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, √.15) º\Ô›][
∂øÁÔ>Vº™ \Áw. º\Ô\ø> \Áw ¿ÚD \u≈kÏ¬z© √B™V>_ º√VÈ ®™°D;
>™¬ÔVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ \u≈kÏ¬ÔVÔ, ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫Ô”¬ÔVÔ ∂ø˛≈k[ ®™°D
÷m ÿ√VÚ^√|D.
“Â[Æ ÷kÏ” 100

Â[Æ ∂§kVˆ_ ÔBkÏ ]Ú°Á¶BÏ ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈD ÷kÏ
‘Â[≈ˆkVÏ ÿÂfiƒ›m ∂kÈD’ ®™ k^”kD ∑‚|D ∂≈º\, º\ÔD º√V_
∂ø>k[ ®[√]KD ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBV˛[≈m. ∂fiƒo¬ ÔsÁ>¬z gÔflƒˆBV™
x[–>V´\V˛› ]Ôμkm ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∂ıV°¬z g™ ∂fiƒo¬
ÔsÁ>ºBBVzD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ JÈº\ ÷>[ ÿƒ§kV™ sÁ>º√V_
søÕ>k[ ®–D ckÁ\© √V∫˛[ kVlÈVÔºk ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔÁÈQÏ
\™›]KD gw\VÔºk søÕ>VÏ. √´kÈV™ Ôk™ ~Ï©Á√•D ÿ√≈ÈV™VÏ. ƒJÔ
Â[Á\¬ÔVÔ kVμ˛[≈kÏÔ^ AÁ>¬Ô©√|k]_ÁÈ, sÁ>¬Ô›>Vº™
√|˛[≈VÏÔ^? ∂ıV ®[˛≈ \Ô›>V™ sÁ>>Vº™ ∂kÏ ÔVÈ›]uz©
∏[™VKD º√ˆB¬Ô\VÔ WÁÈÿ√uÆ ÷B∫z˛[≈m.
“sÁ>ÁB©
sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ®[ EÕ>Á™ ÔÁÈQÁ´ tÔ°D
ÔkÏÕms‚¶m ÷Á> ∂kÚÁ¶B º√flEKD, ®ø›]KD √ÈxÁ≈
√V´V‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ÷Õ>fl EÕ>Á™ JÈ\VÔºk ÔÁÈQÚÁ¶B ÷>B›]_
søÕms‚º¶[” 101.
ÂV[ sÁ>ÁB© º√V_ søÕms‚º¶[
“sÁ>
sÁ> º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®[≈ ÿƒVuÿ≈V¶Á´© √B[√|›] ®[Á™
\B¬Ô›]_ gμ›]™VÏ ´z\V[. ∂ıV \Á≈Õ> m¬Ô›Á>ºB ŒÚ
t[™ÈΩ¬zD ºÂ´D Œm¬˛Ák›ms‚| sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ ®–D
ÂV[” 102
Ôs¬ºÔVs[ ÿƒVuÔπºÈ ÿƒV¬˛© º√VlÚ¬˛º≈[ ÂV[
“ÿku§√È
ÿku§√È Ôı| ÂV[ / sÚmÿ√≈ kÚDº√Vm / ÿkz\V™D ®[™
®[º√[” 103 .
ºkı|D ®™¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™› >ÚÔ ®[º√[
‘sÁ>º√VÈ søÕ>VF’ ®–D ckÁ\ ∂ıVÁk x[Ák›º> ∏≈Õ>

º√V]KD, ƒJÔ© º√´VπÔ^ ∂Á™kÏ¬zD g™ ∂fiƒoÔ”¬zD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬
ÌΩB>VF g˛s|˛[≈m. ÷©√Ω z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚkÏ, ŒÚkˆ[ \´D
®[√Á>¬Ô¶Õm, >M\M> ºƒVÔD ®[√Á>¬ Ô¶Õm, ÿ√Vm\M> ºÂB\VÔ©
202
√ˆt¬ÁÔl_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D ∂\´›mkD ÿ√uÆ s|˛[≈m. ÂV‚¶VÏ
kw¬ÔVuÆ©√V∫˛ÈV™ ÔsÁ>¬zD ÷∫ÿÔVÚ c>V´¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
ÔVıº√VD.
“x[™VºÈ
x[™VºÈ kVlÚÕmD / ∏[™VºÈ >V[ ∑‚¶m / xΩflƒsμ¬zD
º√Ïka∫Ô / JfiElºÈ √‚¶m. √VmÔV©A© √Á¶lºÈ•D ∂fiƒVD√Á¶
ºkÁÈBV? √V´>›>VF \V™D ÔV¬Ô ±ÈVD√Á¶ ºƒÁÈBV?
ºƒÁÈBV?” (∑‚|s´_,
√¬.112á113)
÷m ¨´∫˛©º√´ ªwÁÈ© √VΩkÚD ¨´∫˛©√V‚|. ÷ÀkV≈VÔ ®_ÈVxD

®ø›m¬ÔsÁ> (Written Poetry), º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ> (Spoken Poetry), kw¬z¬
ÔsÁ> ( Folb Poetry ) ®[≈ JkÁÔ¬ Ôs>ÔπKD; Á«¬ÌsKD; ÊˆB
÷È¬˛B kVƒÔ[, ÿkzƒ™ ´ƒÁ™ kVƒÔ[ ®[§Ú>´©A kVƒÔÏ \›]lKD ∂©m_
´z\V[ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ se∫zk>uz ∂k´m Ôs›mkt¬Ô √Á¶©A ÿÂ§Ôºe
ÔV´\V™ÁkBVzD. ŒÚ √Á¶©A ÷È¬˛B\V ®[√Á> ®©√Ω› yÏ\VM©√m ®[≈
ºÔ^s ∂kˆ¶D ®ø©√©√‚¶º√Vm,
“√ÈxÁ≈Ô^
√ÈxÁ≈Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ°ÔÁe
ÿkπ©√|›>¬ÌΩB, ÿ>V¶¬ÌΩB ÔÚÁk Á\B\VÔ Ák›m ®ø]™V_ ∂m
√V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB WÁÈ›m WuzD. g™V_ √V|ÿ√VÚπ™VºÈºB
®_ÈVD ÔsÁ>BV˛s¶Vm. ∂m ®ømD ÔsQˆ[ ]≈Á\ÁB•D
ÿ√VÆ›]Ú¬˛≈m. {Ï ∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ \M> cÏ° ®[≈VKD Ì¶ ∂Á>
®øm˛≈ ÔsQÏ ŒÚ s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_ ∂Á> skˆ¬Ô ºkı|D.
∂_Èm ∂>[ ŒÚ A]B ∂Dƒ›Á> ÿkπ©√|›> ºkı|D. >[Á™©
√V]¬Ô¬ÌΩB ∏´flEÁ™Ô”D cÏflEÔ”D ÔsÁ>BVÔÈVD. g™V_
∂m ®©√Ω ÿkπ©√|›>©√|˛≈m ®[√Á>© ÿ√VÆ›m›>V[ ∂m
÷È¬˛B\VzD” 104.
÷È¬˛B\VzD
√Á¶©AÿÂ§ z§›> ÂT™›mk s\ÏƒÔÏÔ^ √VÏÁkÔÁe ®_ÈVD

ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÿÂ§xÁ≈Ô^ ®[≈ ÷Bo_ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∂Õ> ∂ˆB
se¬Ô∫Ôπ[ c‚ÿ√V]Õ> ƒV´VDƒ›Á>›>V[ ŒÚºƒ´© ∏aÕÿ>|›m
®πÁ\BV™ \V›]Á´Ô^ kΩs_ Â\¬Ôπ¬˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ∂>uzD
c>V´\VÔ ∂k´m Á«¬Ì Œ[º≈ ƒV[≈VzD.
203
“÷´ÿk_ÈVD
÷´ÿk_ÈVD / c[ WÁ™°Ô^ / ÿÔV∑¬Ô^
ÿÔV∑¬Ô^” (√V_T], √.27)
ÔV>ÁÈ©√V¶V> ÔsQÏ ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Á>ºB ÔV>_ WÁ™°ÔÁeºB

ÿÔV∑¬Ôÿe™¬ ÔÚ›m©√Ω\D g¬˛ Á«¬Ì kΩsºÈºB ÿƒm¬˛fl E≈©∏¬˛≈VÏ
∂©m_ ´z\V[. ÷∫z ck\©ÿ√VÚ^ ÔÚ›m© ÿ√VÚeVÔ ∂Á\•D √V∫˛™V_
÷m ÔÚ›m©√Ω\ Á«¬ÌkVF kΩkÁ\¬Ô©√‚|êm. ÔV>_ WÁ™°ÔÁe©
√ÈÏ √VΩ•ê™Ï. g™V_ ∂>Á™¬ ÿÔV∑¬Ô^ ®–D s›]BVƒ\V™ ºÔV›]_
ÿkπ©√|›>©√‚|ê xÁ≈l™VºÈºB ÷m ÷È¬˛B ÿku§ÁB
®F]¶ÈV˛[≈m.
xΩ°Ô^
®m ÔsÁ> ®[√Á>¬ ÔV©Azx[ ®m ÔsÁ> gÔVm ®[√m √u§B

ÔsÁ>BV·ÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
Ôs›mk›Á> zwÕÁ>l[ ∂§BVÁ\loÚÕmD, √VkÁl_

÷ÚÕmD, sÁ·BV‚|¬Ôπ_ ÷ÚÕmD, sB¬Ô›ÿ>ˆÕ> \™›]_ ÷ÚÕmD,
ºÔ^sÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD Ôs›mk›Á> ÷™DÔV xΩ•D ®[√™
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
Eu∏l[ \V∫ÿÔV‚Á¶ ÔsÁ> clˆ[ ÷B¬Ô›Á>© √u§© √V|k>VÔ

∂Á\˛≈m. ÔV›m ˛¶©√m>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ ®[√Á>¬ Ô>° ®[˛≈ ÔsÁ> x[
Ák©√>VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
®∫ÿÔ∫z ÔVË–D ®–D ÔsÁ> ∑Õ>D g]BVÁk© º√∑˛[≈m.

gı¶k[ √Á¶©∏ºÈºB √ˆØ´D ÷_ÈV\uº√VFs¶Vm. ÷>Á™ºB Eu∏ >[
ÔsÁ> ÿ\Val_ ÷Æ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§°¶[ √ˆØ´›]KD Jπ›>™D cı|;
Jπ›>™›]KD √ˆØ´D cı| ®™fl ÿƒV_ÈV\_ ÿƒV_KD ÔÁÈºB ÷kˆ[
Ôs›mkD ®[√m s·¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
{ÚÏÁkfl ÿƒ§kVÔ© √Á¶›>_, ŒÚ WÔμs[ √È ºÔVfl E›]ˆ©A,

ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ xÕWÁÈ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛B>VÔ Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^·™.
204
{ÚÏsuz sÁÈ\Ô^ Ô_ÈÁ≈, √ÈºÔVfl E›]ˆ©∏uz º´V≠D,
x^ºÔV|, W≈D g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>¬z √ÁwB˚Ï ¿o, \mÁ´
T´[, ÿ>uz k·° √V‚Á¶BV g˛B ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·•D ÷™D Ôı|
s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
>tw[√[ Â]ÁB•D {Á¶ÁB•D √Ω\\V¬˛ \M> cÏÁk•D

kVμsB_ cıÁ\ÔÁ·•D ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â] ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶ JÈD
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ.
Â_È ∂ÉB_ sÁ>¬z cˆB E≈Õ> ®|›m¬ÔV‚| ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÔsÁ>.

~wflE¬ÔÁÈ©√u§•D, ®πÁ\l_ >V[ ∂w˛Ú¬˛≈m ®™ ÿkÀºkÆ kVE©∏uz
÷¶\π©√>VÔ ÷k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ c^·™.
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √Ω\D, z§X|, ÔV‚E ∂|¬zÔπ[ ®|›mÁ´©A,

s›]BVƒ\V™ c›]Ô^ ®™¬ Ô‚¶Á\¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
ƒJÔ›][ EÁ>°ÔÁ· ®|›m¬ÔV‚|kmD ƒJÔ ∂¿]¬z ®]´VÔ¬ z´_

ÿÔV|©√mD ÔsQM[ >VÏ*Ô¬ Ô¶Á\Ô·VzD. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
º>Ï>ÁÈ•D, ƒ™ÂVBÔ›Á>•D ∂ku§[ EÁ>°ÔÁ·•D Ôs›mk›m¶[
∂D√È©√|›m˛[≈™.
√Ω\kV¬ÔD √u§•D √Ω\ x>[Á\¬ ÔsÁ> √u§•D s·¬Ô∫Ô^

ÿ>Vz›>π¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_>V[ z§X‚|› ÿ>V¶ÏflE gu≈ºÈV| g·©√|˛≈m.

y√\´›]_, y¬ÔM cı s‚Ω_ kÕ>m. ÔMºB s‚ΩÁÈ cı¶m. ÷]_
s‚ΩÁÈ© √V|ÿ√VÚ·VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V_ √Ω\¬ ÔsÁ> s‚Ω_ ®[√Á>
\uÿ≈V[§[ z§X¶VÔ¬ ÿÔVı¶V_ z§X‚|¬ ÔsÁ>. s‚ΩÁÈ \¬Ô”¬ÔV™
z§X¶VÔ°D y√\´›Á> ∂ÉB_kV]¬ÔV™ z§X¶VÔ°D kVE¬ÔÈVD. ∂©m_
´z\VÁ™ z§X‚| ÔsQÏ ®™¬ÌÆkm ƒVÈ© ÿ√VÚÕmD.
*ÿ\FlB¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ >tμ¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BVÔ kVF›>º> ∂©m_

´z\VM[ √V_T].
205
ssoB ÿ>V\∫ÔÁ· \Á¶\Vu§ ÁÔBV”D k_ÈÁ\ ∂©m_
´z\V–¬zˆBm ®[√m g´VB©√‚|^·m. \>ÿk§ÁB ∂ÀkÀ \>›
ÿ>V[\∫Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ º>VKˆ©√m ÷kˆ[ E≈©∏B_√VÔ ÔV©√‚|^·m.
*ÿ\FÁ\lBD, √Ω\D, z§X|, sº™V>fl ÿƒVuºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^, >VMB∫˛

®ø›m ®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔfl ƒV›]B©√V|ÔÁ·•D ÿkÆD c›]fl ºƒV>Á™
®[≈·s_ W[Æs¶V\_ ÔsÁ>fl ƒV>Á™ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ WÁÈ ÂV‚Ω•^·º>
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô© √Á¶©A ÿÂ§BVÔ g´VB©√‚|^·m.
206
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. \.Â.÷´V\ƒVt, ÷B_√V™ ∏´¬ÁQl[ √]°Ô^ \‚|º\ ÔsÁ>BV˛
s|\V? (ºÔ^s á √]_ kΩs_) ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™, gÔ¸‚á2001.
2. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬. 83á84.
3. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), ®m ÔsÁ> ∂_È, c^”Á≈ ÷>μ : 2,
ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬. 2009.
4. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, ÂÏ\>V √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1989, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
5. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
6. º\Èm, √¬. 108, 114, 121.
7. >tw[√[, ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô^, √B[ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1990,
√¬.50á51.
8. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|, √.84.
9. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 378, 390,
391.
10. º\Èm.,
11. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ,
1998, √.70.
12. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 373á374,
667á668.
13. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 79á80.
14. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, kDE A¬¸, ]ÚkıV\ÁÈ, 2009, √.145.
15. ÷È¬zt z\V´[ QV™]´sBD, gEˆBÏ cÁ´, T‚Ωuz ˇºw•D Ô∫z,
∂Ô´D, >fiÁƒ, 1982.
16. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √¬. 70á73.
17. º\VÔ™ ´sflƒÕ]´[ (ÿ\V.ÿ√.), c^”Á≈ ÷>μ, ºÔVÁk, ÿƒ©. ∂¬.
207
2009.
18. \V.∂´∫ÔÂV>[, ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ ÔsÁ>, √.124.
19. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[ ºÂÏÔV_, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©¶D√Ïá2009.
20. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √¬. 319á320.
21. ∏´D\´V¤[, ÂT™ >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ∂w˛B_, ÔÁBVa, ÿƒ[Á™,
ΩƒD√Ï. 2003.
22. ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √.66.
23. ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>Ï, kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ, \º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™, 2005, √.120.
24. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ∂Á\©AD >ÔÏ©AD, √¬. 104á105.
25. ].ºƒV.ºkbºÔV√VÈ[, ºÔVÁ¶kB_, √wDÿ√ÚÁ\, ®ø›m ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1965, √.18.
26. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.430.
27. \.\mÛ>™[, >tw© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.134.
28. º\Èm, √¬. 134á135.
29. º\Èm, √¬. 139á140
31. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.121.
32. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈ xÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.5á6.
33. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
34. AsB´∑, ∏[™›]_ xøÁ\, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™, ¤™kˆá2000,
√.13.
208
35. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√.140.
36. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 363á364.
37. Ô_BVıh, º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^, ga ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, √.61.
38. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D,
√¬. 134á135.
39. E.∑.ÿƒ_È©√V, ªmk›]© A_, √.313.
40. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.125.
41. Ô.Ø´ƒÕ]´[, ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD, ∂Á\©AD, √¬. 96á100.
42. Eu∏, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, J|√M, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, ÿƒ[Á™, 2003,
√.6.
43. ®¸.ÁkBVAˆ©∏^Á·, >ta[ \Æ\ÈÏflE, >tμ© A›>ÔVÈBD,
ÿƒ[Á™, 1980, √.36.
44. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.98.
45. Eu∏, \ÔV›\V, x[–Á´, Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2006, √.9.
46. Eu∏, J|√M, c∫Ô^ √˛Ï>K¬z, √.8.
47. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.504á571,
48. º\Èm, √¬.504á571.
49. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zflƒV·´D, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,
2005.
50. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √¬.218á219.
51. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ∑BDA ∂w˛BK¬ÔV™
º√V´V‚¶D >V[, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©., ∂¬., 2003.
52. ºk.x.ÿ√V]B ÿku√[, ƒ\ÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √¬.69á151.
53. º\Èm,.
54. º\Èm.,
209
55. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬.136á137.
56. º\Èm,
57. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, >M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶
ÔsÁ>Ô^, √¬. 13á14.
√.135.
60. º\Èm., √.312.
61. º\Èm., √.314.
62. º\Èm.,
63. º\Èm., √.139.
64. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 575á579.
65. º\Èm.,
66. º\Èm., √¬. 576á581.
67. º\Èm.,
68. √M¬z¶D ÷>μá2, ºÂÏÔV_ ÷[zÈV©, ÿƒ[Á™, ÿƒ©. ∂¬., 2003.
69. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.5.
70. AsB´∑, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, √¬. 6á12.
72. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ
z´_Ô”D, √VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2008, √.108.
73. ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[, ]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^,
√¬. 192á194.
74. E.ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD, √.186.
√¬.187á190.
210
77. ®¸.®[.ÂVÔ´Vƒ[, ˇÁw \VÏ¬EBD, √.454.
78. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|,
√¬.103á104., 84á85.
80. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.40.
81. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ ¿]¬ºÔV‚√V|, √¬.103á104.
82. E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√], E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.288.
83. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>, √.63.
84. º\Èm, √.39.
86. º\Èm.,
87. ÷È¬˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´, 1993.
88. ∂©m_´z\V[, x[–Á´, \´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004, √.6.
89. ÷È¬˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™, ∏©., 1993, ºÔVÁk.
90. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √.19.
91. ∂©m_´z\V[, √V_ T], x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,
2003.
92. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>?
Am¬ÔsÁ>?. √.65.
93. ÿƒ.∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®]ÏÔVÈ ÷È¬˛BxD Ô_s•D, √.65.
94. ∂©m_´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.128á129.
96. ¤¬˛ kV∑º>À, ÔV‚|©Ø \V>÷>μ
\V>÷>μ, ~≠V ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Á·, ºÔVBDA›#Ï,
∂¬º¶V√Ïá2007.
211
98. Â.x›mº\VÔ[, ∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_, √.78.
99. ÷È¬˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_, ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©´. 1993, ºÔVÁk.
100. ]Ú¬z≈^, 1073.
101. ∂©m_´z\V[, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[, x[–Á´, ºÂ≠™_
√©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™, 2004.
102. ÔÁÈQÏ.ÔÚVW], ∂ËÕmÁ´, sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
103. ∂©m_´z\V[, kz›>_, Ô¬z¬ ÔsB´∫ÔD, ºƒÈD >tμflƒ∫ÔD,
02.08.1970.
104. ÷È¬˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_´z\V[, ƒ™. ∏©. 1993.
212
÷B_á4
ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\
4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD
4.2 Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\
4.3 >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\
4.4 ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\
213
÷B_á4
ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\
4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD
ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD >M›> g”Á\•D ŒÀÿkVÚ

ÔsQÏÔ”¬zD E≈©√V™ ∂Á¶BV·∫Ô·VzD. ®_ÈV© ÿ√VÚ^Ô”¬zD
ÿ√VmsB_A E≈©∏B_A ÷´ı|D cı|. ÷m z§›m Áƒk E›>VÕ>
ÿkπflƒ›]_ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬Ô\π¬˛≈VÏ z.Ák›]BÂV>[.
: ŒÀÿkVÚ ÿ√VÚ”¬zD ÷ÚkÁÔ ÷B_AÔ^ cê™.

“ŒÀÿkVÚ ∂Ák
ÿ√Vm ÷B_A, E≈©A ÷B_A ®[√™ gzD. ŒÚÿ√VÚ^, ∏≈ ÿ√VÚºeV|
ƒD√Õ>©√‚| ÷Ú©√m ÿ√Vm ÷B_A gzD. ŒÚ ÿ√VÚ^, ∏≈ ÿ√VÚºeV|
gzD” 1 .
ƒD√Õ>©√¶V\_ >M›m ÷Ú©√m, E≈©A ÷B_A gzD
ÔsQÏÔ”D ÷ÀsÚ >e∫ÔπKD ÷B∫Ô¬ ÌΩBkÏÔºeBVzD.

®›>ÁÔB ƒJÔ ∂Á\©∏_ ®›>ÁÔB ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ∂kÏÔ^ ÷B∫Ô ºÂÏ˛≈º>V
∂>uºÔu√ ∂kÏÔπÁ¶ºB ÿ√Vm›>exD, ®›>ÁÔB ºÂV¬˛KD, º√V¬˛KD
∂kÏÔ”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÿkπÁB ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á¶BVe©√|›]¬ÿÔVê
xB_˛[≈™º´V ∂>uºÔu√ ∂k´kÏ¬ÔV™ E≈©A›>exD ∂Á\•D.
ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿ√Vm°D E≈©AD ®[≈ >e∫Ôπ_ ÷B∫z˛[≈VÏÔ^.

“ÔsQÏÔ^
>[Á™ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔVê°D, >™¬ÿÔ™ {Ï ∂Á¶BVe›Á> cÚkV¬˛¬
ÿÔVê°D, >™¬ÿÔ™ ŒÚ ÿkπÁB› º>Ω¬ ÿÔVê°D,
xB_kÁ>›>V[ ∂ÔÕÁ>•D √VƒV∫zD ÷_ÈV\_ xB_kÁ>› >V[ á
ºkÿ≈[™?” 2
>tμ¬ ÔsÁ> c∫Ôπ¶tÚÕm cˆÁ\•¶[ ºÔ‚˛≈m. ºkÿ≈[™?
®[√VÏ ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[.
∂w˛BÿÈ[√m ÿ√Vm›>e›]KD E≈©A›>e›]KD ®Õ>kÁÔl_

®]ÏÿÔVê©√¶ÈV˛[≈º>V ∂Õ> kÁÔl_ ÔsÁ>l[ >[Á\•D
∂Á\Õms|˛[≈m.
214
∂w˛B_ ®[√m ∂§B©√¶xΩBV> {ÚÏ° ∂_Èm cu√›]
“∂w˛B_
xÁ≈ ∂_È. z§©∏‚¶ ƒJÔ á ÿ√VÚeV>V´ á ∂ÉB_ √ı√V‚Ω[ ŒÏ
sÁe° ∂_Èm ∂Á¶BVeD >V[ ÷m. ∂º> ƒ\B›]_ ∂Õ> ∂w˛B_,
®_ºÈVˆ¶xD Œº´ \V]ˆBVÔ cÚ¬ÿÔV^”k]_ÁÈ; ®_ºÈVÚD Œº´
\V]ˆBVÔ ÷Õ> ∂w˛BÁÈ© AÈ©√|›]¬ ÿÔV^kmt_ÁÈ.
∂w˛BK¬z© ÿ√VmkV™ \ÁD >exD ÷Ú¬˛≈ ∂º>º√Vm,
÷Ú¬˛[≈m” 3 ®[√Ï.
√Á¶©√Vπl[ >M©√‚¶ g”Á\•D, ∂>uz ÷Ú¬˛[≈m
z§©∏‚¶ ƒJÔ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶ sÁe ÿ√VÚeVÔ sÁeÕ> º√V]KD, ∂w˛B_

∂k´kˆ¶xD cÚ¬ÿÔV^”D s>›]KD ∂k´kˆ[ AÈ©√V‚|›]≈›]KD
ÿkÀºk≈V™º> ®™¬ Ôıº¶VD. ÷m ∂k´kˆ[ >M›> g”Á\ÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>
Œ[≈VÔºk >ÔkÁ\B¬ ÌΩB>V˛[≈m. ÷Õ> g”Á\ ®[√m ®[™? g”Á\
®[√m ŒÚkÁ´, {Ï g^ (ŒÚ \M>[) ®[Æ ∂Á¶BVe©√|›m˛[≈ á ÷[™VÏ
®[Æ cÏ›m˛[≈ á ƒV´\VÔ cê √ıA, ÷›>ÁÔB √ıA. ∂kÁ´
cêVÏÕm g^˛≈m ®[ÆD, ∂kÏ ÷›>ÁÔB √ıÁ√ g^˛≈VÏ ®[ÆD
ÿ√VÚ·VzD.
g”Á\ÿB[√m, ŒÚkˆ[ xøÁ\. EÕ>Á™, ÿƒV_, ÿƒB_ ŒÚt›>

ŒÚ \™WÁÈ \uÆD ƒJÔ cÏ° ƒD√Õ>©√‚¶ ŒÚ ∑B Œø¬ÔD á ∂m>V[
g”Á\. >[Á™•D º√Ë©, ∏≈Á´•D, ∏≈kuÁ≈•D º√ËkeÏ¬˛≈ ŒÚ ÿ√‚Ω
∂_Èm √ı√VÔ ∂>Á™¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. EÕ>Á™, ÿƒV_, ÿƒB_ g˛Bku§[
JÈD ÷m ÿkπ©√|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> J[§[ ŒÚt›> ÿkπ©√V|>V[
g”Á\l[ ÿkπ©√V¶VzD.
√Á¶©∏[ ]≈–¬zD, √Á¶©∏[ √VË¬zD, ∂>[ kÁÔ¬zD,

“√Á¶©∏[
ºÂV¬Ô›]uzD ÔV´\VÔ°D ƒV[≈VÔ°D ∂Á\km ÷Õ>
g”Á\>V[”4 ®[√Ï ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[.
g”Á\>V[
√Á¶©√Vπl[ º>Ïs[ ÿ>ˆs_ º>ÏÕÿ>|¬zD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ á ∂>Á™

∂>uzˆB c›] xÁ≈Á\ÔeV_ ∂k[ Ô‚¶Á\¬zD ∂w˛B_ ÷Ák√u§ ®_ÈVD
215
xÕÁ>B ÷B_Ôπ_ Ôıº¶VD. ÷Ák ÷´ıΩuzD (√V|ÿ√VÚ^, Ô‚¶Á\©∏B_)
÷Á¶ºB Œ[Á≈ \uÿ≈V[Æ ƒVÏÕº> ∂Ák ÷B∫Ô¬ ÌΩB™kVzD.
√Á¶©√Vπl[ cÈÔ¬ ÔıºV‚¶xD, ∂k–Á¶B ∂w˛BKD

“√Á¶©√Vπl[
ºkÆºk≈V™Ák ∂_È. ∂Ák Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ ƒVÏÕ>Ák.
∂–√k∫ÔÁe•D, cÏ°ÔÁe•D >Ôk_ÔÁe•D cıÁ\ÔÁe•D
mwVs©√VÏ›m› º>ÏÕÿ>|©√mD, ∂›>ÁÔB JÈ©ÿ√VÚ^ÔÁe¬
ÔÁÈkB©√|›>¬ÌΩB ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ / ƒˆBV™ ∂w˛B_ ∂Á\kmD
sÁeºkBVzD” 5 ®[√Ï.
∂¬ÔıºV‚¶›][ sÁeºkBVzD
÷›>ÁÔB √V|ÿ√VÚ^ ÿ>ˆ° \uÆD ÔÁÈkB©√|›mD xÁ≈Á\ ÷Ák

÷´ıΩuz ª¶VÔ°D ŒÚ√Á¶©√Vπl[ >M›> g”Á\ ÷[™ÿ>™
÷™∫ÔV¬ ÌΩB>VÔ ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬Ô¬ ÌΩB Œ[º≈BVzD.
÷›>ÁÔB Aˆ>_Ô”¶[ ÷M x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÷B∫z>e\V™

ÿ√VmsB_AÔ^ ÷[™ÿ>™ ÷∫ºÔ ÔVıº√VD. ÷>Á™ ∂|›m ∂k´kÏ¬ºÔ
cˆB E≈©∏B_AÔeVF kVFÕ]Ú¬zD >M›> g”Á\ z§›mD >M›>MºB
s>Õº>V] ÷™∫ÔVÈVD.
ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D
1. \Á¬ÔsÁ> x Am¬ÔsÁ>; ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ> x ÿ\e™ kVE©A¬ÔsÁ>;

®ø›m ÿ\Va¬ ÔsÁ> º√fl∑ ÿ\Va¬ ÔsÁ>; ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> zÆ∫ÔsÁ>
®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V|ÔπKD á ÷Áƒ©√V¶_, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>,
ºkÏJÈ¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ®[˛≈ kÁÔ©√V|ÔπKD g™
ÿ√Vm›>e∫Ôπ_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ”D ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”¶[
÷B∫˛™Ï.
2. \M>ºÂBD, ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ, ºkuÆÁ\l_ ŒuÆÁ\ ÔVbD g[*Ô

ºÂV¬z x>ÈV™ ÔıºV‚¶∫ÔÁe•D x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ”¬ÔV™
ÿ√VmsB_AÔeVÔ¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.
216
3. √Ω\D, z§X|, ÷ÚıÁ\, ∂∫Ô>D, x´ı, ÿ>V[\ *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD,
®|›mÁ´©A, ÔÁ>ÿƒV_o©√V∫z, ÔV‚E©√|›>_, sº™V>fl ÿƒV_ÈV‚E,
ÂV‚¶VÏƒVÏÕ> *‚ÿ¶|©A x>ÈV™ c›]xÁ≈Ô^ ∂kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô¬
Ô‚¶Á\©A xÁ≈Á\ÔeVÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
4. B>VÏ›>kV>D, ∂uA> ÂsuElB_, *ÿ\FDÁ\lBD x>ÈV™ ÷È¬˛B

÷ƒ∫ÔÁe ÿkÀºkÆ s˛>∫Ôπ_ JkÚD ÁÔBVı|ê™Ï.
5. JkÚº\ ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|Ô^ x>_ nD√>Vı|Ô^ kÁ´ ÔsÁ>›

mÁ≈l_ ∂–√kD kVFÕ>kÏÔ^.
6. JkÚº\ Ô_Ÿˆ› >tμ© º√´VEˆBÏÔ^.
7. JkÚº\ xD\ÁÔÁe•D (>tμ\Á, ÷Õ]B\Á, cÈÔ \Á) ÔsÁ>›

mÁ≈l_ ÿkÀºkÆ s>∫ÔπKD, s˛>∫ÔπKD c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı|
A]BºƒV>Á™ xBuEÔÁe º\uÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^.
8. JkÚº\ ÿ√Vmº\Á¶ÔπKD, ª¶Ô∫ÔπKD, √´kÈVÔ ∂§B©√‚¶kÏÔ^.
9. Am©Am ÷È¬˛B kΩk∫ÔÁe ∂§xÔ©√|›]BkÏÔeVÔ°D

x[º™VΩÔ·VÔ°D ]Ôw¬ÌΩBkÏÔ^. (∂©m_´z\V[ ÂÎD, Ô¤_,
Á«¬Ì ; Eu∏ á ®|›mÁ´©∏_ Am©Am kΩk xBuEÔ^; >tw[√[ á
Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆR,o\Á´¬Ì).
10. JkÚD ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚm ÿ√u≈kÏÔ^. gÔ ÷©√›m

∂Dƒ∫ÔÁe•D x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔ^ \›]lÈV™ ÿ√VmsB_AÔeVÔ°D
Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔeVÔ°D ÷™D ÔVÈVD. ÔsÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ >M
\M> g”Á\l[ √∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
ÔsÁ> z§›> m.ÊMflƒVt ÔÚ›m ÷∫ºÔ Œ©A ºÂV¬Ô¬ÌΩB>V˛≈m.
ÔsÁ>
“ÔsÁ> ®[√m >MÿBVÚkM[ \™flƒÈ™›][ ( Phychic
Disturbance ) O‚√\V™ >e›]_ cÚkVkm. ƒJÔ kVμs[ ƒV´∫Ô^
217
>M\M> kVμ°©º√V¬ºÔV| OÁwÕm, >M\M>M[ ∂–√k\V˛,
cÏ°¬ ÌÆÔeV˛, ÿ\VaBV˛ ÿkπkÚk™. ÷]_>V[ >M\M>[
ÔsQ™VzD ÿƒB_ WÔμ˛≈m. g™V_ ÷¬ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_ ÔsQ[
®[≈ >M\M>M[ g”Á\•D kVμ¬ÁÔfl ÿƒBu√V|Ô”D
>sÏ¬ÔsBÈVm √∫z ÿ√Æk™. ®™ºk>V[, ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsQ–D
ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[” 6 .
ŒÀÿkVÚ xÁ≈l_ ƒJÔkVμ°fl ƒV´∫ÔÁe ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈V[
÷M ÷Õ>kÁÔlÈV™ ƒJÔkVμ°fl ƒV´∫ÔÁe ÿkπ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>fl

ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_, x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ E≈©∏B_AÔeVÔ >M›> g”Á\Ô^
®ÀkVÿ≈_ÈVD ∂Á\Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈™ ®™›>M›>MºB s·¬zkº>
ÿ√VÚ›>xÁ¶B>VzD.
4.2 Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÷Æ¬ÔxD sƒVÈxD ÷ÚºkÆ º√V¬zÔ·VÔ ª¶VΩ¬

˛¶¬˛[≈™. ÷ku§[ ÷ÚºkÆº√V¬zÔÁ·•D ÿ√VmkVÔ¬ ÁÔBVı|^·
º√V]KD ÷Æ¬Ô›][ E≈©ÿ√[√m ∂©m_´z\VM¶xD, sƒVÈ›][
E≈©ÿ√[√m Eu∏l¶xD √´kÈVÔ°D E≈Õº>V∫˛¶¬ ÔVÈVD.
ŒÚ√¬ÔD ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿ√VmkVÔ ∂§B©√|km, EÈkˆÁB

“ŒÚ√¬ÔD
ÿƒVuÔ·V_ ÷Æ¬Ô\VÔ› >[Á™¬ ÔV‚Ω¬ÿÔV^· xBK˛≈m.
÷[ÿ™VÚ√¬ÔD, ∂m ÷Æ¬Ô›Á>› >·Ï›] sƒVÈ\V¬˛¬ ÿÔV^·
xBK˛[≈m. Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[Æ Œ[Æ ÿ>V¶∫zD º√Vº> ÷Õ> ÷´ı|
WÁÈÔ^ cı|. N_¶V ˘ÁÈ‚ ( H.D ), ®¸´V√°ı|, ¶∏^R ®fl.g¶[
x>oºBVÏ Am¬ÔsÁ>© ∏´Ô¶™D ÿƒF˛[≈º√Vm, ÿƒ§kV™ ÿƒVuÔ^,
º√fl∑ ÿ\Vafl ƒÕ>D, √Ω\D x>oBkuÁ≈ x[ÿ\Va˛[≈™Ï. g™V_
∂º>º√Vm, ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVs_, Am¬ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈º√Vm ∂m
kV_‚s‚\Á™ x[™k´VÔ¬ ÿÔV^˛≈m. ∂kÚÁ¶B kal_,
cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ sƒVÈxD ∑>Õ]´xD ÿÔVı¶ s|WÁÈ©√V ( Free verse )
x[Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. >ta_ ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ¿º´V‚¶∫Ô”º\ cı|.
218
º\KD, ÷m cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ Tfl∑ tzÕmkÕ> ÔVÈ\_ÈkV. ÔsÁ>
ÿ\Val[ >·›]_, cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ sƒVÈ\V˛B zD ®|›mfl
ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m” 7
ÿƒV_K>_ ( to express) ®[≈ ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬ ÿÔVıº¶lÚ¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[..
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·fl ÿƒV_ÈV¶_Ô·VÔ°D kÚË©AÔ·VÔ°D sˆkVÔfl

ÿƒV_Kk]_ ÷[Á≈B ÔsÁ>, E≈©√VÔ gÏkD ÿƒK›] kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m; ÿƒK›]
kÚ˛≈m.
√V´]l[ kƒ™ÔsÁ>•D ÷>uz x[\V]ˆBVÔ ÷ÚÕ>ÿ>™°D;

Ôs∂´∫ÔD º\Á¶©º√fl∑ g˛B ∑w_Ô·V_ cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ √¬Ô\VÔ¬
ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·¬ ÿÔVı| ÿƒK›]Bm ®™°D; ÷Õ>kÁÔl_ cÁ´ÂÁ¶l[ Tfl∑
∂]Ôx^· ÔsQÏÔÁ·© √‚ΩBo|xÔ\VÔ Eu∏, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÷ÚkÁ´•D
].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[ ∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ.
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ®[√m ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÛwoKD ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛≈m.

“ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>
∂m, ÔsB´∫Ôfl Ûw_, ÔsQÏ Eu∏l¶D ÷Õ>© º√V¬˛Á™ ∂]ÔD
ÔVxΩ˛≈m. ÷[Á≈¬ ÔsÁ>l_, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·, kÚÁ™¬
Eu∏” 8 ®[˛≈VÏ. “®Á>›
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂]ÔD ®ø]BkÏ ÔsQÏ Eu∏ ®Á>› ÿ>V‚¶VKD
ŒÚ ÔVsB© √ˆ\V›]_ ¿^]Á´l_ √È ∂|¬zÔπ_ {sBD y‚|√kÏ
Eu∏” 9®[˛≈VÏ QVM. “WÁ≈Bº√Ï
Eu∏ WÁ≈Bº√Ï ®ø]™VKD Ì¶ kΩk© ∏´¬ÁQºBV|
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ®ømkm Eu∏•D÷[zÈV©AD >V[. ÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
{Ï ∂Á\©A ÷Ú¬zD. √V¬˛ ®_ÈVD ¿ı¶ kˆÔ^ ÷Ú¬zD ∂Àk·°
>V[”10 ®[√Ï ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
>V[
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ c^· ŒÚ E≈©A¬ ÌÆ √u§ ÷∫z z§©∏¶

“Eu∏l[
ºkı|D. ÁÔBÔÈ ∂‚Á¶l_ ∂k´V_ {sBD y‚¶ ÷BÈVm. 70 ®D.®D
]Á´flÊÁÈl_>V[ ∂kÏ >D √VˆB {sB∫ÔÁ·› y‚|˛≈VÏ. >s´°D
ÿƒ§kV™ kı∫ÔÁ·© ÿ√VÚ›>\VÔ› º>ÏÕÿ>|›m¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ.
÷Õ> zD ∂kÚ¬z^ ®∫˛ÚÕm, ®©√Ω x˛μ›>m ®[√Á> ÂD\V_
219
Ôı|ÿÔV^· ÷BÈs_ÁÈ. ∂[§•D k·\V™ >tμfl ÿƒVuÔ^ √Á¶
Â¶›] kÚkmº√V_ ∂kˆ¶D >∫z >Á¶l[§ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™. \´∏[
®Õ> BV©Á√•D tÔ ®π>VÔ¬ ÁÔBV·¬ ÌΩBk´VÔ°D Eu∏
ÿ>[√|˛≈VÏ. ÷mkÁ´ ∂kÏ √Á¶›m^· ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕm ∂kÏ
√B[√|›]•^· ckÁ\Ô^, cÚkÔ∫Ô^ ÿ>Vz¬Ô ÷BK\V™V_
º\_º>ÆD” 11 ®[˛≈VÏ QVM.
gl´›m¬z º\_º>ÆD
k·\V™ >tμfl ÿƒVuÔ^ √Á¶Â¶›] kÚkm º√V_ Eu∏l[

ÔsÁ>ÿ\Val_ >∫z>Á¶l[§ ÿkπ©√|k>uz Œπ©√≈Ák, \VB¬Ôı[
\ıË_ ∏≈¬˛≈V[, ºÔVÁ¶ ŒÚ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ (Œπ©√≈Ák) x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁ·
c>V´\VÔ¬ ÿÔV^·ÈVD. z§©√VÔ¬ ºÔVÁ¶ ŒÚ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ ∂Ú˛ˆÂV>ˆ[
]Ú©AÔa_ ]Ôμ˛[≈ ƒÕ>›Á>© º√V_ x|˛Áƒl_ √VFÕº>V¶ÈV˛[≈m.
]z]¬ÿÔ™ ®ˆ˛[≈m , ylu AøØt AÁÔÂ¬˛B ∑¶ÁÈ¬Ô™_/

“]z]¬ÿÔ™
Â|§©√Ú E∑kVF ∂ΩÿBV‚ΩB kl≈Vl™ / ∂ÁÈm^πB ∞ˆ ÿ√VΩ√‚¶™
ÿkΩ√‚¶™/ Aø]¬ Ô·\V˛ ®¬ºÔVÁ¶•D ®¬ÔVÈxD / ÷∫ºÔ
WÁÈl_ÁÈ >¬Ô›>z >zyD ®–D / >V·›m¶[ gΩ Â¶™D
ÔÁ>ÔπBV˛¶ / kV[º\Á¶Ô^ ∂]ÚD \Á¶ˇ§¶ \ıT§¶ , \Áw
{Á¶Ô^ E>ÆD
E>ÆD”(Œπ©√≈Ák, √¬.71á73)
x›Á>›]Ú √›]›]ÚÂÁÔ ®–D x|˛ÁƒBVF Eu∏l[ ºÔVÁ¶•D

ÂDt_ {Á¶BVÔ© √VF˛[≈m. ]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ[ ŒÚ√¬ÔD (∂ÔD) ]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ[
\Æ√¬ÔD (A≈D) ®™ ÷ÚÔ‚|Á´Ôπ_ Eu∏ ]ÚxÁ≈ÔÁ· g´VF˛[≈VÏ.
]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_ ∂Ôfl∑Ák ƒVÏÕ> ÌÆÔÁ· ®ıb˛≈º√Vm

“]ÚxÁ≈Ôπ_
\Æ¬ÔxΩBV> E≈©A¬z cˆÁ\ cÁ¶B>VÔ \VË¬ÔkVƒÔˆ[
]ÚkVƒÔD. g[\Vs[ BV›]Á´ ®[≈ ÿ√ÚÁ\¬z cˆBm ∂ÁÈÔ¶ÁÈ
ºÂV¬˛© √V•D Eu≈VÆÔ^ º√V_ ]ÚkVƒÔ© √]Ô∫Ô^ ÿk^·\VF©
ÿ√Úz˛[≈™. ~|D ÷Á•D ÷_ÈV> ÷Õ> QV™© ÿ√Ú¬˛[ ŒÀÿkVÚ
√z]•D g[\Vs[ ÁÔ¬˛Á·¬ ÔV>o[ cÚ¬ÔV‚EÔ^ >V[.
220
]ÚkVƒÔ›]_ ∂ÚD∏© º√V>V˛ \ÈÏÕ> ÿ>FTÔ¬ ÔV>o[ cflEBVÔ›
ºÔVÁkBVÏ” 12 ®[˛≈VÏ. √¬] ÷È¬˛BD \‚|D
]Ôμkm ]ÚflEu≈D√È¬ ºÔVÁkBVÏ
®[§_ÈV\_ á >ta[ ¿ı¶ ÿÂΩB ÷È¬˛B© √V´D√ˆB›]KD º>VFÕm
ÿ>V¶ÚD √l_°D Eu∏¬z kVF›]Ú©√>[ sÁ·kVÔ°D Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>
gwxD ∂ÔÈxD cÁ¶›>V˛[≈m ®™ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ_ √ÈÏ >taÈ¬˛B© √V´D√ˆB›]–^

“kV™D√VΩ¬
c´D ÿ√uÆ› >Áw›>kÏÔ^. >taÈ¬˛B›][ ˛Á·Ô^ gÈ\´D º√VÈ¬
˛Á·Ô^ ÿƒa›>Ák. ÷Õ>¬ ˛Á·Ôπ_ ®›>Á™ºBV kÁÔ ∂wzÔ^
ÿƒa›]ÚÕ>™. ÿƒVuºÔVÈ∫Ô”D, Ôu√Á™› ]≈[Ô”D >tμ¬
ÔsÁ>© √V´D√ˆB›][ c^πÚÕm >tμ¬ ÔsQ[ ®øDº√Vm ÷Õ>
gÈ\´›Á>› >V∫˛Bk™VÔ›>V[ ®øÕm Wu√V[. Eu∏l[
ÔVı˛º≈VD” 13.
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷Õ> gÈ\´›][ sˆÁk ÂVD ®©º√VmD ÔVı˛º≈VD
ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ \VÆD ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫z§›mD, ∂>[

®|›mÁ´©AÔ^ ( Narratives ) √u§•D; Eu∏¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ÔÁ>ÿƒV_ol[
ÔÁ>Á\ (Eictunality) z§›mD, ∂kÏ>D ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ (Fictional Poetries)
√u§•D, Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\¬Ì≈VÔ ∂ÁkAÈ©√|D √V∫zD
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>.
ÂT™ ÔsÁ> ®[√m ŒÚ z§©∏‚¶ cÏ° WÁÈ¬ÔV™

“ÂT™
ŒÚÔs›mk›mÈ∫Ô_>V[ (Poetic response to emotional situation) (÷Õ>
∂·s_ ƒ∫ÔÔVÈ¬ ÔsÁ>¬zD ÂT™ ÔsÁ>¬zD ŒÚ ÿÂÚ∫˛B ÿ>V¶ÏA
cı|) ÷Õ> cÏflE ÔV›m WÁÈ ®ÀkVÆ ∞u√|˛≈m ®[√m ŒÚ
x¬˛B\V™ s™V. ∞º>V ŒÚ ƒD√kº\ ∂Õ> cÏflE WÁÈÁB›
º>VuÆs¬zD Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÔÁ> ®[√m ÷Õ>¬ Ôs›mk
\™WÁÈÁB› º>VuÆs©√>uÔV™ ƒD√kº\. ÷>™V_ ÷Õ>©
Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÆ ®|›mÁ´©AÔ·VÔ \VÆ˛≈ >[Á\ cı|.
221
÷>uÔV™ c>V´∫Ô^ ŒÚ˛´V\›m Â]l_ WÁ≈B cı|
\V©∏^Á·¬ Ô°ı¶Ï, ÷·D √Úk›m› º>Vw[, ÿ√_˜BD ÔıVΩ,
∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô©√¶V> ÔV>_ g˛B ®_ÈVº\ ®|›mÁ´©AÔ^>V[.
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ E§B ®|›mÁ´©AÔ”D Â_È EÆÔÁ>l[

ÂÁ¶•D z§©√VÔ ÷Æ]© √z]l_ kÚk™°D ŒÚ A^πl_ ƒÕ]¬zD
kVF©A √Ès¶∫Ôπ_ ∞u√|˛≈m. ÷∫z ÔsÁ> Narrative gÔ á ∂∫z
Narrative ÔsÁ>BV˛≈m.
Eu∏l[ ®|›mÁ´©AÔπ_ ŒÚ EÆÔÁ>©√VË º\ºÈV∫˛ Wu√Á>

∂k>VM¬ÔÈVD. (c>V´D : ªÁ\B[, Ô_KD ÔV|D, ∂´∫ºÔu≈D,
º√V[≈Ák)” 14.
®_ÈVD sÁ·BV‚| º√V[≈Ák)
ÔsÁ> kΩs_ ÔÁ> cÚkV¬Ô›]_ Eu∏, >tw[√[ g˛BkÏÔ^

“ÔsÁ>
ƒV>Á™ √Á¶›]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ÔVsBD ÿƒFB xΩ•D ®[√Á> QVM
ÔV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈VÏ. ŒÀÿkVÚkÏ ƒV>Á™•D >M›>MBVÔ
\]©∏¶›>¬Ôm” 15 .
\]©∏¶›>¬Ôm
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô›]–^ ŒÚ x¬˛B\V™ √z], ∂k´m

“Eu∏l[
ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^”16 Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ √ÈkÁÔÔπ_ ∂Á\Õm^·™
ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
®™ s·¬zkVÏ QVM.
(1) z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>Ô^ : \Ôˆ¥ ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏_ J[Æ z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>Ô^

gE´\›]uz kÕ> ÿÔV^Á·BÏÔ”¬z √›m ‘√VF Ì¶› º>≈V> ºÔV√›]_
√¬>ÏÔ”¬zD \Ôˆ¥¬zD ∂ΩÿÔV|¬Ô ∂ΩBVÏÔ^ ]Ú©∏›>V¬Ô xu√|ÁÔl_
∂kÏÔÁ·› >|›> \Ôˆ¥ ®fiElÚ¬zD ÷´° cÁk¬ ÿÔV^Á·Bˆ¶D
cı|º√VÔ ºkı|˛≈VÏ. ∂|›> z‚Ω¬ÔÁ>l_ \ÁÈºBÆD \Ôˆ¥¬z© √Ωl_
ÔVBD √¶ºk ∂kÏ ]ÚD∏kÚÁÔl_ √ΩÔ^ ÿƒm¬˛fl ÿƒ©√D√¶¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏ
ÔkÁÈ¬z§ º>V[≈ / \Ôˆ¥ ÿ\VaÕ>VÏ >|¬˛Bm Ô_ÈV / ÔV_

“ÔkÁÈ¬z§
∂_ÈkV / Ô_ÁÈ ∞[ ÿƒm¬z˛≈VF / ®[ ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬z
ÿƒm¬z”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.98)
222
x>_ ÔÁ>BV™ ÿÔV^Á·BÏÔÁ>l_ ÷[™V ÿƒF>VÏ¬zD ÷MBºk
ÿƒFB xÁ™•D ƒV_∏Á™ x›>VF©√V¬z˛≈VÏ. ÷´ı¶VD ÔÁ>l_ Ô_o_
ÂVD ÷Ω›m¬ ÿÔVı¶VKD Ô_oΩ›>m ®[–D \™º>V¶Vkm ∂Á> ®]Ï
ÿÔV^”xÔ\VÔ Ô_ÁÈ ∞[ ÿƒm¬z˛≈VF ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬z ®[˛≈VÏ. ymD
Â[≈D ∏≈Ï>´kV´V ®™ºk ®|›>>uÿÔ_ÈVD ∏≈Á´ ºÂVÔ¬Ì¶Vÿ>™¬ z§©√V_
cÏ›>ºk ÔVÁÈfl ÿƒm¬ÿÔ[˛≈VÏ. J[≈Vkm ÔÁ> Œo©√]° ÔÚs
Am¬Ôı|∏Ω©√VÔ kÚÁÔl_ ÔÚsÁB© √VÏ›m¬ zwÕÁ> º√V_ z#ÔÈ›m¶[
√›\Vƒ™›]_ ∂\ÏÕ>kÏ c>|Ôπ_ *ı|D ŒÚ Ø \ÈÏflE.
ÿ>V¶∫ÔÈV\V? / Â\m ÿ\Va ÿ\·™D ∂_ÈºkV? / √]°

ÿƒF]Ú\_È (E.Ô.√.√.98).
“ÿ\·™›Á>©
ÿ\·™›Á>© √]° ÿƒFB ∂Õ> Œo©√]°¬ ÔÚsBV_ gz\V?
kVÏ›Á>ÔÁ· ∂‚ƒ´D ∏ƒÔV\_ kV∫˛¬ ÿÔV^”D Œo©√]° ÔÚs
º√VKD ÷¶ÏÔ·V_ ∂kÁ´ \Ôˆ¥l[ ÿ\Val[ c^·VÏÕ>
ÿ√VÚıÁ\ÔÁ· cÏÕm ÿÔV^· ÷BK\V
÷BK\V”.
2. k´ÈVuÆ¬ÔÁ> : Eˆ›> x›m¬Ô^ ÷m ÿƒÀsBu √V∫˛ÈV™ ŒÚ EÆ

∂kÈ¬ zÆ∫ÔV©∏BD.
ÔVsB
“ÔVsB g¬ÔD \[™Ï ÔVÈ›m¬z cˆBm. ÷Õ>¬
zÆ∫ÔVsB›]KD ∂Él[ gkD c¬˛´\V™ xÁ≈l_
E›]ˆ¬Ô©√|˛≈m. \[™Á™ ∂k^ g‚Ω Ák¬˛≈V^. zΩ\¬Ôπ[
ƒV°¬z ∂k^ ÔV´\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈V^. Ao›mÁ≈l[ x›m¬Ô^ >™¬z
ºkı|D ®[√>V_ ®πB\¬Ôπ[ cÁw©√VπÔπ[ ÔV>_ kVμ¬ÁÔ
∂a¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÔsÁ>ÂÁ¶, ÿƒD\V©A¶[ ÷B∫z˛≈m. ÿƒÀsB_
z\V˛≈m” 17 ®™ ®|›mÁ´©√VÏ
÷È¬˛B© º√V¬z ÷¬zÆ∫ÔVsB›][ z\V˛≈m
QVM.
3. ÿ>V[\¬ÔÁ> : ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁ· () *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒF˛≈

kı\VF ∂Á\Õ> ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™ \mÁ´T´[, √ÁwB˚Ï ¿o,
223
∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^, ∏´VBflE›>D x>oBkuÁ≈¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD.
∂ÔoÁÔ ÔÁ> *·*·©√È´VKD \Á¬ÔsÁ>, EÆÔÁ> kΩsKD *”Ú©
ÿ√uÆ^·m. ÿk^·¬ÔV_ √.∑©∏´\ËB x>oBVˆ[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÿkı√Vs_
ÿ>V¶∫˛, ƒ.m.∑.ºBV˛, Â.∏flƒJÏ›], clÏ\Ô[, z.√.´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[,
AmÁ\©∏›>[ (∂ÔoBV, ƒV√sº\Vƒ™D), ∏´t^ (ºÔV>\ ÷Õ´D) QVM
(Ô_oÁÔ) ®™› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m. ÷Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D
ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôÿ>V[≈VF› ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈m.
A´V› ÿ>V[\∫Ôπ_ ( Myth ) ∂ÔoÁÔ ÔÁ>ºB \Æ\ÈÏflE›

“A´V›
>tμ ÷È¬˛B›]_ ∂]Ô\VÔ¬ Ôk™›Á>© ÿ√uÆêm. ÔuA √u§B
ÔV´D” 18
ÿƒV_ÈV¶K¬z ÷m sƒVÈ\V™ ÿkπ >Ú˛≈m ®[√m>V[ ÔV´D
®[√VÏ ].∑.Â¶´V∑.
*‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFB©√|D ∂ÔoÁÔ ÷[–D ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^.

ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>l_ BVÚ¬ÔVÔ¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ ®>uÔVÔ¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈V^ ®[√º>
Eu∏ kw∫zD Am¬ºÔVD Am©√VÏÁk.
\m´ ÿÂÚ©AÔπ[ / ÔÚD√VÁ≈ xΩs[∏[ / ®]Ï˛[≈

“\m´
s|>ÁÈ¬ÔVF / ∞∫˛ WuzD Ôu√VÁ≈ / AmWÁ™s_ (?) √w∫Ô™s_ (?)
/ AÁ>Õms‚¶ >Ú›]_ / BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ / ∞z˛[≈ÿ>VÚ
ÔVÈΩ! / Ô_o>B¬ Ìı|¬z^ / clÏ©√≈Ák E≈ÔΩ©A / ÿÂ_\Ël[
~´xÁ™ / ˇ§kÚD ˛”˛”©A / ∂_o\ÈÏ ÿÂfiƒ›]_ / g™Õ>›
º>[∑´©A ÷_ÁÈ ∂Õ>¬ ÔVÈΩÔ^ / ÷´V\™_È... ÿkÆÕ>s©A
ÿkÆÕ>s©A”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √.119)
Eu∏l[ ÷¬ÔsÁ>ÁB c^πÚÕm sˆ›ÿ>|¬˛[≈VÏ QVM.

∂ÔoÁÔÁBfl Eu∏ √VÏ›> √VÏÁk•D ºÔVxD A]Bm. ∂>Á™ c^kV∫˛
º\[º\KD sˆ›ÿ>|¬zD QVMl[ s>s>¬ºÔV∫Ô”D A›>D A]B™ºk.
Eu∏l[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂ÔoÁÔ gl´D ÔıÔÁe cÁ¶B ÷Õ]´[ >[*m

xø©√VÏÁk ÿƒK›mD xÁ≈l_ Ô_ÈVF, √VÁ≈BVF \_ÈVÕm ˛¶¬˛≈V^.
224
>[Á™ ºÂV¬˛kÚD ÷Õ]´M[ ÔVÈΩÁB› >V[ ®]Ï√VÏ›m¬ ÔV›m¬˛¶¬˛≈V^.
÷´V\[ kÚÁÔÁB ∂k^ ®]Ï√V›m¬ ˛¶¬Ôs_ÁÈ. ]Ú\›]uz x[A
÷Õ]´Á™›>V[ ÔV>o›>V^. ÷Á¶l_ kÕ> Ô°>\[ ∂kÁe› >‚Ω© √§›m¬
ÿÔVı¶V[. ÷kM¶D ∂ÔoÁÔÁB© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´ s∑kVƒ›º>V| ÷Ú©√m
º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ÷´V\M[ ÔVÈΩ >[ s|>ÁÈ¬z kaºÔVÈ xΩBVm. ∂k–D
\V∑√‚¶k[. ÷©√Ωfl ÿƒV_˛≈m Eu∏l[ √VÏÁk.
AmÁ\©∏›>M[ ƒV√sº\Vƒ™›]_ ÊÁ>ÁB ∂¬˛M© ∏´ºkƒD ÿƒFBfl

ÿƒV[™>VÔ¬ ºÔ^s©√‚¶ \V›]´›]_ ∂k[ ∂©√Ωfl ÿƒV[™V™V ®™¬ºÔ‚|
∂›>ÁÔB ´V\™V_ >™¬z ƒV√ sº\Vƒ™D º>Ás_ÁÈ ®™ *ı|D ∂kºe
Ô_ÈVFfl ƒÁ\Õm s|k>VÔ© √Á¶›]Ú©√VÏ. ÷ÀkVº≈ ÷´V\M[ ÔVÈΩBV_
>™¬z s|>ÁÈ¬z kaºÔVÈ xΩBVm ∂k–D \V∑√‚¶k[ ®™fl EÕ]¬˛≈V^
Eu∏l[ ∂ÔoÁÔ•D.
Eu∏l[ √VÏÁk¬z^ ŒÚ ÔVsB© √ˆ\VD ®π>VÔ ÷∫z

“Eu∏l[
kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. Eu∏l[ gu≈_t¬Ô E›]ˆ©AÔ^ kaºB √VÏ¬zD º√Vm,
∂Õ>©√VÁ≈ ®Õ> ÿÂVΩl_ ÿkΩ›mfl E>≈, ∂>uz^πÚÕm ∂ÔoÁÔ
clÏ›ÿ>økV^. ∂k^ Ô°>\Á™ \‚|\_ÈV\_, ÷Õ]´Á™•D,
÷´V\Á™•D sƒV´Á¬z c‚√|›mkV^. ÔV\¬Ô™_ ÷©º√Vm
∂k”¬z^ ÷_ÁÈ. ∂k^ ÔÚÁ ÿ√Va•D >VBVÔ \V§lÚ¬˛≈V^.
÷M, ÷Õ]´[ x>oBkÏÔ^ ÔÁ≈ÔÁe ®ˆ›m© AM>©√|›mkV^.
Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ÷©√Ω c^πÚÕº> sˆ›ÿ>|¬ÔÈVD º√VÈ›
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 19 .
º>V[Æ˛≈m
÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √ˆ\V›Á>•D QVMºB AÈ©√|›]¬

A≈D ∂Ô›]–^ ÔÁ´•D ÔsÁ>, EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ gμÕm
ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. “A≈D
ÿƒ[Æ ÷ÁƒBVF© ÿ√V∫zD. ÷∫z, A≈D ®[√m xøÁ\BVÔ
\Á≈Õms|˛≈m
\Á≈Õms|˛≈m”..
225
∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V‚|, yıΩ \M>–¬z^ √´kƒD
“∂Ô›][
®[≈ cÏÁk ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ˛eÆ˛[≈™
˛eÆ˛[≈™”..
BVÚ\u≈m ∂©√Vμÿkπ / ∞˛[≈ÿ>VÚ ÔVÈΩ ®[≈ ∂ΩÔ^

“BVÚ\u≈m
√_Ès º√VÈ› ]ÚD√ ÷¶Dÿ√ÆD ∂ÔoÁÔ √u§B ÷¬ÔsÁ>•D
÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ÷Áƒ¬z ®[™ ∂Ï›>D ÿƒV_ÈxΩ•D. ÂV[ ÔuÆ
s|k>V˛B √´kƒ cÏs_ ÂVD Jμ˛ s|˛º≈VD
s|˛º≈VD”..
A≈©ÿ√VÚ^
“A≈©ÿ√VÚ^ kÏÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫zD ÔsÁ> ÷B¬ÔD,
ÿ\[º\KD √VFflƒ_ ÿ√uÆ ÷Áƒ¬z^, g[\ ÷BK¬z^
÷ÁÕms¶ºkı|D. ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ k´ÈVÆ ÷mÿk[≈V_, Eu∏
÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ” 20 .
÷Õ> k´ÈVu§_ ÷ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ
x[Á™© √ÁwÁ\ÁBºB ∏[Á™© AmÁ\BVÔ \Á¶\Vu≈k_È

√Á¶©A¬Ô™KD, A≈ kÚÁ™l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ∂Ô›][ c^ gw∫ÔÁe›
ÿ>V‚|© √´kƒ\VF g[\ ÷BK¬z^ ÁÔºÔV¬zD º√V¬zD Eu∏l[ ÷¬ÔÁ>¬
ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈™.
4. ∂§sB_ AÁ™ÔÁ> (Science Tiction) :
∂§sB_ AÁ™ÔÁ> kÁÔl_ Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>ÔeVÔ \M>D,

˛.∏.2006, ÔVV\uº√V™k[ x>oBkuÁ≈¬ z§©∏¶ÈVD. ÷ku§_
ÔVV\u º√V™k[ ŒÚ s›]BVƒ\V™ ®|›mÁ´©A ®[≈ ∂esÈV™m
ÔVV\u º√V™kÏÔ^ √u§B ∂§s©AÔÁe¬ ºÔ‚ΩÚ¬˛º≈VD. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_
ÔVV\u º√V™k[ BVÿ´[≈V_ ÛˆBº™.
“k´DAÔÁe *§B / ÷Ú©∏_ √ˆ] ÔÁ´Õm º√V™>VF¬ / ÔÈ¬ÔD ∏≈Õ>m.

sˆ•D ∂ı¶ÿkπ / ÛˆBÁ™ sø∫˛s‚¶>VF / g´VFflE ®øÕ>m ÛˆBM[
ÿk©√ g›\V / ®_ÁÈBu≈ ∏´√fiƒ\BV™›]_ / ƒ\V]BV™>VFfl ƒVu§™Ï EÈÏ”.
QVlÆ >ÁÈ\Á≈kV™>VÔ°D BVº´V ∂kÁ™© √m¬˛ Ák›>>VÔ°D

∂Æ]l‚¶mD nBxu≈mD ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷M º\u˛ºÈV k¶¬˛ºÈV
226
\Æ∏≈©ÿ√|¬ÔÈVD ®™¬ ÔË›>kÏÔ^ ÷Ú‚Ω_ ]ÁƒÔºe \Á≈B
ÿ\e™\Vl™Ï.
Ô]´k[ ˛´¬ / ÔΩkVeD ∂u≈>V_ Øt¬z]Á´ÁB› / #´›m

“Ô]´k[
Â‚ƒ›]´D ®>º™V¶km / ∏Á¬ÔºkV ÷Á¬ÔºkV \VÏ¬Ôxı¶V ®™
/ JÁeÁB ∏ÁƒÕ>™Ï EÈÏ
EÈÏ”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √¬.15á151)
sE›]´\V™ AÁ™s[ ÿkπ©√V¶V™ ®|›mÁ´©A ®[˛≈ ∂es_

÷m ÿÔVê›>¬Ôm. ˛.∏.2086 ®[≈ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>l_ Œπl[
ºkÔ›Á> ÿÂÚ∫Ô¬ ÌΩB ∞°ÔÁl_ ÿƒ[Æ *ı¶k[. >[
\Á™sl[ x[ EÆ Á√B™VÔ kÕm Wu˛≈V[. ÷>Á™ºB ∂©√Ωfl
ÿƒ[≈k[ EÈ \Ë ºÂ´∫Ôπ_ ]ÚD∏ kÕ>V[ ®M_ ∂k–¬z kBm
∞§ ÷Ú¬ÔVm. g™V_ ∂k[ \Á™s √ø›> ˛ws g˛lÚ©√V^ ®™
º\KD √È ƒV›]B∫ÔÁe cê¶¬˛B ∂§sBu AÁ™ ÔÁ>ÁB Â\¬z^
QVM” 21 .
√Á¶›m¬ ÿÔVêÈVD ®[√VÏ QVM
\M>D, ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ∂§sB_ AÁ™°¬ÔsÁ>. ƒm´\VF k‚¶\VF

x¬ºÔV©A^πBVF ºÔ^s© ÿ√V§Ô^ ÷BÕ]´ JÁefl ÿƒ_Ôπ_ ∑Æ∑Æ›>™.
÷‚¶ Ô‚¶Áe BV°D xΩ›m ∂|›> ∂|›> Ô‚¶Áe ÷BÕ]´\M>[ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈m.
“sfiQVM / >ÁÈºÔV]fl EÕ]¬Ô ®]ôÚÕ> ÿÔVÁÈ¬ÔV‚E›]Á´ Ek©A

kı›]_ / zπ›>>V_ ]|¬˛‚|© √VÏ›>V[. ®ø›m¬Ô^ ]Á´l_ / ®ÆD√VF
ÂÔÏÕ>™ ∂kƒ´fl ÿƒF] / ∂kƒ´fl ÿƒF] sfiQVM sºkÔ[ / zwÕÁ> ŒπBV˛
>Vº™]≈Õm / >Vº™ J|D / kVƒ_ Ô>s_ ÿ√VDÁ\ÁB ®|¬Ô¬ / zM•D º√Vm
E¬˛ ÿÂˆÕm / EÁ>Õm \´xu≈V^. sfiQVM sºkÔ[ / ÷BÕ]´\V™V[
ŒÚÔD / ÿkπ§uÆ xÔD ]Á´l_ / ÿk^Áe› mËl_ ÿ√V]Õ> / ÿƒD√Ú›]©
ØxÔD WwÈVΩ \Á≈Õ>m. ∂D\V ∂D\V / s∑DAD gız´_ sfiQV™
ƒV>™∫Ôπ_ / √‚|© √‚|© A™Ïÿ¤[\ ÿ\|›>m”. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©
√B∫Ô^, √¬.170á171)
227
ŒÚ JÁÈl_ Œo ∂e¬zD ÔÚsl_ ∂k[ ∂øÁÔ Œπ¬ºÔV|ÔeVF
º´ÁÔÔ^ º√V‚¶m. Ôıßˆ_ Ôƒ∫˛B xÔ›º>V| m¬Ô› >s©∏_ ∂k[
T§|ÁÔl_ ∂|›>Ô‚¶Áe ∂|›> Ô‚¶Áe ®™ ÷BÕ]´\M>[ z´_
zÆ¬˛|˛[≈m. sfiQVM ∂È§™V[.
“D..
D.. º√V ∏ƒVºƒ / ∂ø ... ∂ø ∂ø... º√V ... / {FÕm º√VF /
Œ[ÆD se∫ÔV\_ W[≈m. ∂w›ÿ>ˆBV> ÷BÕ]´ \M>[
\M>[”.. (Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.171)
∂§sB_ ®[≈ \Ô›>V™ ÔÚs \V–¶ kVμs_ sÕÁ>Ô^ AˆBk_Èº>.

g™V_ ∂>Á™© √B[√|›mD s>›]_ √B[√|›mºkVÏ ºÂV¬˛_ ∂m g¬Ô
ØÏk\V™>VÔºkV ∂a°¬z kakz©√>VÔºkV g˛s|˛[≈m. ÷Õ> ®flƒˆ¬ÁÔ
cÏ°¶[ ∂>Á™¬ ÁÔBVı¶VÔ ºkıΩ•êm. ÷∫ºÔ ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[˛≈
ÔsÁ>•D ŒÚºƒ´ ®ı›>¬Ôm.
“sˆ˛≈m
sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D / sˆ˛≈m ÷[–D ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ / ÔVeV[
ÛMB¬ ÔV´º´ / sfiQV™ y√›]_ \VË¬Ô› >VoÁB / ®ˆ¬zD J¶º´/
g›]´D ®∫ÔÁe© / Á√›]BD g¬zx[ ®∫Ô^ √V©√V¬Ô^ / ¿È\VF©
∏≈¬zx[ A_o>a_ sƒx›m¬Ô^ / sBÏ¬z x[ ÿƒ_k© √∑\Ωl_ /
\´D ∑´¬zx[ ∂ÚDA c>|∏ˆ¬zD / √flÁƒ\ı xu≈›]_
Ôˆ¬ºÔVÈt|D / ∂b¬ zı¶ÏÔºe sˆkm WuÔ‚|D / sˆkm WuÔ‚|D
´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[
ÔVeV[”.. (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^, √.157)
ÔVeV[ ∂ÚÁ\BV™ ƒ›m° gkmD cı|. g™V_ EÈ ÔVeV[Ô^

Âfl∑¬ ÔVeV[ÔeVÔ°D ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂bs[ ∂√VB¬ ÌÆÔÁe cê¶¬˛ºB
∂>Á™ ´V‚ƒ> ÂVF¬zÁ¶ÔVeV[ ®™© √Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ Eu∏.
nDØ>∫ÔÁe•D \V∑√¶ Ák¬˛[≈m ∂bs[ ‹ÁÈ. g¬ÔØÏk\V™
∂§sBÁÈ sfiQV™y√D ®™ cÚkÔ©√|›mD Eu∏ºB, ∂bsÁ™ ´V‚ƒ>
ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[ ®™©√Ω\©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ ∂©√Ω \V–¶
∂a°¬z¬ ÔV´Ø>\VÔ ∂>Á™© √Vs¬zD √VsÔÁe ÛMB¬ÔV´º´ ®™°D
228
sπ¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷ÁkBV°D ÷¬ÔsÁ>l_ Eu∏ Ô‚¶Á\›mê Ôs›mk¬ÌÆÔ^
gzD. ÷º> √V|ÿ√VÚÁe›>V[ >D AÁ™°¬ ºÔVÈ›]_ ∂§sB_ AÁ™°¬
ÔsÁ>BVÔ \M>ÿ\™ kΩkÁ\›mêVÏ. ÷¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÔÁ>Á\ ´V‚ƒ>
ÂVF¬zÁ¶¬ ÔVeV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÔV‚ΩKD cˆB√V|ÿ√VÚÁe kVƒÔ[ \™›]u
ÿÔVı| ÿƒK›>¬ÌΩB>V˛[≈m. ∂m >V[ ÔÁ>Ô”¬z cˆB E≈©∏B_A. ÷m
z§›> sˆkV™ Aˆ>K¬z ÷[–D EÈ √]°ÔÁe•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©A ºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“∂§°
∂§° ƒVÏÕ> ®_ÈV ÷B¬Ô∫ÔÁe•D ÔËM, kƒ©√|›]B
Ûwo_, ŒÚ sfiQVM >[ zwÕÁ>ÁB sfiQV™fl ƒV>™›]uz©
√oÿÔV|¬Ô ºÂÏÕ> ºƒVÔ›Á> \M>D ®[≈ ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.
sfiQV™›Á>› >MºB Ák›m© √VΩ™V_, ∂m ÔsÁ> gÔVm.
kVμsBºÈV| sfiQV™D ®Õ> ÷¶›]_ ÷Á˛≈m ∂_Èm
x´ı√|˛≈m ®[≈ Á\BD >V[ kVμsBK¬z \‚|\_ÈV\_,
ÔsÁ>¬z\V™ ªuÆ ÷Õ> ºÂV¬˛_>V[ ÔsÁ>¬z^πÚ¬zD
QV™›Á>¬ ÿÔVı| kÕ]Ú¬˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ sˆÕmD
cı|” 22 .
gμÕmD ÿƒ_k>uÔV™ ÷B¬ÔD cı|
“\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™
\M>ÏÔ”¬ÔV™ \ıÁ, tÔ© √B∫Ô´\V™ ŒÏ
ÿÔVÁÈ¬Ôe\VÔ \Vu§s¶¬ÌΩB ∂b•Ô ∂√VB›Á>fl Eu∏l[
ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈m. ÔVeV[ ƒV>V´ ÷BuÁÔ©
ÿ√VÚ^. ÂVF¬zÁ¶ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|km. Eu∏ ∂Á>
∂ı¶›Á>©√BxÆ›>D g]¬Ôfl ƒ¬]Ôπ[ zÁ¶BVÔ¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ
ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ” .
“\VM¶
\VM¶ ´›>¬ Ô¶_Ôπ[ º\ºÈ ƒVs[ >ÁÈsˆ ºÔVÈ \z¶D ®[√™
º√V[≈ m[√xÁ´¬zD √Ω\∫ÔÁe tz]•D √B[√|›] ∂b g•>
g√›Á> sˆ›mÁ´¬˛≈VÏ. sB©At¬Ô sfiQV™ cÈ˛_ \M> ÷™D
TVÔ ∂akÁ> s|s¬Ô sÚDA˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ∂>™V_, sfiQV™›Á>
®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ” 23 ®[√VÏ ÷´V.
∂a°© √VÁ>¬z ÷‚|fl ÿƒ_KD J¶ÏÔÁe ®flƒˆ¬˛≈VÏ
ÂV´VB[.
229
“∂]ÔV´D
∂]ÔV´D Øt©√ÕÁ> WwÈΩ›mfl ƒVÔfl ÿƒFms|D g√›Á>
∂>[ ∂fl∑Æ›>_ ÿ>VMºBV| WÔμÔVÈ sÁ™fl ÿƒVuÔπ_ Eu∏
kÏË¬˛≈VÏ” 24 .
kÏË¬˛≈VÏ
ÿ\e™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^, EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD, ØºkØ.... AπBDØ, QVM•D

Ê¶–D, ∂k^ xΩÿk|¬˛≈V^ x>ÈV™Ák•D, Eu∏l[ ÔÁ>¬
ÔsÁ>ÔºeBVzD. ÷ku§_ ®‚¶Vkm kz©Á√ ®‚|D kB]_ ØºÔVe gEˆB´V_
\Ú¬ÿÔVøÕmD (√V¶D ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m); Ø¬Ôπ_ \B∫zD ÿ√V[M º>V‚¶¬ÔV´[
√flÁƒB©√™VKD \uÿ≈VÚk™VKD (ØºkØ....); ∂ÚÕ>]B ∂Ú¬ÔVË kB]_
J›>k´V™ ÿƒ[MB©√¬ Ô°ı¶´VKD Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛[≈™Ï. \Ú¬ÿÔVøÕm
ÔÚ©√D ÔÁÈ¬Ô t‚¶VFÔÁ¶¬ÔVˆ>Õ> ºÈ˛B›>VºÈºB \Vı| º√V˛≈V^.
ÿ√V[M Øºk Ø... AπBDØ / ÿ√V[™V›>V ÿÔVıÁ¶¬z› >VwDØ ®™©√VΩ›
]ˆ•D ∏›]BV˛[≈V^. ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ºƒˆ√u§ ®ˆB kVF¬ÔVo_
ÿÔVÁÈ•ı| ˛¶¬˛[≈V^ (EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD); \_oÔV ∂k^ >VBVºÈ
s√flƒV´›]uz› >ê©√|˛≈V^ (ÿ\e™\B¬Ô∫Ô^) ÷Ák z§›m ∏[kÚ\VÆ
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
“Ø¬ÔÁe
Ø¬ÔÁe ºÂE›>kÏ>V[ ÿ√V[™V›>V^. ÷Æ]l_ ÷Õ> ºÂƒº\
∂k^ Ôu√a©A¬z¬ ÔV´\VluÆ. Ôu√a›>kÏÔÁe› >[ ºÔV¶VˆBV_
∏eÕ>VÏ ÿ√V[™V›>Vπ[ ∂©√V. ∂kÏ EÁ≈¬zfl ÿƒ[≈VÏ. ∏›]
ÿ√V[™V›>V Øºk Ø √V¶ÁÈ© √VΩ¬ÿÔVı|, ˛´V\›]_ ∂ÁÈ˛≈V^
∂ÁÈ˛≈V^”
“ƒJÔ
ƒJÔ kVμsoÚÕm, ƒJÔ›]uÔV™ g¬Ô∫ÔπoÚÕm ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|,
ÿkÆD c¶ÈVÔ \‚|D ∑Ú¬Ô©√‚¶ \M>ÏÔπ¶D ®fiE ÷Ú©√m, √E•D
ÔV\xD \‚|º\. z§©∏‚¶ k´ÈVuÆfl Ûwo_>V[, ÷Õ>fl ∑Ú¬ÔD
∂_Èm c¶K¬z^ EÁ≈©√¶_ ºÂÏÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√ı >[ kluÆ›
yÁB› >M›m¬ ÿÔV^k>uz gË¶D ∂Á¶¬ÔÈD AÔºkıΩlÚ¬˛≈m.
÷Õ>¬ Ûwo_ \Á™s ®[√k”D ŒÚkÁÔl_ ºkE>V[. ƒJÔ›][
√È √ˆ\V∫ÔπoÚÕm mıΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WÁÈl_>V[ √^π gEˆBÏ
ÿÂπ•D” 25 .
ÔVxÔ´V˛≈VÏ. º>∫˛B ƒJÔ›]_, ÷©√Ω›>V[ Aø¬Ô^ ÿÂπ•D
230
®[§>uÔV™ º>VuÆkVFÔÁe› º>VıΩBÔμ˛[≈VÏ QVM. E[™VÁ™
\¬Ô ÷ÚÕ> ∂ÚÕ>]B© ÿ√ı ∂Ú¬ÔVË T´M[ \Ô^. ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ¬
Ô°ı¶´V_ Ôu√a¬Ô©√|˛[≈V^. ºƒˆ\¬Ô^ EÈÏ √ıÁBVˆ¶D
∂Ú¬ÔVË¬z© Ôk™V˛s‚¶>™V_ ∂kÏÔ”¬z ∂kÏ c≈kV˛s‚¶Vÿ´™
√ıÁ \Ô^ ÔV\V‚EÁBfl E[™V–¬z© ÿ√ı ºÔ‚˛[≈™Ï. √ıÁBVˆ[
∂ΩBV‚Ô^ ºƒˆÁB› y¬˛Á´BV¬˛ ∂Ú¬ÔVËÁB© ∏\V¬˛fl ºƒˆ\¬ÔÁefl
ÛÁ≈BV|˛[≈™Ï.
“kV™D
kV™D / ÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ> sΩBuÿ√Vøm ∂Ú¬ÔVËl[ ~‚Ω\´fl
Eu√ º\M kVF¬ÔVo_ Jμ˛¬ ˛¶Õ>m / ºƒˆ¬ zΩ_Ôπ_ ÌÁ´Ô^ *m /
ÿÂÚ©A›º>s WÏkV¬Ì›m / WÔμ›]¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>V^”
(Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.87)
“∂Ú¬ÔVË
∂Ú¬ÔVË ÔVBD√‚|¬˛¶Õ>Á> Eu∏ ®ømDº√Vm
kV™DÔVBD√‚|¬ ˛¶Õ>Á>fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫Ô^
kV™D√VΩÔπ¶D ÌΩ¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™. kV™D√VΩÔ^ ŒÀÿkVÚkÚD
>\¬z^πoÚÕm ÷›>ÁÔB O‚√∫ÔÁe› >D ÔsÁ>l_
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï” 26
ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>™Ï
sı*™VF¬ ÿÔV©√π›m sˆkV™D √V´VF >D∏ ®™› ÿ>VaÈVeÏ√|D

