ISSN (Print) : 0974-6846

Indian Journal of Science and Technology, Vol 8(35), DOI: 10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i35/76780, December 2015 ISSN (Online) : 0974-5645

Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage

Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote
Sensing and GIS
Iqra Atif*, Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob and Abdul Waheed
National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan; iqraphd13@igis.nust.edu.pk,
ahsan@igis.nust.edu.pk, waheedabdul@live.com

Abstract
Remote Sensing has made substantial contribution in flood monitoring and damage assessment. This study implies 1. The
remotely sensed multi-temporal MODIS data for mapping and delineation of flood extents. 2. Conduct field survey in Punjab
province for multi sector damage assessment and 3. Develop flood damage index map using Multi- Criterion Decision
Analysis (MCDA). Supervised image classification and Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) techniques
were utilized to delineate the flood inundated area. Flood damage was assessed by analysing 68 different social and
physical parameters recorded from the field. By incorporating these parameters along with flood extents the damage index
map was produced and segregated on the basis of level of severity. The results revealed that the maximum inundation of
2007.4 km2 was occurred at Jhang district because of the breach of Trimmu Barrage. As per flood damage index, total 9 out
of 36 districts were severely affected by flood of Chenab and Jhelum rivers and experienced the major loss of human life,
agriculture, live stocks and infrastructure. This study concludes that remote sensing and GIS is very effective and valuable
approach for mapping the flood dynamics and hazard assessment.

Keywords: Damage Assessment, Flood Damage Index, Multi-Criterion Decision Analysis, Pakistan Floods, Remote Sensing
and GIS, Spatio-Temporal Mapping

1.  Introduction
During the last 30 years the floods has greatest impact in
the Asia-Pacific region in terms of the socio economic
and life loss1. However, there is no doubt that increasing
flood damage is a result of climate change2-4. Also the most
recent report on weather and climate extremes by the5 con-
cludes that while there is a statistically significant trend in
the number of heavy rainfall events, with more increases
than decreases globally, there is only littlestrong evidence
of changes in the frequency and magnitude of floods at
regional scale. This conclusion is based on data limitations
and the confusing effects of land use and ­engineering6.
Pakistan is one of the most severely suffered countries
from flood events since 1973 during the period of mon-
soon from late July to late September. Disastrous flood
events happened during the years 1955, 1973, 1976, 1980,
1988, 1992, 2010, 2011, 20127,8 and recent 2014. Since
1973 Pakistan has had nine major flood disasters affecting
approximately 41 million people in total9,10. A nation-wide
Damage Needs Assessment (DNA) recorded an estimated
$9.7 billion worth of damages to infrastructure, farms and
homes, which included reconstruction costs for trans-
port, communication, energy, health, water, sanitation,
irrigation, social protection, and public administration
services11. Also the government of Pakistan referred to
the 2010 floods as a “super flood”12.
In the first week of September 2014, heavy monsoon
rains and floods in the catchment areas of India’s eastern
rivers of Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, and Jhelum, resulted in flash
floods in Punjab, GilgitBaltistan and Azad Jammu and
Kashmir (AJ&K) regions of Pakistan. The floods killed
367 people and affected more than 2.5 million people and
129,880 houses were damaged or destroyed. Over 1 ­million

