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org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

Flood Mitigation by Using SWMM5 & QGISin

Badlapur City
Joshi Krishna1, More Sarvesh2, Nemade Mohit3, Mhase Manohar4, Rajput Preetam5
1
Head of the Department, 2345(Students)12345 (Department Of Civil Engineering)
12345
(B.R.Harne College Of Engineering & Technology), Vangani, Thane, Maharashtra, India
Abstract: As a city develops & expands, it is likely confronted with a variety of environmental problems. Although the impact
of climate change on people has continuously increase in the past, great numbers of natural disasters in urban areas have
become varied in terms of form. Floods cause every year important damages over large areas & also the loss of human lives.
Flood can be defined as excess of water which overflow the artificial or natural boundary is of streams. As flood plain are the
places where human settlements mostly prefer to settle due to proximity to river, soil, rich water supply & good available
transport. Due to urbanization catchment areas are form which increase flood peak & its volume in less time. Remote sensing
provides information that have proved useful for a wide range of application in disaster management. For this engineering
simulating floods in urban areas. QGIS tool purpose is for site selection which shows in result available lower elevation area
which collect the all basin area storm water collect. problems available tools QGIS & SWMM5.In this tool designing land use
pattern for identify the case study flooding area. Most of urbanized area is responsible for flooding. Due to urbanization
pervious area is converted into impervious. Impervious area increases water depth on surface. The SWMM has been an
effective tool for simulation floods in urban areas, but has been seldom applied for river systems.

(Keywords- QGIS, Land use, Catchment, Urbanization, Remote Sensing, Storm Water.)

1. INTRODUCTION
Water is a prime requirement for the existence of life however uncontrollable amounts of water can adversely affect the survival of
living beings. In a tropical country like Shri Lanka, major water sources are monsoonal rains. With significant rainfall in monsoon
season, floods are very common. In the wet zone, frequency of flooding is in the range of two to three floods per annum. Floods not
only lead to economic losses but also result in loss of human lives & this is considerably affected when the urban watersheds are
flooded. Mathematical modelling of watersheds is a popular approach followed by engineers to identify solution for flood problems.
Mathematically modelling of watersheds requires a suitable model for the representation of the phenomenon that needs to be analyzed,
requires data for calibration and verification of the model outputs & sufficient resources both physical and financialfor acquisition of
the data & the model. In this context the best option for engineers would be to seek a model that is adequately detailed in describing
the processes, sufficiently representing the extents, suitability, simple for data collection, spending the least amount of time, providing
sufficiently accurate outputs which serve the purpose & affordable to available budgets.

To assess flood in SWMM5 tool is used in which rain barrel is calculated, then Rain garden tool is used. To infiltrate the storm water
on roadways permeable pavement is used. The infiltration trench is used to percolate the storm water. QGIS tool is used for site
selection which shows the result as a low elevation area. Using supervised classification, the land use and land cover are generated
and divided into four land use pattern i.e., Built up, Farm, Open land and water bodies. The slope is generated from Digital elevation
map of Shuttle radar topography mission. After running a query lower elevated area is determined. To monitor theflow of storm water
in Nashik city and to determine flooding zones this method can be applied.

1.2. Flood Problems

Floods impact on both individuals & communities, & have social, economic, & environmental consequence. The consequences of
floods, both negative & positive, vary greatly depending on the location & extent of flooding, & the vulnerability & value of the
natural & constructed environments they affect. A flood is an overflow of water onto land that is normally dry. Floods can happen
almost anywhere. They can cover an area with just a few inches of water or they can bring enough water to cover the roof of a house.
Floods can be dangerous for communities, lasting days, weeks or sometimes even longer.

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Many different situations can cause a flood. Here are just a few:

1. Heavy rainfall
2. Ocean waves coming on shore, such as a storm surge
3. Melting snow and ice, as well as ice jams
4. Dams or levees breaking

1.3. Necessity of study

Flood mitigation measures can be implemented to reduce the physical extent of flooding, relieve the effect of a flood on humans and
the community and reduce the tendency towards flood damage in different areas. In environmental engineering, the flood mitigation
involves the management and control of flood water movement, such as redirecting flood run-off through the use of floodwalls and
flood gates, rather than trying to prevent floods altogether. It also involves the management of people, through measures such as
evacuation and dry/wet proofing properties.

1.4. Problem of definition

Flooding can have catastrophic impact on the people, the economy, & the environment. A person’s ability to prepare & cope with a
flooding event is highly individual, though there are demographic studies which suggest ways to identify to more vulnerable
population. The population directly affected by the flood generally suffers the largest impact. However, the population indirectly
involved in flood events is also affected, & suffers damage. A flood can be caused by the overflow of rivers, dam failures, flash
flooding, tsunamis, hurricanes, or storm surges. Urban areas situated on the low-lying areas in the middle or lower reaches of river
are particularly exposed to extensive riverine floods. In most major river basin, flood plains, are subjected to annual flooding. Often,
urban growth expands over some of the floodplains reducing the area into which flood can naturally overflow. The land is the most
important factor in the assessment of flooding in highly urbanized catchments. This study focuses only on floods which are caused
by the overflow of river flowing through the city.