√V‚Á¶¬ Ôı| ∂Õ]¬z© ∏[ sˆkV™D sı*™VF¬ ÿÔV©√π›>>VF
√V´]>Vƒ[ √V|D O‚√›][ ÿ>V¶Ï ¿‚EBVF ÷>Á™ ÂVD ÷™D ÔV ÷BKD
√ıÁBVˆ¶D Ô_BV s≠B\V ÂD\˛‚¶ kÕº>Vx∫Ô ®™fl ºƒˆ\¬Ô^ º√∑D
º√Vm, “√ıÁl[ ÁÔÔπ_ *Áƒ xÆ¬ºÔ§Bm ÔıÔπ[ g›]´
ÿÂÚ©º√§Bm ∞m¶V º√fl∑ ŒÚ \V]ˆBV ÷Ú¬z c>‚|¬z *§™ √_K \V]ˆ
∞e™¬ ÌÏÁ\ y‚ΩB / √VÁe¬ Ô›]BVF© √VFÕ>m ŒÚ ÿƒV_ ®™›ÿ>V¶Ï˛[≈VÏ.
∂m ∂m ∂>™>[ ÷¶›]_>V[ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D. ∂›m*§¶¬Ì¶Vÿ>[√>Á™
c>‚|¬z *§™ √_K \V]ˆ ®[–D ÷B_√V™ kw¬z© √B[√V‚¶V_
Ô‚¶Á\¬˛[≈VÏ.
231
“#´›]_
#´›]_ / Ø™VflE \ÁÈl[ ∂ΩkV´›]_ ∑ÚπBVu≈∫ÔÁ´l_ /
cflEfl ÛˆBÁ™ c^kV∫˛ sø∫zD / ÔV™Ô›][ ÷>B›]_ AÁ>B /
ŒÚEÆ zD√_ E[™V[ >ÁÈÁ\l_ {Ω¬ ÿÔVıΩÚÕ>m. ∂Õ>¬ÔV| /
º>¬zÔ^ º>V^ clÏ›mD kVÁÔÔ^ kV^WtÏ›mD / ÔV| / ∂∫z
Ww_Ô^ Ì¶ W¤∫Ô^ gzD AB_Ô^ cÚkVzD. z[ÆÔ^ ∂Õ>©ABo_
>\m EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD
ÿ√VΩBVzD” (Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.9á93)
“cÈÁÔ¬
cÈÁÔ¬ ÿÔV^ÁeBΩ›m› >[Á™ ∂wz√|›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈
∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔVÁk› >tw[√[ ºÔ^s¬zêV¬z˛≈VÏ. Aø]Ô”D
∏éB∫ÔeVzD ®[˛≈VÏ. EÔ´∫Ô^ ÿ√VΩBVzD ®[˛≈VÏ Eu∏. ƒ\>Ï\D
AsB´∑”27 ƒJÔ cÏs[ ÿkπ©√V‚Ω_ ÷DJkÚD
®[ >ˆƒ™D ®[˛≈VÏ AsB´∑
Œº´ A^πl_ Œ[Æ Ì|˛[≈™Ï.
“Â_ÈÔsÁ>
Â_ÈÔsÁ> EoÏ¬Ô Ák¬zD. √∑Ák© º√V_ ∂Áƒº√V¶
Ák¬zD. ƒ›]B∫ÔÁe› ÿ>V¶ c[™>∫ÔÁe ∂Á¶B, kVμs[
∂Áƒ°ÔºeV| ÷Áƒ° ºƒÏ¬Ô¬ ÁÔ©√u§ ∂Áw›mflÿƒ_KD.EÈ ºkÁe
º>Vw–D gzD. mB´xD mÁ¶¬zD. ÷Úı¶\™›]_ se¬ÁÔ•D
∞uÆD. t[™ÁÈ© º√V_ cÏ°Ô”¬ ÿkπflƒ Œ›>¶D ÿÔV|¬zD.
÷m>V[ ÔsÁ> ÿƒF•D \VBD. ÷Õ> \º™V>›mkfl E˛flÁƒ¬ÔVÔºk
√Á¶¬˛º≈[” 28 .
ÂV[ ÔsÁ>ÁB ºÂE›m© √Á¶¬˛º≈[
Eu∏ºB kw∫zD ÷Õ> kV¬zJÈ›]uz ª¶VÔ°D Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ô^

ÿ>Vz©√VEˆBˆ[ ÿ>Vz©AÁ´¬z ª¶VÔ°D Eu∏l[ ÔsxÔ›][ >M›>
g”Á\ z§›m º\È]Ô\VÔ© AˆÕm ÿÔVê kVF©Aı|. “ >tμ¬
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ \Á© ÿ√ÚÁ\ÔÁe› >[ zÚ]› ]∑¬Ôπ_ ]Ë›m ∂>[
gu≈_Ôπ_ c´D ÿ√uÆ á kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂>[ ∂Ï›> \ı¶√∫Ôπ_
ƒÕ]¬zD O‚√›Á>fl ƒJÔ sfiQV™›]¶D ÔuÆ á A´‚EÔ´ \Vu≈∫Ôπ[
z´_Ôπ_ ÿ\VaÂÁ™›m ∂–√k∫Ôπ[ ∂Ω gw∫Ôπ_ Ôı ]≈Õm,
kVμsÁ™ sƒVˆ›m, kVμs[ A]ÏÔπ_ º>∫˛ WuzD ºÔ^sÔπ_
ÿ\e™D cÁ¶›m ÷BuÁÔl[ >Vk´ ÿ\VaÔπ_ ]Áe›m
232
gaBVuÆ¬ÔÁ´ºBV´¬ ˛´V\∫Ôπ_ kVμsB_ kÏ∫ÔÁe¬ Ôı|,
\M>›Á> º\D√|›> kÕ> ∂§sBo[ √ˆ\V¬ ºÔ^sÔπ_ \™D
º>VFÕm g[*Ô› º>¶_Ôπ[ sƒV´ / sƒV´Á¬ ºÔ^s Ww_Ôπ_
÷Áe©√V§, kVμs[ y´V> ~Ï©A sÁƒ¬z¬ z´_ kÁ™Õm ÿÔV|¬zD
ŒÚ √Á¶©A© √BD Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√BD ” 29 ®[˛≈VÏ.
Eu∏l[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^
®πÁ\lºÈºB ∂ÚÁ\ ®[–D √ΩBVÔ°D √V‚|›]≈›>VºÈ ÁkBD

√Vo¬Ôk_È>VÔ°D ÷BKD Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>©√V∫z z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
\Á¬ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì,, ÔsÁ>ÂV¶ÔD, ÷Áƒ©√V¶_
®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ]≈D√¶ se∫zD ∂Á´ ±u≈Vı|¬ÔsÁ>
∂–√kD cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ. >tμ\´∏_ ª[§© √l[Æ ÁÔk´©ÿ√u≈
]‚√ O‚√\V™ ÔsÁ>ÿ\VaBVÔ ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ∂Á\Õm^·m.
cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ sˆÕ> z›m¶[ √´Õ>Ô[≈ ]Á´flÊÁÈl_

{sBÕy‚¶ {sB¬ ÔÁÈQM[ #ˆÁÔ kıD º√V_ sˆkV™ ÔsÁ>ÁB
WÔμ›> k_È k_ÈÁ\ cÁ¶BkÏ Eu∏. ®ø›mÿ\Va x º√fl∑ÿ\Va ÷Ú
kw¬zÔπKD ÁÔBVek_È Ôs›mk gu≈_ cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va¬z^ºeºB E≈Õ> ÔÁ>ÿƒV_oBVÔ°D ]Ôwk_È ]≈Á\ ÷kÏ>D
]≈Á\BVzD.
∂§sBÁÈ g¬Ô ØÏk\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”k>uz g>´kVÔ°D

∂a°¬ÔÚsBVÔ© ∏´ºBV˛¬zD \M>zÈ ®]ˆÔ”¬z ®]´VÔ°D ∂§sBu
ÔsÁ> √Á¶¬Ôk_È gu≈_t¬Ô ∂§°ƒVÏ ÔsQ´VÔ Eu∏ s·∫z˛≈VÏ.
ÿ\VaBV¬Ô› mÁ≈l_ z§©√VÔ \ÁÈBV· ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁe› >twV¬ÔD
ÿƒFk]_ E≈Õm se∫zk>[ kVlÈVÔ°D √Á¶©∏È¬˛B›]uzD,
ÿ\VaBV¬Ô›]uzD ®™ ÷ÚxÁ≈ ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚmÿ√u≈ ÷ÁBu≈
>MflE≈©A ÷kÏ>D E≈©√VzD.
233
ƒÔÔsQÏÔÁe•D, ÷ÁeB >ÁÈxÁ≈¬ ÔsQÏÔÁe•D Eu∏ ÷È¬˛B
sÚm kw∫˛© º√VuÆD ∂Ú∫zD, ∂>uz ª¶VÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> kVE©º√V|
ÿ>V¶ÚD ÔsÁ>©√BD ÷kÏ>D √VÏÁk•D A]B √Á¶©A¬ÔÁ· ºÂV¬˛B
∂kÏ>D º>¶ÁÈ•D Â\¬z cÏ›] Wu˛[≈™. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶
®™› >D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]BVÁ´•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ© √V´]>VƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ
WuzD Eu∏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √V´]l[ >V¬ÔD z§›m ÷ÀkVFs[
JsB_ÔπKº\ ®|›mÁ´¬Ô©√‚|ê™.
4.3 >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\
A]B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÔsÁ> kˆÔ^ ÷›>Á™ ∂ΩÔ”¬z^ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D

÷›>Á™ ∂ΩÔ”¬zº\_ tzÕms¶¬Ì¶Vm ®™ ∂>uÔV™ ∂ΩkÁ´BÁ≈¬zfl
Euÿ≈_ÁÈ º√ÿ´_ÁÈ ®[ÿ≈_ÈVD kz¬Ô ÷BÈVm. Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^
÷Æ¬Ô\V™ ÿƒ§°D ÿÂ˛μflEBV™ skˆ©AD ®[≈ ÷Ú √ıAÔÁ·
Á«¬Ìs[ Á\BD ÿƒ§° ®[≈V_
cÁ¶B™kVF› ]Ôμ˛[≈™. “Á«¬Ìs[
cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ Á\BD sƒVÈ\VzD. ÔsÁ> ÿ\Val[, ˇøD
÷Ák” 30 ®[√VÏ ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[.
º\K\V™ ®_ÁÈ¬ºÔV|Ô^ ÷Ák
z§©∏‚|fl ÿƒV_k>™V_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔÁe© ÿ√VÆ›>kÁ´l_

zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÷Æ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§° O‚√›]uz ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®[≈V_,
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ sƒVÈ TflEuzfl Eu∏ ®™ÈVD. JkˆKD ÷Õ>
~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKD º√és_ ŒÚºƒ´ ®ø]¬ zs›>kÏ >tw[√º™ gkVÏ. ]´Vs¶
÷B¬Ô›][ ÿÔVÁ¶BVF º\Á¶› º>V´ÁBV™ º√fl∑›>tμ º√és_
ÿkz\¬ÔÁe ~Ï¬Ô k_È>VF ∂Á\Õ>m ÷>[ √B™VÔ ÷›>ÁÔB º\Á¶›
º>V´Ál[ >V¬ÔD kV™D√VΩ \´∏KD ª[§¬ ˛¶¬ÔÈVluÆ.
÷[≈e°Ì¶ ®ø›>§° ÷_ÈV> ∂[Á≈B WÁÈl_ ]´Vs¶

“÷[≈e°Ì¶
÷B¬ÔD x[MÁÈ©√|›]B º√fl∑¬ ÔÈVƒV´›Á>•D Ì¶ kV™D√VΩ
>zD” 31 ®[√Ï ∂.\VÏ¬¸.
\uÆD ÔsB´∫Ô \´∏[ ∏[AÈ\VÔ© √VÏ›>_ >zD
º√fl∑ ÿ\Val[ ∂ø›>xD º\Á¶l[ ∂È∫ÔV´ ÿ\Va¬ ÌÆÔ”D
“º√fl∑
]´Vs¶ x[º™u≈¬ ÔwÔ› >ÁÈkÏÔπ[ ∂ÉB_ >twVÔ ÂVÿ¶∫zD
234
∂§xÔ\V™ ∏[™Ël_, ∂Õ> ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏA ÿÔVıΩÚÕ> √_ºkÆ
√Ω›> \¬ÔπÁ¶ºB ∂›>ÁÔB ÿ\Va¬ÌÆÔ^ ∂ø›>D ÿ√u§ÚÕ>™
®[˛≈kÏ ∂>uz ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ kV™D√VΩ ÔsÁ> \´∏uz x[º™VΩ
º√V[≈ EÈkˆÔ^ ®™°D º\uºÔVeVÔ¬ ÔÁÈQÏ kˆÔÁeºB
x[Ák¬˛[≈VÏ. ¿ÏTμflE º√VÈ[º≈V WtÏÕ> Ôs√V´]¬zD √VºkVflE©
ÿ√VaÕms‚¶VÏ Â[Æ. ŒÚ / ¿ÏTμflEfl ºƒ‚Á¶l™V_ º√´]ÏflE©
>V∫˛u≈Õº>V” 32 ®[√Ï m.ÊMflƒVt.
ÿ√ÚDABÁÈ› >tμÂV| >V∫˛u≈Õº>V
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ~Ï©AD kV™D√VΩ ∂§xÔxD z§›m >tw[√[

>tμ cÏ° ÷Õ] ®]Ï©A c‚√¶ ∑B
z§©∏|km ÷∫z ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm. “>tμ
\ˆBVÁ> ÷B¬Ô›][ ®_ÈV© º√V´V‚¶∫ÔπKD cÏ° ØÏk\VÔ¬
ÔÈÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[. ∂>[ ÔÚ›m koÁ\ ®[Á™ ~Ï›>m.
kV™D√VΩÔ^ ∂§xÔ›m¬z© ∏≈z ÷¶mƒVˆ ÷B¬Ô¬ ÔÚ›mÔπ_
∂§xÔD ∞u√‚¶m. ∂mtÔ ÷B_√VÔ ®[Á™© √u§¬ ÿÔVı¶m ” 33
®[√Ï.
∂¶¬˛ kVE¬zD ÿ\e™kVE©∏uz cˆB Œ[≈VÔ \‚|º\ ÔsÁ>ÁB

x[MÆ›mD ŒÚƒV´VÏ c´›> kVE©∏uÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂≈ºk ÔsÁ>
gÔV>™ ®™©A≈Õ>^π© º√V˛[≈™Ï. ∞MÕ> º\Á¶› º>V´ÁBV™ c´¬Ô
kVE©∏uÔV™ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe \‚|D ∞uÔ \Æ¬Ô ºkı|D ÷m ®∫Ô^ √VËÿB™
÷kÏÔ”D ∂©º√V¬ÁÔ¬ ºÔ^s¬z cêV¬˛™Ï.
ÔsÁ>l_ º\Á¶›º>V´Á ∞[ sÈ¬Ô©√¶ ºkı|D ®[≈

“ÔsÁ>l_
ºÔ^sÁB x[Ák¬˛º≈[. ÔsÁ> A_ÈV∫zwKD TÁ•D \‚|\_È.
º>Ák©√‚¶V_ º√ˆÁÔ•\VzD ®[Æ Eu∏•D, ÔsÁ>BV¬ÔD ®[√m
Ì‚ΩÁƒ º√V[≈m. º>kº>k[ ∂kÚÁ¶B kBoÁ™ ®|›m kÕ>V_ ÂV[
®[–Á¶B √Á≈•¶[ kÚ˛º≈[. Ì‚ΩÁƒl_ kBo[ ∂ΩÂV>D \‚|D
>V[ Œo¬Ô ºkı|D. √Á≈ÿBVo >ÁÈ#¬Ô¬ Ì¶Vm ®[Æ ÿƒV_È
BVÚ¬zD cˆÁ\ ˛Á¶BVm. √Á≈l[ º>Ák ÷Ú¬zD kÁ´ ŒÚ √¬Ô›]_
W[ÆÿÔVı| √Á≈ÁB ®[Á≈¬zD ÂV[ >‚Ω¬ ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú©º√[ ®[Æ
÷[zÈV©AD.
235
Œ|¬zD ®_ÈVs>\V™ Œ|¬zxÁ≈ÔπKD ∂√VBÔ´\V™m
√ı√V‚| Œ|¬zxÁ≈. Œ[Æ¬ÿÔV[Æ x´V™ ÷´ı| √ı√V|Ô^
÷Ú¬˛[≈™. ∂k´kÏ √ı√V| ∂k´kÏÔzD cBÏkV™m. tÚ>∫ÔD
ŒÚƒV´Ú¬z cBÏkV™V_, √Á≈ ®∫Ô”¬z cBÏkV™m. √´>ÂV‚ΩBD
ŒÚ ƒV´Ú¬z cBÏkV™V_ ®∫Ô”¬z¬ Ô´ÔV‚¶D cBÏkV™m. ŒÚ
ƒV´Ú¬z¬ Ô›]ˆ¬ÔVF cBÏkV™V_ ®∫Ô”¬z¬ ÔÚkV| cBÏkV™m
®[Æ ÿ√V[ÃÈ–D z§©∏|kÁ>fl ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ
ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[” 34 .
ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[
ÂT™›mk›][ º√´V_ ÂT™ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®™©√|ºkVÏ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔÁe•D ÔsQÏÔeVÔºk ∞uÔ \Æ¬zD º√V¬zD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. ÷>uz ª¶VÔ¬ ÔV¬˛¶©√mD ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô ŒÀkVÁ\ºB.
®ø›m \´∏™ˆ[ ÷›>ÁÔB º√V¬˛Á™¬ z§›> √]°Ô^ ÷∫z
Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô™.
ƒJÔ© √ΩWÁÈÔπ_ ÷Á¶WÁÈfl ƒV]ÔeVÔ se∫˛BkÏÔ^ √∫z

“ƒJÔ©
ÿÔVı¶ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ› ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬ÔD se∫˛BÁ>•D ÂVD
\≈Õms¶ÈVÔVm. ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\ ÷B¬Ô›][ ∂ΩWÁÈ›
ÿ>Vı¶ÏÔeVÔ°D Ì¶ ÷kÏÔ”D >Vμ›>©√‚¶kÏÔ”º\ se∫˛™Ï.
kV™D√VΩ \uÆD xuº√V¬z ÷B¬Ô∫Ôπ[ \¬Ô^ƒVÏA› >[Á\ÁB•D
Eu§>μÔ^ ƒVÏÕ> \´∏™Ï \¬Ô^ ]´Vs¶tÚÕm sÈ˛ W[≈ º\‚ΩÁ\›
ºkıΩ•êm.” 35
>[Á\ÁB•D ÷Õ>© ∏[™ËloÚÕm ÂVD√VÏ¬Ô ºkıΩ•êm.
®[˛≈VÏ \.\\VÏ¬¸.
~º´V| >tw[√[ c¶™V™ ºÂÏÔV_ Œ[§_ ∂kˆ¶D ºÔV. >Vº\V>´[

ºÔ^s•D ∂>uÔV™ ∂k´m √]KD ÷∫ºÔ \™∫ÿÔVê›>¬Ô™. “∂©m_
´z\V[, Eu∏, ¿∫Ô^ JkÚD ∞≈›>Vw ÂVu√>Vı|ÔeVÔ› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÔsÁ>›
mÁ≈l_ ÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛SÏÔ^. ∂©√Ω ÷ÚÕmD Eu§>μÔ”D,
∂kuÁ≈fl ƒVÏÕ> s\Ïƒ™∫Ô”D c∫Ô^ ÿ√BÏÔÁe¬ z§©∏|k]_ÁÈºB
∞[?
236
Eu§>μÔ^
“Eu§>μÔ^ ∂Á™›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ Œº´ ºÂV¬ÔD
÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. >›>D ºÂV¬˛uºÔu√ ÷È¬˛B∫ÔÁe ÷™D ÔV‚¶°D
s\Ïƒ™D ÿƒFB°D ∂Ák >z]•D cˆÁ\•D cÁ¶BÁk. gl–D
>›>D WÁÈ√V|ÔºeV| ºkÆ√V| ÿÔVıΩÚ©√™kuÁ≈© √ÁÔÁ\¬ Ôı
ÿÔVı| √VÏ›m Œm¬zkmD, >^”kmD, c>VÊ™©√|›mkmD ÷È¬˛B
ºÂÏÁ\ ÷_ÁÈ. zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD zø \™©√V[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶
Eu§>μÔ^ ÔsÁ> keÏflE¬z ®]ÏWÁÈl_ ÿƒB_√|k™. √V´]
ÔsÁ>ÁB keÏ›>kÏ ®[Æ ÿƒV_˛≈kÏÔ^ √V´]>VƒÁ™ ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô
\Æ©√>uz ÷¬zø \™©√V[Á\•D zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD ∂_ÈV\_ ºkÆ
®[™ ÔV´D ÷Ú¬Ô xΩ•D? √V´]>VƒÁ™ ÷Õ]Bfl ∑>Õ]´›]uz© ∏≈z
>tμ¬ÔsQ´VÔfl ÿƒV_È©√‚¶ ŒÚkÏ ®[Æ ŒÚ s\ÏƒÔÏ ®øm˛≈VÏ.
√V´]>Vƒ[ ƒx>VB›]uz ∞º>V ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈Vº´ >s´ >tø¬z Œ[ÆD
ÿƒFms¶s_ÁÈ ®[Æ ∏[ ÂT™›mkD º√∑D ÷[ÿ™VÚ s\ÏƒÔÏ
®øm˛≈VÏ. ÷kÏÔ^ >tw[√Á™ºBV, ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™ºBV,
xΩ•D” 36.
Eu∏ÁBºBV ®©√Ω¬ z§©∏|kVÏÔ^ ®[Æ ®]Ï√VÏ¬Ô xΩ•D
>tw[√[ z§©∏|km º√V_ zÆ˛B ºÂV¬zD zø\™©√V[Á\•D

>sÏ¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩB™ºk. ÷ku≈V_ cıÁ\BV™ ÔÁÈQÏÔÁe ŒÚ º√VmD
÷Ú‚¶Ω©A ÿƒFms¶ ÷BÈVÿ>[√>uz x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔºe ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VÔ
÷B∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|ê™Ï ®[√m ÷∫ºÔ ÂVD \™∫ÿÔVê ºkıΩB>VzD. Eu∏
>D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]BVÁ´•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ √V´]>VƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶V|km
º√VÈ› >tw[√–D >D zÚÂV>´VÔ© √V´]>VƒÁ™•D kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ
EoÂV‚|¬ÔsQÏ √V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶VÁk•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu√kÏ. >D
\Ô–¬z©√V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶Vs[ ÿ√BÁ´•D √]©√Ô›]uz √V©ºÈV √V´] √]©√ÔD
®™°D ÿ√BÏ Û‚ΩBkÏ. ÔsB´∫Ô¬ÔsÁ> √u§B ºÔ^s•D ∂>uÔkˆ[ √]KD
÷›m¶[ ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ *mD s\Ïƒ™∫Ô^ Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™ºk? “º√fl∑¬

º√fl∑¬
ÔsÁ>, ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ> ®[≈ ÷´ı|kÁÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÿÂÚ¶V, √V´]
237
º√V[≈kÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ô^>VD. ÷ÀkÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
c¶™ΩBVÔ ÿ√VÚÁe se∫˛¬ ÿÔVê kVF©√π¬˛[≈™. g™V_
®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷>uz \V≈V™Ák. gl´¬Ô¬ÔV™ \¬Ô”¬z
x[™V_ ÔsÁ> kVE¬˛≈º√Vm WflƒBD ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB kVE¬Ô
xΩBVm. kVE›>V_ AˆB°D ÿƒFBVm. ÷´ı|kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D
º>Ák>VD. ∂Ák Œ[Á≈ÿBV[Æ ∂a›ms|D ®[Æ ∂fiƒ°D º>Ák
÷_ÁÈ. ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿku§ ÿ√≈V>kÏÔ^ ÿ√VmkVÔ
∂Õ>kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ zÁ≈kVÔ© º√∑˛≈VÏÔ^. ∏´flƒV´D ®[Æ
ÿƒV_˛≈VÏÔ^; ∏´flƒV´D ÷_ÈV> ÷È¬˛Bº\ ˛Á¶BVm. ∂©√ΩÿBV[Æ
÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì|ÿ\M_, ∂m ∏_o ÛMB ºkÁÈ ®[Æ ÿÂÚ¶V
ÿƒV_olÚ¬˛≈VÏ cÏflEkƒ©√‚¶ ∂∏©´VB∫Ô^>VD s\Ïƒ™\VÔ
Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™” 37 .
÷∫z Ák¬Ô©√‚¶™
÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶º™ºB >tw[√M[ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe

º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷™DÔV ºkıΩ•êm. √´kÈV™ ÿkz\¬ÔÁe ºÂÚ¬z
ºÂÏ ÿƒ[≈Á¶B ºkıΩB ÿÂÚ¬ÔΩBV™ ŒÚ º>Ák >tw[√M[ º√fl∑¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ ÷B_AÔÁe› yÏ\VM©√>VluÆ. ÷>Á™ ÂVD >tw[√M[
>M›> g”Á\ÁB ∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV© AzxÔ\VÔ°D AˆÕmÿÔVê
ºkıΩBkÏÔeVÔ c^ºeVD. ÷∫ºÔ ÷[ÿ™VÚ ºÂÏÔVo_ ÷m z§›m
®ø©√©√‚¶ >Vº\V>´M[ ºÔ^s¬ÔV™ √]_ ∂kÏ >D ÔsÁ>© º√V¬ÁÔ
s·¬zk>VÔ c^·m.
\u≈ >tμ¬ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm c∫ÔÁe ºkÆ√|›mD >[Á\Ô^ ®Ák?
“EÈÏ
EÈÏ ®ø›m¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ((written poetry)) \‚|D ~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï.
EÈÏ º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ((spoken poetry)) \‚|º\ ®©º√VmD
~|√‚ΩÚ©√Ï. ÷Á¶B≈V\_ ÷Às´ıΩKD ŒÀÿkV[§uzxˆB
>M›>[Á\ÔÁe ∂ø›>\VÔ ÿkπ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®ø]¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛º≈[. EÈÏ ºÔV‚√V|Ôπ[ ∂©√‚¶\V™ xw¬Ô›Á>¬
ÔsÁ>BV¬z˛[≈™Ï. ÔÁÈBDƒ›Á> ÷wÕms¶V>, ∂º> ƒ\B›]_
238
ÔÁÈBDƒ›][ ∂]ÔV´D >ÁÈ#¬˛ gΩ¬ÔÚ›m clÏ©AÔÁe
x¶¬˛s¶V> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®[–Á¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®™ WÁ™¬˛º≈[.
∂Ô\™¬ ÔV‚EÔÁe© √Ω\©√|›mk]KD, ∂Ô›]KD A≈›]KD O‚√›
º>¬Ô∫ÔeVÔ cê ÿƒVuÔÁe© √B[√|›mk]KD √ÈôÚÕmD
®[˛≈VÏ” 38 .
ºkÆ√|˛[º≈[ ®[˛≈VÏ
÷ÁkBV°D >tw[√[ ∂kÏÔπ[ ƒVÏAWÁÈÔÁe ÷™D ÔV

c>k¬ÌΩB™ºk ®[≈ º√V]KD ∂k´m ƒVÏA WÁÈÔ”¬zD
∂©√Vu√‚¶ÁkBV™ ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπKD ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÕ>™.
(Ô_˛, zx>D, g™Õ>sÔ¶[ \uÆD ÔÁBVa) ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπ_ \‚|D
∂_ÈV\_ ÔÁBValKD ∂Ák ÿkπkÕ>™ ®[˛≈ º√Vm >tw[√M[
>M›> g”Á\lÁ™ ∂Á¶BVe∫ÔV ÷Õ> ∂DƒxD ®ı›>¬Ô
Œ[≈V˛[≈m. >tw[√M[ ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏAÔ”¬z ∂©√Vu√‚¶ ÿkz\¬Ô^
÷>μÔπKD, \V≈V™ ÔÁBVa ÷>aKD ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπBV˛™
®[˛≈º√Vm ÿkz\¬Ô”¬ÔV™ ~Ï©∏Á™•D ys´ kVƒÔÏÔ”¬ÔV™
®]Ï√VÏ©AÔÁe•D ~|Ô‚¶ k_È>VÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ∂Á\Õ]ÚÕ>™ ®[√m
s·∫zD. >tw[√M[ ∂ÉB_ ÷B∫zWÁÈl_ ÷B∫˛B_ WÁÈl_ ∞u√‚¶
\Vu≈∫Ô”D keÏflE•¶–D ]ÔøD ∏[AÈ∫ÔeVÔ°D ∂ku§uz ª¶VÔ ∂kÏ
®ÀkVÆ ºÂV¬Ô xu√‚¶VÏ ®[√>Á™•D ÔÈVW] ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔπ[
Ô‚|Á´›>ÁÈ©A (º>ƒ, ÷™ ®øflEÔπ[ ∏[kÕ> >twÔ \M>[ >tw[√[)
\uÆD ∂>[ ƒV´VDƒ›]uz ª¶VÔ c^kV∫˛ ÿkπ©√|›mD \uÿ≈VÚ
ÔÈVW]l[ √]° ÷∫ºÔ ÔkM¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
:“º√´VEˆBÏ
º√´VEˆBÏ Ek›>D∏BkÏÔπ[ ÷ÀkV≈V™ √VÏÁkÔ”¶[
ºÂV¬zD º√Vm >tw[√[ ∂kÏÔ”Á¶B ∂ÉB_ ®[√m ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ôfl
ƒVÏA, ÿ√Vm°Á¶Á\fl EÕ>Á™fl ƒVÏA ®[≈ kwÁ\BV™ ÿ√VmWÁÈBV™
ÿƒV_ÈV¶_Ôπ[ kÁ´BÁ≈Ô”¬z^ \‚|©√|›>©√‚| W[Æ
ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[≈[Æ ®[√mD ∂m ∂›>e∫Ôπ_ W[Æ ÷B∫˛B_
WÁÈl_ keÏflE•D \Vu≈∫Ô”D ®F]kÕ> {Ï ∂ÉB_ ®[√mD
239
ÿ>πkVÔºk ÿ>ˆ˛≈m. ∂>Vkm ∂flƒVÏAÔ^ ∂kÚ¬z© ∏[AÈ∫Ô^
\‚|º\ ®[√Á>•D ∂kÏ ∂kuÆ¬z x´ı√¶V> kÁÔl_
∑Bº>Ï°Ô”¶[ >[ kVμsBu ÛwÁÈ ºÂV¬Ô xu√‚¶kÏ ®[√mD
cıÁ\ÔeVzD” 39 .
÷>[JÈD c´¬ÌΩB cıÁ\ÔeVzD
÷∫ºÔ ÔÈVW] ∑©∏´\ËB[ ∑‚Ωflÿƒ_KD ÔÈVW] ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏

®|›mÁ´¬zD \Vu≈∫Ô^ 1940á50ÔπKD, 1960á70 ÔπKD, 1980ÔÁe
∂|›mD ®™¬ ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ >tw[√Á™ ∂>uzˆB ∏[AÈ∫Ôπ_ Ák›m
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV xBKD Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔπ[ √VÏÁkÔÁe
∂Ô©√|›]B™ºkBVzD.
1940á50Ôπ_ ®]Ï xÁ™ÔeVÔ ÷ÚÕ> ÿ>ˆ°Ô^ ( Choices) Œ[Æ

“1940á50Ôπ_
∂_Èm \uÿ≈V[Æ ®™ ÷ÚÕ> \VuÆ› ÿ>ˆ°Ô^ k´ÈVu§[ {‚¶D
ÔV´\VÔfl EÈ A]B ÷Á°ÔÁe•D ÛμWÁÈÔÁe•D ∞u√|›mD
(x[™Ï ®]Ï√V´V>) WÁÈÁ\ÿBV[Æ ÷©ÿ√Vøm cÚkVkÁ> ÂVD
ÔVÈVD. kêÈVÁ´© √V¶kÕ> ÿ√Vøm k¶ŸÏ ®[–D ku≈V> \¬Ô^
ºÂBD ®[Æ ÌÆkm¶[ W[Æ s¶Vm ∂>uz º\ºÈ º√VF ƒV]º√>∫ÔÁe
/ ƒ\B sº´V>∫ÔÁe ƒJÔfl ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁefl / ƒV|D ∂Ú‚√V kˆÔπ_
Ák¬˛≈m” 40.
®_ÈVD / gΩ ∂Áƒ˛≈m / ÿ√ˆBVˆ[ >VΩ ®™¬Ì≈ Ák¬˛≈m
“1960á70Ôπ_ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂ÉB_ \uÆD >›mk›>eD

ƒVÏÕ> ºkÔD ŒÚ Ô‚|©√V‚|¬z^ kÚ˛≈m. xw¬Ô›>[Á\ {é° zÁ≈˛≈m.
÷m ∂kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÔV©√|D ÿ√VmkV™ {´DƒD. ÷>uÔV™ ∂ÉBu
∏[AÈD√u§, º√´VEˆBÏ ÔV.Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔ^ ∂Á™›]Õ]B© ∏[™ËºBV|
ÿ>V¶ÏAÆ›]fl EÕ]›mêVÏ”.
÷Õ]BVs[ ÷Æ] 25 kÚ¶∫ÔÁe© º√VÈºk >twÔ›][ ÔÁ¶E¬

ÔV_±u≈Vı|D á z§©√VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l_ ÷Õ> ∞\Vu≈∫ÔÁe¬
ÔV‚|k>VÔ ∂Á\˛[≈m. Ôs›mk›][ ke∫zÁ≈BV\_, ƒJÔ
∞\Vu≈∫ÔÁe ®|›m¬ ÌÆD {Ï ÷È¬˛B©√ıA ke´› ÿ>V¶∫z˛≈m.
se∫z˛[≈VÏ” 41.
∂>uÔV™ Â_È c>V´\VÔ ÷¬ÔsQº´ (>tw[√[) se∫z˛[≈VÏ
240
®™ Ek›>D∏ ∂kÏÔ^ º>VuÔΩ¬Ô©√‚¶ WBVB∫Ôπ[
kV¬zJÈ›]oÚÕm ÿ>V¶∫zºkVD k´ÈVuÁ≈ ®™› ÿ>V¶ÚD ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D
]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶•D x>oB ÿ>Vz]Ôπ_ ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÈkuÁ≈
®|›m¬ÔV‚|k>Á™•D ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[. ]Áƒ\V§B {Á¶
®–D >ÁÈ©º√ ÷>Á™ cê¶¬˛›>V[ Wu˛[≈m. ÷›>ÁÔB \Vu≈∫Ô^
z§›mD >D ƒJÔ ºÂV¬z Œ[º≈ ®[–D ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔ^ ÿkÀºk≈V™Ák
®[√m z§›mD ÿkÀºkÆ s>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπkÚkº> ÿ\Va¬zfl E≈©A
ºƒÏ¬Ôk_Èÿ>[√mD ∂kÏ ºÂV¬Ô∫ÔeVÔ cê™. ˛·¬zfl ƒV·´D ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz©∏[ x[–Á´l_ >tw[√M[ ÔÚ›m ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“®[
®[ ƒJÔ ºÂV¬zD Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ®™m ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ[Æº√VÈºk ÷Ú©√]_ÁÈ. ∂©√ΩlÚ¬zÿ\M_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz©º√ º√VmD, ∏≈z ∞[ ®ø>ºkı|D? ŒÚ ÿÔ|∏ΩBV™ >›mk
kVÏ©∏_ á ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ®ø]s¶ xÁ™Õ>V_ ∂Õ> ÷Æ¬Ô›]_
ÔsÁ> WflƒBD Jfl∑s¶ xΩBV\_ \ˆ›m© º√VzD. ®™¬zD ®[
ÔsÁ>¬zD ∑>Õ]´D ºkı|D. ÷Õ>fl ∑>Õ]´›Á> ®™m ®_ÈV
xΩ•D” 42 .
±_ÔπKD √VÏ¬Ô xΩ•D
√_ºkÆ s>\V™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kÚkm>V[ ŒÚ ÿ\Va¬zfl E≈©A

ºƒÏ¬zD. Œº´ s>\VÔ ®_ºÈVÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÷ÚÕ>V_ ∂©A≈D
®>uz WÁ≈B º√Ï ®ø>ºkı|D. ŒÚkÏ ®ø]™V_ º√Vmº\. ÷m>V[
ÔsÁ>¬Ô‚¶Á\©A ®[Æ ÷Æ]›yÏ©A ÿƒV_È xΩBVm. ∂m \V§¬
÷Ú¬zD” 43 . ÷>Á™ x[WÆ›] ®ø©√©√|D ÷Ú ºÔ^s•D
ÿÔVıº¶ ÷Ú¬zD
yÏ°\V™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ √]°D ÷∫ºÔ ÷›m¶[ ®ı›>¬Ôº>.
BVˆ¶tÚÕm ∑>Õ]´D? ÿÔ|∏ΩBV™ >›mk kVÏ©AÔπ¶tÚÕm

\‚|\_È, ∂k´m ÔsÁ>© √VÏÁkÔπoÚÕº> ∂kÚ¬zfl ∑>Õ]´D
cıÁ\” 44 .
º>Ák©√|km>V[ cıÁ\
241
ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> z§›> √VÏÁkÔ^ \V§fl
ÿƒ_k>Á™•D ÷›m¶[ ∂.\VÏ¬¸ ®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >e›]ÈV™
>tw[√M[ zÆ∫ÔsÁ> Œ[Á≈•D ∂>uÔV™ sˆ›ÿ>|¬Ô©√‚¶ ŒÚ
√]sÁ™•D ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
W[Æ s‚¶kº™ / √¬ÔD, #´D ®[√m √u§ / ¿ / ∞[