*Author for correspondence

 Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote Sensing and GIS

acres of cropland and 250,000 farmers were affected, in Thematic Mapper Plus) imagery and ground truth GPS
most cases resulting in the loss of standing food, fodder or (Global Positioning System) data.
cash crops. Non-farm sources of livelihoods and services The main objectives of this study are 1. Multi-temporal
affected include many small enterprises, manufacturing mapping and delineation of flood extent using MODIS data.
and processing businesses and loss of wage employment 2. To conduct field survey in Punjab province for multi sector
due to disruption of the economy13. damage assessment and 3. To develop flood damage index
The severe effects of floods can only be minimized map using Multi- Criterion Decision Analysis (MCDA).
by suitable land use planning in any region, which needs
precise knowledge of flood extent for locating flood prone
areas, is a key tool to develop flood management and to
2.  Materials and Methods
mitigate its disastrous effects. The knowledge of the spa- 2.1  Study Area
tial extent of inundated areas is essential both during the
The study area for this research is the Punjab province
emergency phase, when it is necessary to have an overall
of Pakistan located between 24° to 37°N and 62° to 75°E
view of the phenomenon in order to organize relief efforts,
as shown in Figure 1. It is the most populous province of
and after the event for the assessment of damaged areas by
Pakistan with approximately 56% of the country’s total
authorities and insurance companies.
population; it has an area of 79,284 square miles (205,345
Traditional methods of flood mapping are based
square km) and a population of exceeding 82 million32.
on ground surveys and aerial observations, but when
Punjab is the lifeline of Pakistan.All the major rivers of
the phenomenon is widespread, such methods are
the country namely Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and
time consuming and expensive; moreover timely aerial
Sutlej flow through this province. They originate from the
observations can be difficult due to prohibitive weather
Himalayas and pass from North-West to South-West. They
conditions14-16. As a substitute the best method is the use of
are primeval in nature and the volume of water increases in
satellite Remote Sensing (RS) technology for the mapping
the summer after the monsoon rains, resulting sometimes
and monitoring of flood. In recent decades optical data
in floods. There are total 36 districts in the province.
acquired by sensorson board spacecraft have been used in
Climatically the province has three main seasons hot,
many studies to map flooded areas overareas characterized
humid and cold winter season. The average yearly high-
by very different conditions in climate, morphology and
est and minimum temperature documented is 41°C from
landuse. Different sensors i.e. Systeme Probatoire pour
May to June and 4°C for the coldest month of January
l’Observation de la Terre Multispectral (SPOT XS)17,18,
respectively. The monsoon season from July to September
Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)19, Landsat Multispectral
with the mean yearly rainfall is approximately 510 mm.
Scanner (MSS)20, NOAA-9 AVHRR (National Oceanic
The maximum evaporation over precipitation is 130mm
and Atmospheric Administration-9 Advanced Very
during May to June while overall it is 700mm25.
High Resolution Radiometer)21, Thermal data of NOAA
satellite22. Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) 23-25 has been frequently used for mapping flood
affected areas and damage assessment.
In this current study we have used the freely and readily
available data from NASA’s MODIS (Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor with 250  m resolu-
tion to delineate the flood extents 2014 flood in Pakistan
on daily basis. Several research studies including26-31 have
used the MODIS data for flood mapping and monitoring
and found it to be very useful and efficient. But because of
the medium resolution of the MODIS sensor one should
have to validate the results. For this research study the
validation of flood inundated area extracted from MODIS
imagery was done using two techniques, comparing with Figure 1. Location map of study area.
relatively high resolution Landsat ETM+ (Enhanced Figure 1.  Location map of study area.