1.5. Expected Outcome

 Considering all the parameters the Storm-water Management Model (SWMM) tool enables user to Hydrological model.

 Land use pattern

2. OBJECTIVES

 Objectives are specific & measurable shorter-term actions that are necessary to meet a goal.
 They can meet specific goal or meet multiple goals
 To provide proper mitigation to the study area by using SWMM5 & QGIS
 Flood plain mapping of natural channel systems.

3. PROJECT DATA

Badlapur is a large town in central Maharashtra India, with about 45,000 residents. It is a cultural spot, with numerous cultural and
religious organization, old beautiful architecture and numerous festivals. Geographical location of Badlapur is 19 degrees 10 minute
0.4224 second North Latitude and 73 degrees 14 minute 12.4584 second East line of longitude.Total space of Badlapur is 13.78
sq.m and height from elevation is 23m (75feet). Population of Badlapur town is 174,226. The figure no 4.1 below shows the location
map of study area in Badlapur city.

3.1 Flood Drawback Definition for Badlapur City

 We all know Mumbai SCZ saw 944 mms & Vihar Lake recorded massive 1049 mms in just 24hrs and that flooded the Mumbai
severely but that had got proper media attention as it is capital city of the state and also financial capital ofIndia. So today we
will see in short about how eastern MMR was also equally or more devastated with historic floods.

 With total of massive 1010mm of rain, recorded officially at Ambarnath in just 18 to 20 hrs. but it would be 100-200 mm more
(around 1200mm) at Badlapur hilly areas.

 The rain brought 72 hrs. completely under water in Badlapur west area which was giving like Island feel with areas like
Rameshwadi, Hendrepada saw water level rising till 7 feet on 1 st floor and ground floor was completely submerged. So complete
West area was without electricity for one week & railway local trains were non-functioning up to 15 days to one-month period like
due to wash away of tracks at various spot.

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Figure No.1 Location Map Of Study Area In Badlapur

3.2 Ulhas River & Its Flooding History

The Ulhas River is a river of western India. It originates near Karjat in the Western Ghats Range, and flows westward through
Raigad and Thane districts of Maharashtra between Kulgaon-Badlapur, north to Ulhasnagar (to which it gives its name) and
on to Kalyan, where it turns west to Thane.

Sr. Items Details

No.

1. Source Rajmachi Hills

2. Total Drainage Area 4,637 sq.km

3. Population in Badlapur City 174226

4. Average Rainfall in Ulhas Basin 23.8

5. Total Length of Ulhas River 2943mm

6. The Average Maximum Temperature 38.90 c

7. The Average Minimum Temperature 12.40 c

8. Length of River in Study Area 3.03km

9. Area of Settlements in Badlapur (StudyArea) 2.25km.sq /

2,246,044.92m. sq

10. Tributaries Kalu, Bhatsa

Table No: - 1 Features of Ulhas River

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3.3 Modeling by Victimization Quantum Geographical Data System (QGIS a pair of 14.0)
Source: - John Snow Inc. www. Jsi.com
Dr. John Snow is known as the ‘Father of modern epidemiology’ and Father of GIS.

Most common terrain analysis tool- slope, aspect, hill shade & curvature tool. The slope tool calculates the maximum rate
of change from a cell to its neighbors, which is typically used to indicate the stiffness of terrain. The aspect tool calculates
the direction in which the plain fitted to the slope faces for of each cell. Hill shade shows the intensity of lighting on a surface
given a light source at a particular location. It can model which part of a surface would be shadowed by other parts.

A contour line (also isocline, isopleth or isarithm) of a function of two variables is a curve along which the function has a
constant value.

Figure No: 2 Contour Map of Study Area by QGIS

3.4 Modeling by Using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)

SWMM is a distributed, dynamic rainfall- runoff simulation model uses for a single event or long-term (continuous)
simulation of runoff quantity & quality from primarily urban areas.

Figure No: 3 Study Area in SWMM5

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3.5 Input Data for Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5)

Sr. Sub catchment Outlet Area Width %Slope %Impervious Manning

(ha) (m) Constant
No. (Junction)
1. S1 J1 58.3 1019. 0.19 25 0.01
3ha 86m
2. S2 J2 69.8 1215. 0.14 25 0.01
8ha 96m

3. S3 J3 10.1 662.1 0.09 25 0.01

3 ha m

4. S4 J4 63.9 1179. 0.17 25 0.01

8 ha 18 m

5. S5 J5 19.6 782.2 0.05 25 0.01

1 ha 3m

Table No: -2 Properties of Sub catchments in SWMM5

Initial Depth
Sr. Junction Invert Elevation (m) Max. depth
No.