º√∑˛≈VF?
º√∑˛≈VF?”(Ô™V¬ ÔVbD ÔVÈ∫Ô^, √.69)
“¿
¿ WÁÈBVÔ {ˆ¶›]_, ŒÚ A^πl_, ŒÚ Ô‚E¬z^, ŒÚ
EÕ>Á™¬z^, ŒÚ ÿÔV^ÁÔ¬z^ W[Æs‚¶k[. c™¬z ¿ º√VmD.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ c™¬z› º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ÷[ÿ™VÚ >›mkD, ÷[ÿ™VÚ
ÔÁÈ, ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿ\Va c™¬z› º>Ák ÷_ÁÈ. c™¬z ®_ºÈVÚD
∂BÈkÏ, \VuÆ¬ ÔÚ›]™Ï, ºkı¶V>kÏ. ®]ˆÔ^ c[Á™ s¶›
>VμÕ>kÏ. c[ ∂e°¬z ∂§° ÷_ÈV>kÏ. c™¬z ¿ºB cÈÔD.
c™¬z kV™D ºkı¶VD, k´ÈVÆ ºkı¶VD. ¿ ŒÚ zu≈flÿƒΩ.
˛uÆ›>kÁe. ∂¬ÔD√¬Ôÿ\[Æ c™¬z c≈° º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ ÔsÁ> c™¬z ºkı¶VD; c™¬z ¿ºB ®_ÈVxD; c™¬z
¿ºB ÔsQ[; c[Á™ ¿ºB \VÁÈ ÷‚|© ØÁ¤ ÿƒFm ÿÔVıΩÚ ¿ ∞[
÷©√Ωfl ∑Ú∫˛© º√VFs‚¶VF? c[ Ô‚E>V[ ÿ√ˆ>V? cÈÔD c™¬z^
÷¶t_ÁÈBV?” 45 .
∑Ú∫˛s‚¶>V? ÷[ÿ™VÚkÚ¬z c[ cê›]_ ÷¶t_ÁÈBV?
>tw[√M[ ÷¬ÔsÁ> \uÆD QVMl[ se¬ÔcÁ´ ÷ku§uz

ª¶VÔ°D >tw[√[ zÆ˛B ºÂV¬z \uÆD zø\™©√V[Á\ºBV| ∞Á™B
>´©A¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∞uÔ \Æ›m √_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>© º√V¬zÔÁe ∂∫ˇÔˆ¬Ô
\Æ¬zD ÷È¬˛B ºÂÏÁ\Bu≈kÏÔ^ ®[≈k´V_ ∑‚¶©√‚|kÏÔ”¬ÔV™
√]ÁÈ•D cê¶¬˛B ®]ÏsÁ™¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ°D ÷>Á™ ÷™∫ÔV ÷BKD.
º\KD ∞uÿÔ™ºk ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶©√‚|ê ∂kÏÔπ¶D xuÆ©A^πl_ÁÈ /
]œÿ´[Æ ®[ÁÔÁB© √VÏ›º>[ / Ô\V›>V[ ÷ÚÕ>m ®–D Â.∏flƒJÏ›]
ÔsÁ>•D ªΩÁw©∏´]BVÔ (inter text) ÷>u˛Á¶ºB ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈ÿ>™ÈVD.
242
xuÆ©A^π ®–D \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>•D ÷›m¶[ ®ı›>¬Ôm (®[T‚| ®]º´
{Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ºkÿ≈VÚ >e›]_) >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>›
ÿ>Vz]Ô”D ŒÚEÈ ÿ√Vm› >[Á\ÔÁe cê¶¬˛ W[≈º√V]KD ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÿ>Vz]•D ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√>Á™•D ÿkÀºkÆ s\ÏƒÔÏ
√VÏÁkl_ >tw[√M[ ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ>Vz©AÔ^ ∂ku§uz cˆB E≈©A
c‚˛Á¶Ôπ™V_ º√Vu≈©ÿ√Æ˛[≈™ ®[√mD >tw[√–¬ºÔ kVF›]Ú¬zD
>M›> g”Á\l[ E≈©∏B_º√BVzD.
“÷›ÿ>Vz]lKê
÷›ÿ>Vz]lKê (˛w¬zflƒVe´D) ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ √È ∂k´m ƒJÔ
s\Ïƒ™© √ıAÔπ[ ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ ∂Á\Õ> º√V]KD (®.|: ÔV›]ÚÕ>
ÔsÁ>Ô^) ∂k´m kw¬Ô\V™ ÂD∏¬ÁÔ© Ø√Ve∫Ô^ {FÕmê™.
ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ôπ_ \Vu≈D ºkı|D ®[˛≈ ®ı›][ sÁe°
÷¶D\V§ kVμÕm √VÏ›>>V_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D x>ÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
E≈©√VÔ kΩkD ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. √Mÿ√F•D √Ô_ (1998), ÷´°©√V¶Ô[
(2003) x>oB ÿ>Vz©AÔ”D ÷›>[Á\¬zfl ƒV[≈VÔ cê™.
∏]´©√≈Ák, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÿ>uz© √V|˛≈V[ x>oB ÔsÁ>Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁk. ®M–D ÂV¶Ô›>[Á\ºBV| ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va>μ,
AÁ™°› >[Á\•¶[ ÔsÁ> ÿkπ©√|›>_ x>ÈV™ >tw[√–¬ºÔ
cˆ›>V™ ÿkπ©√V‚| xÁ≈Ô”¶[ ÌΩBÁkBVÔºk ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™Ák
\.\VÏ¬¸” 46
∂Á\˛[≈™ ®[√VÏ \.\VÏ¬¸
˛·¬zflƒV´·D √u§ QVM ∏[kÚ\VÆ º√∑˛[≈VÏ. “˛w¬zfl

˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
>tw[√M[ xø ∂esÈV™ x›]Á´√]›> ÿ>Vz©A. ∂k´m ÔsÁ>
kVμs_ ÷Á¶l_ {Ï cflƒD. ÔsÁ> √lÈ sÚDAD ÷ÁeQÏÔ^ ÷Õ>
cflƒÔ›]_ ∞§, ÷≈∫˛, >k§ søÕmD ÔsÁ>ÁB¬ ÔuÆ¬ ÿÔVêÈVD.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> ±_Ôπ_ ÷Õ> ±_, ŒÚ\Ë \z¶D. k´ÈVÆD
ÿ\FlBKD ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z c´º\u§•ê™. >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>
ÿÂfiÁƒ WtÏ›]¬ÿÔVê, >ÁÈ WtÏÕm √VÏ¬Ô ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©A ŒÚ #ı
®[˛≈VÏ” 47
®[˛≈VÏ
243
“˛w¬zfl
˛w¬zfl ƒVe´›]_ cê ÔsÁ>Ô^ √È ®™¬ºÔ ®[Á™©A]B
kÁÔl_ ÔV‚Ω•ê™. ÂV–D ®™m ÔsÁ>ÔÁe© A]B ®_ÁÈÔπ_
ÔıΩÚ¬˛º≈[ ∂ÉB_, ƒJÔ› >e∫Ôπ[ ∂–√k ÿkπ©√V¶VzD
ÔsÁ>ÔπoÚÕm ºkÆ√V| Œo¬zD ÷¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ∂ÔsB›>[Á\
√Á¶©√Vπl[ ÿ>V¶Ï º>¶ÁÈ ∂>[ ys´›>[Á\ÁB kVƒÔÏÔ”¬z
cÏ›] ∂kÏÔ”¬z^ ÷B∫zD ƒV›]B›Á> ÂV[ s>Õm ÿƒV_È
ºkıΩB]_ÁÈ. ÷©√Ω ÷B∫zk>[ JÈD √Ω©√kÏÔ”¬z^
÷¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ \Æ√Á¶©√V˛ ÷kÏÔ^ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷B¬zD
ÿ>Vau√V‚Á¶•D cÁ¶B>V˛s|D. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_ ÷¬˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
®™¬z ®[ >M sÚ©√›]uz cˆBm ®[√Á>•D ÷∫zÂV[ z§©∏¶
>tw[√[” 48.
sÚDA˛º≈[ ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[
÷©√]°Ô^ BV°D ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÿ>Vz©Á√© √u§B™ºk. >tw[√M[

∂w˛B_ z§›> ÔsÁ>Ô”D (∂w˛[ xÔkˆ, ®m ∂wz? {Áƒ ÷_ÈV>
kVÏ›Á>) ÿ>VÁÈÕm º√V™› >[Á™› >Vº™ *‚ÿ¶|¬zD ÔsÁ>Ô”D
(÷ÁƒBVF© ∏≈Õº>[, ∂Õ> ŒÚÔD, ÷¶D\V§ kVμÕm √VÏ›>V_, ®©º√VmD
®Á>BVkm, ÿ\FlB_ º>¶_ >[ ∏›Á>› >V[ ÿ>V‚|© √VÏ¬ÁÔl_,
\u≈kÏÔ^, Ô>°Ô^, zÁ¶´V‚Ω™D, ÷BuÁÔ› º>VFs[ ºkÏJÈ¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^
(˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D, √flÁƒ\ÁÈ √ke\ÁÈ, W√Õ>Á™, ®∫Ô^ ºk©√ \´›][
WÁ™kVÔ) ∂b g•> ∂´¬Ô ∂ÉB_, ∏∫ÔπoÚÕm ∏≈Õ>kÏÔ^,
®™©√[xÔfl E≈©º√V| ]Ôμ˛[≈m. ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÷>[ ÿ\FlB_
º>¶_ÔÁe© ∏aÕm >Úk>VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m. \.\mÛ>™[ √]°D ÷›m¶[
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ôm.
“kVw
kVw ∞u≈>VF ÷Õ> kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷_ÁÈ >M cÁ¶Á\ÁB•D
∂]ÔV´›Á>•D kƒ©√|›]¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏÔ^ ∑´ı¶_ \uÆD Œ|¬zxÁ≈
JÈD \¬ÔÁe ∂ΩÁ\©√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^ \¬Ôπ[ ∑>Õ]´›Á>
∂√Ôˆ›]Ú¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ∏´√fiƒD ÂVÆ˛≈m. ∂Õ> ∂e°¬z
®_ÈVkuÁ≈•º\ √\VÔ, ∂ÉBÈVÔ \Vu§lÚ¬˛[≈™Ï. ®™m
244
kVμ¬ÁÔ ÔsÁ> ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ∏≈º´ yÏ\VM¬˛[≈™Ï ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷m
®™Ôz c¶[√VΩ_ÁÈ. ®™¬z^ ÷[–D E§m ÷¶D *>tÚ¬˛≈m.
∂>uz^πoÚÕm ®[Á™ ÂVº™ clÏ©∏›m¬ ÿÔVı| ∏´√fiƒ›Á>
kƒ©√|›mD º√Vm ÷ÁƒBVB© ∏≈©ÿ√|©º√[ ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷©√Ω
÷›>ÁÔB cÏ°ÔÁe› >M ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿkπ©√|›m˛≈VÏ
>tw[√[. ]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô›m¬z^”D ÔÚkVÔ ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬˛[≈
ƒ\>Ï\[ ®[≈ cÏÁk \VÏ˛flEB›][ kaºB Am©∏›m¬
ÔVxΩ˛≈m” 49 .
ÿÔV^”>ÁÈ› >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\FlBÈVÔ¬ ÔVxΩ˛≈m
>tw[√º™ z§©∏|km º√V_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ g˛Bku§[

ys´›>[Á\BV_ ÂD\V_ c´©√|ÁÔl_ ∂Ák Â\¬z© ∏Ω√|ÁÔl_
∂>uz ∂©√V_ ÂDt_ ∂Ák ÷B∫Ô›>ÁÈ©√¶ÈV˛[≈™. *^kVE©AÔπ_
\Æ√Á¶©AÔeVÔ \V≈k_È™kVF ∂Ák cê™. ∂k´kÏ kVE©∏[
Aˆ>K¬ºÔu√ ∂Ák kVƒ_ ]≈¬˛[≈™. ÷ku§[ cêVÏÕ> ÿ\FlB_ º>¶ÁÈ
QVM•D \mÛ>™–D ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔl_ ÷™∫Ôı|ÿÔVı|
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏÔ^. \mÛ>™[ √VÏÁkl_ >tw[√M[ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´¬
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ª¶VÔ ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú¬Ô s¶V\_ ÂDÁ\›>|¬˛[≈
A≈ƒ¬]ÔÁe•D, Â\¬z^ºeºB ÷Ú¬zD \™›>Á¶ÔÁe•D A≈Õ>^π ÂDÁ\
ÂVº\ *‚ÿ¶|¬zD ÿ\FlB_ º>¶_ÔeVÔ¬ Ôıÿ¶|¬Ô©√‚| x[
Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈m. QVMl[ √VÏÁkl_ ∂b g•> ∂´¬Ô ∂ÉBKD
ºk©√\´¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ºkÏ JÈ∫Ô”D ∂Ôμÿ>|¬Ô©√‚| x[
Ák¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. k.ºk.∑.∂FBÚ¬z ze›>∫ÔÁ´ ∂´ƒ\´D; ∑Õ>´´V\ƒVt¬z
AπB\´D ÷Ákl´ı|D AÁ™ÔÁ> cÈ˛_ Eu∏¬z ∂›]\´D, >tw[√–¬z
ºk©√\´D ÷Ákl´ı|D ÔsÁ> cÈ˛_ ÷ÀkVº≈ Eu∏¬z ŒÚ Ìo¬ÔVˆ
®[≈V_ >tw[√–¬z ŒÚ z≈›].
“>[™V
>[™V ™›>™ >VeÈB›]_
ƒVF›m¬ Ôø›Á> ÿk‚Ω á ∂k^
245
÷[™V vVt ¿‚|© º√flE_
÷È¬˛B ÂBD ÿƒV‚|D / ∂k^
xbxb›]|D ÿ>D\V∫ ˛Áƒ¬z
x›>tμ xÕ] sˆ¬zD
sˆ¬zD”..
(ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √¬.41á42)
“g|D
g|D ∂kπ[ g‚¶ ∂Áƒs_
su√Á™BVÔV> ∂wz
√V|D √V‚Ω_ / ÷´›> kVÁ¶
E§mD ∂u≈ / kVμ¬ÁÔ ˛eÆD / kVƒD
kVƒD”
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √.99)
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ sƒVÈ TflEuzD, ÔÁ> ÿƒV_o©√V∫˛uzD,
÷BuÁÔl[ ŒÚ Ì≈VF >[Á™ c´k_È ÿ\FlBK¬zD gÔflE≈Õ>
®|›m¬ÔV‚¶VF ∂Á\Õm ˛¶©√º> ®∫Ô^ ºk©√\´›][ WÁ™kVÔ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\. T]xπBV˛s‚¶m ®–D ÿ>V¶¬Ôº\∂k´m ∂ÈV]BV™
x›]Á´>V[. T‚| x[™VoÚÕ> ºk©√\´D ÿk‚¶©√‚| s‚¶m ∂>™V_
T‚Ω[ x[A≈D ÿkÆÁ\BV˛s‚¶m ®[˛≈º√Vm ºk©√\´D ®[™ºkV
T‚Ω_ >V[ ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ >[ Wwo[ ∂´kÁ©A T] xømD
÷ÚÕ>ÿ>[√m ®™ sˆBÈV˛[≈m ÔsÁ>. ∂Õ> \´tÚÕ> ~∫ÌÏ T]
√VÏ¬ÔV> ƒVkV, ∏≈©√V ®™ºk ∂>[ ƒVs_ ~∫ÌÏ T] JπBVÔ›>Vº™
ÿƒF•D. ∂©A≈D ÿƒÔyƒ[ >tw[√™VÔ© ∏≈Õ>]oÚÕº> >tw[√[
ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ∂Õ> ºkDA ®©√Ω ®_ÈVD >VÈV‚Ω© √VŸ‚Ω Ê´V‚Ω© √V´V‚Ω
∂´kÁ›>m? ∂>[ ˛ÁeÔÁe cK¬˛™V_ QV√Ô∫ÔeVF¬ ÿÔV‚|D
ƒıÁ¶Ô^, ƒ\V>V™∫Ô^ ∂>[ WwºÈ ºkzD√Ω \M>Ï WÔμ›]B
ÿ√VFÔ^ ®[Æ gl´D ƒD√k∫Ô”¬z ∂m >Vº™ ÿ\e™ƒV‚E?
ÿk∫Ô¶VƒÈD gƒVˆ {F° ºÂ´›]_ ∂Ω›> ÔfiE´VkV_ ÷>[ ÔMÔ^
®©√Ω¬ ÔMÕ>™? ze›m©√VÁeBD gƒVˆl[ z]Á´¬z‚ΩÁB
ºkD∏[ ˛ÁeÔ^ ®©√Ω› yıΩ™? ÷ÈV¶D ∂Ω¬Ô¬ Ôsμ¬Ô©√‚¶
246
\V|Ôπ[ kVºBV´ OÁ´>ê©√|D√V‚Á¶› >|¬Ô xΩBV\_ ºkDA\™D
ÿkD∏Bm ®©√Ω? O∫z sBV√Vˆ c>§s‚¶ AÚÁ¶Ôπ_ kıΩÔ‚Ω
cÚ‚|D ∞Áwfl E≈VÏÔ”¬z ∂m √wDº√V‚¶m ®©√Ω? gΩ¬˛Ú›]ÁÔ,
Á> ∂\VkVÁƒÔπ_ \ÁÈºBÆD √¬>ÏÔπ[ ∂º´VÔ´VÁk ∂Õ> xÚÔ[
ºÔ‚¶Vº™V ÷_ÁÈºB ∂>uz ºkDA ÿƒsƒVF›>m ®©√Ω?
>VÁ´>©√‚Á¶ºBV| Á>©Øƒ¬ ÔVkΩ ®|¬zD √¬>Ï √V>∫Ôπ_
ÿÔV©√π¬ÁÔl_ z¶D z¶\VF ∂kuÁ≈¬ zπ©√V‚|D ÿ√ıÔ”¬z
ºkDA sE§ TEBm ®©√Ω?
®©√Ω?” ÷©√Ω ÷©√ΩBVÔºk ºkD∏[ ÔÁ>ÔÁe
®_ÈVD WÔμ›]fl ÿƒ_˛≈m >tw[√[ ÔÁ>¬ ÔsÁ>.
(˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, √¬.102á112)
x>[ x>ÈVF ~∫ÌÏ T]l[ Â¶©√‚¶ tM ÔD√›]_ Eˆ›>

ÿkπflƒ©ØÁk¬ Ôı| BVÏ ÷Õ>fl ƒ¬Ôe›] ®™ ºkDA xÁ≈›>>VD.
ÔVÈ©º√V¬˛_ ÷´ı|D cÁ´BVΩ¬ ÿÔVı¶™kVD; \VÏ¬ºÔVM© ÿ√‚Ωl_ ÿƒF]
ºÔ‚| ∂m°D ∂kÁ´© º√VÈºk zwD∏© º√V™>VD; ÔluÆ¬ Ô‚Ωo_ ∂kÏ
˛¶Õ> ÿkπ§B ÷´°Ôπ_ ∂kÚ¬ÿÔ™ WÈÿkVπÁB kΩÔ‚Ω ∂–©∏
Ák›>>VD; t]kıΩ √w˛› >|¬˛ søÁÔl_ ºkDA Eˆ›> Eˆ©A ÷[–D ∂kÏ
ÔV_ k|°¬z^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈>VD; \\V˛ ∂kÏ >∫ÁÔ sÁ¶ÿ√u≈º√Vm
xÕ>VÁ™BV_ Ôı mÁ¶›m sÁ¶ ÿÔV|¬Ô >Vl_ÈV¬ zÁ≈ÁB ∂Õ>
ºkDA>V[ ~|Ô‚ΩB>VD; BVº´V #´›m© AπB\´›]_ #¬˛‚|fl ÿƒ›>>uÔVÔ
÷´ÿk_ÈVD ∂kº´V| ∂Õ> ºkDAD #∫Ôºk ÷_ÁÈBVD. ÷©√ ÷©√ΩBVÔºk
÷[–D ÿ>V¶´ÈV˛[≈™ ∂k´m >uz§©º√u≈ ÔÁ>Ôπ[ ÁÔ kˆÁƒÔ^.
“®©º√Vº>V
®©º√Vº>V / ºk©√D √wD Œ[Á≈› ][Æ / ÿÔV‚Á¶ÁB /
sø∫˛s‚¶ º√Vm ®[ / √wM x›mfl E›>©√V ÿƒV[™VÏ / klu§oÚÕm
\´D keÚD ®[Æ. ∂©º√Vm ÔÈk´©√‚¶k[ / ÷©º√Vm WÁ™¬˛º≈[ /
÷MºB–D ŒÚºkÁe / ∂Õ>¬ ÿÔV‚Á¶ / xÁe¬z\V? ®kÚD ÿk‚¶
xΩBV>√Ω ∂Õ> / ºkDA keÚ\V?
keÚ\V?” (˛w¬zflƒV´·D, √¬.102á103).
247
ºkDÁ√ ÷wÕ> ºƒVÔ›][ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®_ÈVD ÂV¶Ô› >[Á\•¶™V™
®|›mÁ´©AÔ^ JÈD ÿ>V|›m›>Õ> >tw[√[ ÔsÁ> zwÕÁ>ÁBl[
√VkÁ™l_ ÷Æ]BVFfl ƒ´Á¶Õm s|˛[≈m. ∂m>Vº™ gl´D gl´D
ÔsÁ>Ô”¬ÔV™ ªuÆ¬Ôı \Á¶ ]≈¬zD kVƒ_. ∂>™V_ >V[ ∂kÏ T‚Ω[
x[ ÿkÆÁ\BVÔ°D ∂k´m ~∫ÌÏ T]l_ JπBVÔ°D ÿk‚¶©√‚¶ ∏[™VKD
∂Õ> ºkDA ÷©√Ω Ô©A∫ÔkÆ\VÔ¬ ˛Áe √´©∏ ÿ√ÚsÚ‚ƒ\V¬ ˛w¬zfl
ƒVe´›]_ Tu§Ú¬˛[≈m. ÷m√u§B QVMl[ ÔÚ›m¬Ô^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
“ºkDA
ºkDA ÂD\´º√V| ÿ√u≈ ÷¬Ô›Á>fl ÿƒV_o xΩBVm. ∂Õ>
∂e°¬z ºkDA Â\¬z c´D >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m; ck©√VF Ôƒ©√VF
÷M›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD zwÕÁ>ÔÁe› >VÈV‚ΩlÚ¬˛≈m. EÆkÏÔπ[
keÏflE¬z¬ ÁÔ ÿÔV|›]Ú¬˛≈m. swV¬Ôπ_ ÂDº\V| c≈°
ÿÔVı¶VΩlÚ¬˛≈m ºkDA; ÂD T‚| c›]´\VF ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÂDT‚|©
√lÏÔÁe¬ ÔV›]Ú¬˛≈m; ÂD c¶_ ºÂVF yÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. cê›Á>¬
zπÏs›]Ú¬˛≈m; ºkDA ÷_ÈV\_ Â\¬z kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷ÚÕ>]_ÁÈ ;
ºkDA Â\¬z clÏ >Õ]Ú¬˛≈m. \´Á√ Â\¬z^ keÏ›]Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>
ºkD∏oÚÕm ÷©ÿ√Vøm ÂVD ∏ˆÕ>VÔ ºkı|D. ºkDÁ√¬ ÔV©√Vu≈
÷BÈV> ÂD ÷™D kVμÕ>VÿÈ[™? ÿƒ›>VÿÈ[™? ®[Æ Â\¬z^
ºk˛º≈VD. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ \´√_È. ºkDA Â\¬z ŒÚ Âı√[;
ƒºÔV>´[; >ÕÁ>; ÿ>FkxD >V[. ºkD∏[*m sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ,
÷™›][ *mD >V[sø˛≈ ºÔV¶ˆ, >tw[√–¬z^ ºkDA
ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m” 50 .
sÁeÕ]Ú¬˛[≈m. ∂[§•D ÿkΩ›]Ú¬˛≈m
÷›>zAˆ>_Ôπ[ ÿkπflƒ›]_ ÔV xu√|D º√Vm >V[ Â\¬z

>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D ÿ√u§Ú¬˛[≈ cflƒxD, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
±_Ôπ_ ŒÚ\Ë\z¶\VÔ› ]Ôμk>[ ´ÔEB∫Ô”D ∏Ω√¶ÈV˛[≈™. ®[T‚|
®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] z§›> AsB´∑ ∏[kÚ\VÆ
z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
248
“{Ï
{Ï ∂]ÏflEºBV|, ∂]ƒB\VF, ∂wÔVF kÕ]Ú¬˛≈m ÷Õ>¬
ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]. ÂÆ\fl ÿƒVuÔeV_ >ÁÈ©AÔ^ ÿ√ÆD √Èz©Á√¬
ÌÁ¶Ô”¬z Â|ºk, ÿÂΩT∑D >ÁÈ©A¶[ ÿÂfiE_ >ÁÈ\¬zD
Øflÿƒı¶VF Â\¬z kw∫Ô©√‚ΩÚ¬˛[≈m ÷¬ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz].
∑¶Ïÿ>§¬zD t[tMÔeVF› º>V[§ \Á≈Õm º√VÔV\_, W[Æ
W>VM›m ÷>B›Á> ÿkπflƒ©√|›mD ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÷Õ> ÿ>Vz]l[
Ô™º\ ƒ›]B›][ Ô™D>V[.... ®Á>©√u§•D ®kuÁ≈© √u§•D
ÔkÁÈ©√¶V\_ ŒÚ ƒ›]B >ˆƒ™\VÔ ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] kÕ]Ú©√m
ºƒÏ¬˛≈m” 51 .
>tø¬z¬ Ô™D ºƒÏ¬˛≈m
“÷›ÿ>Vz©∏Kê
÷›ÿ>Vz©∏Kê ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>Ô”D √¬ÔD √¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›m©
º√∑k>uÔV™ ∂ø›>\V™ EÕ>Á™ÔÁe•D, z§X|ÔÁe•D,
ÿ>VMÔÁe•D ÿÔVı| se∫z˛[≈™. >tw[√M[
ÔsÁ>Ô^>M›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶Ák. kVÏ›Á>fl ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÔ^
s›]BVƒ\V™Ák ®[√>uzfl ƒV[≈VÔ© √È ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ®|›m¬ÔV‚¶
xΩ•D. cÈÔ›][ E≈Õ> ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®_ÈVD >™¬z^ Â¬ÔÁÈ•D,
ºÔoÁB•D, ˛ı¶ÁÈ•D Ì¶ºk \M> ºƒVÔ›Á>•D ÿ√V]Õm
Ák›mê™. ∂©√Ωÿ\VÚ ÔsÁ>BVÔ¬ >V[ >tw[√M[ √È
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™
ÿkπ©√|˛[≈™” ®[˛≈VÏ Ô. √fiƒV∫ÔD.
®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ ®[–D ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏oÚÕm ∞uÿÔ™ºk

∏π§ kÕ> ÔπÆ, Ô>Ák› ]≈¬Ô á ÷Õ>¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB› >s´ ∂wÔVÔkV?
¿BVÔkV ∏ÔVºvV ºÔ‚¶VÏ, ÷[ÿ™VÚkÏ T‚Ω_ ÷Ú©√m º√VÈ, ÔsÁ> º>Ák,
>´›>k§B >ÁÈ©Afl ÿƒF]Ô^, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ, xuÆ©A^π
g˛B ÔsÁ>Ô^ xÕÁ>B ÷B_Ôπ_ º√ƒ©√‚|ê™. ÷[–fi EÈ
ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô ÔsÁ>ÔºeBVzD. ŒÚ ÿ>Vz©∏[
ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô”º\ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVÔ ∂Á\•\VÆ ]Ôμ√Ák
˛e¬zD ƒVe´xD, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬Ôfi ÿƒΩ•D. ÷›>ÁÔB E≈©ÿ√[√mD
>tw[√–¬z ®[º≈ kVF›]Ú¬zD >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô”^
249
Œ[º≈BVzD. ÷m \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿkÀºkÆ s\ÏƒÔÏ
ºÂV¬˛_ √¬ÔD√¬Ô\VÔ sˆ›mÁ´›muzˆB™kVÔfl ∑‚¶©√‚|êmD ∂k´m
>M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏uÔV™ \uÿ≈VÚ ∂Á¶BVeº\. \uÿ≈V[Æ ŒÀÿkVÚ
ÂV”D ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔl_ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VÔ°D; ∂§xÔ\V™ ∂_Èm
x[º™VΩBVÔ A]B kΩk›Á> x[ Ák©√>VÔ°D, A]B º√V¬˛Á™
x[ÿ™|©√>VÔ°D ]Ôμ˛[≈ √[xÔ kÁÔÁ\©√V¶VzD. ÷›>ÁÔB E≈©A
x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ¬zº\ {é° ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[º≈ ®[≈ º√V]KD º\È]Ô
kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô^ ®[˛≈ xÁ≈l_ >tw[√–¬z¬ Ì|>ÈVÔ© ÿ√VÚÕ>¬
ÌΩBm ®[√mD z§©∏¶›>¬Ôº>. ÷Õ>kÁÔl_ sΩB_ sømÔ^
(\Á¬ÔsÁ>), EoÏ©AÔ^ (kƒ™ÔsÁ>), ªÏ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ, (ÔsB´∫Ô¬
ÔsÁ>), >tºwVsBD (÷Áƒ©√V¶_), ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì) ŒÚkıΩfl
ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•), ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ¬˛πºBV BV›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì), c[ T‚|¬z
ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[, kV_‚s‚\[ (√B ÷È¬˛BD), k¬ÔD k^”k (k^”kfl
E›]´D) ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ (÷´°D ÷´° ºƒÏÕ>™°D g™ cÚkÔ g¬ÔD)
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^ (ºÔ^s¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^) t[tM¬ÔV|Ô^
(zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^) ®[˛≈ kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô^ >tw[√[ ÿ>Vz©AÔjº¶
ÔV¬˛¶©√™kVzD. ÷mkÁ´ ±_Ô^ kÁÔl_ ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔÁ\©√V|ÔÁe
x[Ák©√™kVÔ°D, ÿkÀºkÆ ±_ÔÁe ∂_Èm ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe
ÿkÀºkÆ s\ÏƒÔÏÔ^ z§©∏‚|fl E≈©√VÔ ®|›mÁ´©√Ák z§›mD
s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷Ák>s´› >tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\ÔeVÔ √ÈÚD
√[xÔ\VÔ ®|›mÁ´›mê E≈©√Dƒ∫Ô^ ®[˛≈ xÁ≈lÈV™ √]°Ô^ ÷∫z
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.
“(1)
(1) ®]Ï√V´V> x´ı√‚¶ x›>VF©A ∂Á\›>_ (2) s™V¬ÔÁe
∂|¬˛ sÁ¶ Ì≈_ (3) se¬ÔD >Õms‚| ÔV´∫ÔÁe ∂|¬˛fl
ÿƒV_K>_. (4) ∏´flEÁ™ÔÁe¬ Ì§s‚| ÂD∏¬ÁÔR‚|D kÁÔl_
xΩ°ÔÁe ∂Á\›>_ (5) ŒÚ ÔÚ›Á>¬ Ì§s‚| ∂>Á™ ko•Æ›>
ckÁ\ÔÁe© √B[√|›>_ ” 53 ®[√VÏ ºk∫Ô¶´V\[.
250
“>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>¬z^ √Ω\ gu≈_ >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>¬z^
÷Ú¬˛≈m. >tw[√M[ ÔsÁ> xÔ›][ ƒVBÿÈ™¬ ÌÆ\e° ÷kˆ¶D
√Ω\D ÷¶D ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶ÏÕ> ~|√V|D ÷Á¶B≈V>
®™ÈVD” 54 ®™
´ƒÁ™•D ÿÔVı¶ ÷kÏ ÷>B›][ ƒV>Á™ ÷m ®™ÈVD
s·¬zkVÏ x.∑>Õ]´x›m.
“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√[, \u≈ ÔsQÏÔÁe¬ ÔV‚ΩKD x´ËKD
√Ω\›]KD >\¬ÿÔ[Æ >M›> {Ï ∂Á¶BVe›Á> gw\VÔ©√]›>kÏ....
ÔsÁ>l[ ∏≈ ÿkπ©√V‚| c›]ÔÁes¶°D x´Á© √B[√|›mk]_
ÿ>ˆ˛≈m”55 ®[√VÏ ÷´V\zÚÂV>[. >tw[√M[
ÿ√ÚsÚ©AÁ¶BkÏ ®™› ÿ>ˆ˛≈m
ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂w˛B_ z§›m s·¬z˛≈VÏ ÷Õ]´[.
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ®[˛≈ ÔsQÏ >™m ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ JÈ©ÿ√VÚeVÔ
÷Ú¬˛≈ ÿ\Va¬z ÿkπºB ÿƒ[Æ ÿ>Vau√|k]_ÁÈ. \V≈VÔ
ÿ\Va¬z^ Ô‚¶©√‚|ê √ı√V‚| Z]BV™ ∂w˛B_ søtB∫Ôπ[√Ω
>™m ÔsÁ>ÔÁe© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ. ÷>™V_ ÷k´m ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÂT™
EÕ>Á™ºBV| º√∑˛≈ ∂º> ºÂ´›]_ c[™>\V™ >tμ ∂w˛BÁÈºB
ƒ>V ∑kVE›m clÏ©√Á¶˛[≈™ ” 56 .
“ÔsÁ>l[
ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ Ì§Á™•D ÷B¬Ô›]ºÈºB ÿÔVı|
ÿƒK›mk>uz ∂kÏ ÁÔBV”D ÿ√ˆB c›]BVÔ se∫zkm x´ı.
º>V[Æ˛≈m” 57 ®[˛≈VÏ
∂>[ *m ∂kÚ¬z ŒÚ º\VÔº\ ÷Ú©√m º√V_ º>V[Æ˛≈m
Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD.
“÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ
÷Ú^á÷´°á÷´°©√V¶Ô[áÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ >M›mkD
÷m>V[. >[–Á¶B ƒ\ÔVÈ›m¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕm (∞[, ∂>uz
xÕ]B ÔVÈ›Á>•D ºƒÏ›m>V[) s›]BVƒ©√‚|› >™m >M›mk›Á>
÷∫ºÔ ∂kÏ WÁÈ WÆ›]¬ ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ŒÚ E≈Õ> ÔsQ–¬z, {Ï
∂Á¶BVeD ºkı|D, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>•È˛_ >¶D √]›m >™¬ÿÔ™ {Ï
÷ÈflEÁ™ÁB kˆ›m¬ ÿÔVı| ÷ÚÁeá÷´Ák› >[–Á¶B>VÔ
251
ÔsQÏ” 58 ®™ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ> z§›m
∂Á¶BVe©√|›m˛≈VÏ ÔsQÏ
].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[ z§©∏‚|^·VÏ.
“ÔsQÏ
ÔsQÏ >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ∂kÚÁ¶B
®_ÈV©√Á¶©AÔπ_ ÷ÚÕmD ÿ√ˆmD ºkÆ√|˛≈ ŒÚ ÿ>Vz©A...
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m” 59
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz] ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m
®[√VÏ QVM.
∂∏¬z ÷´° ÷´V©∏flÁƒ¬ÔV´[ ®[˛≈ ÔV\›][ cÚkÔ\VÔ¬

ÔV‚EBπ¬˛[≈m. ƒ∫Ô©AÈk–¬z ÷´° Ô∫z_ ÿkıÁ\ ®[˛≈ cÚkÔ\V¬
ÔV‚EBπ›>m. ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z ÷ÚeV_ Œπÿ√u≈ ∏›>[ ®]ˆÔπ[
c√VƒÔ[ gÔ¬ ÔV‚EBπ¬˛[≈V[. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∏›>[ ÷ÚπoÚÕm
Œπ¬z ®[≈ xw¬Ô›]uz ®]´VÔ ŒπloÚÕm ÷Ú”¬z ®[Æ xw∫z√k[.
>tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ∂k[ √V¶_Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬zD ÷ÚÁe Œπl[
\Æ√¬Ô\VÔºk ÔVı˛≈V[. “cÈÔD
cÈÔD √VÏ¬ÔV> / ÷Úı¶ √¬Ô∫Ôπ[
∏›>[” 60 . “÷Úπ[
∂wÁÔ ∂§Õ>k[ á ∏›>[ ÷Úπ[ ∂wÁÔ© √VÏ¬Ô \Æ¬zD
\¬ÔÁe ®ıËºB / ÔıßÏ kΩ¬˛≈m á ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ √V‚|
√V‚|”..
(÷´°©√V¶Ô[, √.23)
÷Ú^ ®[√m zÁ≈Õ> Œπ ®[≈ √V´]l[ z´KD ÷Úºe c[ ÊÏ {sBÏ

∂§Õ]Ú©√VÏ ®–D √V´]>VƒM[ z´KD ∂ku§uz ∂|›>|›> √ˆ\V∫ÔÁe
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ∏›>[kVlÈVÔ°D >tw[√M[ ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ kVlÈVÔ°D
Ôı¶Á¶BÈV˛[≈™. “÷ÚÁe
÷ÚÁe Œπl[ ]BV™\VÔ, Œ|¬Ô›][ sˆkVÔ,
s|>ÁÈl[ W≈\VÔ¬ ÔVı˛≈m. (÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÷m ŒÚkÁÔ Am
>ˆƒ™D; >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ√VÚπ_ ŒÚ A]B √ˆ\VD ∂>uºÔu√
ÂÁ¶, z§©√VÔ ∂>[ √Ω\∫Ô^ ∂Á\Õmê™. y¬zπ›mfl /
ÿƒ›m©º√V™ √Ôo[ ƒ¶ÈD ÷´kVÔ¬ ˛¶Õ>m ƒ¶ÈD ÷Õ>© √V¶o_
E≈©√VÔ© √B[√|›>©√|˛≈m. ÷≈Õms‚¶ >ıßˆ[ ƒ¶È›Á>¬
zπ©√V‚¶› >ıßÏ ÷_ÁÈºB ®[˛≈VÏ. ÷[º™VÏ ÷¶›]_ ÷©√Ω©√‚¶
ÔVÈVD” 61 ®[˛≈VÏ Ô.ÿƒ_È©√[.
n, √È ÷¶∫Ôπ_ ÔVÈVD
Paradox-n,
252
Paradox ®[≈V_ x´ıA]Ï ÷º> ÔsÁ> z§›> ÷[ÿ™VÚ √]°D ÷∫z¬
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôm.
“>tw[√M[
>tw[√M[ cÏ›m xÁ≈Ôπ_ √Ω\D ®[√m x¬˛B\V™
Œ[Æ. ÷›ÿ>Vz©∏KD √Ω\©√luE tz]BVÔ cêm. ƒV[≈VÔ Œ[Á≈fl
∑‚¶ÈVD. m¬ÔD sƒVˆ¬Ô kÕ> #¬ÔD ®[≈ >ÁÈ©∏ÈV™ ÔsÁ>l[
ÿ>V¶¬Ô\VÔ ∂Á\•D ÷ÀkΩÔ^ √Ôo[ ƒ¶È\VÔ ÷´Ák¬ ÔV‚|km √Ô_
∞[ y¬zπ›>m ®[√m √u§B ÔV´ËÔπ[ sk´\VÔ¬ ÔsÁ>
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m” 62 ®[˛≈VÏ ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m
g]¬Ô©√ÔK¬z ∂|›>kÏ Œπs|km ∏Ω¬ÔVm ®[˛≈ \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ>

kˆl_ √Ô_ g]¬Ô›][ cÚkÔ\VÔ x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|êm. ®™ºk ÷Ú^
s|>ÁÈl[ cÚkÔ\VÔ© ÿ√≈©√|˛[≈m. ÷>Á™ºB AmkÁÔ›>ˆƒ™D gÔ
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√[.
“>tw[√[
>tw[√[ >MÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ]ÚD√› ]ÚD√fl ÿƒV_K˛≈ {Ï
cıÁ\ √u§ ÷∫z¬ z§©∏¶ ºkı|D. >™¬z^ ÷Áƒ ÷_ÈV>k[
TÁl[ Â´D∏_ ÷Áƒ ®ø©√ xΩBVm. >™¬z^ kı∫Ô^
÷_ÈV>k[ {sBD kÁ´B xΩBVm. \M>M[ ∂Ô›]–^ ∂wz
÷ÚÕ>V_ ŒaB©A≈›]_ ∂wÁÔ¬ ÔVxΩBVm. ÷Á>© º√VÈ›>V[
∂≈cÏ° x>oB™°D, ÷©√Ω¬ ÔsÁ>BVÔ ÷Ú¬Ô ºkıΩB \M>[
>™¬z^ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒ›m© º√V˛≈V[. ∂º™Ô\VÔ ®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD
÷Á>© √u§¬ ÔsQÏ º√∑˛≈VÏ. ÷´° ºÂ´›m Â‚ƒ›]´∫ÔÁe ÷k[
ÔkM©√]_ÁÈ. \VÁÈ ºÂ´›mfl ÛˆB[ ÿƒV_K˛≈ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷k[
ÿƒs¬z^ OÁwk]_ÁÈ. ÷k[ ∂ÉB_kV]; t>kV]; Aº´V˛>[
ºÈkVº>s¬ÔV´[; kËÔ[; ÔVxÔ[; ºkÁÈBu≈k[; zÚ¶[; x¶k[;
ºÂVBVπ; ºk‚Á¶¬ÔV´[, kfiƒÔ[ ÷k–¬z¬ ÔsÁ> º>Ákl_ÁÈ.
∂wzÏ° º>Ákl_ÁÈ. ∂ƒÈV™Ô_s ®[™ÿk[Æ ÷k–¬z›
ÿ>ˆBVm. ∂ÁÈÕm ∂ÁÈÕm >™¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe¬
ÿÔV[≈k[ ÷k[. ÷©√Ω›>V[ ÷k[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ÷wÕ>V[. gÔºk
253
÷k[ \M>™VÔ°D ÷_ÁÈ. ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÷kM¶D ®ÀkeºkV
\[≈VΩ™V[. ÷´°©√V¶Ô–¬z›>´ ÷kM¶D ÔsÁ> ÷_ÁÈ. ÷Õ>
cıÁ\ÁB›>V[ ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©∏_ >tw[√[ √]° ÿƒF]Ú¬˛≈VÏ.
>tμ¬ÔsÁ> >™¬z^ Ô™›m kÚkÁ> ÷Õ>› ÿ>Vz©A
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m”63 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ QVM.
ÿ\F©∏¬˛≈m
k¬ÔD k^”k xøÁ\BVÔ k^”k›Á>ºB √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛B