2 Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology

2.2  Remote Sensing Data
MODIS images were used for extraction of inundated areas
and Landsat ETM+ for evaluating the accuracy of MODIS.
The MODIS data are distributed through the online Data
Pool at the NASA Land Processes Distributed Active Archive
Centre (LPDAAC). In this study, time series images of
MODIS Aqua/Terra three band imagery as band 7-2-1,from
start of 2014 flood i.e. September 06 to end i.e. September 21
were used. These images are taken on daily basis at a 250 m
resolution33. In general, thereis some interference from
cloud cover and sensor aberrations, but overall the image
quality is quite good. Landsat TM/ETM+ images at 30 m
resolution were acquired from USGS/EROS Centre34.
2.3 Modified Normalized Difference in
Water Index (MNDWI)
After the mapping of flood inundated areal extent at dis-
trict level, it was validated using high resolution Landsat
imagery as compared to the MODIS. The Modified
Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was cal-
culated using green and middle infrared bands of Landsat
satellite as given in following formula:
MNDWI =
(Green ) − (MIR )
(Green ) + MIR)
This index is designed to 1. Maximize reflectance of
water by using green wavelengths; 2. Minimize the low
reflectance of NIR by water features; and 3. Take advantage
of the high reflectance of NIR by vegetation and soil fea-
tures. As a result, water features have positive values and
thus are enhanced, while vegetation and soil usually have
zero or negative values and therefore are suppressed35.
The RMS error 0.3 was quite trivial that calculated from
the area acquired by MODIS data and the Landsat data as
reference data36.
2.4  Vector Data
Survey of Pakistan topo-sheets at 1:50,000 were used to
extract different types of vector-layers: administrative
boundaries, rivers, lakes, roads, railway tracks, vegetated
areas and other land use/land cover categories.
2.5  Flow Data
Observed gauge flow data were collected to define peak
flows (as daily discharge in cubic feet per second (28.317
litres per second) as shown in Figure 2. Total 7 gauge ­stations
Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org
Iqra Atif, Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob and Abdul Waheed
Figure 2. Location map of gauge stations situated on Jhelum and Chenab Rivers,
Punjab.Figure 2.  Location map of gauge stations situated on
Jhelum and Chenab Rivers, Punjab.
including Mangla and Rasul situated on Jhelum River and
Marala, Khanki and Qadirabad on Chenab River. Whereas
Trimmu records the water level of both Chenab and Jhelum
rivers as at this point they join each other. The last station
was Panjnad records the water level of all five rivers.
2.6  Field Survey
A field survey was conducted by Provincial Disaster
Management Authority Punjab to collect multi-sector
damage assessment. All the 36 districts of Punjab were
physically visited. The methodology for the collection
of primary field data included the gathering of damage
information at household level, as well as aggregate data
from government line departments and key informants.
The following tools were used during data collec-
tion: Focus group discussions with affected communities;
Meetings and interviews with key informants, organiza-
tions, institutions and government line agencies, especially
the agriculture and livestock extension department; Field
visits and transect walks to the damage sites; Secondary
data collection from agencies, line departments and local
organizations; Recording snapshots of the affected/dam-
age sites; and Data collection through questionnaires
completed by affected households.
Ground truth data of damage including population
affected, rescue operation, bulldozer operation, livestock
data, agriculture data, health surveillance, disease surveil-
lance, food surveillance, helicopters and boats stats and
roads data. Total 68 variables were collected from exten-
sive field work as mentioned in Table 1.
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 3
 Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote Sensing and GIS

Table 1.  Variables collected during field survey Sr. Main Details
Sr. Main Details No Variable
No Variable 38 Agriculture Area Sown (Acres)
1 Population Population Affected 39 Data Area Inundated (Acres)
2 Affected Persons Evacuated 40 No. of Villages/ Revenue Estate
3 No. of livestock animals vaccinated 41 Health Affected UC
4 No. of medical camps working 42 Surveillance Fixed Teams
5 No. of relief camps established 43 Mobile Teams
6 No. of patients treated 44 Total Team
7 Rescue Boats 45 Vaccination
8 Operation Staff 46 T.T Vaccination
9 Victims Evacuated 47 Total Patients
10 First Aid 48 Disease Acute Respiratory Infection
11 Shifted/Hospitalized 49 Surveillance Gastroenteritis
12 Total no. of death 50 Snake Bite
13 Bulldozer Strength of Bulldozers Komatsu 51 Fever Cases
Data (D50A-17)
52 Skin Infections
14 Strength of Bulldozers Caterpillar
53 Other Unusual Disease
(D4-H)
54 Total no. of persons injured
15 Strength of Bulldozers Total
55 Death by Illness
16 No. of Bulldozers Deployed
56 Food 20 kgs Atta bags supplied W.E.F
17 Other Deployed Machinery
57 Surveillance Total storage centers
18 Location/Requisitioning Authority
58 Centers under threat
19 Livestock Flood Relief Camp
Data 59 Quantity Damaged
20 Staff Deputed Veterinary Officer
60 Helicopters Helicopters
21 Staff Deputed Veterinary Assistant
61 and Boats Boats as per PDMA
22 Mobile Veterinary Dispensary
62 Boats as per 1122
23 Perished Animals Large
63 Roads Data Status of affected road
24 Perished Animals Small
64 Detail of affected breach
25 Perished Animals Total
65 Status of traffic
26 Vaccination Before
66 Water overtopped
27 Vaccination After
67 Breached
28 Vaccination Total
68 Land slide
29 Treatment Before
30 Treatment After
31 Treatment Total 2.7  Development of Flood Damage Index
32 Deworming Before After collection of field fata it was refined for removal
33 Deworming After of any noise. Further each attribute of data was reclassi-
34 Deworming Total
fied in to three categories based on average and standard
deviation of the class i.e. low, medium and high dam-
35 Wanda Distribution (Kg)
age. Weights were assigned to each class with respect to
36 Village affected
their contribution towards damage. Lastly multi-criteria
37 Animal Displaced decision analysis was performed in Esri’s ArcGIS Spatial
(Continued) Analyst 10.0 by overlaying. Five classes’ i.e. very low,

4 Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Iqra Atif, Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob and Abdul Waheed

low, moderate, high and very high damage was made for notice the heavy rainfall in first six days of September just
each district representing the severity of damage. The before flood 2014 event begun. The maximum rainfall was
whole methodology of the research work is shown in experienced in the starting six days of September which
Figure 3. attributed to trigger the 2014 flood.
Similarly Figure 6 shows the hydrographs of seven
gauge stations measured discharge of Jhelum and Chenab
3.  Result and Discussion rivers at different locations during the period of flooding
3.1  Flood Extent Maps and recession period of flood for the month of September,

The extent of flood affected areas was extracted from

MODIS imagery and inundation maps were generated on
daily basis. The multi-temporal approach was adopted to
observe the flood extent as it provides remarkable detec-
tion of flooded region. The mapping of flood was done
from the start of flooding period up to the peak flood-
ing stage. The flood extent was estimated on 7th, 8th, Figure-a. 7th September,
Figure-a. 2014.
7th September,
(a)
2014. Figure-b.
Figure-b. (b)
8th September, 2014. 2014.
8th September,

9th, 10th and 11th of September, 2014 when the flood Figure-a.
Figure-a.
7th September,
Figure-a. 7th September,
7th September,
2014.
2014. Figure-b. 8th September,
Figure-b. 8th September,
2014.2014.
Figure-a. 7th September,
2014.
2014. Figure-b. 8th September,
Figure-b. 8th September,
2014.2014.
started to outbreak and also on 21st of September, 2014
when flood disaster fully trapped the Punjab province.
The flood extents are shown in Figure 4a to f. The flood
extent and magnitude depends on the precipitation inten-
sity, its time period, landscape, as well as atmospheric th
Figure-c.9
Figure-c.9September,
th 2014.
September, 2014. Figure-d. 10th September, 2014. 2014.
10th September,
and watershed conditions at the time of highly intense Figure-d.

precipitation. Figure-c.9 th th September, 2014.

Figure-c.9September, 2014.
th
(c) Figure-d.
Figure-d.
th
10th September,(d)
10 September,
2014.2014.
Figure-c.9th
Figure-c.9 September,
September, 2014.2014. Figure-d.
Figure-d. 10th September,
10th September, 2014.2014.

As shown in graph in Figure 5, the average precipi-

tation condition in September and August one can also

Mapping Validation Flood Damage Index

Landsat (Med. Field Survey Data Figure-e. 11th11
Figure-e. September,
th 2014.
September, 2014. Figure-f. 21st September, 2014. 2014.
MODIS Data Figure-f. 21st September,
Resolution)
Figure 4. Flood
Figure extents
4. Flood as extracted
extents fromfrom
as extracted MODIS satellite
MODIS imagery.
satellite imagery.
Figure-e. 11th September, 2014. Figure-f. st
st 21 September, 2014.
Figure-e. 11thth September,
th 2014. Figure-f. 21 September, 2014.
Classification Based on Std. Figure-e.
11 11 September, 2014. st

Figure (e) (f)

Geometric Correction Geometric
Figure-e. September, 2014.
Figure 4. Flood fromFigure-f.
extents as extractedFigure-f. 21 September,
21st September,
MODIS satellite 2014.2014.
imagery.
Dev. & Avg. 4. Flood extents as extracted from MODIS satellite imagery.
Correction Figure
Figure 4. Flood
4. Flood extents
extents as extracted
as extracted fromfrom MODIS
MODIS satellite
satellite imagery.
imagery.