ÿ>Vz©A. k^”kD kƒ©√¶V> kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ kw∫Ô©√|D cÁ´ÔÁe¬ ºÔ^s¬
zêV¬z˛[≈VÏ. kVE©A x[MÁÈ©√|›>©√|D ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ kVμ˛[º≈VD
ÂVD. xΩÕmº√V™ ∂Ï›>D ®[Æ ∞mt_ÁÈ ®™ ∂k´kÏ kVE©∏uz ∞u√
∂Ï›>ƒV›]B∫Ô^ ºkÆ√¶¬ÌΩB™ºk ®[√mD cıÁ\>V[.
cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔπ[ zÆ¬ˇ‚Á¶•D ºÔ^s¬zêV¬z˛[≈VÏ.
∂Ï›> ºÂÏÁ\ÁB ∂a›>a›m / ∂k´kÏ ÿƒV_kº> / c[ ∂Ï›>ÿ\™

kV>V|kÁ> / k^”k ¿ / √VÏ›mfl Eˆ©√m Aˆ˛≈m ®™¬z / ®[˛≈º√Vm
∂≈\Vkm \–x>oB ±_Ôπ_ sÈ¬˛B™ sÈ¬ÔKD s]›>™ {D√K\VD
®™ ŒÚzÈ›m¬z ŒÚ¿] º√∑D \–>Ï\›Á>ºB ∏≈©ÿ√V¬zD ®_ÈV clÏ¬zD
®[–D k^”k›][ ÿ√VÚ·VÔ© √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ]ˆ›mÁ´©√Á>¬ Ôı| k^”kÏ
Eˆ¬zD Eˆ©A©Aˆ˛[≈ÿ>[˛[≈VÏ ®[√m Â\¬z© AÈ™V˛[≈m.
“c[
c[ / QV™ºkÏ / √VFÕm √´°D ÷¶›]_ ®›>Á™ W≈∫Ô^
ÿÔV‚Ω¬ ˛¶¬˛[≈™? ∂§s_ Aˆ˛≈VF EÈÚ¬z / ∂–√k›]_ Aˆ˛≈VF
EÈÚ¬z / ÷´ıΩKD AˆBV\_ º√V˛≈VF √ÈÚ¬z kVÏ›Á>ÔeVF cÁ´
kÁ´•D º√Vm kƒ©√¶V\_ º√V˛≈VF kVμ¬ÁÔl_ / BVº´–D cÁ´
®ø]¬ ÔV‚Ω™V_ / ¿ / kƒ©√¶V\_ º√VÔ xΩ•\V?
xΩ•\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k,
√¬.94á96) ®[˛≈º√Vm kVμkV∫z kVøDÔÁÈºB k^”kD ®[√m
>tw[√–¬z kƒ©√‚ΩÚ¬˛≈ÿ>[√mD Â\¬zD ∏Ω√¶ÈV˛[≈m.
cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔπ[ zÆ¬zfl ƒV_ÔÁe ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÔsÁ>lKD
ºÔ^s¬zêV¬˛•êVÏ. Ø°¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^, Ø ®[™ ®[√m
>™¬z© AˆÕ>º√VmD Ø°¬z ÿÂ|Õÿ>VÁÈs_ >[Á™¬ ÿÔVı| WÆ›]™Ï
254
®™°D ∂D\VÁk kVÏ›Á>ÔeV_ ∂Ï›>©√|›]¬ ÌÆº√V‚|¬ ÿÔV|›>VÏÔ^.
mı| mb¬zÔeVF› ÿ>§›m søÕ>kÁe› ]´‚Ωfl ºƒÏ¬Ô xΩBV\_
]§B>VÔ°D ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈VÏ.
“÷©√Ω›>V[
÷©√Ω›>V[ / k^”kÏ¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ ÿƒV_È kÕ>kÏÔ^ /
k^”kÏ¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ √ˆº\ÈwÔÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^ / k^”kÏ¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ /
\¬z¶kÏ ®[≈VÏÔ^... k^”kÏ¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ / \u≈ \uÁ≈BkÏÔ^
®[≈VÏÔ^. k^”kÏ¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ / k^”kÏ ÷_ÁÈ ®[≈V™∏[ /
k^”kÁ´ / ∞[ ÂV[ √Ω¬Ô ºkı|D? / >ıßˆ[ ÿ√VÚ^ >ıß´VÔ
÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ / ∂m / ®[ >VÔ›Á>› >Ë¬z\V?
>Ë¬z\V?”
(k¬ÔD k^”k, √.68)
÷©√Ω k^”kˆ[ k^”kÁ´› º>ΩBkÚ¬z›>V[ kVμ¬ÁÔ kΩsKD

k¬ÔD
÷BuÁÔ kΩsK\VÔ k^”kÏ kƒ©√¶ÈV˛[≈VÏ. “k¬ÔD k^”k
k^”k’
kVlÈVÔ› >[ >VFÿ\Val[ º\ÈVıÁ\ÁB WÆ°k>[ JÈ\VÔ°D
k^”kˆ[ ÿ\FBV™ √ıxÔ›]≈Á\ÁB© AˆÕm kV>V|k>[
JÈ\VÔ°D >tw[√[ ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚ]Á™ ∂Á¶Õ>VÏ. ÷m
>tø¬zD >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>¬z\V™ ∂k´m \ÔV k¬ÔD ®[˛[≈VÏ
c>BflƒÕ]´[”64 k^”k›Á>•D Œº´Vka ºÔ^s¬z^·V¬Ô°D >tw[√[
c>BflƒÕ]´[
>ÁÈ©√|˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
k^”kÏ / ®]Ï√VÏ¬Ôs_ÁÈ s™V¬ z§ÔeVÔ ÷´ı| / sÁÈ \V>ÏÔ^

W[≈™Ï ∂kÏ x[ ®∫Ô^ c¶D∏[ / ®Õ> {Ï ∂∫zÈ›]KD ®∫Ô^
g[\V°¬z ÷¶D ÷_ÁÈ / ÔV\¬ ÔøzÔ^ ÿÔV›mDº√Vm / ÂV∫Ô”D ®∫Ô^
c¶D∏oÚÕm ÿkπºB§s|˛º≈VD / ¿∫Ô^ / ®∫ÔÁe ∞]_ ∏D ®[Æ
ÿƒV[™m ∏ÁwºB ÷_ÁÈ k^”kº´ ®[≈kÏÔ^ ∂¬z≈”¬z ∞e™©A›mÁ´
kz›mÁ´¬˛[≈™Ï.
“®∫Ô^
®∫Ô^ / √V_ ∂∫Ô∫Ô^ / √Á¶›> / z≈^ ÿkı√V Œ[Æ
ÿƒV_ÈkV? ÔV\ ÿk§Bˆ[ / Ôê xB¬Ôº\ ÔV‚| sÈ∫z / ÔÁ›
>uÆ √>°Á´ ÿ√Va©AÁ´ / √ˆº\ÈwÔÁ´¬ ºÔ‚¶V_ ÿƒV_kVÏ / nB ¿∫Ô^
255
ÿƒV[™m º√V_ / ®_ÈVD su˛º≈VD á ®M–D / ÷>B›Á> su√]_ÁÈ
/ ∂>™V_>V[ ®∫Ô^ xB¬ÔD / ÿ√VFDÁ\ xB¬Ôº\V g¶kÏ / ®DÁ\
∂Á©√m \‚|D ∂[A xB¬Ôº\V?
xB¬Ôº\V?” (k¬ÔD k^”k, √¬.126á127)
÷∫z ∞]_ ∏D ®[√>uzD ÿ√VFDÁ\ xB¬ÔD ®[√>uzD ∂kÏÔ^

kVlÈVF >tw[√[ kw∫zD A›mÁ´ÿ√VÚ‚ ÿƒ§°D Ôs›mkxD xB∫˛B
Œ[ÿ≈™ÈVD. >tw[√M[ k¬ÔD k^”k á AÈÁ\ƒVÏ √Á¶©∏È¬˛BD
gÔ°D, cÁ´BVEˆBÏ s·∫Ô∫ÔÁe•D, k^”kÁ´•º\ ºÔ^s¬z
cêV¬zD zÆ¬z sƒV´Á gÔ°D, ÷[Á≈B ÿ√VÚ›m© √V‚ΩÈV™
kVE©∏[ ∏´]BVÔ°D >tw[√M[ >M›> x›]Á´ÔÁe© √]¬˛[≈m.
cÁ´ÂÁ¶ TflE[ Á\B\V™ásƒVÈ\V™ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ º√ÿ´_ÁÈÔπ_
s·¬Ô\VÔ skˆ¬˛[≈ >tw[√º™ Á«¬Ìs[ Á\B\V™ ÿƒ§kV™
ÔsÔπ[ \uÆD zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ Euÿ≈_ÁÈÔπKD ÂÆ¬z›
ÿ>§›>Vuº√V_ zΩÿÔVıΩÚ¬Ô°D k_Èk´VF› ]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. ÷Õ> kÁÔl_
∂k´m t[tM¬ÔV|Ô^ (zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^), ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì) ŒÚkıΩfl
ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•) ÿƒ[Á™ \ÁÈ¬˛πºBV BV›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì)
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^ (ºÔ^s¬ÔsÁ>Ô^) g˛BÁk ∂kÏ>D
∂Ú∫ÿÔVÁ¶ÔºeBVzD. Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ• ®–D ÷ÚkÁÔ
Á\B©√V|Ô”¬ÔV™ ºkÆ√V|Ô^ ∏Ω√¶V\KD, Á«¬ÌÁk ®πÁ\B¬˛fl
ÿƒ[ˆ•¬ÔÁe x[Ák›mD WÁ≈Bº√Ï ®ø]•ê™Ï. >tw[√M[
ÛˆB©∏Á≈ÔπºÈºB ÷´ı| kÁÔÔ”D ÷¶Dÿ√≈¬ ÔVÈVD. Á«¬Ì ®[≈
Aˆ>oºÈºB ∂Ák ∂›ÿ>Vz©∏_ ÷¶D ÿ√u≈™. ®™ºk ÷Às´ıΩuz\V™
ºkÆ√V|Ô^ z§›> √]°Ô”D >M›>[Á\ z§›> √]°Ô”D z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™.
“g∫˛È
g∫˛È ÿ\Va Á«Ì J[Æ ÿ√VÚıÁ\ kÁÔ©√V|ÔÁe¬
ÿÔVı¶Ák. (1) ÷BuÁÔ Á«Ì (2) \V–¶ Á«Ì (ÿƒ[ˆ•) (3) \V–¶xD
Á«Ì)” 65 ®™ >tw[√[
÷BuÁÔ•D ÷ÁÕ> Á«Ì (Œ‚| \V∫ÔM Á«Ì)
ŒÚkıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz]l[ x[–Á´l_ Á«¬ÌÁk©√u§
s·¬z˛≈VÏ.
256
Á«ÌkV? ÿƒ[ˆRkV? ºkÆ√V‚Á¶ ®©√Ωfl ÿƒV_km (ÿƒ[ˆ•...)
(1) gw\u≈m (2) ºkΩ¬ÁÔBV™m (3) s|ÔÁ> º√V[≈m (4)
º√V[≈m” 66 .
ÂÁÔfl∑ÁkBV™m (5) ÿ√V[ÿ\Va º√V[≈m
ŒÚ Á«Ìs_ \V–D √u§ ∞>Vkm ŒÚ z§©∏ÚÕ>V_Ì¶, ∂m

ÿƒ[ˆ•kVÔ \V§s|˛≈m ®[Æ EÈÏ ÂDA˛[≈VÏÔ^. ÂV[ ÷Á>
{©A¬ÿÔVê \V‚º¶[. ®[–Á¶B ÔÚ›m©√Ω \V–¶ ÷BuÁÔ¬zD
÷BuÁÔ cÈ˛uzD ÷Á¶ºB ®Õ>© ∏ˆ°D ÷Ú¬Ô¬Ì¶Vm. ÷Ú¬ÔVm.
EÈ ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ ŒÚ ÔsÁ> Á«Ì ÿƒ[ˆ• ÷ÚkÁÔ¬zD ∞u≈>VÔ¬
∂Á\Õms|D” 67 .
Ì¶ ∂Á\Õms|D
Á«Ìs[ ∂∫Ô> kΩkD ÿƒ[ˆ•, Á«Ì ÷BuÁÔ cÈ˛_

√VÏÁk ÿƒK›m˛≈m ®M_ \¬Ô^, ÿ√VÚ^Ô^, ƒD√k∫Ô^ g˛Bku§[
*m √VÏÁkÁB¬ zs©√m ÿƒ[ˆ•. 5+7+5=17 ®[–D ∂ÁƒÔ^
∂Á\©º√V| Œø∫zkÁÔ©√|›>©√‚| ŒÀÿkVÚ ÔsÁ>•D ÷Ú¬zD.
\Á≈ÿ√VÚ^ >[Á\ cÁ¶B™kVF ÷Ú©√>V_ ŒÚ ƒ\B›]_ Œ[§´ı|
÷Ú¬zD” 68 .
\‚|D ®[Æ ÿÔVfiƒD ÿÔVfiƒ\VÔ© √Ω©√º> √B–Á¶B>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD
>ta_ Á«¬Ì kΩk›Á> x[ ÿ\VaÕmD ∂§xÔ©√|›]•D

√Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•D W[≈ x[º™VΩÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ E.\Ë, ∂©m_ ´z\V[,
~º´V| >tw[√[, ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï (ºk.x.ÿ√V]Bÿku√[) x>oºBVÏ
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ. Á«¬Ì √u§B ∂§xÔ \uÆD se¬Ô¬Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe
x[Ák›º>VÏ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ].‹ÈVk], ∑¤V>V, ºƒÈD >tμÂV¶[,
ƒV.c>BÛˆB[, ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, *´V, ÷´V.º\VÔ[ x>oºBVÏ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ.
WÁ≈B Á«¬Ì √Á¶›m¬ÔV‚Ω•D >MºB Á«¬Ì ÿ>Vz]ÔeVÔ ÿkπl‚|D
WuzD x[º™VΩÔ^ ®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ∂x>√V´], ∂§°\], t›´V, g¶È´∑,
ÔwMR´[, ÿÂ_ÁÈ ∑.x›m, ÂV.s¸kÂV>[, ∂\´[, x´π>´[ (~wD)
x>oºBVÏ ®™ ∂©√‚ΩB_ ¿”D. Á«¬ÌsuÿÔ™› >M ÷>μ Â¶›]B
kÁÔl_ Ê–.>tμ\Ë (Ô´Õ>Ω) x.xÚºÔi (÷MB Á«¬Ì) x>oºBVÚD
z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VkÏ.
257
ÿƒ[ˆ• ÔsÁ>ÔÁe› ]≈D√¶› ÿ>Vz›m› ]´‚Ω kw∫˛B ÔVÁ≈
“ÿƒ[ˆ•
ÿƒ[ˆ• (1718á1790) ®[√kÏ ÿ√B´VºÈºB ∂m ÿƒ[ˆ• ®™
kw∫Ô©√‚¶ÿ>™› >D ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A x[–Á´l_ >tw[√[
z§©∏|kVÏ” 69 . ÷ÀkVº≈ >ta_ ÿƒ[ˆ• kΩk›Á>› >tw[√–¬z
z§©∏|kVÏ
x[√VÔºk ∂§xÔ©√|›]B ÿ√V]B ÿku√[ ÿ√B´VºÈºB ∂m ÿ√V]¬Ì ®[º≈
kw∫Ô©ÿ√u≈ÿ>[ÆD z§©∏|D \uÿ≈VÚ √]°D ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm.
Á«¬ÌÁk› ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ∂ıÁ\¬ ÔVÈ\VÔ› >ta_ º√ƒ©√‚|

“Á«¬ÌÁk›
kÚD \uÿ≈VÚ ÔsÁ> kΩkD ÿƒ[ˆ•. ¤©√VMB› º>¿Ï¬ÔÁ¶ÔπKD
ÿ√Vm\¬Ôπ¶xD tÔ°D Aw¬Ô›]oÚÕm kÕ> ÿƒ[ˆ•¬ÔÁe ŒÚ
kıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR ®™ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•êVÏ. ÷>uz
x[√VÔºk ÿƒ[ˆ• kΩk›Á>¬ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì ®™© ÿ√V]B ÿku√[
∂§xÔ©√|›]•êVÏ” 70 .
∂§xÔ©√|›]•êVÏ
ÁÔ¬Ì¬ÔsÁ>ÔÁe √ÈÏ ®ø] kÕ>º√V]KD ÿ>Vz]BVÔ ÿkπkÕ>m

®[˛≈ kÁÔl_ x>_ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz] ∂x> √V´]l[ A^π©Ø¬Ôºe.
÷ÀkVº≈ ∂kÚ¬ÔV™ Aˆ>o_ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì ®[√>VÔ ÿ√V]Bÿku√[ x[
Ák›]ÚÕ> º√V]KD ±_ kΩs_ x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A ®[˛≈ ∂esÈV™
>tw[√M[ ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆRºk >ta_ ÿkπkÕ> x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÿ>Vz©A.
∂m \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ Á«¬Ì ÿƒ[ˆ• ÷´ıΩuz\V™ ºkÆ√V|ÔÁe© √u§
®_ÈVD se¬Ô\VÔ ∂§xÔ©√|›]BmD ∂Õ±o[ x[–Á´©
√∫Ôπ©º√BVzD. ÿ√V]B ÿku√M[ ÔÈÔ Á«¬Ì¬Ô^ ±_ kΩkD ÿ√≈V\_
º√V™>V_ √´kÈVÔ ∂Ák ÿƒ[≈Á¶B©√¶s_ÁÈ. ÿƒ[Á™loÚÕm
kVËBD√VΩ¬z ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™¬ ÔVfl ÿƒ[ÆkÕ> º√V]_ √B›]Á¶ºB
√§¬Ô©√‚¶>VÔ ∂§°\] ŒÚ ƒÕ>Ï©√›]_ z§©∏‚ΩÚÕ>VÏ. gD Á«¬Ì¬Ô^
BV´VKD √Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶Ák ∂_È ∂ÁkBV°D √§¬Ô©√‚¶™ºk.
Á«¬ÌÁkfl ÿƒFB xΩBVm. ∂m ®∫ÔVkm ÿ>[√|D. ∂Á>

“Á«¬ÌÁkfl
ºkı|D” 71 .
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV ŒÚ>M©√VÏÁk ºkı|D
258
BV›m¬
“BV›m¬ ˛Á¶©√]_ÁÈ BVÿ>V[ÆD Ø›m¬ ˛¶¬zD ∂m
Á«¬Ì” 72 .
As*ÿ>∫zD ÿÔVF>ÈV_ ®F>ÈVD Á«¬Ì
Á«¬Ìs[ ÿƒ§°, ÿkÆ\º™ ŒÚ kΩk©√ıA ∂_È. g™V_

“Á«¬Ìs[
∑Ú¬Ô\V™ ∂_Èm ÿƒ§kV™ ŒÚ WÔμ°. c¶™ΩBVÔfl ƒˆBV™ ∂_Èm
ÿ√VÚ›>\V™ {Ï cÚk›Á>¬ Ôı| ÿÔVı|êm ®[√º> ∂>[
ÿ√VÚ^” 73 . ÷›>z Aˆ>_Ô”¶[ >tw[√M[zÆ∫ÔsÁ>fl ÿƒ§kV™
ÿ√VÚ^
>M›> g”Á\ÁB ÷™D ÔVbD kÁÔl_ ∂k´m Á«¬Ì, ÿƒ[ˆ•,
o\Á´¬Ì, ºÔ^s¬ÔsÁ>, zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ŒÀÿkV[§KD xÁ≈ºB
ŒÀÿkV[Á≈ \‚|D ÷∫z¬ ÔVıº√VD. cê›]_ {Ï ªuÆ› º>VıΩº™[.
c‚ÔVÏÕm zΩ¬Ô / ®[º™V| gl´D º√Ï
º√Ï” (ÛˆB ∏Á≈Ô^, √.35).
∂´¬Ô©√´¬Ô ∂ÁÈ˛≈kÏÔ”¬z W[Æ W>VM›m BVÚ¶–D º√ƒ¬Ì¶

∞m ∂kÔVƒD? cê›][ c^ºe ªuÆ¬ ÔıÔÁe› º>Vı¶› º>Vı¶
∂>Á™ gl´D º√Ï ∂ÚÕ>› >BV´VÔ ÂÁ\› º>Ω kÕ>Á¶kÏ. ÷©√Ω› º>Vı¶
xΩÕ>kÏÔπ[ º>¶_ÔeV_>V[ \ı√B–≈ kVwxΩ•D √V‚|› ]≈›>VºÈ
ÁkBD√Vs¬Ô xΩ•D.
®›>Á™ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷ÚÕÿ>[™ ®ø> xΩBs_ÁÈºB ŒÚ

“®›>Á™
∂Ô´V]” 74 . “∂Ô´V]¬z^
ÔsÁ> / ∂Ô´V] ∂Ô´V]¬z^ / ÿƒVuÔ^ º√E¬ ÿÔVı¶™ ÂVD /
÷∫ºÔºB ÷Ú©√]_ / ®[™ ∂Ï›>D?
∂Ï›>D?” (Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, √.79).
∂Ô´V]Ôπ_ √]° ÿƒFB©√‚Ω´V>
÷Ák ÷´ı|D ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B™ºk. “∂Ô´V]Ôπ_
∂Ï›>∫ÔÁe kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ ƒV]©√m ÔsÁ> ®™ s·¬zkVÏ
÷Õ]´[” 75 .
÷Õ]´[
÷È‚ƒ¬Ô¬˛_ ÷ÚÕmD Œ[º≈V| Œ[Æ c≈° ÷_ÈV\_

“÷È‚ƒ¬Ô¬˛_
÷Ú©√]_ ∂Ï›>t_ÁÈ. ŒÚ ÿ>V¶Ú¬z^ á ŒÚ ÔsÁ>¬z^ á ŒÚ
ÔVsB›]uz^ ÷Á•D º√Vm>V[ ÿƒVuÔ”¬z ∂Ï›>D ˛Á¶¬˛≈m
c≈° ˛‚|˛≈m. ÷©√Ω›>V[ >M›y°ÔeVÔ \M>ÏÔ^ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm
gu≈_ ∂aÕm ˛¶¬˛≈VÏÔ^. ƒ\>Ï\D >V[ \M>–¬z^ ºÔVΩ
kÚ˛≈m” 76 ®[√VÏ QVM.
gu≈ÁÈ¬ ÿÔVı| kÚ˛≈m
259
∂Ô´V]¬z^ kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ÷Ú¬˛[≈™. g™V_ ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÿƒVuÔ^
÷B∫z˛[≈™. ®™ºk ∂Ô´V]l[ ÿƒV_ºkÆ ÔsÁ>l[ ÿƒV_ºkÆ.
÷Ú¬˛[≈ WÁÈloÚÕm ÷B∫zWÁÈ¬z© √ˆt©√>VKD >M›]Ú¬zD
WÁÈloÚÕm c≈°ÔÁe ∂Á¶k>VKº\ ÿƒVuÔ^ ÔsÁ> g˛[≈™.
>M\M>[ ƒJÔDƒVÏ ÿ√Vm\M>[ g˛[≈V[. ∂©ÿ√Vøm \V–¶D clÏ©A
Øtl[ / gwD ÿ>ˆ•\V ®[Æ ºkˆ¶D
t¬Ô™kVÔ \Vu≈D ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. “Øtl[
ºÔ‚º¶[ / ÿ>ˆBV\ÈV gÔVBD ∂Ú˛_ ®[Æ ÿƒV[™º>
∂m>Vº™?
∂m>Vº™?”(t[tM¬ÔV|, √.24)
\ıË_ gw\VÔ¬ ÔVŸ[§ Wu√>[ JÈº\ sıË_ ƒfiƒˆ›>KD

ƒV›]B©√|D \ıË_ ÔV_√VkV> ®Õ> ®›>™xD º\ºÈV‚¶\V™ OM©A_
º\Fflƒ_>V[. gÔVB›>V\Á´ ƒfiƒV´D>V[. gw ºk‘[§ W[≈V_>V[
∂∑´ ƒV>Á™ÔÁe©√Á¶¬Ô ÷BKD. gwº\ cB´›]uzD ∂Ω©√Á¶
®[ÿ≈_ÈVD ÷>Á™ sˆ›mÁ´¬ÔÈVD. xΩÕm
“xΩÕm º√V™ ÔÁ>Ô^
ŒÀÿkV[§–^”D xÁe¬Ô› mΩ¬zD xÕ±Æ A]B sÁ>Ô^
(ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ ˛πºBV√V‚´V¬Ô^, √.32)
÷m ÔÁ>Ô”¬z \‚|\_È ÔsÁ>¬zD Ì¶, ∂>uzD º\ÈVÔ ÷È¬˛BD

BVs–¬zD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ ÌΩB Œ[º≈. cıÁ\BV™ ÷È¬˛BD BV°D ®∫z
xΩkÁ¶˛[≈™ºkV ∂Õ>© A^πl_ ÷ÚÕm>Vº™ kVƒÔM¶D g´D√D
g˛[≈™. ÷Á>›>V[ ∂ıVsuÔV™ ∂fiƒo¬ ÔsÁ>l_ sÁ>º√VÈ
søÕ>k[ ®™ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D ÁÔBVı|êVÏ. √Ω©√k[ ÷>B \Ω©∏™V_
ŒÚÔD √πflE¶›>V[ gÁƒ ®™fl Eu∏•D √VΩfl ÿƒ_kVÏ. x©ÿ√Ú∫
ÔsQÏÔ”D xΩºk g´D√\VzD ÷Õ>© A^πl_ ƒ∫Ôt¬˛[≈™Ï. >tw[√[
ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ sƒVÈ TflE_ \‚|\_ÈV\_, ÷ÀkVÆ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>
kΩk∫Ô^ √Èku§KD Ì¶ ∂ku§uÔV™ ÷Æ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§sKD >™¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™
g”Á\l[ >M›mkx›]Á´ÔÁe© √]›m¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ. >tμ¬ÔsÁ>©
√V´D√ˆB›]_ >tw[√[ ÿ√u§Ú¬zD >MflE≈©√V™ ÷¶D z§›> ÷Ú
x¬˛B\V™ ÔË©AÁ´Ô^ x›>VF©√VÔ \™∫ ÿÔVê›>¬Ô™.
260
√wÕ>taÈ¬˛B©
“√wÕ>taÈ¬˛B© AÈÁ\ \uÆD BV©∏B_ g”Á\
®[√kuº≈V| ÔsÁ>•È˛_ ∂Ω√]›m, ÂT™ÔVÈfl Ûwo[
º>ÁkÔ”¬ºÔu√© AmÁ\ÔÁe c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı|, >tμ¬ÔsÁ>
k´ÈVuÁ≈ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ_KD ŒÚ k´ÈVuÆ \M>´VÔºk k´ÈVuÁ≈
÷B¬˛ WuzD ƒ¬]BVÔºk ∂kÏ ÔË¬Ô©√¶ ºkıΩBk´V˛≈VÏ. >VD
ƒVÏÕmê á º>ÏÕmê ÔsÁ>› mÁ≈l[ ∂Á™›m O‚√∫ÔÁe•D
º>ÏÕm ÿ>πÕm √Á¶©A WÁÈlKD, gF° WÁÈlKD ∂>Á™
ke©√|›] WuzD ƒ\ÔVÈ Ô¶Õ> ∂Á´ ±u≈Vı|¬ÔVÈ› >tμ¬
ÔsQÏÔπ_ x>_ kˆÁƒ¬ ÔkM©A¬z cˆB ŒÚ J›>k´VÔ°D
x[º™VΩBVÔ°D ∂kÏ ]ÔμÕm kÚkm ÿkπ©√Á¶” 77
ÿkπ©√Á¶ ®[√VÏ
ÂV.∑©∏´\ËB[.
>tμ©√ı√V‚| \´∏[ ƒ¬] kVFÕ> ÿ>V¶ÏflEBVÔ cÈÔ

“>tμ©√ı√V‚|
ÂT™›mk¬ ÔsÁ>¬z© √∫Ôπ©Afl ÿƒFm kÚD >DÔVÈ ƒ\WÁÈ¬
>tw[√[” 78 ®™ s·¬z˛≈VÏ
ÔsQÏÔ”^ x>_WÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏ >tw[√[
ÔV.Ek>D∏. Œ‚|ÿ\V›>\VÔ ºÂV¬zÁÔl_ cÈÔeVsB º\ÁÈ ÂT™›mk
\ÁÔeVl–D ƒˆ, ∂_Èm ˇÁw¬ ÿÔVÁ¶BV˛B ÿƒ[ \´√Vl–D ƒˆ
÷´ıÁ¶•º\ c^kV∫˛fl ÿƒˆ›m› >[kB\V¬˛¬ ÿÔVı¶kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[
®[√m AÈ©√|D. ÷m\‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ ¿ı¶ ÿÂΩB >tμ \´∏[ ÿ>V¶Ï
ÔıËBVÔ W[≈kVº≈ xu∑‚ΩB ∂B_\ÁÔÁe› >tø¬z ∞u√›
>ÔkÁ\›>º>V| ÷›>z xD\ÁÔπ[ ∂∫Ô\VÔ se∫zkm ®[√º> ∂kÏ>D
g>V´∑Ú]BV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶› >Mfl E≈©√V”Á\BVzD.
>tw[√M[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^:
zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ÷Æ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§° x ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> sƒVÈ Tfl∑ ®™¬

ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\ >M x›>Á´ √]›>kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[.
º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ> x ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, c´›> kVE©A x ÿ\e™kVE©A, ƒ™´fiƒÔD x
ys´ ÷È¬˛BD, \Á x AmÁ\, ∂ÉB_ x g[*ÔD ®™ ®_ÈVkÁÔBV™ ÷Ú
>´©AÔπKD ÷kÏ>D √∫Ôπ©AÔ^ z§©∏¶›>¬ÔÁkBVzD.
261
Œº´ ÿ>Vz©∏_ ÿ√ÚD√VÈV™ ÔsÁ>Ô^ E≈©A≈ ∂Á\Õ]Ú›>_. (˛w¬zfl
ƒVe´D, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ) ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ôfl E≈©Á√
cÆ]©√|›mD.
ÿkÀºkÆ ÿ>Vz©AÔ^ tÔfl E≈Õ>™kVÔ ÿkÀºkÆ s\ÏƒÔÏ √VÏÁkl_

º√Vu≈©√|D ÿ√ÚÁ\ÁB•D (˛w¬zfl ƒVéD, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ,
÷´°©√V¶Ô[, k¬ÔD k^”k (ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚm) ÷kÚ¬z cı|.
ŒÀÿkVÚ ±KD ÿkÀºkÆ kÁÔÁ\l_ º\È]Ô kÁÔÁ\©√V|Ô”¶[

∂Á\Õ]Ú›>_ ÔsB´∫Ô¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ (ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ) EoÏ©AÔ^ (kƒ™
ÔsÁ>Ô^) sΩB_ sømÔ^ (\Á¬ÔsÁ>) ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ (cÚkÔ g¬ÔD)
>tºwVsBD (÷Áƒ©√V¶_) k¬ÔD k^”k (k^”kfl E›]´D); c[ T‚|¬z
ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[, kV_‚ s‚\[ (√B ÷È¬˛BD); Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^
(s™V¬ÔsÁ>Ô^)t[tM¬ÔV| (zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô^) ÛˆB©∏Á≈Ô^ (Á«¬Ì)
ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆ• (ÿƒ[ˆ•) ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ¬ ˛πºBV √V›´V¬Ô^ (o\Á´¬Ì) ®™
º\È]Ô\VÔ >M›>M kÁÔÁ\©√V‚|¬ÿÔ™› >M›>M› ÿ>Vz©AÔ^
√Á¶›m^·Á\ ÷kÏ>D √[xÔ √Á¶©√V”Á\ÁB› ÿ>π°√|›mD.
Œπl[ ]BV™\VÔ°D Œ|¬Ô›][ sˆkVÔ°D s|>ÁÈl[ W≈\VÔ°D

ÔVbD >ˆƒ™D kVFÕ>>VF ÷ÚÁe•D, ÷´Ák•D>™¬ÿÔ™› >M›>
∂Á¶BVe\VÔ x[MÁÈ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ >tw[√[.
ÔsÁ>l[ ŒÀÿkVÚ ÌÁ≈•D Œ‚|ÿ\V›>¬ ÔsÁ> ÷B¬Ô›]_ ÿÔVı|

ÿƒK›mD º√Ú›]BVÔ x´Á•D; ÔsÁ>xÔ›][ ƒVBÿÈ™¬ ÔVb\esuz©
√Ω\›Á>•D; º>ÏÕ> O‚√› º>¬Ô∫ÔeV™ ÿƒV_ÈV‚EÁB•D ÁÔBVek_È
k_ÈÁ\ cÁ¶Bk´VÔ› ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
AÈÁ\ƒVÏ g¬Ô\VÔ© √Á¶©∏È¬˛B›Á>© √Á¶›>π¬zD >M›]≈xD

∂>uz ª¶VÔ cÁ´BVEˆBÏÔÁe \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ JÈ ±ÈVEˆBÁ´ºB
ºÔes¬zêV¬zD zÆ¬z sƒV´ÁAˆ•D O‚√\V™ >Ï¬Ô¬ ÌÏÁ\
cÁ¶Bk´VÔ°D s·∫z˛[≈VÏ.
262
ÿƒ[MB_√V™ Á«¬Ì¬Ô^; ∂>[ kÁÔÁ\BV™ ÿƒ[ˆ•; o\ˆ¬ +
Á«¬Ì Œ‚|\V∫ÔMBV™ o\Á´¬Ì ®™ A›]È¬˛B kΩk∫ÔÁe
∂§xÔ©√|›>k_È x[º™VΩÔ”^ z§©∏¶›>¬Ôk´VÔ› >tw[√[
]Ôμ˛≈VÏ. Œº´ E¬Ôo[ ÷Ú√¬Ô∫Ô^ ÿkÀºkÆ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ºÔ^sÔ^
∂>uÔV™ √]_Ô^ ®™ ÿkÀºkÆ s>\VÔ ÿkπ©√|›]•^·VÏ.
xΩsoÚÕm g´D√›]uz› >Vkk_È ∂w˛BK¶[ *^kVE©∏_ A]B

√ˆ\VD ÿÔV^”D (®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ); gu≈_tz √Á¶©A¬Ô^
÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ tz]. √V´]>VƒÁ™¬ zÚÂV>´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ∂k´m
>V¬Ô›m¶[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®ø> ºÂÏÕ>VKD ∏≈ √V´]>Vƒ[ √´D√Á´¬ ÔsQÏÔ^
º√VÈ ∂k´m ÂÔ_ÔeVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ clÏ©At¬Ô ∂ƒÈVÔ› >D >M›mk›º>V|
]Ôμ√k´VÔ s·∫z˛≈VÏ >tw[√[.
÷B¬Ôfl ƒVÏA ∏[AÈ\VÔ ÷ÚÕ> º√V]KD ÔsQÏ >D c^xÔ›Á>

÷wÕms¶V\_ ÔsÁ> √Á¶›]Ú©√m ∂kÏ>D >M›mk›]uÔV™ ∂Ω©√Á¶BVÔ›
]Ôμ˛≈m. cÈÔ ºÂV¬˛ÈV™ ∂ÉB_ z§›> AˆÕmÏ°Ô”¶[, >D
kaÔV‚ΩBV™ √V©ºÈV ÿÂÚ¶V x>ÈV™ cÈÔeVsB ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶ Ôs›mk›Á>•D c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >D √Á¶©A¬ÔÁ·©
√Á¶›m^·VÏ. º\ÁÈ\Á, ˇÁw \ÁÔ”¶[ ÔVŸ[§ WuzD >tμ\Á ∏≈wV\_
]ˆºkË ƒ∫Ô\\VÔ› ]Ôwk_È >M›]≈D >tw[√–¬ºÔ cˆB >MflE≈©√V™
g”Á\BVzD.
Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ .....
x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏ \›]lÈV™ ÿ√VmsB_AÔ”D Œ©AÁ\¬ ÌÆÔ”D

g™ ∂Dƒ∫Ô^. 4.1 ÿ√VmsB_AD E≈©∏B_AD √z]lKD ŒÀÿkVÚkÚ¬zD
cˆB >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^ ÷kÏÔ^ >M›> g”Á\ z§›>
>M›>M Ô‚|Á´Ôπ[ ~u§KD >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_Ô^ ®™
∂Àk¬Ô‚|Á´Ôπ[ ÿ>Vz©AÁ´BVÔ°D x[Ák¬Ô©√‚|ê™. ÷∫ºÔÂVD
Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏ \›]l_ ÔV¬˛¶¬zD EÈ ∂Ω©√Á¶Ô^
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô™kVzD.
263
√V´]ÁB QV™zÚkVÔ°D, √V´]>VƒÁ™ kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ°D
ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔfl Eu∏ÁB•D; √V´]>VƒÁ™ x[º™VΩBVÔ°D, √V©ºÈV
ÿÂ‘¶VÁk kaÔV‚ΩBVÔ°D ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√Á™•D; g[\
QVMBÁ´ x[º™VΩÔeVÔ¬ ÿÔVıΩB∫˛Bk´VÔ ∂©m_´z\VÁ™•D
∂Á¶BVe©√|›>ÈVD.
∂¶¬˛kVE¬zD zÆ∫ÔsÁ>Ô”¬z ∂©m_ ´z\VÁ™•D; ¿e©º√∑D

ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ sƒVÈ TflEuzD, ÂV‚¶VÏ \´∏[ ÌÆÔÁe cê¶¬˛B
ºkÏJÈ¬ÔsÁ>¬zD, ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÔÁ>ÿ\Va¬zD Eu∏ÁB•D; ÔsÁ>l[
Euÿ≈_ÁÈ º√ÿ´_ÁÈBV™ zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ> ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKº\
º√és_ x›]Á´√]›>k´VÔ°D, ÂÔÏƒVÏ \›]B >´kÏ¬Ôfl E¬ÔÁÈ
x[ÿ™|›>k´VÔ°D ~º´V| >tw[√Á™•D z§©∏¶ÈVD.
ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VÏ¬EB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ ÔVÕ]B›Á>•D,

g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛_ ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ÿÔVı¶V|√k´VÔfl Eu∏•D, ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_
\VÏ¬EB›Á>•D, ÿ√ˆBVˆB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ kêÈVÁ´•D,
ÿ\FlB_ ºÂV¬˛_ ÿƒ[ \´Á√•D ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu√k´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√–D,
\VÏ¬ÔºÂV¬˛_ ÷∑ÈV›Á>•D, ∂ÉB_ ƒVÏ∏_ ].x.ÔwÔfl ƒVÏÁ√•D, g[*Ô
ºÂV¬˛_ ƒ\BD Ô¶Õ> \Á≈QV™›Á>•D (Myticism) ÿÔVı¶VΩ› ]Ôμ√k´VÔ
∂©m_ ´z\V–D ]Ôμ˛[≈™Ï.
4.4 ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\
4.4.1. ÿ√VmWÁÈ•D ƒVÏAWÁÈ•D
ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®[ÿ≈VÚ

kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Á¶ ∂©m_´z\V[ >\m xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk‚Ω_ ƒV[ÆÔeVÔ©
√B[√‚¶ x¬˛B\V™ ÔsQÏÔÁe ∂‚¶kÁ©√|›mxÔ\VÔ x[Ák›mêVÏ.
∂]_ “Eu∏ÁB•D
Eu∏ÁB•D >tw[√Á™•D ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ ®™
kÁÔ©√|›mD ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >DÁ\© ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ÔsQÿ´™ºk
kÁÔ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ” 79 .
kÁÔ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ
264
z§X|ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBV^kÁ> x[Ák›m ÷ÚkÁÔl™Á´•D ∂kÏ
√Vz√|›]fl ÿƒ_km ÷∫ºÔ ®ı›>¬Ôm.
ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬
“ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ z§X|Ôπ[ g[*Ô© ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ cÈ˛B_ ÿ√VÚÁe
x>[Á\©√|›m˛[≈™Ï. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ ∂ÔWÁÈ
ºÂV¬zD, ºÔV‚√V‚|fl ƒVÏ√VÔ sÁeÕ> ƒVÏA WÁÈl™ˆ[
A≈WÁÈºÂV¬zD ÷>uz¬ ÔV´∫ÔeVÔ ∂Á\˛[≈™. ÿ√VmWÁÈl™Ï
ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D ÿƒVÕ> ∂–√k∫ÔπoÚÕº> z§X|ÔÁe©
√Á¶¬˛[≈™Ï; ƒVÏA WÁÈl™Ï ÿ√ÚD√VKD >D zøs™Ï √B[√|›mD
z§X|ÔÁeºB ®|›>V^˛[≈™Ï. ƒVÏAWÁÈl™ˆ[ ºÔV‚√V|
ƒ\B\Æ©AÁ¶Bm. ®M–D ƒVÏA WÁÈl™º´ ƒ\B, ÿ>V[\¬
z§X|ÔÁe tz]BVÔ g^˛[≈™Ï. g[*Ô ÂV‚¶xÁ¶B ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷¬z§X|Ô^ zÁ≈kVÔºk ÔV©√|˛[≈™. ƒVÏA
WÁÈl™Ï \Á c≈Ák•D, ÿ√Vm WÁÈl™ˆ[ ÿ√VmkV™ \Á
ÔV‚¶ÈVD” 80 .
ÿkÆ©Á√•D ÷>uz¬ ÔV´\VÔ¬ ÔV‚¶ÈVD
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÷Àk‚¶kÁ©√‚ΩBo_ ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ_

ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ ®ø›m \´∏™´V•D; ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ_ ÿ√ÚD√VºÈVÏ
kV™D√VΩ \´∏™´V•º\ cê™Ï. ÷]_ ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏ ÷B_AÔeVÔ
∂kÏ∑‚|D \Á ÿkÆ©A, ƒ\B, ÿ>V[\¬ z§X|Ô^ zÁ≈° ®[√Á>©
ÿ√VÚ›>kÁ´lKD ∂©m_ ´z\Vº™ ∂kÏÔjº¶•D s] sÈ¬ÔV™k´VÔºk
se∫z˛[≈VÏ.
“t¸Ω¬
t¸Ω¬ (∂–Ø]) >[Á\ºBV| ÿ√e´VMÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm
®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_´z\VM¶D cı|. ÷¸ÈVtB›
ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]Ô\VÔ› ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B› ÿ>V[\
\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D” 81 .
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D “ssoB›
ssoB› ÿ>V[\›Á>•D Am©ÿ√VÚπ_
∂©m_´z\V[, AsB´∑, ºkKflƒVt º√V[≈ ÔsQÏÔ^ A]B kVμ°›
265
√B[√|›]•ê™Ï” 82 .
º>¶ÈVÔ© √B[√|›]•ê™Ï EKÁk©√V| √È´VKD z§X¶VÔ¬
ÁÔBVe©√|˛≈m. ŒÚ EÈº´ \u≈ ssoB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe•D
ÁÔBV”˛[≈™Ï. ∂kÏÔ”^ ∂©m_´z\V–D AsB´∑D ssoB›Á>
tz]BVÔ© √B[√|›m˛≈VÏÔ^.
“>[Á™ºB
>[Á™ºB ÿÔVfiƒ∫ ÿÔVfiƒ\VÔ cÚ\Vu§¬ ÔsÁ>ÔeV¬˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ©√>VÔ¬ Ì≈ sÚDAD ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®[ \VtƒD kVÏ›Á>
g˛≈m ®[˛≈VÏ. g]lºÈ º>kM¶›]oÚÕ> kVÏ›Á> \Vtƒ\V˛ ÷ºB∑
kΩs_ kÕ>>VÔ°D ∏[™Ï ÷ºB∑ EKÁkl_ ∂Á≈B©√‚¶>VÔ°D ÌÆD
ssoB›][ ÔÚ›m¬ÔÁe ÷Á›m, ÷ÕWÔμflE kˆÁƒÁB \Vu§
∂Á\›>>[ JÈD >D ÔÚ›Á> ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿkπ©√|›]¬
ÿÔV^˛≈VÏ. ∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ∂ˆ>VÔ¬ ÔV©√|D sÈ¬Ô©√‚¶kÏÔ^
∂´°, º\Vºƒl[ ÁÔ›>Ω º√V[≈ √ÁwB ∞u√V‚|¬ z§X|ÔÁe•D ÷kÏ
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ” 83 .
ÁÔBV”˛[≈VÏ
®™›>Vº\ >D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô ÷´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ®_ÈVD Â\¬zÏ›]fl

ÿƒ_˛[≈VÏ. ƒVÏAWÁÈ z§›> º\È]Ô©Aˆ>K¬z ∏[kÚD √VÏÁkÔ^ Â\¬z
cÆmÁ AˆBk_È™. “kV™D√VΩ
kV™D√VΩ ÔVÈ›]B ÷´ı¶VÕ>ÁÈxÁ≈¬
ÔsQÏÔπ¶D √VÏÁkÔ”D, ƒVÏAÔ”D (ÿ√ÚD√VKD) Œπ°\Á≈s[§›
>DÁ\¬ ÔV‚Ω¬ ÿÔVı¶™. ∂ÉBKD ƒJÔ cÏ°Ô”D ÷kÏÔπ¶D
ÿÔVı¶™” 84 .
ºÂº´ ®]ÏsÁ™ ÿÔVı¶™
].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[ ∑‚|D ÷ÀkDƒº\ kV™D√VΩÔπ[ √È\VÔ°D

√ÈT™\VÔ°D ®]Ï ÿÔVê©√‚¶m. ƒVÏAWÁÈÿB[√m ®›>ÁÔBm ∂>[
√∫Ôπ©A ®ÀkV≈V™ÿ>™°D ∂kº´ AÈ©√|›m˛[≈VÏ. “√VÏÁk
√VÏÁk ∂_Èm
z§©∏‚¶ ÔıºV‚¶›Á>© √u§B ƒVÏAWÁÈÿB[√m z§©∏‚¶
ÿ√VÚeV>V´ ∂ÉB_ ƒJÔ›>e›]_, z§©∏‚¶ ŒÚWÁÈ√V‚Á¶fl
ƒVÏÕ>m. z§©∏‚¶ ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_ ∂m A≈¬ÔË¬Ô xΩBV>m;
√Á¶©√Vπl[ z§©∏‚¶ keÏflE¬ Ô‚¶›]_ ∂m A≈¬ÔË¬Ô©√¶
xΩBV>m. ÷_ÈV>m º√VoÚÕ>VKD ∂m ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ∂m ŒÚ ƒJÔ›
266
º>Ák; {Ï ∂w˛B_ cıÁ\. √Á¶©√Vπ¬z ∂m √VÁ>ÔV‚|˛≈m.
÷™∫ÔV‚|˛≈m” 85 ®[√Ï.
kVƒÔ–¬z© √Á¶©√VπÁB ÷™∫ÔV‚|˛≈m
÷∫ºÔ ÷_ÈV>m º√V_ ÷ÚÕ>VKD ∂m ÷Ú¬˛≈m ®[√m

∂©m_´z\V–¬zD ŒÚkÁÔl_ ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB Œ[º≈ ∂©m_´z\V–¬zfl
ƒ\B ºÂV¬zD, ].x.Ô.ƒVÏA ºÂV¬zD ÷Ú¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ∂kÏ
ƒ\B›m¬z^ºeºB ∂_Èm ].x.Ô.sºÈºB W[Æ º√V™k´_ÈÏ. ∂Õ> ƒVÏAÔ^
∂_ÈV\_ ƒJÔ s|>ÁÈ ºÂV¬z ÷Ú¬˛≈m ∂_ÈkV? ∂mºk ∂k´m ÷BÈVm
º√VoÚ¬zD ƒVÏÿ√™ÈVD. ÷>Á™ ÷[ÿ™VÚ kÁÔl_ º\È]Ô\VÔ©
AˆÕmÿÔVê ∂kº´ kaÔV‚|˛[≈VÏ.
“ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬
ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔπ¶D ÷BuÁÔÁB g[*Ô ∂ÔWÁÈ
cÏ°Ôπ[ ((Subjectivity)) z§X¶VÔ¬ ÔVbD º√V¬z tzÕmêm.
ƒVÏWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔºeV, ÷BuÁÔ¬ z§X|Ôπ_ cÈ˛B_, A≈WÁÈ
>Ú˛[≈™Ï” 86 ®[√Ï.
cÏ°Ô”¬ºÔ x>[Á\ >Ú˛[≈™Ï
“÷Õ>
÷Õ> kÁÔÁ\©√V‚Ω_ x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏ \›]l_ \uÁ≈B
ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ Eu∏, >tw[√M¶D ÷ÚÕmD ºkÆ√‚|
se∫zkmD ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬ºÔ•ˆB E≈©√Dƒ\VzD. ∏´√fiƒ©
ÿ√VÚ^Ô^ BV°D ÷BuÁÔ s]©√ΩºB (Law of Nature) ÷B∫z˛[≈™.
÷ÀsB¬Ô›]_ {Ï {ø∫zxÁ≈ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> ÷BuÁÔ s]ÁB
÷Õ]B ºk>∫Ô”D c√W¶>∫Ô”D Ú>D ®[≈Áw¬˛[≈™ ®™ ˆ¬
ºk›]oÚÕº> >\m º>¶ÁÈ› ÿ>V¶∫z˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
ƒD√kVt•ºÔ•ºÔ ®–D √Ôk› ˇÁ>l_ ÿ>V¶∫˛ ÷BuÁÔl[ ƒ\[
ÿƒF•D xÁ≈ÁB zÏg[ >´V∑ ®–D z§X‚Ω[ JÈD ÿ>ˆs©√m¶–D
vV´>Vi‚Ω ºk>\V˛B ÿv[ ∂ÿkÏ>V°D ÷›>z ƒ\WÁÈ©√|›mD
xÁ≈ÁB› >´V∑ ®[≈ z§X‚Ω™VºÈºB se¬zk>Á™•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ”.. (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.58á66)
÷¸ÈVtB \VÏ¬ÔD ƒVÏÕ>kº´ ∂©m_´z\V[ ®[≈ º√V]KD

√´Dÿ√VÚπ[ ka z§›> Aˆ>o_ ˆ¬ºk>D ssoBD, zÏg[, ÿv[
267
∂ÿk¸>V ®™ ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ∂kÏ ÔV‚E g˛[≈m.
÷›>ÁÔB ƒ\B∫Ô¶Õ> g[*Ô ÷B_A>V[ ƒVÏAÔ¶Õ> ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQ´VÔ
∂kÁ´ g¬˛©√Á¶¬Ô k_È>V˛[≈m.
4.4.2. z§X|D x´bD
*ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ ƒV›]B©√V|Ô^ ∂Á™›Á>•D ÁÔBVı¶ ÔsQÏ

®[˛≈ kÁÔlÈV™ ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ E≈©√DƒD z§›m √Á¶©A ÿÂ§ z§›>
√z]l_ s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ∂kuÆ^”D z§X‚ΩBxD ∂>uÔ©√V_
x´ıÿ>VÁ¶•D ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™>VF ∂kÏ kw∫˛B E≈©√V™
ÿÔVÁ¶Ô^ ®™ÈVD. ∂]KD Ì¶ gw∫ÔV_√‚¶ E≈©A BVÿ>M_ ÷Às´ıÁ¶•D
∂kÏ ÿkÆ\º™ c›] ®[˛≈ ∂es_ \‚|º\ √Vs›>kÏ ∂_ÈÏ. z§X‚Á¶•D
x´ıÿ>VÁ¶ÁB•D ∂kÏ xÁ≈ºB g[\ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™
∂˛È›mk¬ z§X¶VÔ°D; ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB›m¬ÔV™ x´ËB¬Ô\VÔ°D √Vs›>kÏ
®[√º> ∂kÚ¬ºÔ cˆ›>V™ >MflE≈©√VzD.
“z§X|
z§X| ºkÆ√‚¶ ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁe•D ÷Á©√m. ∂m √Ú°ÈºÔV|
OıbÈÁÔ•D, ÔÚsºBV| ÔV´›Á>•D, ÷BuÁÔºBV|
\M>Á™•D, ∂ı¶›º>V| ∏ı¶›Á>•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m.
Œø∫Ôu≈ WÔμ°Ôπ_ Œø∫ÁÔ¬ ÔVı√m. ÿ√Vm, ∂˛È›mkD ®[≈
ÿƒVuÔ”¬z© ÿ√VÚ^ >Úkm. ÷>™V_ z§X‚ΩB© √VÏÁk ∂Á™›]KD
ŒÚÁ\© √V‚Á¶¬ ÔV›mÁAˆ•D; ÿ√V≈VÁ\¬zD ØƒK¬zD
∂Ω©√Á¶BV™ ºkuÆÁ\ cÏ°ÔÁe Œa¬zD. ÷>™V_ g[\ºÂB
ŒÚÁD√V| keÏk>uz kVF©Aı|. ∂˛È›mk¬ z§X|Ô^ JÈD
÷BKD” 87
√ı√V‚ÿ¶VÚÁ\ÁB, \M>zÈ cÏ° ŒÚÁ\ÁB ∞u√|›> ÷BKD
®™ s·¬zkVÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“x´ıÔ^
x´ıÔ^ / >Vl[ ÷Ú xÁÈÔ^ ÂV[ ÷´ıΩKD / √V_
zΩ¬˛º≈[ ÔkM / x´ı / ÿkÆD c›]B_È; ∂m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD”
(∏›>[, √.99) ®™ s·¬z˛[≈VÏ. “®™¬z^
®™¬z^ ÷ÚkÏ / ÷Ú¬˛[≈™Ï ŒÚk[
268
√V¶Ô[ / \uÿ≈VÚk[ ∏›>[ √V¶Ô[ ºÂBÏÔπ[ ÉÔ[ ∏›>[
®]ˆÔπ[ c√VvÔ[
c√VvÔ[” (∏›>[, √.99). x´ıÔπ[ ÷ÁkVF cÈÔD
÷Ú©√Á> s·¬˛¬ ÔV‚|˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z^ ÷Ú¬zD √V¶ÔM[
gÈV√Á™ ∏›>M[ ®]Ï¿flƒ_ z§›mD √V|ÿ√VÚ^ z§›> ÷BoºÈºB
s·¬Ô©√‚¶™. ÷∫ºÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ ÿÂ|˛KD ª¶VΩ¬ ˛¶¬zD
ºÂÏ x ®]Ï x´ıÿ>VÁ¶Ôπ[ x´ËB¬Ô›]ÈV™ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe
s·¬z˛≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“ºÔ^sÔ^
ºÔ^sÔ^ ÷´ı|kÁÔ. Œ[Æ cÈÔ s≠B∫Ô^ √u§BÁk.
\uÿ≈V[Æ QV™D √u§BÁk. cÈÔ s≠B∫Ôπ_ ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√m
√B–Á¶Bm. ÷>™V_ ∂§° keÚD. ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVê ºkıΩB]_ tÔ
x¬˛B\V™m ®Á>›ÿ>ˆÕmÿÔVê ºkı|D ®[√Á>› ÿ>ˆÕm
ÿÔV^km >V[. ºÔ^sÔ^ sÁ¶ÔeV_ ƒVk]_ÁÈ. sÁ¶ÔπoÚÕº>
A]B ºÔ^sÔ^ ®wÈVD. sÁ¶ ÂDt¶D ÷Ú¬zD º√Vm ∏≈ˆ¶D º√VF¬
ºÔ^s ºÔ‚√Vº™[?
ºÔ‚√Vº™[?” (√E ®Õ> ƒV], √¬.82á83). gÔ cÈÔ WÔμ°ÔÁe©
√u§B ∂§ÿk[˛≈ kÁÔl_ ºÔ^sÔ^ x¬˛B\V™Ák g˛[≈™. QV™D
√u§B ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ \‚|D ÂDt¶º\ ÷Ú¬˛[≈m ®™ ∂m√u§B
ºÔ^sÔÁe ∂|›>kˆ¶D ºÔ‚√Vº™[ ®[˛≈VÏ.
“s™V¬Ôºe
s™V¬Ôºe / ÂDÁ\ ®ø©A˛[≈™ sÁ¶ÔºeV / c≈¬Ô\VF
÷Ú¬˛[≈™ s™V¬Ô^ / ÂDÁ\› ]≈¬˛[≈™, sÁ¶ÔºeV ÂDÁ\
J|˛[≈™. ∏´√fiƒ \Ï\›][ / Ô>°Ô”¬zfl ƒVsÔeVÔ ÷Ú©√Ák /
s™V¬Ôºe sÁ¶Ô^ ∂_È. kVμ¬ÁÔ› º>Ïs_ / ÿku§ ÿ√Æ˛≈kÏÔ^
/ sÁ¶ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔ^ ÷_ÁÈ; / s™V¬ÔÁe ∂§Õ>kÏÔºe
∂§Õ>kÏÔºe” (∏›>[,
√¬.26á28). ∂§suÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe x¬˛B\V™ÁkBVÔ¬ ÔÚmD
∂©m_´z\V[ QV™›]uÔV™ ºÔ^sÔÁe \‚|D \Æ>o©√º>[. ∂§°¬zD
QV™›]uzD ®[™>V[ ºkÆ√V|? ∞[ QV™›]uÔV™ sÁ¶ ÂDt¶º\
÷Ú¬˛[≈ÿ>[˛≈VÏ? ÷¬ºÔ^sÔ”¬ÔV™ sÁ¶ÔÁe ÷M¬ÔVıº√VD.
269
>[Á™ ∂§km ∂§kVD ∂‡>[§ ∏[Á™ ∂§km º√B§kVzD
®[√VÏ ]ÚJÈÏ. >[Á™ ∂§Bºkı|D á ∂Ô©º√F ƒV´V\_ ƒV´ ºkı|D
∏[Á™ ∂§kÿ>_ÈVD º√B§° gz\Ω. ®™© ÿ√VÚ^√|D ®[Æ ∂Ô©º√BVÏ
s·¬zkVÏ. “>[Á™B§>_
>[Á™B§>_ ®[√>Á™ºB ÿ\FlB_ ( Philosophy )
\uÆD ÷Á≈lB_ ( Theology ) ºÂV¬zxÁÈÔπ[ ÿ>V¶¬Ô©A^π
®™ÈVD”88 ®[√Ï ÿ√V]ÁÔE›>Ï.
®™ÈVD
÷>™V_>V[ \u≈Á> ∂§B cÈÔ s≠B∫ÔÁe ∂§B¬ ºÔ^sÔ^

÷[§BÁ\BV>™ ®[–D ∂©m_ ´z\V[ >[Á™B§BV\_ ŒÚk[ QV™›Á>
∂Á¶B ÷BÈVm ®™ ko•Æ›mxÔ\VÔºk QV™›]uÔV™ sÁ¶ ÂDt¶D
÷Ú¬ÁÔl_ ∂m√u§ ∂|›>kˆ¶D ºÔ‚√Vº™[ ®™¬ ºÔ^s ®ø©A˛[≈VÏ.
>[Á™B§Õm ÿÔVê xΩBV> J¶√¬]WÁÈlºÈºB ÿ√Vm©A›]l[
sÁekV_ Á«ÿ¶¬ ÔVÏ©√º´‚ zÚ˝¬Ôπ[ ƒÕ>]l_ QV™›Á>¬ º>Ω
∂ÁÈ•D √V\´›>™›Á>•D ºÔ^s¬zêV¬Ôk_Èº> ∂©m_´z\VM[
QV™D. ÷ÀkVÆ s™V¬Ô”¬zD sÁ¶Ô”¬zD ÷Á¶lÈV™ x´ËB¬Ô›][
JÈD ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe ∂ÔμÕÿ>|›m ∂ÚÁ\BVÔ x[Ák©√]_ ∂kÏ>D
>M›mkD tÔfl E≈©√V™ Œ[≈VÔ tπÏ˛[≈m. º\È]Ô©Aˆ>K¬z *ı|D
∂§Ák•D QV™›Á>•D √u§ ∂kº´ ∏[kÚ\VÆ s·¬˛fl ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ.
∂§° ºkÆ, QV™D ºkÆ ∂§° A≈›Á> ∂§km. QV™D ∂Ô›Á>

∂§km. ∂§° √Á¶©AÔÁe ∂§km. QV™D √Á¶›>kÁ™ ∂§km. ∂§°
√z›m©√VÏ¬zD QV™D ÿ>Vz›m© √VÏ¬zD. ∂§° ÿ√u≈k[ sfiQVM
g˛≈V[. QV™D ÿ√u≈k[ ÿ\FfiQVM g˛≈V[ ∂§°. Ôu√>V_ kÚD.
QV™D Ôu≈Á>› m≈©√>V_ kÚD. tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºkÆ√V|. ∂§° ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB
cı¶V¬zD. QV™D ∂ÔÕÁ>ÁB ∂a¬zD.
Ôu≈Á>› m≈©√>V_ QV™D kÚD ®[√>Á™ºB º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›]

∂§Õ>>M[ÆD s|>ÁÈ ®[ÿ≈VÚ ±ÈVÔºk kw∫˛•êVÏ. ÂD JÁel_
ÂDÁ\•D ∂§BV\_ Â\m ÔÚ›º> º√V_ ]Ë¬Ô©√‚|ê™ ÂVD ÂD∏©
∏[√uÆ˛≈kÏÔπ[ EÕ>Á™Ô^ ®™ºk BVÁ´•D ∏[√u≈Vº> ®™› >M
270
kaÂ¶Õ> QVMºB º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›]BVkVÏ. ÷>[ cêVÏÕ> ÿ√VÚıÁ\
®[™ÿk[≈V_ ®kÁ´•D ∏[√u≈V\_ ∂k´kÏ ∑B›]oÚÕm ∂>[ \ÈÏflEBVF
∂k´kÚD \È´ ºkı|D ®[√º>BVzD. ÷Æ] x›>VF©√VÔ ∂kÏ x[Ák¬zD
tÔ©ÿ√ˆB ºkÆ√V| ∂ÔÕÁ> √u§B √VÏÁk ÷∫ºÔ tÔ x¬˛B\V™m.
“ÿ«´V¬o¶¸
ÿ«´V¬o¶¸ x´ı\[≈ \ÔV ƒx›]´›][ Jfl∑›]ÆD
gw›]uz ÂDÁ\ ∂Áw›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ. cıÁ\l_ x´ıÔ^ ®[√Ák
x´ıÔ^ ∂_È. ∂Ák Œº´ ÿ√VÚπ[ ÷ÚWÁÈÔ^ ®[˛≈VÏ.
º>V[Ækm>V[ \Á≈•D. kVμkm>V[ ÷≈¬zD / ÷≈©A ®[√m
kVμ¬ÁÔl[ WÁ≈° ÷Á>©º√VÈ›>V[ sa©AD á c≈¬ÔxD ÷eÁ\•D
á xmÁ\•D ÷m>V[ ∂mkV˛≈m. ∂m>V[ ÷mkV˛≈m. ÷BuÁÔl_
>^”>_ á ~Ï›>_ ®[≈ x´ı√‚¶ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô^ ÷Á¶s¶V\_ ÿƒB_√‚|¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™ ŒÀºkVÏ ∂bsKD ÷Õ> ÷´ı|D WÔμÕm
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛[≈™. ÷Õ>©∏´√fiƒxD ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB
√Á¶¬Ô©√‚¶m. ÷Õ> ÷´ı| ÷B¬Ô∫ÔeVºÈºB ÷B∫˛¬
ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ÿ\FfiQV™xD ÿƒV[™m.
sfiQV™xD ÿƒV_˛≈m ÷Õ> cıÁ\ÁB ∂§Õ>k[ QVM g˛≈V[
g˛≈V[”
(Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, √¬.66á67).
x´ËB¬Ô›]uz ª¶VÔ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB›Á>fl E≈©√VÔ

ÿkπ¬ÿÔVÏ˛[≈VÏ. Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ÔV‚E ®[≈kÏ ko•Æ›mD √V∫zD
÷∫z E≈Õ]¶¬ ÔVÈVD. “º√V´V‚¶º\
º√V´V‚¶º\ √ˆV\›][ √VÁ> / º√V´V‚¶º\
ƒ¬]l[ ªuÆ / º√V´V‚¶›]uz› º>Ák / ÷Úx´ıÔ^ √Á¶©√¬z›
º>Ák / ÷Úx´ıÔ^ ®]KD cı| / ∂Ï›>ÂVZ¸k´D. ºÂÏxÔ / ®]ÏxÔ
ƒ¬]Ôπ[ º\V>o_ t[ÿ™Vπ ∏≈©√m º√VÈºk x´ıÔπ[ º\V>o_
√Á¶©A” (gÈV√Á™, √¬.85á86) “√ÁwÁ\
®_ÈVD º>V[Æ˛≈m A]B √Á¶©A √ÁwÁ\
®[√m / kB>V˛© º√V™ AmÁ\>V[ / AmÁ\ ®[√m \Æ∏≈©ÿ√|›>
√ÁwÁ\>V[
√ÁwÁ\>V[”(gÈV√Á™, √.9)
271
“cı|
cı| ®[√k–D / cıÁ\ºB ÿƒV_K˛≈V[ / ÷_ÁÈ
®[√k–D cıÁ\ÁBºB ÿƒV_˛≈V[ / ÷´ı|D cıÁ\l[ ÿkÀºkÆ
>ˆƒ™∫Ôºe ÿ>ˆkm \‚|\_È cıÁ\ / √VÏÁk¬z ∂©√VKD
÷Ú¬˛≈m cıÁ\. cı|D ÷_ÁÈ•D ºƒÏÕ>º> xø cıÁ\
cıÁ\”
(gÈV√Á™, √.95)
º√V´V‚¶›]uzD √Á¶©∏uzD ÷[§BÁ\BV› º>ÁkÔeVÔ ÷Ú x´ıÔ^

÷Ú©√>Á™•D; ºÂÏ x ®]Ï ÷ÚÁ\ x´Ë[ ƒ∫Ô\›]_ ∏≈¬zD t[ƒV´D º√VÈ
ÔsÁ>ÔπKD x´ıÔπ_ º\V>o_ Ômÿ\™©A›ÿ>Vπ ∏≈©√>Á™•D
®|›mÁ´¬˛[≈VÏ. √ÁwÁ\ºB AmÁ\ gk>Á™•D AmÁ\ºB √ÁwÁ\
gk>Á™•D x[Ák¬˛≈VÏ. BVÁ™ÁB© √VÏ›> zÚ¶ÏÔπ[ √z]©√VÏÁkÔ^
√z] cıÁ\Ôºe. xø cıÁ\ ®[√mD cı|D ÷_ÁÈ•D ºƒÏÕ>º>
®[√>[ JÈD g›]Ô x ÂV›]Ô ÷ÚÁ\ ®]ÏÁk¬Ô¶Õm º√V˛[≈VÏ.
zÚ¶ÏÔπ[ BVÁ™ ®[√>Á™ºB J¶\>∫Ôπ[ ÔÁ>¬ÔV™ z§X¶V¬˛
s|˛[≈VÏ.
“ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ ÔıÔπ[ A[™ÁÔ A[™ÁÔ ÷>μÔπ[ ÔıßÏ
ÔıßÏ”
(gÈV√Á™, √.131). “c>B›Á>ºB
c>B›Á>ºB EÈV˛©√kº™ ∂¸>\™›]KD
÷Ú¬˛≈m. kVμ¬ÁÔl[ ∂Ï›>D ØÁkºB AÔμÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√kº™
x^πKD ÷Ú¬˛≈m / √Á¶©∏[ WBVBD. se¬zÔ^ ÿkÀºk≈V™VKD
ÿkπflƒD Œ[Æ>V[. ¿ √V|km \‚|D>V[ / √V¶_ ®[Æ ÿƒV_ÈVº> /
ºkÆ√V¶_Ô”D ÷Ú¬˛[≈™
÷Ú¬˛[≈™” (gÈV√Á™, √.142))
m[√›Á>ºB ÷[√\VÔ \Á¶\Vu§¬ ÿÔV^”D kVμ¬ÁÔ ÷´ÔEB›Á>fl

∑‚Ωfl ÿƒ_˛≈VÏ ÷Ú^ ¿Ï›º> ŒπBV™m ®™ cÏ›m˛[≈VÏ. “∏´√fiƒD
∏´√fiƒD
x´ı√‚¶ ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ g™m. ÷Õ> ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ ÷B∫zm √≈Ák¬z
÷Ú E≈zÔÁe©º√VÈ© ∏´√fiƒ ÷B¬Ô›]uz ÷Õ> ÷Ú ƒ¬]Ô^
º>Ák©√|˛[≈™. ∂bs_ ~Ï›>_, A≈Õ>ê_ ®[≈ ÷Ú x´ı√‚¶
ƒ¬]Ô^ ÷B∫z˛[≈™. ÷ÀkVº≈ Œπ•D ÷Ú”D, gbD ÿ√ıbD,
ºÂÏ xÔxD ®]Ï xÔxD, cıÁ\•D ÿ\[Á\•D, cBÏ°D >Vμ°D
272
÷Õ>© ∏´√fiƒ ÷B¬Ô›]uz c>°˛[≈™. ®>uzD x´ı√‚¶ ÷´ı|
ºkı|D Ô›]ˆ¬ºÔVo[ ÔV_Ô^ ®]ÿ´]´VÔ ÷B∫zk>V_>V[ ÿk‚¶
xΩ˛≈m
xΩ˛≈m” (ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, √¬.60á62)
“Œ[º≈
Œ[º≈ √È g™mD / √È *ı|D Œ[§_ Œ|∫zkmD ∂§.
∂m>V[ ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBD
´ÔEBD” (gÈV√Á™, √.100). ÿ>Vz›m ºÂV¬ÁÔl_
x´ı√‚¶ ÷Úƒ¬]ÔeV_ g™ ∏´√fiƒD ∂ÀsÚƒ¬]ÔeV_ ÷B∫z˛[≈™
®[√m ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEBD z§›>mD; Œ[º≈√È g™mD √È *ı|D Œ[§_
Œ|∫zkmD ®–D ƒ›]B›][ ´ÔEBxº\ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ \V–¶›]uz kw∫˛B
\ÔVkV¬˛B∫Ô^ ®™ÈVD.
“Œ[≈VÔ¬
Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVı√º> ÔV‚E ®[Æ >tμ©√V¶_ ÌÆ˛≈m. ŒÚ
√VÏÁkl_ ∂Á™›Á>•D c^πø›m ∂_Èm ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m
®[Æ ÷>Á™© AˆÕmÿÔVêÈVD. >M›>MºB √z›m©√VÏ©√m ®[√m
ŒÚ ÿƒB_√V|. √ÈkuÁ≈•D ÷Á›m¬ ÔVı√m ÷[ÿ™VÚ ÿƒB_√V|.
÷ÀsÚ ÿƒB_√V|Ô”¬zD º>Ák ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÿ√VmÁ\©√|›m>_
®[√m ∂Úk©√|›>ÈVÔ°D EÈ ƒ\BD √VFÕm ÿƒ_KD. √z›m©√VÏ›>_
®[√mD EÈƒ\BD O‚√∫Ô”¬z^ >[Á™ ÷wÕms|D. ÷ÀsÚ
º√V¬zÔ”D, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, ®]ÏWÁÈÔ^, Œ[º≈Vÿ¶V[Æ Œ[Æ¬z^
ÿƒ[Æ ÔÈÕ]Ú¬zD. Œ[§_ÈV\_ \u≈>uz clÏ©∏_ÁÈ.
ŒÀÿkV[ÆD ∂>[ ®_ÁÈ¬zfl ÿƒ_KD ÿ√Vøm ∂>uz ∂m
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D” 89 .
®]Ï\Á≈BV˛s|D
÷∫ºÔ ÷›>ÁÔB Œ[≈VÔ¬ ÔVbD ÿ√Ú∫ÔV‚El_ Eu∏•D

ƒ∫Ôt›]Ú©√m z§›> \uÿ≈VÚ √]°D ÷›m¶[ Œ©AºÂV¬ÔÈVD.
“>ta_
>ta_ Am¬ÔsÁ> ®ø]B ÔsQÏÔπ_ ŒÚ √z]l™Á´fl
º¤.˛ÚiJÏ›] EÕ>Á™Ô^ ÿkzkVÔ© √V]›mê™. ÂzÈ[,
√∑kFBV, ∏´t^, ÂV´ºV ÿ¤B´VD, g›\VÂVD, g™Õ›, ∂∏,
º>kº>k[ ®[Æ ÷kÏÔÁe© √‚ΩBo¶ÈVD. ÷Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Eu∏ÁB•D
273
ºƒÏ›m¬ÿÔVêÈVD. \™›]oÚÕm s|>ÁÈÁB ÷kÏÔ^
ºkı|˛≈VÏÔ^. ®_ÈVkuÁ≈•D ŒÚA^πl_ Ák›m¬ ÔVı˛≈VÏÔ^.
Œ[≈VÔ¬ÔVbD ÷Õ>© ÿ√Ú∫ÔV‚El[ º√Vm ÂV[ ÷_ÁÈ. ÂV[ sÈ˛
Wu˛≈m”90. ÂV[ ∂u≈ Ô∫Ô^ ∂uA>\V™Ák, ∂wÔV™Ák.
Wu˛≈m
>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô”D z§›> >\m ∂ˆB

xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk‚Ω_ \.\mÛ>™[ AÈ©√|›mD √]sm. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[
ÁÔBV”ÁÔl_ x´ıÿkÆD c›]BVÔ ∂_ÈV\_ ∏´√fiƒ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe©
A]´sμ¬zD \Õ]´¬ºÔVÈVÔºk sÕÁ>Ô^ Aˆkm>V[. x´Á ÿkÆD
c›]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBV”D \u≈ ÔsQÏÔπ¶tÚÕmD ∂kÏ Tu§Ú¬zD
>MflE≈©√V™ ÷¶\VzD. ÷∫ºÔ AÁ™ÔÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı k˛¬zD k˛√VÔD
z§›m© º√∑xÔ\VÔ ŒÚº\ÁÈ› ]≈™VFkVeÏ z§©∏|kmD ÷›m¶[ Œ©A
ºÂV¬Ô›>¬Ô>VzD.
“x´ı
x´ı kVμ¬ÁÔl[ √È ºkÆkÁÔÔÁe•D WÁÈÔÁe•D
∑Ák√¶¬ ÔV‚|˛[≈m. ÁÔkÕ> ÔÁÈQ[ ÁÔl_ x´ı ŒÚ\Õ]´¬
AˆBk_Èm” 34. ÂVD Aw∫zD ÿ\ValoÚÕm ºkÆ√‚¶
ºÔVÈVF sÕÁ>Ô^ AˆBk_Èm
Œ[º≈ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va ÔsÁ>l[ ÿ\Va >M›mk\V™m. “Â\m
Â\m ∂[≈V¶
ÿ\ValoÚÕm ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va ºkÆ√|˛≈m. ∂[≈V¶ ÿ\Va Aw∫zD
>e›Á>ºB >™m ÿƒVuÔeVÔ¬ ÿÔVı| \™ ®øflEÁB› >Ú˛[≈
ÔsÁ>” 91 ®[√Ï º>kº>k[.
\Ï\\V™ ∏§ÿ>V[§[ ÿ\VaBV˛≈m ÔsÁ>
“∂Õ>
∂Õ> ÿ\Va ∂Ï›> WÏB∫Ô”¬z xÕ]B g]ÿ\Va
(∂ΩºBV‚¶›]oÚÕm ∂Àk©º√Vm ®øD∏kÚD g]ÿ\Va)
\™∑¬z^πÚÕm \™∑¬z^ ÿkπ¬ÔVuÆ©√¶V\_ √V¶› ÿ>ˆÕ> ÿ\Va.
ÿƒV_ ÷∫ºÔ ÿƒV_k>uzD ÿƒV_ÈV]Ú©√>uzD √B[√|k>V˛≈m. gÔ
∂Ï›> \]©∏™V_ ∂_ÈV\_ ∂–√k \]©∏™V_ clÏ›]Ú©√Ák>VD
ÿƒVuÔ^” 92 ®[˛≈VÏ ∂∏. ∂©m_ ´z\VM[ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>l_ ÿƒVuÔ^
∞Á™©∏≈ ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÿ\Val_ ÷ÚÕmD ®∫z ºkÆ√|˛[≈ÿ>™
∂>[ E≈©Á√ √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ ∏[kÚ\VÆ z§©∏|˛[≈VÏ.
274
“®ø›m
®ø›m kV™D√VΩ ®[–D ÷Ú\VÆ√‚¶ ÷È¬˛BxÔVD ƒVÏÕm
ÔsQÏÔ^ ÿƒB_√‚| kÕ> ÔVÈ¬Ô‚¶›]_, ÷ÀsB¬Ô∫ÔÁefl ƒV´V>
√ÈÏ>MBVÔ¬ ÔsÁ> ®ø]kÕ>™Ï. ∂∏, ∂©m_´z\V[, º\›>V ®[˛≈
∂Õ> kˆÁƒl_ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–¬zD ÷¶xı|. t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV|
ÿ√e´VËÔ›Á>•D ÔÈÕm ®øm˛≈ xÁ≈Á\ ∂©m_ ´z\VM¶D cı|.
÷¸ÈVtB› ÿ>V[\∫ÔÁe ∂]ÔD ÿ>V‚¶kÏ ÿ«fl.˜.´Û_. ÷Õ]B›
ÿ>V[\\´Á√ t¸Ω¬ >[Á\ºBV| ÔÈÕm ®ø]BkÏÔ^ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´–D. ÷Õ]B A´V›Á> >›mk cÏºkV| gw\VÔ›
Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[” 93 ®[√Ï.
ÿ>V‚¶kÏ Â.ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[
º\›>V ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g˛ºBVÏ \mÁ´› ]BVÔ´VƒÏ

Ô_Ÿˆ \VkÏÔ^ gkÏ. “\mÁ´
\mÁ´ ]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_Ÿˆl_ ®™¬z© √V¶D
Â¶›]B ŒeÁk ∑.mÁ´ƒVt©∏^Áe, ƒ∫Ô´ ÂV´VB[,
º>VF°Á¶BkÏÔ^” 94 .
∑√.∂ıV\ÁÈ g˛ºBVÏ Áƒk ÷È¬˛B› º>VF°Á¶BkÏÔ^
“®™¬z›
®™¬z› >tμ ®[≈ ∂ÚÿÂ_o¬ÔM >Õ> nBV ŒeÁk. ∑.mÁ´ƒVt
WÁ™kVÔ” 95 ®™› >D ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>t sÚmÿ√u≈ gÈV√Á™
∂kÏÔ^ WÁ™kVÔ
±ÁÈfl ƒ\Ï©√D ÿƒF]Ú©√VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[. ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[ ∑‚Ω¬ÔV‚|D
∑√.∂ıV\ÁÈ Áƒk› º>VFs_ \‚|\_ÈV\_ E›>Ï √V¶_ÔπKD z§X‚|
se¬Ô∫ÔÁefl E≈©√VÔ x[Ák©√kÏ. ÷›>ÁÔB QV™©√VÁÈ ª‚ΩB
>[Á\l™VºÈºB \mÁ´› ]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_ŸˆÁB ÷´ı¶VD ÔÚ©Á√ ®™¬
ÿÔVı¶VΩ Wu˛[≈VÏ ∂©m_ ´z\V[.
“The best part of our religion in, its unconcious poetry ®[Æ \V‚R
∂Ï™V_| ÿƒV_˛≈VÏ ∏´fiÁQ ØÏk\V™ ÷[§›>V™VÔ kÕm ºƒÏ˛≈
Ôs›mkD ƒ\B ÷È¬˛B›]_ cı|. √¬] ÷È¬˛B›Á> \>√´\VÔ©
√VÏ¬ÔV\_ ÔsÁ>BVÔ© √VÏ¬Ô ºkı|D ..... √VkÁ™ºBV| √¬]
÷È¬˛B›Á> ∂bÔ Ákk›]_ √VkÁ™ Ì¶Vs‚¶V_ ∂›>Á™•D
∂√›>D. ƒ\, A›> \>∫ÔÁe© √u§ ÿ>.ÿ√V.*™V‚E ∑Õ>´™VÏ,
\lÁÈ ÊM ºk∫Ô¶ƒVt ±_ÔÁe kVE›>º√Vm ∂§Õº>[. ÷>[
275
∏[™Ï ®_ÈV \>∫Ô”D ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛[≈™. ŒÚ \>D, ŒÚ
ÿÂl_ÁÈ ®_ÈVD ÔÈÕm ∏[M© ∏ÁÕ]Ú¬˛≈ WÁÈ>V[
ÿ>[√|˛≈m ®[√Á> cÏÕº>[. \mÁ´ ∂wÔÏ \ÁÈl_
ÿ√e›>©√^π ÷ÚÕ]Ú¬˛≈m. ®™ºk ÔêwÔˆ[ WwoKD
ÿƒFº>[” 96 .
ÿ√e›>›Á>©√VÏ¬ÔÈVD ®[√Á> ®[ ÔsÁ>l_ √]° ÿƒFº>[
÷›>ÁÔB √¬] ÷È¬˛B© √VkÁ™Ô^ ∂©m_ ´z\V–¬z¬ ÁÔÌΩ™.