Figure 4.  Flood extents as extracted from MODIS satellite

Atmospheric Flood Damage Index
Correction
Atmospheric
Correction
imagery. (a) 7th September, 2014. (b) 8th September, 2014.
(c) 9th September, 2014. (d) 10th September, 2014. (e) 11th
Flood Damage Index Map at
Extraction of Study
Area
Extraction of
District level
September, 2014. (f) 21st September, 2014.
Study Area

Supervised Image
MNDWI
Classification 100
Punjab Average Precipitation in 2014
1st Sep. to 6th Sep.
Threshold September
Flood Inundated 80
August

Extent
Precipitation in mm

MNDWI < 0 60

Flood Inundated Non Flooded Area

40
Extent Maps
MNDWI < 0
20
Flooded Area

Flood Extent
SA AHIWAT

SIA T C OT
T.T OT T
I
AK R

AN R

NO M ANG N
A AL AN

LH PUR
AM AD D

RA G
JH BAD
W UR AR

. G AD

SIA SH ODH L

H
ISL AIS .KH L

ISB H.AB R

LH R. M HI Q BO

MA . SH R M H

NW IN

O AL
K UM

W N
ND AH ALL

JR K A
.B RA

OR UR LA
R E

LK OR A
JO JH RA

LH SHA R. P /P

. S A/ P
Y

ISB ABA A/P

ISB . SD ZP

LH UPP I SH A

AH RA
A /P

MU AL

GU LA

LK ANT
RG A
F .G A
PU CIT

GU YAR KAR
KH ASU
. S . PU

ING
R L

M LTA
CH KKA

PU RE
ISL MAB ABA

HA AN

AN HA
MIA U-D
R. LH . A
BH R A

S JR
TH
R. IS IL
D W

O K
ISB OL
HA LP AG

OK

I-B DA
EL
D

A
R
BA AWA ALN

R E
AL
H W

HIM
BA AHA

Figure 3. Methodological framework of research work. The three components of

RA
LH
B

study 1.Mapping, 2.Validation and 3.Flood damage index.

Figure 3.  Methodological framework of research work.
Figure 5. Punjab average precipitation in September and August.
The three components of study 1. Mapping, 2. Validation Figure 5.  Punjab average precipitation in September and
and 3. Flood damage index. August.

Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology 5
 Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote Sensing and GIS

Figure 6. Jhelum and Chenab rivers discharge at different stations. (a)

Figure 6.  Jhelum and Chenab rivers discharge at different
stations. Figure 7a. No. of houses damaged in different Figure 7
districts of Punjab. 2014 floo
2014. Discharge data in cusecs was collected from the
Federal Flood Division (FFD) Pakistan to show the mag-
nitude of the flood hazard. Mangla and Rasul situated
on Jhelum River and Marala, Khanki and Qadirabad on
Chenab River. Whereas Trimmu records the water level
of both Chenab and Jhelum rivers as at this point they
join each other. The maximum discharge was estimated
at Trimmu in where Chenab and Jhelum meet during
the early stage of flood event while at Panjnad the peak
discharge arisen during the mid of flood event. The flood
event continued up to 21st of September after this the (b)
recession of flood period started.
Figure 7a. No. of houses damaged in different Figure 7b.Spatial
Figure 7.  (a) No. ofmap of damaged
houses damagedinhouses
differentduring
districts
districts of Punjab. of Punjab. (b)
2014 flood, Punjab.
Spatial map of damaged houses during 2014
3.2  Houses Damaged flood, Punjab.
Total 38,082 houses were completely damaged in the
­`province. The graph as shown in Figure 7 (a) and 7 (b)
shows that maximum houses were damaged in Jhang chart shown in Figure 8 (a) and spatial map in Figure 8b
district where the number exceeded than twenty thou- the maximum numbers of villages were affected in Jhang
sand. The maximum loss of shelters in Jhang district and Muzafargarh because these areas were directly influ-
experienced because of the highest discharge at Trimmu enced by 2014 flood.
(which is in fact the conjunction of river Jehlum and river
Chanab). The Jhang district administration had not the 3.4 Total Population Affected, Evacuated
capability to manage and control this heavy flow that is
and Treated
why Jhang district experienced the most destruction.
This devastating flood severely affected the population
of highly populated province. About 1.7 million people
3.3 Union Councils, Villages and Revenue
were became the victim of flood disaster in Punjab prov-
Estates Affected ince. Graph showing (Figure 9a and b) large number of
High flood inflicted about 408 villages of 34 union ­councils people were affected in Sheikhupura, Mandi Bahauddin
and 155 Revenue estates in Jhang district followed the and Gujrawala. Whereas over 685,000 people have been
Muzafargarh, Narowal Districts. As per the graphical evacuated and moved to safer places.