√¬] ÷È¬˛B©∏as[ ÂÆÕº>≈_ÔÁe ∂k´m ÷´ı¶Vkm ÔÚ©Á√BV™
]BVÔ´VƒÏ Ô_Ÿˆ© º√´VEˆB© ÿ√Ú\¬Ô”D ƒVÈ©√ˆÕm ª‚Ω ª‚Ω ∂kÁ´
keÏ›ÿ>|›>™Ï.
“gı¶Vπ[
gı¶Vπ[ Ô¶°‚ ÔV>ÁÈ¬ ÔsÂÁ¶l_ ÿƒV_KD Ô‚|Á´ÁB
®ømDº√Vm ÔsQÏ º√™Vs_ Á\¬z© √]_ √flÁƒ¬ ÔuØ´D \¬zD
ÿ√Ú\V^ºÔVs_ meE› yÏ›>›Á> W´©∏¬ ÿÔVı¶Vº´V ®[Æ WÁ™¬Ô
ºkıΩ•êm. √VÁk ®[√>uzfl ÿƒV_KD ÔV´∫Ôπ_ \VÏÔa¬
zπˆ[ ÷MÁ\ ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>¬Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe© º√´VEˆBÏ
∂.ƒV.QV.√Ω›]ÚÕ>V_ ÔsQÁ´ ∂©m_ gμkVÏ ®[º≈ ∂Áw›m
\˛μkVÏ” 97
\˛μkVÏ
®™ \™\V´© √V´V‚|kVÏ. ∂©m_ gμkV´VÔ \‚|\[§; ∂©m_

ÂVB[\V´VÔ°D, ∂©m_ ÂuÿƒF]BVe´VÔ°D, ∂©m_ E›>´VÔ°D, Û‡∏
∂©mÈVÔ°D ®_ÈVx∫ Ì¶ ∂kÏ \V§ \V§ ∂k>V´∫Ô^ ®|›m› >V[
]Ôμ˛[≈VÏ. \‚|\_ÈV\_ \>ÿk§ÁBfl ƒV¶k_È ∂k>V´xD \>∫Ô¶Õ>
g[\ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚| ∂k>V´xD gÔ ∂kÏ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
∂©m_ ´z\VM[ >M›> g”Á\fl E≈©∏B_AÔ^:
1. √¬]lÈ¬˛B Â™soB¬ÔsÁ> ÿ\Va•D, ƒ\B∫Ô¶Õ> \Á≈QV™

(Mystic) ÿ\Va•D ƒ∫Ôt¬zD ƒ∫Ô\\VÔ ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ô^
∂Á\Õm^·™.
276
2. z§X| ®[√>Á™ ÷È¬˛B c›] ®–D ®_ÁÈ¬zD ∂©√VÈVÔ¬ Ôı|
∂>Á™ g[\ ºÂB ŒÚÁ\©√V‚|¬ÔV™ g>V´∑Ú]BVÔ¬ ÁÔBVek_È
]≈Á\ ÷kÏ>D ]≈Á\BVzD.
3. x´ı ÿ>VÁ¶ÁB c›]BVÔ \‚|\_ÈV\_ cÈÔ ´ÔEB∫ÔÁe¬

Ô‚¶sμ¬zD \Õ]´¬ ºÔVÈVÔ°D ÷kÏ>D √Á¶©AÔπ_ x´ıÿ>VÁ¶
]Ôμ˛≈m.
4. *ÿ\FDÁ\lB›][ ∂Á™›mfl ƒV›]B©√V|ÔÁe•D ÁÔBVı|ê

E≈©A (√V_T]) √V_T]¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ cêVÏÕ> *ÿ\FDÁ\lB
se¬Ô∫ÔÁe ®|›mÁ´¬zD ÿ>V¶Ï Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe ÿkzƒ™ ÷>aºÈºB
(˝MBÏsÔ¶[) (\´D xu§©A^π ∂_È) ®ø]BÁ\ z§©∏¶›>¬Ô
÷kÏ>D √∫Ôπ©√VzD.
5. cÚm¬ÔsÁ>l[ ÂÎD, Ô¤_ º√V[≈ kΩk∫ÔÁe•D t[tMÔeV_

ŒÚ ÔΩ>D, ´ÔEB©Ø, x™s´V ®–D Ôs´V›]ˆ xÁ≈Á\•D ∂©m_
´z\V[ ∂§xÔ©√|›]•^·VÏ.
6. Á«¬Ì x[º™VΩÔπ_ ŒÚk´VÔ s·∫˛ (E›>Ï, √V_T]) WÁ≈B

\VkÏÔÁe ∂>uÔV™ ]Áƒ kal_ ÷kÏ guÆ©√|›]BÁ\
z§©∏¶›>¬Ô>VzD.
7. >tμ±ÈVÏ, k¶±ÈVÏ, º\™V‚¶Ï ÔÚ›>Á\°Ôπ[ Œ©√VFkVÔ kw∫˛B

÷kÏ>D xÁ™kÏ√‚¶ gFºk¶V™, (Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|) z§X|Ôπ[
∂Á™›m kÁÔÁ\ÔÁe•D Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ∂>[ sˆkV™ √∫Ôπ©A
z§›mD E≈©√VÔ s·¬˛•^· ]≈D º√VuÆ>uzˆB>VzD.
8. ÊˆB ÷È¬˛B kVƒÔÏÔÁe \‚|\_ÈV\_ ÿkz\¬ÔÁe•D

Ôk´k_È>VÔ°D, g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛™Á´•D ~Ï¬Ôk_È>VÔ°D ∂kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô”D, ÔsQˆ[ ÂÁ¶kı\V™ (Poet’s prose) Ô‚|Á´Ô”D
ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπºÈºB ÿkπBV˛© √´kÈV™
k´ºkuÁ√© ÿ√uÆ^·™.
277
xΩ°Á´
1. x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÿ√VmsB_A, E≈©∏B_A, >M> g”Á\,

g”Á\l_ ∂w˛B_ z§›m s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
2. \Á¬ÔsÁ>, Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔsB´∫Ô¬ÔsÁ>, ®ø›m ÿ\Va¬ÔsÁ>,

º√fl∑ÿ\Va¬ÔsÁ>, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, zÆ∫ÔsÁ> ®[≈ kÁÔÔπ_
ÿ√VmsB_º√V| x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ^ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏÔ^.
3. B>VÏ›>kV>D, ∂uA> ÂsuElB_, *ÿ\FÁ\lBD x>ÈV™kuÁ≈

x©ÿ√Ú∫ÔsQÏÔ”D >\m √Á¶©AÔπ_ ÿkÀÿkÆ s>\VÔ¬ ÁÔBVı¶
s>›Á> ∂§BxΩ˛≈m.
4. Eu∏•D, >tw[√–D ƒVÏAWÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔ·VÔ°D, ∂©m_ ´z\V[

ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQ´VÔ°D kÁÔ©√|›>©√|›>ÈVD.
5. x©ÿ√Ú∫ ÔsQÏÔπ[ >M›> g”Á\Ô^ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
6. Am¬ÔsÁ>, ÔÁ>¬ÔsÁ>, \Á¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ÔsÁ>, ÂV¶ÔD,

÷Áƒ©√V¶_ ®™ ∂Á™›m kÁÔ¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ]≈D√¶ s·∫z√kÏ
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËBM[ >M ÷B_√VÔ s·¬Ô©√‚|^·™.
7. √V´]>VƒÁ™ zÚÂV>´VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| ÔsÁ> ®ø> g´D∏›> ÔsQÏÔ^

º√V_ ÷_ÈV\_ ∂kÚÁ¶B ∂ƒÈVÔ› ]Ôμ√kÏ >tw[√[. >tμ \Á
∏≈wV\_ >M›]≈Á\ ÿÔVı| ]Ôμkº> ÷kˆ[ >MflE≈©√VzD.
278
∂Ω¬z§©AÔ^
1. z.Ák›]BÂV>[, Áƒk E›>VÕ> >Á¶Ô”D sÁ¶Ô”D, z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V], ]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ> ºÂÏxÔ© luE
Á\BD, ]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï, 1995, √¬.5á6.
2. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √¬.113á144.
3. º\Èm., √¬.137á144.
4. º\Èm., √¬.144á145.
5. º\Èm., √.144á145.
6. m.ÊMflƒVt, ÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬ ºÔV‚√V|, √.40.
7. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √¬.100á101.
8. º\Èm., √¬.100, 101, 113.
10. ÷È¬˛B© √VƒÁ≈, ºÂÏÔV_ ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ºÔVÁk, ƒ™, ∏©´. 1983.
12. Eu∏, √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, √¬.71á72.
13. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √.402.
14. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏, ‘x[–Á´’, ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â], 2004.
15. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^, ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.409á464.
16. º\Èm, √¬.409á464.
17. º\Èm, √¬.409á464
18. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.100.
19. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> á QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.450, 458,

465.
279
20. º\Èm.,
21. º\Èm,. √.454.
22. º\Èm., √¬.445á455.
23. ÷´V.ÂV´VB[, \VuÆ© √ı√V|D, Eu∏l[ ÔsÁ>Ô”D, √.69.
24. √VÈV, Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ ÔÁÈ,

ÔÁÈ ¬Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸, \mÁ´, 1993,
√.17.
25. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ>áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬.469, 470,

410.
26. º\Èm, √.410.
27. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^,

√.210.
28. Eu∏, ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l[ ∑kVƒD, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.5.
29. √VÈV, Eu∏ ÔsÁ>© √B∫Ô^, √.14.
30. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.106.
31. ∂.\VÏ¬¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √.24.
33. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ >tw[√[, y´VÂ], ÿƒ[Á™, h[á2005.

ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √¬.87á88.
35. ∂.\VÏ¬¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 63á64.
36. ºÔV.>º\V>´[, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,

ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï,2008.
37. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, y´VÂ], ÿƒ[Á™, h[,

2005.
38. ºÔV.>º\V>´[, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,

280
ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï,2008.

√.327.
40. º\Èm, √¬.325á327.
41. º\Èm.,
42. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, 2005.
43. >·kVF ∑Õ>´D, ºÂÏÔV_ ~º´V| >tw[√[, Ôs¬ºÔV ÷>μá4,

ÿƒ[Á™, hÁÈ, ÿƒ©. 2008.
44. ∂.\VÏ¬¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 68.
45. QVM, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,

ÿƒ[Á™á2004.
46. ∂.\VÏ¬¸, ∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛ cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD, √¬. 68.
47. QVM, >tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D, \ËkVƒÔÏ √]©√ÔD,

ÿƒ[Á™, 1998, √.137.
48. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ˛w¬zfl ƒV·´D, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,

2005.
49. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^, √¬.

150á151.
50. QVM, >tμ¬ ÔsÁ> áQVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ ÿ>Vz]á3, √¬. 553á554.
51. AsB´∑, x[–Á´, ®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ.
52. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, x[–Á´, ®[ T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ.
53. ∑.ºk∫Ô¶´V\[, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^,

ÿ>Vz]á1, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD Â¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
sÂVBÔÂ_ŸÏ 2003, √¬. 22á42.
54. x.∑>Õ]´x›m, √Ω\∫Ô·VF EÕ]¬zD ÔsÁ>¬ Ô‚¶Á\©AÔ^, ~º´V|
281
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ¬
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.211.
55. ÷´V\.zÚÂV>[, x´bD Â¶©∏BKD, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©

√ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD Â¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬
Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.64.
56. ÷Õ]´[, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı ®–D ÷B∫˛B_, ~º´V|

>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD Â¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.194.
57. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ x´ı ®–D ÷B∫˛B_, ~º´V|

ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.47.
58. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÷ÁwºBV|D ÷´°/÷Ú^, ~º´V|

ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √.38.
59. QVM, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[ ÿ>Vz©Á√ x[Ák›m› >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_

c^πB¬ÔD, ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, ÿƒ[Á™©
√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD Â¶›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^, √¬. 11á30.
60. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ∂§xÔD, ∏›>[, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸, ÿƒ[Á™,

2004.
61. ÔV.ÿƒ_È©√[, x[–Á´, ÷´°©√V¶Ô[, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,

2003, √.7.

√.246.
64. gÏ.c>BflƒÕ]´[, Thamizhanban’s Vanakkam Valluva >tμ©

Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √[xÔ© √ˆ\V∫Ô^, gF°¬ Ô·fiEBDá3,
√V´› ÔÁÈ ∂§sB_ Ô_Ÿˆ, >tμ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD, >fiƒV∆Ï, 2007,
pp. 399á400.
282
65. >tw[√[, x[–Á´, ŒÚkıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR, \Ú>V √]©√ÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,
2001.
66. º\Èm, x[–Á´
67. º\Èm, x[–Á´
68. º\Èm, x[–Á´
69. º\Èm, x[–Á´
70. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B ÿkπ•D, ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™

EÈz´_Ô”D, √.107.
71. t›´V, zÁ¶l_ ºÔ‚¶ º√fl∑, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÔΩ>D, ∏[™‚Á¶,

>tºwVÁƒ ∂flƒÔD, ÿƒ[Á™, 1993.
72. ∂.zºƒÔ´[, ÔÁÈ ÁÈ ÷È¬˛B ÿkπ•D, ƒJÔ ¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ

z´_Ô”D, √.106.
73. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.106.
74. >tw[√[, ŒÚ kıΩfl ÿƒ[ˆR, x[–Á´.
75. ÷Õ]´[, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^.
76. QVM, x[–Á´, Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^, √.26.

√.342.
78. ÔV.Ek›>D∏, ÔÁBVa ÷>μ, \VÏfl 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
79. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬. 187, 234.
80. º\Èm.,
81. √V.g™Õ>z\VÏ, ºÂÏÔV_ ÿ¤B√V¸Ô´[, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD, ÿƒ[Á™,

√.73.
82. ÿ√.∑√V∑ƒÕ]´º√V∑, ®m Am¬ÔsÁ>? √.65.
283
83. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.72á73.
84. ].∑.Â¶´Vƒ[, ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va, √.141.
85. º\Èm, √.141.
86. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|, √¬.72á73.
87. º\Èm, √.190.
88. ÿ√V]ÁÔfl E›>Ï, Œ©∏B_ ºÂV¬˛_ E›>Ï ÿ\FlB_, c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD,

ÿƒ[Á™, ΩƒD√Ï, 2009.
89. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, x[–Á´, gÈV√Á™.
91. \.\mÛ>™[, >tμ© Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu EÕ>Á™Ô^, √.211.

ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D, √.97.

ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, 2009.

ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, 2009.
95. ∂©m_ ´z\V[, ‘ƒ\Ï©√D’, gÈV√Á™.

ÿƒ©.2009.
97. ∑˛EkD, ‘x[–Á´’, Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, ºÂ≠™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,

ÿƒ[Á™, 2003.
284
WÁ≈°Á´
1. >twÔ›]_ º>EB, ]´Vs¶ ÿ√Vm°¶Á\ ÷B¬ÔD ÷Ák J[ÆD ƒJÔ
cÏ°t¬Ô x©ÿ√ÚD √Á¶©√VπÔ”¬ÔV™ ÔsÁ>© ∏[™ËBVÔ
se∫˛B™.
2. x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔeVÔ› ]ÔøD Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[, ~º´V|

>tw[√[, ∂©m_ ´z\V[ ®ø›m¬ÔVÈÔ‚¶›]oÚÕm \VÆ√‚| \´Á√
ÿƒ§kVÔ c^kV∫˛¬ÿÔVı¶ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔVÈÔ‚¶¬ ÔsQÏÔ^ gkÏ.
3. º\ÁÈ \´∏[ ÷È¬˛B ÷ƒ∫Ôπ[ >V¬Ô›>V_ x˛μÕ>m ®ø›m \Á.

®ø›m¬ zøs™Ï √ÁwÁ\© º√bD kÁÔlºÈºB Am¬ÔsÁ>ÁB¬
ÁÔBVı¶™Ï.
4. \Æ©A, ®]Ï©A, ÊÏ]Ú›>D ®–D x›]´ WÁÈ kV™D√VΩ¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_

ÔV©√‚¶™. xuº√V¬ÔV™ A]B \Vu≈∫ÔÁefl ƒJÔ›]Á¶ºB
kV™D√VΩÔ^ WÔμ›]™Ï.
5. Á«¬Ì ®[Æ ÿƒV_È¬ÌΩB zÆD√V \Á √u§•D, ÿv[

>›mk›]oÚÕm Á«¬Ì \´√V™m º>V[§uÆ ®[√m √u§•D
se¬Ô©√‚|ê™.
6. ŒÚ √Á¶©√Vπl[ cuÆ ºÂV¬Ôo_ ∂kÁ´© √V]©√™°D, ∂k´m

>›mk ∂bzxÁ≈•D √Á¶©∏[ √V|ÿ√VÚÁe› yÏ\VM¬˛[≈™.
∂>[ ∂Ω©√Á¶l_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔ”D \´Á√ ∞uÆ ∂>Á™
ÿƒøÁ\BV™ xÁ≈l_ c^kV∫˛¬ ÿÔVı| >\m √V|ÿ√VÚÁe›
º>ÏÕÿ>|›>™Ï.
7. Eu∏ A´Vfl ÿƒF]ÔÁe *‚|ÚkV¬ÔD ÿƒFm ƒ\ÔVÈ ƒx>VB›][

º>ÁkÁB› >\m ÔsÁ> ka E≈©√VÔ se¬˛•êVÏ. kVFÿ\Va \´∏[
ÌÆÔÁe•D, ÂÔÏƒVÏ ÂV‚¶VÏ √]°ÔÁe•D ÁÔBV^k]_ ∂kÏ>D
ÔsÁ>Ô^ ®πÁ\•D ∂wzD ÿÔVı| ]Ôμ˛[≈™.
8. ~º´V| >tw[√[ ÿkz \¬Ô^ ª¶Ô∫Ôπ[ Â[Á\ yÁ\ √u§•D,
Ô_s› mÁ≈lKD, g‚ElKD Â¶¬zD ÊÏºÔ|ÔÁe•D, >\m
ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ √V|ÿ√VÚeV¬˛ cêVÏ.
9. Am¬ÔsÁ>¬z^ ÂT™ c›]xÁ≈ÔÁe¬ ÁÔBVı¶kÏ ®[≈

ÿ√ÚÁ\¬zˆBkÏ >tw[√[.
10. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ z§X‚|¬ ÔsQÏ ®[√Á> ∂kÏ>D ‘ √V_T] ’ ,

‘ gÈV√Á™ ’ , ‘ ∑‚|s´_ ’ g˛B ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz]Ôπ[ JÈD
AÈ©√|›>ÈVD. *ÿ\FlB¬ ÔsÁ>© √V∫z ÷kÏ>D ÔsÁ>Ôπ_
ÔV©√|˛[≈™.
11. ∂©m_ ´z\V[ √V|ÿ√VÚ”¬z ª¶VÔ ∂k´m ÿkπ©√V|Ô^

x´ı√V|ÔeVÔ› º>Vu≈\π¬ÔÈVD. g™V_ ÷Õ> x´ËB¬Ôº\
∂kÏ>D ÔsÁ>BV¬Ô c›]BVÔ \‚|D ∂_ÈV\_ ∂k´m Aˆ>o[
´ÔEB\VÔ°D ∂Á\˛≈m.
12. ÔsÁ> ®[√m √´Õm ˛¶¬˛[≈ \M> ºÂB ªuÆ¬ ÔıÔÁe¬

Ôı¶Á¶˛[≈ xBuE ®™ kÁ´BÆ¬zD Eu∏l[ kÁ´BÁ≈¬z ®_ÈV
kÁÔlKD ÿ√VÚÕ>¬ÌΩB™kVÔ ∂k´m ÔsÁ>©√BD
ÔV¬˛¶¬˛[≈m. ®_ÈVD \ÔVÔs >Õ> ÿÔVÁ¶ ®™¬ ÔÚmD Eu∏l[
√V|ÿ√VÚ^Ô”D √Á¶©A ÿÂ§•D √V´] kalºÈºB ª¶VΩ Wu˛≈m.
J>VÁ>Bˆ¶D ÷ÚÕm ÿ√u≈¬ÿÔVÁ¶ ®[≈VKD >D √Á¶©Á√
ÿkπ©√|›mD ºkÆ√V¶V™ xÁ≈l_ Eu∏l[ Ôs›mkD E≈Õ]Ú¬Ô¬
ÔVÈVD.
13. Œ©√Á™Ô^ ÷[§ ÂVD ÂV\VÔ ÷Ú©√º> ∂wz ®™ ‘ÿƒ[’ ÷B_√VF

\ÈÏ˛≈m. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^ kVμsBo[ cıÁ\ÔeVÔ°D,
ÔsÁ>l[ xÁ≈lBÈVÔ°D ÂDÁ\ kÕ>Á¶˛[≈™.
14. ®ø›m¬ÔsÁ>, º√fl∑¬ÔsÁ>, Á«¬Ì ®–D kÁÔÁ\©√V‚ΩKD; ÊˆB

÷È¬˛B kVƒÔ[, ÿkzƒ™ ´ƒÁ™ kVƒÔ[ ®–D kÁÔÁ\©√V‚ΩKD
∂©m_ ´z\V[ ÿku§Ô´\VÔ se∫zk>uz¬ ÔV´D Ôs›mkDt¬Ô
∂kÏ>D √Á¶©A ÿÂ§ÔºeBVzD.
286
15. ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VÏ¬EB›Á>•D, \M>ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_ ÔVÕ]ÁB•D,
g[*Ô ºÂV¬˛_ ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ÿÔVı¶V|√k´VÔ Eu∏ se∫z˛≈VÏ.
ƒJÔ ºÂV¬˛_ \VÏ¬EB›Á>•D, ÿ√ˆBVˆ›Á>•D, \M> ºÂB ºÂV¬˛_
kêÈVÁ´•D º√VuÆ√k´VÔ ~º´V| >tw[√[ ]Ôμ˛≈VÏ.
16. ÔsÁ>¬z^ E≈Õ> ÔÁ> ÿƒV_oBVÔ°D, z§X‚|¬ ÔsQ´VÔ°D, \M>

ƒx>VB›Á> kVw Ák¬zD ∂§sBÁÈ© º√VuÆ√k´VÔ°D, ∂>[
∂a°ÔÁe ®]Ï›m \M> zÈ›]uz¬ z´_ ÿÔV|©√k´VÔ°D Eu∏
se∫z˛≈VÏ.
17. zÆ∫ÔsÁ>, ÷Æ¬Ôfl ÿƒ§°, ÿÂ|∫ÔsÁ>, √´Õ>ºÂV¬z ®™

ÔsÁ>l[ ~ÿ´_ÁÈÔπKD >M x›]Á´ √]›>kÏ ~º´V| >tw[√[.
18. ƒJÔ ∂kÈ∫ÔÁe ®]Ï›m© √V|>_, ÷™D, ÿ\Va, ÂV| ®[≈ ®_ÁÈ
Ô¶Õ> \M> ºÂBD, ÿ√ıÔÁe© º√VuÆ>_, \M> ƒJÔ›]uz
÷[§BÁ\BV>>VÔ ÷Ú¬zD ∂§sBÁÈ© º√VuÆ>_, ÔVÕyB›>V¬ÔD,
\VÏ¬EB √VÏÁk ®[≈ >e∫Ôπ_ x©ÿ√ÚD ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
Œ›]ÁƒÕm ÿƒ_˛[≈™.
19. ÿ√VmWÁÈ¬ ÔsQ´VÔ ∂©m_ ´z\V–D, ƒVÏA WÁÈ¬ ÔsQÏÔeVÔ Eu∏,

~º´V| >tw[√–D ]ÔμÕ>kÏÔ^ ®[≈ º√V]KD xuº√V¬ÔV™ A]B
EÕ>Á™Ô^, A]B ÷È¬˛B kΩkD, A]B ÿƒV_ÈV‚E ®[≈ J[Æ
WÁÈÔπKD ÷DJkÚD Œ[Æ√|˛[≈™Ï.
20. √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ g˛ºBVÚ¬z© ∏[™Ï >tμ¬ÔsÁ>ÁBfl ƒˆBV™

]Áƒl_ x[ÿ™|›mfl ÿƒ[Æ ÿku§Ôı¶ ÿ√ÚÁ\ ÷kÏÔ^ >D
ÿ√ÚÁ\BVzD.
287
mÁ±u√‚ΩB_
1. gF° JÈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ‘ƒÏ©√BVÔD
ƒÏ©√BVÔD’,,
ƒÏ©√BVÔD
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1983
3ágD √]©A,
” : ‘ÛˆB
ÛˆB Ww_
Ww_’,,
∂[™D ÿkπX|,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ,1990
3ágD √]©A,
” : ‘Œπ©√≈Ák
Œπ©√≈Ák’,,
Œπ©√≈Ák
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√VêVflE,
2ágD √]©A,1971
” : ‘ÿ\e™
ÿ\e™ \B¬Ô∫Ô^
\B¬Ô∫Ô^’,,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√VêVflE - 1982.
” : ‘\ÔV›\V
\ÔV›\V’,,
\ÔV›\V
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
ÿ√VêVflE - 2009.
” : ‘J|√M
J|√M’,,
J|√M
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.
” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]
Â]’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2004.
” : ‘Eu∏
Eu∏ ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^
ÔsÁ>©√B∫Ô^’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005
~º´V| >tw[√[, : ‘sΩB_

sΩB_ sømÔ^
sømÔ^’,,
ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A-2005
” : ‘y°Ô^
y°Ô^ ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™
ÔÁ´ºBÆ˛[≈™’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 1985.
” : ‘∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™
∂Õ>ÂÕ>Á™ ®ˆ›> ÿÂÚ©∏[
tflƒD
tflƒD’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A-1982
” : ‘ªÏ
ªÏ ∑u§kÕ> {Áƒ
{Áƒ’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A- 1989.
” : ‘˛w¬zfl
˛w¬zfl ƒVe´D
ƒVe´D’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.
” : ‘®[T‚|
®[T‚| ®]º´ {Ï ®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ
®Ú¬ÔfiÿƒΩ’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
2
x>u√]©A á 2004.
” : ‘√M
√M ÿ√F•D √Ô_
√Ô_’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A á 2008.
” : ‘÷´°©√V¶Ô[
÷´°©√V¶Ô[’,,
÷´°©√V¶Ô[
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘ÂÁ¶\≈Õ>
ÂÁ¶\≈Õ> Â]•D ]Áƒ\V§B
{Á¶•D
{Á¶•D’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘k¬ÔD
k¬ÔD k^”k
k^”k’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
÷´ı¶VD √]©A - 2005.
” : ‘kVÏ›Á>Ô^
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ ºÔ‚¶k´D
ºÔ‚¶k´D’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.
” : ‘Ô™V¬ÔVbD
Ô™V¬ÔVbD s™V¬Ô^
s™V¬Ô^’,,
saÔ^ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2004.
” : ‘]Áƒ¬z^
]Áƒ¬z^ ]ÁƒÔ^
]ÁƒÔ^’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2000.
3
” : ‘ŒÚ
ŒÚ kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•
kıΩflÿƒ[ˆ•’,,
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2001.
” : ‘t[tM¬ÔV|
t[tM¬ÔV|’,,
t[tM¬ÔV|
\Ú>V,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1999.
” : ‘ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ¬˛πºBV
ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ¬˛πºBV
√V›´V¬Ô^
√V›´V¬Ô^’,,
√V©ºÈV√V´] √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2002.
Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[ : ‘ºÂBÏ

ºÂBÏ sÚ©√D
sÚ©√D’,,
ºÂƒ™_ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™,
9ágD √]©A - 1993.
” : ‘∑‚|s´_
∑‚|s´_’,,
∑‚|s´_
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2003.
” : ‘sÁ>º√V_
sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[
søÕ>k[’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
3ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘√V_T]
√V_T]’,,
√V_T]
ÿƒ[Á™,
9ágD √]©A - 2004.
4
” : ‘gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™
gÈV√Á™’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
5ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘∏›>[
∏›>[’,,
∏›>[
ÿƒ[Á™,
4ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘´ÔEB©Ø
´ÔEB©Ø’,,
´ÔEB©Ø
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2005.
” : ‘\´D
\´D xuÆ©A^π ∂_È ∂_È’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
2ágD √]©A - 2004.
” : ‘√E
√E ®Õ>flƒV]
®Õ>flƒV]’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘Ô¶°π[
Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ
xÔkˆ’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
” : ‘ÿÂÚ©Á√
ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A
ÿÂÚ©A’,,
ÿƒ[Á™,
x>u√]©A - 2003.
5
2.mÁ ±_Ô^
∂©m_ ´z\V[, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>l_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ z§X|
z§X|’,,
∂[™D,
>fiƒV∆Ï,
x>u√]©A á 2006.
∂Õº>VË ÷´V∑ : ‘÷>aB_ ∂§xÔD’,,

÷>aB_ {Ï ∂§xÔD
gº´V¬˛BD √]©√ÔD,
]ÚflE á 1986.
∂´∫ÔÂV>[, \V. : ‘ÿ√VÚπ[

ÿ√VÚπ[ ÿ√VÚ^ÔsÁ>
ÿ√VÚ^ÔsÁ>’,,
ÂÏ\>V √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1989.
∂´∫Ô´V∑,∑. (∂¬˛MA›]´[) : ‘>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>

>tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ
]≈™VF°
]≈™VF°’,,
J[≈VD cÈÔ©√]©√ÔD,
ºÔVÁk - 1991.
∂≈ºkÕ>[,÷´V.(ÿ>Vz) : ‘√Á¶©√V”Á\
√Á¶©√V”Á\’,,
√Á¶©√V”Á\
>VB≈D,
]ÚflE á 2003.
gÁ™x›m (ÿ>Vz) : ‘ÿ√ˆBVÏ

ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V., ÿ√ˆBVÏ
~.ÿk.´V.EÕ>Á™Ô^ (ÿ>Vz]á1,2)
(ÿ>Vz]á1,2)’ ,
EÕ>Á™BVeÏ ÔwÔD,
]ÚflE,1974
÷´VºƒÕ]´[.ºƒ, : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>l_ ]´Vs¶
÷B¬Ô›][ >V¬ÔD
>V¬ÔD’,,
Ø\Ë √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1985.
6
÷´V¤ºÔV√VÈ[.÷´V, : ‘Eu∏l[
Eu∏l[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ
√Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ’,,
QV™ºƒÔ´[ (√]) ¬Rˆ √©πºÔ≠[¸,
\mÁ´ á 1993.
÷È¬zt z\V´[ QV™]´sBD: ‘T‚Ωuz¬ Ô∫z’,,

T‚Ωuz¬ ˇºw•D Ô∫z
∂Ô´D,
>fiÁƒ.
Ô_BVı˜, : ‘º>ÏÕÿ>|›>
º>ÏÕÿ>|›> ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,,
ga ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™.
Ô™Ôƒ√V√],E, : ‘ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^ \ÁD Am∑D
Am∑D’,,
E.Ô™Ôƒ√V√] Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.
zºƒÔ´[,∂. : ‘ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ ÷È¬˛B ÿkπ•D ƒJÔ
¿]¬ÔV™ EÈ z´_Ô”D
z´_Ô”D’,,
√VÁk √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.
ÁÔÈVƒ√].Ô, : ‘÷È¬˛BxD
÷È¬˛BxD ]≈™VF°D
]≈™VF°D’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1981.
ƒıxÔ∑Õ>´D, (ÿ>Vz) : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>•D

Am¬ÔsÁ>•D Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D
Am©∏´¬ÁQ•D’,,
÷È¬z WÔμ›]B ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬
Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿ√∫ÔjÏ - 1985.
7
ƒVt E>D√´™VÏ, : ‘>twÏ
>twÏ >ÁÈkÏ ÿ√ˆBVÏ ~.ÿk.´V.
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ
k´ÈVÆ’,,
ÿ√ˆBVÏ ∑B\ˆBVÁ> ∏´flƒV´
WÆk™ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1971.
Ek›>D∏, ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑, : ‘ÂT™›mkD

ÂT™›mkD >tμ ∏[ÂT™›mkD
\¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2001.
ÊMflƒVt,m. : ‘÷Ú√][
÷Ú√][ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔ¿]¬
ºÔV‚√V|’ ,
ºÔV‚√V|
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1994.
∑©∏´\ËB[, ÂV.ÔÈVW], : ‘]≈™VF°

]≈™VF° ºÂV¬˛_ ~º´V|
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ô^
ÔsÁ>Ô^’,,
ØDAÔVÏ,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2005.
∑√V∑ ƒÕ]´º√V∑,ÿ√. : ‘®m

®m Am¬ÔsÁ>?
Am¬ÔsÁ>?’,,
ÔV√VoÔV √]©√ÔD,
]ÚflE - 1998.
” : ‘®]ÏÔVÈ
®]ÏÔVÈ ÷È¬˛BxD Ô_s•D
Ô_s•D’,,
∂Ô´D,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2003.
ÿƒ_È©√V,E.∑. : ‘ªmk›]©A_
ªmk›]©A_’,,
ªmk›]©A_
¨ÔV¬ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993,
8
” : ‘\VuÆ
\VuÆ ÷>BD
÷>BD’,,
®ø›m© ∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1974.
ÿƒV¬Ôo∫ÔD.E, : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ƒJÔD
ƒJÔD’,,
ÔVÕ] √]©√ÔD,
>fiƒV∆Ï - 2000.
QVM, ºÔVÁk, (ÿ>Vz), : ÿkπflƒ∫Ô^ á ‘kV™D√VΩÔπ[

kV™D√VΩÔπ[
\V–¶ ˇ>D
ˇ>D’,,
ÁkÔÁ≈,
ºÔVÁk - 1973.
” : ‘>tw[√[
>tw[√[ √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
√VÏÁk•D’,,
\ËkVƒÔÏ,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1998.
” : ‘>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>’,,
>tμ¬ÔsÁ>
QVM Ô‚|Á´Ô^ III,
ÔVsBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2007.
>tμÂV¶[, ºƒÈD, : ‘¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ>

¤©√VMB¬ÔsÁ> E∫ÔØ Á«¬Ì
ÿƒ[ˆR
ÿƒ[ˆR’,,
√VÏk] A¬≠V©,
ºƒÈD á 2001.
>twk[ : ‘√Á¶©AD
√Á¶©AD √Á¶©√Vπ•D
√Á¶©√Vπ•D’,,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1989.
>tw[√[, ~º´V|, : ‘ÔsÁ>

ÔsÁ> EÕ>Á™Ô^
EÕ>Á™Ô^’,,
√B[ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1990.
9
#´[,ÿ√. (ÿ>Vz), : ‘√V´]>tμ
√V´]>tμ kƒ™›]´‚|
kƒ™›]´‚|’,,
ºÂƒ™_ A¬ Ω´¸‚,
Am]_o á 1912.
ÂVÔ´V¤[,®¸.®[, : ‘ˇÁw \VÏ¬EBD’,,

ˇÁw \VÏ¬EBD
√ˆ\VD ÿkπX|,
ºÔVÁk á 1982.
” : ‘ÔDRMƒD
ÔDRMƒD s|>ÁÈl[
÷È¬ÔD
÷È¬ÔD’,,
√ˆ\VD ÿkπX|,
ºÔVÁk á 1990.
Â¶´Vƒ[,].∑. : ‘>ta[
>ta[ ∂Á¶BVeD
∂Á¶BVeD’,,
ÿk^πT] ÿkπX|,
\mÁ´ - 1999.
” : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿB–D
ÔsÁ>ÿB–D ÿ\Va
ÿ\Va’,,
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬ «°¸, (∏) o‚.,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2008.
ÂV´VB[, ÷´V : ‘\VuÆ©