6 Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology
 Iqra Atif, Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob and Abdul Waheed

(a) (b)
Figure
Figure 9a. Population
8a. No. of villagesaffected
affectedinindifferent
different Figure
Figure
Figure8b.9b.Spatial
9.  Spatial map of
map
(a) Population ofaffected
affected
affected population in of
villagesdistricts
in different during
districts of Punjab. 2014 flood,
Punjab. Punjab.
(b) Spatial map of affected population in 2014 flood,
districts of Punjab. 2014 flood, Punjab.
Punjab.

3.5   Total Population Injured and Death

1The death toll was about 406 while 554 people were
injured (Figure 10a and b). Total number of patients
treated till 21st September was about 265,981 which
include the injured people as well.

3.6  Patients Reported

The Chenab River was also reported to flow above the
(b)
danger mark by which hundreds of villages were affected
ifferent Figure8. 8b.(a)Spatial
Figure No. of map of affected
villages affectedinvillages
differentduring
districts in Pakistan. These rivers flooded into the streets causing
2014 flood, Punjab.
of Punjab. (b) Spatial map of affected villages during 2014 heavy casualties and loss of property. More than 216615
flood, Punjab. patients were reported in in flood-hit areas. Large num-
ber of patients was reported in Jhang followed by Chiniot,
Muzafarabad and others shown in Figure 11 (a) and (b).

3.7  Disease Surveillances

Stagnant water in the affected areas caused severe health
issues along with many diseases like Gastroenteritis,
Fever, Skin infections, Snake bites, Respiratory infection,
Diarrhea and many others. Large number of people about
28,229 was affected. The worst affected in Multan, Jhang
and Bahawalpur shown in Figure 12.

3.8  Crop Area Affected

Punjab province has its importance because it provides
the high crop yield. This flood event badly affected the
crop area of 2.3 million acres whereas the total sown
(a) area was about 1.5 million acres shown in Figure 13 (a)
Figure 9a. Population affected in different Figure 9b.Spatial map of affected population in
districts of Punjab.
Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org
2014 flood, Punjab.Indian Journal of Science and Technology 7
 Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote Sensing and GIS

(b)
(a)
Figure 11a. No. of reported patients in different Figure 11b.(a)Spatial
Figure 11.  distribution
No. of reported of in
patients total patients
different districts
Figuredistricts
10a. No. of causalities
of Punjab. in different Figure
of 10bS.Patiala
Punjab. (b) Spatialmap of total
distribution
reported in 2014 flood, Punjab. ofcausalities
total in
patients reported
districts of Punjab. in 2014
2014 flood,
flood, Punjab.
Punjab.

(b)
ferent Figure 9b.Spatial
Figure 10.  (a) No. map of affected
of causalities population
in different in of
districts
2014
Punjab.flood,
(b) S.Punjab.
Patiala map of total causalities in 2014 flood, (a)
Punjab.
Figure 12a. No. of reported patients in different Figure 1
districts of Punjab. reported

(b)

Figure 12a. No. of reported patients in different Figure

Figure12.  (a)Spatial
12b. No. of reported patients
distribution ofintotal
different districts
patients
of Punjab. (b) Spatial distribution of total patients reported
districts of Punjab. reported in 2014 flood, Punjab.
(a) in 2014 flood, Punjab.
Figure 11a. No. of reported patients in different Figure 11b. Spatial distribution of total patients
districts of Punjab. reported in 2014 flood, Punjab.
8 Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org Indian Journal of Science and Technology

(a)
Figure 13a.Crops affected in different districts
of Punjab.
(b)
districts Figure 13b. (a)
Figure 13.  Spatial
Cropsdistribution
affected inofdifferent
affecteddistricts
crops inof
2014 flood,
Punjab. Punjab.
(b) Spatial distribution of affected crops in 2014
flood, Punjab.
and (b) on the whole 0.9 million acres area of Punjab’s
­fertile land was inundated by flood water. The flood water
adversely affected the key growing province of Punjab like
Gujranwala, Faisalabad, Jhang, Sargodha, Muzafargarh
and Raheem-Yar-Khan (R.Y. Khan) during Kharif sea-
son in which the crops to be harvested from October.
This flood event had adverse impact of the economy of
Pakistan. Approximately 200,000 herd livestock was killed
and 250,000 farmers were affected, in most cases resulting
in the loss of standing food, fodder or cash crops.
3.9  Flood Damage Index
Using multi criterion decision analysis techniques flood
damage index map was created and further classified into
Vol 8 (35) | December 2015 | www.indjst.org
Iqra Atif, Muhammad Ahsan Mahboob and Abdul Waheed
Figure 14. Map of flood damage index.
Figure 14.  Map of flood damage index.
Figure 13b.
five levels Spatialasdistribution
of severity very high, high,ofmoderate,
affectedlowcrops
and in
2014
very flood, Punjab.
low (Figure 14). 9 out of 36 districts were classified as
very highly damaged including Jhelum, Sialkot, Sargodha,
Hafizabad, Chiniot, Jhang, Muzaffargarh, Multan and
Bahawalpur. These districts are directly influenced by the
flood of Chenab and Jhelum rivers. Among them Jhang
and Chiniot districts were affected the most both in terms
of human and economic losses. Only 4 districts including
Gujranwala, Narowal, RahimYar Khan and Sheikhupura
were categorized as highly damaged. Mainly agricultural
loss was found in these districts. 8 districts were classi-
fied as moderately damaged including Gujrat, Khanewal,
Khushab, Mandi Bahauddin, Okara, Rajanpur, Rawalpindi
and Toba. Tek Singh. These districts were manly affected
by livestock and crops. Remaining 15 districts were clas-
sified as low and very low damaged. These districts were
not under direct influenced of flood.
4.  Conclusion
A methodology for mapping spatial and temporal varia-
tions of flood inundation using remotely sensed images
and damage index based on field survey was developed
in this study. Flood inundation maps were generated
from the start till the end of 2014 Flood. Further valida-
tion results shows that MODIS images has an acceptable
accuracy at large scale, confirming the suitability of this
technique for use in spatial and temporal mapping of
flood inundation in large river basins. The extensive field
survey conducted by Provincial Disaster Management
Authority Punjab was used to develop damage index
based on multi criterion analysis technique. The results
shows that Jhang and Chiniot districts were affected the
Indian Journal of Science and Technology 9
 Spatio-Temporal Mapping and Multi-Sector Damage Assessment of 2014 Flood in Pakistan using Remote Sensing and GIS
most and major loss types were human life, agriculture,
live stocks and infrastructure.
This study integrates in situobservation data and
remotely sensed data to map the flood inundation over
time and damage assessment across large study areas.
Research efforts are also needed to derive more detailed
and reliable information on building characteristics, dam-
age and meteorological and geographical data that are
needed to explain variability in damage costs and further
on how to integrate private damage-reducing measures
into risk analysis and damage assessments.
5.  Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the use of MODIS (or Moderate
Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) satellite data
operated by the NASA/GSFC/Earth Science Data and
Information System (ESDIS) with funding provided by
NASA/HQ. We would also like to thank and appreci-
ate the efforts made by Provincial Disaster Management
Authority (PDMA) Punjab for collecting and sharing the
2014 flood surveyed information.
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