\VuÆ© √ı√V|D Eu∏l[
ÔsÁ>Ô”D
ÔsÁ>Ô”D’,,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2008.
O‡\V[, ®D.∞. : ‘]≈™VF°¬

]≈™VF°¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^
Ô‚|Á´Ô^’,,
∂[™D, EkÔ∫ÁÔ - 1985.
√VÈ∑©∏´\ËBD, Eu∏, : ‘√Á¶©AD

√Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D
√VÏÁk•D’,,
Ôs>V √©πºÔ≠[,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2001.
10
√VÈV, : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> ŒÚ Am©√VÏÁk
Am©√VÏÁk’,,
∂Ô´D,
EkÔ∫ÁÔ á 1981.
Ø´flƒÕ]´[,Ô. : ‘ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va
ÔsÁ>ÿ\Va >ÔÏ©AD
∂Á\©AD
∂Á\©AD’ ,
EÕ>™V,
]ÚflE - 1998.
ÿ√V]ÁÔflE›>Ï : ‘kVμkV∫z
kVμkV∫z kVøD ÔÁÈ
ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 2005.
” : ‘\™t≈¬zD
\™t≈¬zD ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ
ƒVÔV¬ÔÁÈ’,,
\º™V´V √©πºÔ≠[¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2000.
ÿ√V]Bÿku√[,ºk.x. : ‘ƒ\ÔVÈ¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D
ƒ\ÔVÈ¬ÔsÁ>Ô”D ÔsÁ>¬
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D
ºÔV‚√V|Ô”D’,,
kDE A¬¸,
]ÚkıV\ÁÈ - 2009.
\mÛ>™[,\. : ‘ >tμ©Am¬ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ÿ\FlBu

EÕ>Á™Ô^ ’ ,
ÔVÀBV,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2003.
\Ë¬ÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[, : ‘\Ë¬ÿÔVΩ

\Ë¬ÿÔVΩ ÊMkVƒ[
®ø›m¬Ô^
®ø›m¬Ô^’ ,
ÔÁBVa ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1984.
11
\VÏ¬¸,∂. : ‘∂]ÔV´›Á>
∂]ÔV´›Á> ºÂV¬˛
cıÁ\ÁB© º√∑ºkVD
º√∑ºkVD’,,
ÔÚ©A© ∏´]Ô^,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 2004.
\V>k[, \.√., (√]) : ‘>tμ©Am¬

>tμ©Am¬ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[
√[xÔ© √ˆ\V∫Ô^
√ˆ\V∫Ô^’,,
º>EB¬ ÔÚ›>´∫Ô
gF°¬ÔefiEBDá3,
√V´› ∂§sB_ WÏkVÔsB_ Ô_Ÿˆ,
>fiƒV∆Ïá5, 2007.
t›´V, : ‘zÁ¶l_
zÁ¶l_ ºÔ‚¶ º√fl∑
º√fl∑’,,
>tºwVÁƒ ∂flƒÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ - 1993.
x›mº\VÔ[,Â. : ‘∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_ ∏[ ∂Á\©∏B_
∂Á\©∏B_’,,
ÔVÀBV, ÿ√∫ÔjÏ á 1998.
x´π>´[.∑. : ‘ÌÁ¶¬z^
ÌÁ¶¬z^ º>ƒD
º>ƒD’,,
\ÁÈBÔ ÿkπX|,
ÔıΩ á 1988.
´zÂV>[.ÿ>V.x.E. : ‘∂¬º¶V√Ï
∂¬º¶V√Ï A´‚E•D >tμ
÷È¬˛BxD’,,
÷È¬˛BxD
WR ÿƒfi∑ˆ A¬«°¸,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1980.
kV™\V\ÁÈ. : ‘Am¬ÔsÁ>
Am¬ÔsÁ> xuº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD
∏uº√V¬zD’,,
\¬Ô^ ÿkπX|,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1975.
12
Ák›]BÂV>[,z. : ‘ÁƒkE›>VÕ>›
ÁƒkE›>VÕ>› >Á¶Ô”D
sÁ¶Ô”D z§X‚|fl
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D
ÿƒV_ÈÔ´V]•D’,,
]ÚkVk|mÁ≈ gy™ ÁƒkE›>VÕ>
ºÂÏxÔ© √luE Á\BD,
]ÚsÁ¶\Ú#Ï á 1995.
ÁkBVAˆ ∏^Áe.®¸ : ‘>ta[

>ta[ \Æ\ÈÏflE
\Æ\ÈÏflE’,,
>tμ©A›>ÔVÈBD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1980.
ºkbºÔV√VÈ[,].ºƒV. : ‘ºÔVÁ¶kB_
ºÔVÁ¶kB_’,,
ºÔVÁ¶kB_
®ø›m©∏´∑´D,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1965.
ÿ¤Bº>k[.k, (\.√) : ‘~º´V|

~º´V| >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>©
(√.]) √ˆ\V∫Ô^
√ˆ\V∫Ô^’,, ÿ>Vz]á1
ÿƒ[Á™© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD Â¶›]B
ÔÚ›>´∫Ô¬ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
sÂVBÔÂ_ŸÏ á 2003.
BHATNAGAR,S.SONI : SOCIAL JUSTICE AND

EQUALITY IN INDIA,
ESS ESS PUBLICATIONS,
NEWDELHI- 1987.
÷>μÔ”D \ÈÏÔ”D (Ô‚|Á´Ô”D ºÂÏÔV_Ô”D)
1. ‘∂x>∑´∏’, y√Vkπ\ÈÏ, 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
2. ‘÷È¬˛B©√VƒÁ≈’, ƒ™kˆ, ∏©´kˆ 1993, ºÔVÁk.
3. ‘÷MB c>BD’, ∏©´kˆ 2006, Â¬ˇ´[ zø\ ÷>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
4. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:14, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2003, kÕ>kVE.
4∂. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:16, \VÏfl, ∞©´_ 2004, kÕ>kVE.
g. ‘÷MB Á«¬Ì’, ÷>μ:17, º\ 2004, kÕ>kVE.
13
5. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ¤™kˆ 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
5∂. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘c∫Ô^ ±ÈÔD’, ΩƒD√Ï 2009, ÿƒ[Á™.
6. ‘clÏ ®ø›m’, º\ 2009, ]ÚflE.
7. ‘c^”Á≈’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2009, ºÔVÁk.
8. ‘®ø›m’, ÷>μ:62, 1964, ÿƒ[Á™.
9. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1997, ÿƒ[Á™.
9∂. ‘ÔÁBVa’, gÔ¸‚ 2001, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘ÔÁBVa’, \VÏfl 2004, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘ÔÁBVa’, ΩƒD√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.
~. ‘ÔÁBVa’, (Á«¬Ìfl E≈©∏>μ) \VÏfl 1991, ÿƒ[Á™.
10. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ¤™kˆ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
10∂. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, h[ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
g. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, hÁÈ 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
÷. ‘Ôs¬ºÔV’, ∂¬º¶V√Ï, ΩƒD√Ï 2000, ÿƒ[Á™.
11. ‘ÔVÕ>^’, ÷>μ:1, ÔVÏÌ]Ï, gÔ¸‚, ÂkD√Ï 1999, \mÁ´.
12. ‘ÔV‚|©Ø’, \V> ÷>μ, ºÔVBDA›#Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2007.
13. ‘ÔVÈfl∑k|’, ÷>μ:119, ÂkD√Ï 2009, ÂVÔÏºÔVs_.
14. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 10.05.1925, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
14∂. ‘zΩ∂´∑’, 06.11.1948, ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
15. ‘ÿƒD\ÈÏ’, ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ:1, gÔ¸‚ 1995, \mÁ´.
16. ‘>V\Á´’, ∏©´kˆ, 1969, ÿƒ[Á™.
16∂. ‘>V\Á´’, ΩƒD√Ï, 1968, ÿƒ[Á™.
17. ‘]™\Ë’, \VkÏ \ÈÏ, º\ 1996, ÿƒ[Á™.
17∂. ‘]™\Ë’, 17.10.1987 ÂVπ>μ, ÿƒ[Á™.
18. ‘y´VÂ]’, ¤™kˆ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
18∂. ‘y´VÂ]’, h[ 2005, ÿƒ[Á™.
19. ‘ÂÁ¶’, ∞©´_ 1969, ÷Á©A, BV©∏B_, ÿƒ[Á™.
20. ‘√M¬z¶D’, ÷>μ:2, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 2003, ÿƒ[Á™.
14
21. ‘∏´√fiƒD’, ÷>μ:1, hÁÈ 1979, ºƒÈD.
22. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ¤™kˆ 2004, \mÁ´.
22∂. ‘A]B ÔVuÆ’, ÿƒ©¶D√Ï 2008, \mÁ´.
23. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:17, ∂¬º¶V√Ï 1979, ÿ√VêVflE.
23∂. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, ÷>μ:20, ¤™kˆ 1981, ÿ√VêVflE.
g. ‘kV™D√VΩ’, (~w›m¬ÔsÁ>fl E≈©∏>μ) :21, ΩƒD√Ï 1982, ÿ√VêVflE.
15
∂) Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[
1. ºÔVBDA›#Ï \Vk‚¶D, ÿ√VêVflE k‚¶D, g›m© ÿ√VêVflEl_

29.07.1936á_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ.
2. >ÕÁ> : E. ÿ√V[–ƒVt¬Ô°ı¶Ï
>VF : ÔıΩ ∂D\V^
3. 1951 gD gı| >›>\∫ÔeD Êo WÁ™° cBÏWÁÈ©√^πl_

10áD kz©A º>ÏflE.
4. 1956 gD gı| ]ÚflE ¤\V_ xÔ\m Ô_Ÿˆl_ ÷Á¶WÁÈ kz©A
xΩ›> ∏[ ∂ıV\ÁÈ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]_ >tμ xmÔÁÈ
kz©∏_ º>ÏflE (∞©´_á1956)
5. 1960-_ ]Ú\D. \Á™s ∂´∫ÔÂVB˛.
6. 1958á89 ÿ√VêVflE Â_Èx›m \ÔVo∫ÔD Ô_Ÿˆl_
sˆ°Á´BVeÏ, mÁ≈›>ÁÈkÏ √Ë.
7. x>_ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A, WÈ°©Ø, 1963á_ ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
8. ƒÏ©√BVÔD 1976á_ ÿkπkÕ>m. ÷›ÿ>Vz©º√ ÔsQÁ´ cÈz¬z
∂Á¶BVeD ÔV‚ΩB ÔsÁ>›ÿ>Vz].
9. ÿ\e™ \B¬ÔD ®[≈ ÔsÁ>±K¬z >twÔ ∂´∑ 1982á_ √ˆ∑
kw∫˛Bm.
10. √_ºÔˆBV, ºƒVsB›RMB[ g˛B ÷¶∫Ô”¬z 1983á_ ∑uÆ©
√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
11. ºÔVÁk √V´]BVÏ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ›]_ >tμ›mÁ≈› >ÁÈk´VÔ
1989á97 kÁ´ √ËBVu§™VÏ.
12. 1991á_ >twÔ ∂É[ √VºkÕ>Ï sÚm ÿ√u≈VÏ.
13. ]_o ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔV>tl_ 1993á98 kÁ´ cÆ©∏™´VÔ ÷ÚÕ>VÏ.
14. A Comparative Study of Bharathi and Vallathol ®[≈ ±K¬z›
>tμ©√_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ© √ˆ∑ 1994á_ ˛Á¶›>m.
15. E≈Õ> ÔsÁ> ±K¬z© √ˆƒπ©√>uÔVÔ 1996á_ Eu∏
∂≈¬Ô‚¶ÁeÁB WÆs™VÏ.
16. ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV, ÷∫˛ÈVÕm, ∏´V[∑ g˛B ÂV|Ô”¬z 1997á_ ∑uÆ©
√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
17. *ı|D 1999á_ \ºÈEBV, E∫Ô©ØÏ g˛B ÂV|Ô”¬z ÷È¬˛Bfl
∑uÆ©√BD º\uÿÔVı¶VÏ.
18. ØÎB∫Ôπ[ ƒ∫˛o ®[≈ ±K¬z 2000á]_ >twÔ ∂´∑ √ˆ∑
˛Á¶›>m.
19. ∂¬M ƒV‚E ®[≈ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A ±K¬z 2000ágD gıΩuÔV™
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔV>t ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A sÚm 2001ágD gı| ˛Á¶›>m.
20. 2001ágD gıΩ_ ∂Á™›]Õ]B© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ› >twVEˆBÏ
\[≈›][ >ÁÈk´VÔ© ÿ√VÆ©º√u≈VÏ.
21. ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±K¬z 2002ágD gıΩuÔV™
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t sÚm 2003á_ ˛Á¶›>m.
g) ~º´V| >tw[√[
1. ÷Buÿ√BÏ : Â. ÿ¤Ôyƒ[
2. ∏≈Õ> ÂV^ : 28.09.1933
3. AÁ™ ÿ√BÏÔ^ : \ÁÈB\V[, sΩÿk^π
4. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : Â¶´V¤[, k^πBD\V^
5. 26.10.1972á_ ]Ú\D ÂÁ¶ÿ√u≈m. \Á™s ÿ√BÏ ƒVÕ>z\Vˆ.
6. ÿƒ[M\ÁÈ ª´V‚E\[≈› ÿ>V¶¬Ô√^πlK\, z\´©√V ÿƒ∫zÕ>Ï
cBÏWÁÈ©√^πlKD √l[≈VÏ.
7. AÈkÏ √‚¶›Á>¬ Ô´ÕÁ>© AÈkÏ Ô_Ÿˆ, >fiƒV∆ˆ_ 1952á56
gı| kÁ´ √l[≈VÏ.
8. xÁ™kÏ √‚¶ gF° >M©√V¶_ ]´‚| {Ï gF° ®[√>VzD.
9. 1982á_ ÷È∫ÁÔl_ ]Á´©√¶›mÁ ÷B¬zÂ´VÔ ŒÚ\V>D >∫˛B
∂–√kD.
2
10. ‘kƒÕ>›]_ ŒÚ kV™s_’ ®–D √¶›]uz (Best Creation Award)
ÿ√u≈m. ∂>uÔVÔ 1996á÷_ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV ÿƒ[≈VÏ.
11. 1963á_ ®ø] 1965á÷_ ÿÂfiE[ Ww_ ®[≈ A]™D ÿkπkÕ>m.
12. 1948á50 cBÏWÁÈ©√^π \Vk´VF ÷ÚÕ>º√Vm ∑BEÕ>Á™
®–D ÿ√Bˆ_ ÁÔÿBø›m ÷>Áw Â¶›] kÕ>VÏ.
13. 1960 ~º´V| \>´ƒV ÷∑ÈVtBV cBÏWÁÈ©√^π >twVEˆB´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
14. ÿƒ[Á™ Am¬Ô_Ÿˆl_ 1970á_ >tμ›mÁ≈ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ©
√ËBVu§™VÏ.
15. EoÏ©AÔ^ ®–D cÁ´ºBVsB›Á> 1966á_ ®ø] 1970á_
ÿkπl‚¶VÏ.
16. kV™D√VΩ ÷>a[ x›]Á´¬ ÔsÁ>ÁB 1970á_ kV™D√VΩ ÷>μ
ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶º√Vm ®ø]™VÏ.
17. ÿƒ[Á™› ÿ>VÁÈ¬ÔV‚E WÁÈBD ÿ>V¶∫Ô©√‚¶ ÔVÈ›]_ ∂>[
ÿƒF] √Ω©√k´VÔ© √z]ºÂ´© √Ëgu§™VÏ. 16 gı|Ô^ ÿƒF]
kVE©√Ve´VÔ© √ËBVu§™VÏ.
18. √VÈflƒÕ>Ï ∂Áw›>>V_ ‘∂flƒt_ÁÈ ∂flƒt_ÁÈ’ ®–D
]Á´©√¶›]uz© √V¶_ ®ø]™VÏ.
19. w, ÔÁVa x>oB ÷È¬˛Bfl Eu§>μÔπKD, Ôs>V ƒ´ı,
∑√\∫ÔeV, x>oB ÷Á¶WÁÈ ÷>μÔπKD, xw¬ÔD, EÔ´D,
kV™D√VΩ, º>[\Áw, ÂB™>V´V x>oB xuº√V¬z ÷>μÔπKD,
zx>D, g™Õ> sÔ¶[, ÷>BD º√∑˛≈m, >VF, z∫z\D x>oB
ÿkz\¬Ô^ ÷>μÔπKD ÔsÁ>ÔÁe•D, Ô‚|Á´ÔÁe•D
®ø]•êVÏ.
20. ÿ>V¶ÏÕm ÷[≈e°D √È ÔsB´∫Ô∫Ôπ_ √∫ºÔu˛≈VÏ.
21. k¬ÔD k^”k ®[≈ ÔsÁ> ±K¬z ƒV˛›]B ∂ÔVÿ>t sÚm
kw∫Ô©√‚|êm.
22. c[ T‚Ωuz ÂV[ kÕ]ÚÕº>[ ®[≈ ±_ Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ x>_
√B ±ÈVzD.
3
23. ŒÚ kıΩ ÿƒ[ˆR >ta[ x>_ ÿƒ[ˆ• ÔsÁ> ±_ ÷>ø¬z›
]Ú©ØÏ› >tμfl ƒ∫Ô›]_ x>u√ˆ∑ ˛Á¶›>m.
÷) Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[
1. 1937á÷_ ÂkD√Ï ]∫Ô^ 9á_ ∏≈Õ>VÏ.
2. ®‚¶Vkm √Ω¬zD º√Vm 1950á_ x>_ ÔsÁ> Ô_Ÿˆ \Èˆ_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
3. ÿ√uº≈VÏ : ®¸. ÁƒBm ∂Ô\m á Áv™¨.
4. 1964á_ ƒ‹\V º√ÔD ®[√kÁ´ \Õ>VÏ.
5. √^π ÷Æ]© √Ω©Á√ 1954á_ xΩ›>VÏ. ∂>[∏≈z EÈ ÂV‚Ô^
Á>BuÔÁ¶l_ √ËBVu§™VÏ. \mÁ´ ]BVÔ´VBÏ Ô_Ÿˆl_
1955á61 kÁ´ >tÁwfl E≈©A© √V¶\VÔ¬ ÿÔVı| √l[≈VÏ. 1959á_
÷e∫ÔÁÈ© √‚¶xD, 1961á_ xmÔÁÈ©√‚¶xD ÿ√u≈VÏ. 1985á÷_
xÁ™kÏ √‚¶D ÿ√u≈VÏ.
6. 1961á_ kVËBD√VΩ ÷∑ÈVtB¬ Ô_Ÿˆl_ sˆ°Á´BVe´VÔ°D,
>tμ› mÁ≈› >ÁÈk´VÔ°D √ËBVu§ ∏[™Ï 1993á_ √ËsÚ©√
{F° ÿ√uÆ >uÿ√Vøm xø ∂es_ ÷È¬˛B©√Ë gu§ kÚ˛≈VÏ.
7. g™Õ> sÔ¶M_ 1956á_ ÔV>_ ÿÔVıº¶[ ®[≈› >ÁÈ©∏_
ÿkπkÕ>m.
8. 1974á_ √V_T] ÿ>V¶∫˛ sÁ>º√V_ søÕ>k[ kÁ´ √]ÿ™‚|
±_ÔÁe cÚkV¬˛•êVÏ.
9. \Á¬ ÔsQ´V™ ∂©m_ ´z\V[ g∫˛È ÷È¬˛B ∂§kV_
Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ ÂV‚¶D ÿƒK›]™VÏ.
10. √È ÔsQÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe ±ÈVÔ ÿkπl‚| c>s•êVÏ.
1975á_ \VkÏÔπ[ ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ±_ÔeV™ ÿƒÀkÕ]•D,
1976á÷_ ÷Èkƒ›]uz ŒÚ sÁÈ ®[≈ ÿ>Vz©AD, 1977á÷_
¿Ú¬z› >VÔD º√V[≈ ±_ÔÁe ÿkπl‚|êVÏ.
4
∂Á\©∏[ ÿ√BÏ √‚¶D gı|
1. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D Ôs¬ºÔV 1974
2. >tμ keÏflE\[≈D zΩºBu≈D cÚkÔ©º√ÿ´Vπ 1973
3. ÷È¬˛B© º√´Ák, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1975
4. ÷È¬˛B Âı√ÏÔ^, ºkŸÏ Ôs\V\[™Ï 1977
5. √≈DA \ÁÈ ÔsB´∑ 1986
6. >fiƒV∆Ï >tμ© √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔD >tw[Á™ 1989
7. ÷È¬˛B Âı√ÏÔ^ k‚¶D ºkŸÏ >tμQVlÆ 1989
8. >twÔ ∂´∑ √V´]>Vƒ[ 1990
9. x´ÿƒVo ∂≈¬Ô‚¶Áe ÿ√Vu˛a 1997
ŒÚ È‚ƒD
5
g) ÔsQÏÔπ[ ∏≈ ±_Ô^
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : º>Ã¬Ô”D \¬Ô”D,
ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
\V¸ºÔV √]©√ÔD, 1982.
” : ÷È¬˛Bfl EÕ>Á™ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),

ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
1989.
” : \ÁÈBVe¬ÔsÁ> (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
cÈÔ› >twV´VFflE WÆk™D,
1990.
” : A Comparative Study of
bharathi and Vallathol,
gF° ±_, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1991.
” : g]Á´, ÂV¶ÔD,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|, 1992.
” : √V´], √V´]>Vƒ[ √Á¶©A¬ÔÁÈ,

√V´]BVÏ √_ÔÁÈ¬ÔwÔ ÿkπX|
1993.
” : Eu∏ >ÚD g›]ÛΩ,

zwÕÁ> ±_, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX| á 1993.
” : ÷_È≈º\ Â_È≈D,
Ô‚|Á´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|, 1992.
” : ∂ÁÈ•D ∑k|D (Ô‚|Á´),

ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|, 1994.
” : Eu∏l[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
\ËkVƒÔÏ √]©√ÔD, 1996.
1
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ∂¬˛M ƒV‚E,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A
(ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|), 1996.
” : A Noon in Summer,
g∫˛È ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,1996.
” : ƒflE>V™Õ>[ ÔsÁ>Ô^,
\ÁÈBVe¬ ÔsÁ> ÿ\Vaÿ√BÏ©A,
ÔVÀBV, 1998.
” : ÷´V\V–¤Ï k´ÈVÆ,
kVμ¬ÁÔ k´ÈVÆ, ºÔVÈD ÿkπX|,
1999.
” : ]Ú©√VÁk cÁ´,
cÁ´, >MBVÏ ÿkπX|,1999.
” : ŒÚ ƒ∫ˇ>D º√VÈ,
\ÁÈBVe ÂVk_ ÿ\Va ÿ√BÏ©A,
Ôs>V ÿkπX|,
1999.
” : ∂Ú‚√V ∂x>D,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2001.
” : ]Ú¬z≈^ cÁ´, Am\ÈÏ© √]©√ÔD,

2001.
” : √Á¶©AD √VÏÁk•D,
Ô‚|Á´, Ôs>V ÿkπX|, 2001.
” : √V´]BVÏ Ô‚|Á´Ô^,
ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t ÿkπX|, 2002.
” : ºÂuÆ© ÿ√F> \Áw,

Ôs>V √]©√ÔD, 2003.
2
Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[ : ÔD√M_ \VM¶D, (gF° ±_),
kV™] √]©√ÔD, 2002.
” : ÔVu§_ kÁ´Õ> {sBD,

Ô‚|Á´, Ô¶uz]Á´ √]©√ÔD,
2005.
~º´V| >tw[√[ : zÁ¶ ´V‚Ω™D,

÷ÁeQÏ ÷È¬˛BD, ØDAÔVÏ √]©√ÔD,
ÿƒ[Á™ á 1990.
” : ÿÂfiE[ Ww_, ÂVk_, 1965.
” : >Vl[ \Ë¬ÿÔVΩ,
Ô‚|Á´Ô^, 1966.
” : >M©√V¶_ ]´‚| {Ï gF°, 1987.
” : EÔ´∫Ô^ º\_ sˆ•D E≈zÔ^

(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 1988.
” : ÔsÁ>fl EÕ>Á™Ô
EÕ>Á™Ô^ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^),
1990.
” : ÷È¬˛B© √B[ (Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 1992.
” : A´‚E¬ÔsQÏ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ >tμ,

>tw[ >tμÂV|, 1994.
” : ŒÚ \ÁwÂVπ_ (EÆÔÁ>Ô^), 1995.
” : ∂Á¬ÔkV ®[≈ ∂ÿ\ˆ¬ÔV

(√B ÷È¬˛BD), 1998.
” : √V´]>Vƒº™V| √›m gı|Ô^

(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2000.
” : ÔÁÈBV! ÁÔsÁ™BV!
(Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2001.
3
~º´V| >tw[√[ : Ôı\Ë¬zfl EÈ ÔÁ>Ô^
(EÆkÏ ÷È¬˛BD), 2001.
” : \]©¨|Ô^, (Ô‚|Á´Ô^), 2002.
” : ~´ ÿÂÚ©A (ÂV¶Ô∫Ô^), 2002.
” : ÿÔVΩÔV›> z\´[ (s_K©√V‚|), 1968.
” : √´Ë √¶ÈD, 2001.
Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[
1. \Ô´Õ>fl E≈z, Ô‚|Á´Ô^

2. ∂k”¬z WÈV ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
3. x‚Á¶ kVEÔ^, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
4. ÔV¬ÁÔ¬ºƒVÆ, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
5. ÿ>VÁÈº√E¬ ÔıßÏ, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
6. Ø©√Á¶Õ> ƒ©>D, hMBÏ º√V¸‚ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
7. ÔD√M[ ∂ÉB_ ºÔV‚√V|, Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
8. ºƒV]tz Âk ÔsÁ>, Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
9. ÔVuÆ ®[ \Á™s, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
10. c≈∫zD ∂w˛, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
11. ÿÂÚ©Á√ ∂Á¬zD ÿÂÚ©A, hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
12. √E ®Õ>fl ƒV]? hMBÏsÔ¶[ Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
13. WÈsoÚÕm kÕ>k[, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
14. Ô¶°π[ xÔkˆ, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
15. x›>∫Ô^ {Fk]_ÁÈ, zx>D ˆ©º√VÏ‚¶Ï Ô‚|Á´Ô^.
º\uÔı¶ ±_Ô^ BV°D ºÂƒ™_ √]©√Ô›][ ka ÿkπkÕmê™.
4
÷) ƒ\ÔVÈ ∂§QÏÔπ[ ÔÚ›m
∂) Eu∏ √VÈ∑©∏´\ËB[
1. º√´VEˆBÏ •.gÏ.∂™Õ>JÏ›]
(x[™V^ ƒV˛›B ∂ÔVÿ>t >ÁÈkÏ)
A]Ï›>[Á\ ÿÔVı¶ c∫Ô^ ∂–√k∫ÔÁe ®Õ> cÏsoÚÕm

cÚkV¬˛ÃÏÔ^ ®[√Á> ¿∫Ô^ √Á¶›m¬ ÔV‚Ω•ê x´ıÔ^
cÏ›m˛[≈™. √È ƒ\B∫Ôπ_ c∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ[ ÿƒV_ ºÂÏ›]
∂uA>\V™ kVE©Á√› #ı|˛≈m. c∫Ô^ ÔV‚E© √Ω\∫Ô^ ƒ‚ÿ¶[Æ \™Á>
~Ï¬˛[≈™.
c∫Ô^ ÔsÁ>Ôπ_ ∂§kVÏÕ> cê¶¬ÔD zΩ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m ®[√m

®[ cÆ]BV™ ÔÚ›m.
2. ®D.Ω.kV∑º>k[ÂVBÏ
(QV™¨¶ sÚm ÿ√u≈ \ÁÈBVe ®ø›>VeÏ)
ÔsQÏ Eu∏¬z sB¬Ô›>¬Ô EÚiΩ©√´©A ÷Ú¬˛≈m. ÂVD ŒÚ

ÿ√Ú∫zw©√›][ sπD∏_ kVμkÁ>•D, ŒÚ \VÆ>_ Ô‚¶›][ ƒV‚EBVF›
]ÔμkÁ>•D ∂kÏ ÔsÁ> AÈ©√|›m˛≈m. EÈ ƒ\BD ∂m Ô|Á\•D
Ô´|x´|\V™ >[Á\•D ÿÔVı¶>VÔ ÷Ú©√>uz¬ ÔV´D ƒ\ÔVÈ kVμs[
E¬Ô_ÔÁe ∂m ƒÕ]©√m>V[. ∞uÆ¬ÿÔVê©√‚¶ \ÁÔπoÚÕm sÈ˛, A]B
kΩk∫Ô^, A]B ÂÁ¶, A]B Ôu√Á™ÔÁe© √Á¶¬˛≈VÏ.
3. ÔVÏ›]ºÔ∑ Ek›>D∏
Eu∏l[ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â] ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©Á√ kVE›>ÿ√Vøm ÷m ÔsÁ>

g[\ cƒVkK¬ÔV™ ÔÚsBV˛≈m. Eu∏l[ Ôs›mk›]uz x›]Á´
z›>©√|˛≈m. ÷m ÿkÆ\º™ ŒÚ ˛´V\›m Â]B_È. ÔË¬Ô©√¶›>¬Ô ŒÚ
Ôs›mk›][ ˆ¥JÈD, Â]JÈD. Eu∏l[ ÿkπ©√V‚| gu≈_, ŒÀÿkVÚ
\™¬˛eÏÁk•D √]° ÿƒF˛≈ ]≈[ ÿ\flƒ›>¬Ôm.
4. √VÈV
]´Vs¶ ÷B¬Ô¬ ÔsBVÔ© A≈©√‚¶ Eu∏ ÷[Æ Eu∏ ®[≈ ÔsÁ>

ÿku§BVÔ ∂Á¶BVeD ÔV©√|km ∂kˆ[ >M›mk›]_ cêm. ¿∫Ô^
∂kˆ[ ÔsxÔD kÁ´B xu√|Dº√Vm ∂kÏ >[ ÔsÁ>¬z ŒÚ Am›]ÚxÔD
kÁ´Õm ÿÔVıΩÚ©√VÏ.
5. kV.ÿƒ.zwÕÁ>ƒVt
®™m EuG´V™ kV∫ÔÈVD √VÁeB›m¬z ∂Æ√m gı|Ô^

ÔVÈ©√VÁ>l_ ∏[ Â¶Õmÿƒ[Æ, ∂Õ> ÂV‚ÔÁe xøÁ\BVÔ› ]Ú©∏ kVμÕ>
cÏ° kÕ>m. ŒÀÿkVÚ √V›]´xD, kˆ¬z kˆ, ÿÔV∫z ÂV‚|¬ ˛´V\›m
kVμ¬ÁÔÁB ∂Ω x>_ OM kÁ´ √¶D ∏Ω¬˛≈m. ÔsÁ>› ÿ>Vz©A ®[√m
ŒÚA≈tÚ¬Ô ÷m ŒÚ ƒx>VB kVμs[ k´ÈVuÆ© √Á¶©A. ÿÔV∫z ÂV‚|¬
˛´V\›]_ Â¶\V|√kÏÔ”Á¶B ´skÏ\V {sBD.
6. ÿ√V[ÃÈ[
ÔsQÏ Eu∏ >tμ ÷È¬˛B›][ mΩ©A t¬Ô kV™D√VΩ \M>

cÕÂ>∫Ôπ_ √´kƒ©√‚|D, ª™∫Ôπ_ ÔVB©√‚|D cÏflEÁB¬ ÿÔV‚|D
ÿƒV_ ∂Ús. >tμÿ\Val_ √V|D ŒÚ cÈÔ sƒVÈxê Ôs. ∂kÚÁ¶B
gu≈_ JÈD ∂kÚ¬z^ºe ku≈V\_ √VFÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD gaBVÆD ∂>[
ÔÁ´ºBV´ g›m©ÿ√VêVflE ˛´V\›][ Aø] √ΩÕ> ÿ>Ú¬ÔVDAÔπ_ Ø›m¬
˛¶¬zD T|Ô”D >V[.
7. ∂[™ √V¬˛B[
÷kÚÁ¶B ÔsÁ>Ô^ EÆÔÁ>ÔeVÔ ÷Ú©√m AmÁ\ ®_ÈV¬

ÔÁ>ÔπKD ˛´V\›Á> ÿÂfiE_ Ák›m© º√VuÆ˛≈ \M>ºÂB¬z´_ ÔsÁ>Ô^
xø¬Ô Œo¬˛≈m. J¶ÂD∏¬ÁÔÔ”D, √V´√‚ƒ∫Ô”¬zD ®]Ï¬z´ÈVÔ W[Æ
\V–¶ ƒ\›mkD º√∑˛≈ ÔsÁ>Ô^, kVE›> kVƒÔ–¬z^ Ôs›mk kVƒ›Á>
ƒV¸k>©√|›m˛≈ ÿ\Va keÁ\•D, ÔÁÈBVıÁ\•D, Ôu√Á™© º√´wzD
®_ÈV¬ ÔsÁ>ÔπKD ØÏ\VÔ >mD∏ Wu˛[≈™.
2
g) ~º´V| >tw[√[
1. ¶V¬¶Ï ‹ÈVk]: (>tμ© º√´VEˆBÏ, ÷´VË º\ˆ

Ô_Ÿˆ)
Â[√V‚|© AÈk™VF¬ ÔsB´∫zÔ^ ∞§ Ô™Ô¬ ÔsÁ>ÔÁe› >tø¬z›

>Ú√kÁ´© √V´V‚Ω ÷Õ> \ıË[ ∑B›Á> ÿkπ©√|›mD ∂´∫zÔπ_ c∫Ô^
{Áƒ ÿku§ kÈD k´‚|D ®[Æ ∂kÁ´ kVμ›] \˛μ˛º≈[. ŒÚ ÉÁÔBVF
∂kÏ √Á¶©A› >ˆƒ™¬ ÔV‚EÔπ_ √´kƒD ÿÔVı| W[˛º≈[.
2. k_o¬Ôı[
ÔsÁ> AÁ™•D AmÁ\¬ ÔsQÏÔ”^, >›>\m >M›>[Á\ÁB

W‘∏›mê ŒÚEÈ x[™Ë© √Á¶©√VπÔπ_ ~º´V| >tw[√–D ŒÚkÏ.
\Á¬ ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈxD, Am¬ÔsÁ>Ô^ JÈxD ÷kÏ >\m gu≈ÁÈ Â[z
AÈ©√|›]lÚ©√Á> ÉÔÏÔ^ ∂§kÏ.
3. ÔV.Ek>D∏
>tw[√M¶D ŒÚ ÿ\_oB ∂∫Ô>fl ∑Ák ÷ÁwºBV|˛≈m. g™V_

∂Õ>¬ ˛ı¶_Ô”¬z¬ ˇºw cÏflEÔeV_ ÿÂ˛μÕ> cÏ°ÔeV_ ∂Ôı¶
ŒÚ \V–¶ cêD mΩmΩ›m¬ ÿÔVıΩÚ¬˛≈m. ∂Õ> cêD >tÁw©
AˆÕ>m. cÈÁÔ© AˆÕm¬ÿÔVê› mΩ©√m.
4. ÔsQÏ AsB´∑
ÔsQÏ ]‚¶k‚¶\V™ ÿÔV^ÁÔfl ƒVÏAÁ¶BkÏ. ¿ı¶ ÔVÈ›]uz x[√VÔ

∂kÏ >D ƒx>VB¬ ºÔV√›Á>, >D ÔV_ kˆÔeV_ ®|›m Ák›>kÏ. cÁw©√kˆ[
sBÏÁkfl EÆ mπÔeVF, clÏ keÏ¬zD ¿Ï›mπÔeVF, ∑Ák WÁ≈Õ> >tμ›
º>[ mπÔeVF, Â∑¬Ô©√‚¶kˆ[ ÔıßÏ› mπÔeVF, >ÁÈflÛ‚Á¶› >Ë¬zD
√M›mπÔeVF ..... ∂©A≈D ÿÂÚ©A› mı|ÔeVF© ÿ√Va˛[≈™ ÷k´m
ÔsÁ>Ô^.
3
5. Ô.√fiƒV∫ÔD
kVÏ›Á>Ô^ kÕm Ì|Dº√Vm >tw[√[ √πflÿƒ™ ÿkπ©√|˛≈VÏ.

º\KD >[ \™ \VπÁÔl_ Â_È Â_È ÔV‚EÔÁe ÂÁ™Bs¶V\_ ∂|¬˛
Ák›m¬ ÿÔV^kmD, º>Ák©√‚¶ ∂ÕºÂ´›]_ ∂ÁkÔÁe¬ ÔV‚EBVÔºk
kVÏ›Á>Ôπ_ kΩ›ÿ>|©√m>V[ {Ï cBÏÕ> ÔÁÈQM[ ÷BuÁÔBV™
z\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈m.
6. ÔV. ÿƒ_È©√[ á (g∫˛È© º√´VEˆBÏ)
ÿ≠_o, ÔsÁ> √Ω\∫Ô^ JÈD cÚkt_ÈV> cıÁ\ÁBfl

(Imageless Truth ) ∑‚|k>VÔ¬ ÌÆkVÏ. >tw[√[ ÔsÁ>l_ ÷Ú^
∂uA>\V™ cÚkÔ¬ ÔV‚EÔπ_ ŒπÕm ˛¶¬zD cıÁ\BVÔ Œπs|˛≈m.
÷Úπ[ ÔsÁ>ÁB Œπ\B\V™ ƒx>VB¬ zÆ∫ÔV©∏B\VÔ© √Á¶›mê
ÔsQÏ¬z ®[Æ ÌÆDº√Vm, ®_ÁÈBu≈ ∂Ï›>›m¬z ÿkπflƒD >´ xBKD
®[ ÿƒVuÔπ[ ƒ¬]l[Á\ÁB ÂV[ cÏ˛º≈[. ∂Õ> cıÁ\ÁB
cÏ›mk>[ JÈD Â\¬zD ŒÚ ƒ¬] >Úkm>V[ Â_È ÔsÁ>.
7. ÁÔÈVƒ√]
>tw[√[ Ôs©ÿ√VÚÁe© √u§ ÂV[ s>ÕmÁ´©√>uz¬ ÔV´D,

∂mºk Am¬ÔsÁ>l_ A]Bÿ>VÚ ]Ú©√›Á>•D, ÂD∏¬ÁÔ >ÚD
x[º™u≈›Á>•D ∑‚Ω Wu√>VzD. >tw[√[ \Á¬ ÿ>V¶ÏÔ”¬zD,
kÚÁ™Ô”¬zD ∂ΩÁ\BVÔs_ÁÈ. ÿ√ÚD√VKD ÔsÁ> ÷kÏ ÂVsºÈ
ÿƒV_ÈV•>\VÔºk ∑¶Ïs‚ÿ¶VπÏ˛≈m. ÿƒV_KD ÿ√VÚÁe ko•Æ›]•D,
∂ø›]•D ÿƒV_k>uz ÷›>ÁÔB kΩkD kVF©√V™m.
4
÷) Ôs¬ºÔV ∂©m_ ´z\V[
1. ∑˛EkD
\>D Ô¶Õ> \V–¶›Á>•D, ÷È¬˛B ÷Á©Á√•D ÔsQÏ ÷©A›>Ô›]_

ÿkπ©√|›] ÷Ú¬˛≈VÏ. c√W¶>∫Ô^ cÁ´¬zD cıÁ\ÔÁe cBÏ›]©
∏Ω¬˛≈VÏ. ƒ∫Ô´Á´•D ÷´V\V–¤Á´•D ƒé\VÔ¬ ÁÔBV”˛≈VÏ.
meE>VƒÁ´©√u§ ÷Õm¬Ô^Ì¶ ∂§Õ]´V> ÷MB >Ôk_ÔÁe© √‚ΩB_
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