1. J1 548 1 0

2. J2 547 1.5 0

3. J3 546 2 0

4. J4 544 2.5 0

5. J5 543 3 0

Table No: -3 Properties of Junction in SWMM5

CONDUITS
Property Value
Inlet Node J1
Outlet Node O1
Shape Circular
Maximum Depth 1.5
Length 400
Roughness 0.01
Inlet Offset 0
Outlet Offset 0

Table No: -4 Properties of Conduits in SWMM5

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4. METHODOLOGY

4.1 Rain Garden

A rain garden is a garden of native shrubs, perennials, and flowers planted in a small depression, which is generally formed on a
natural slope. It is designed to temporarily hold and soak in rain water runoff that flows from roofs, driveways, patios, or lawns. Rain
gardens are effective in removing up to 90% of nutrients and chemicals and up to 80% of sediments from the rainwater runoff.
Compared to a conventional lawn, rain gardens allow for 30% more water to soak into the ground. A rain garden is not a water
garden. Nor is it a pond or a wetland. Conversely, a rain garden is dry most of the time. It typically holds water only during and
following a rainfall event. Because rain gardens will drain within 12-48 hours, they prevent the breeding of mosquitoes. Every time
it rains, water runs off impermeable surfaces, such as roofs or driveways, collecting pollutants such as particles of dirt, fertilizer,
chemicals, oil, garbage, and bacteria along the way. The pollutant-laden water enters storm drains untreated and flows directly to
nearby streams and ponds. The US EPA estimates that pollutants carried by rainwater runoff account for 70% of all water pollution.
Rain gardens collect rainwater runoff, allowing the water to be filtered by vegetation and percolate into the soil recharging
groundwater aquifers. These processes filter out pollutants.

Figure no: 4 Rain Garden

4.2 Rain Barrel

Rain barrels’ capture water from a roof and hold it for later use such as on lawns, gardens or indoor plants. Collecting roof
runoff in rain barrels reduces the amount of water that flows from your property. It's a great way to conserve water and its
free water for use in your landscape. Rain barrel must be place on a levelsurface. Position the barrel flat on the base. Locate
rain barrels under downspouts where rain water can be most easily collected for transport away from building foundations in
to a garden or on to the yard. to empty away excess water from the building overflow ports and hoses ought to be placed, if
significant rains are foreseen by the weather forecast, the hose ought to be connected to the overflow port in order that it runs
away from the building, the barrels should not overflow next to the foundation. more than one barrel can be added in order
to increase the quantity of water storage. Overflow from one barrel can be taken to the second barrel by connecting the
overflow hose to the second barrel

Figure no: 5 Rain Barrel

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4.3 Permeable Pavement
Permeable pavements allow water to infiltrate through surfaces that would normally be impermeable, such as asphalt or Portland
cement concrete parking lots. Rain and snow may then recharge the groundwater table, and air may pass through to nourish the roots
of grass and trees. Pervious surface treatments reduce the risk of storm water runoff, retaining the water sub-surface as it gradually
infiltrates the soil; holding the storm water in multiple air voids or cells also assists in pollution control through degradation of
hydrocarbons into carbon dioxide and water, and retaining metals in the structure keeps them from the groundwater table. Permeable
pavements reported in the literature, generally refersto the “full depth permeable pavement”. It is also common to construct a thin
layer (5–8 cm) of permeable pavement (usually asphalt) on top of an existing conventional impermeable paved surfaces; known as
porous friction course (PFC). PFC pavements are usually used for noise reduction in urban areas, while it might also provide safety
benefits during rain events, and some water quality benefits. In PFC pavements however, nearly all runoffs are laterally discharged
to roadways right-of-way through sublayer of permeable pavement without any storm water runoff volume management

Figure no: 6 Permeable Pavement

4.4 Infiltration Trench

Infiltration trenches are linear ditches that collect rain water from adjacent surfaces, and their highly permeable soils allow the water
to quickly seep into the ground. The primary purpose of infiltration trenches is to treat storm water quality. Rain falls on impervious
surfaces, and flows downhill across the surface collecting pollutants present on the surface. Infiltration trenches are dug in areas
where they can intercept this surface flow. Because they are linear ditches, they are very practical to install parallel to roadsides, or
around the perimeter of parking lots. Also, the pollutants that sit on industrial and agricultural surfaces are more toxic than those on
commercial or residential areas, so infiltration trenches should not be used near farms or industrial complexes to ensure that these
chemicals do not reach the ground water. Infiltration trenches are rectangular trenches lined with geotextile fabric and filled with
clean granular stone, creating temporary subsurface storage for storm water runoff. Infiltration trenches can be designed to take storm
water directed from roof tops, driveways, parking lots, etc. This storm water is stored in the voids between the stonetemporarily.
Over time, the storm water will infiltrate into the natural soil around the infiltration trench. Infiltration trenches can be used in
residential, commercial, industrial, and high- density sites as storm water reservoirs, reducing the risk of flooding. To maintain these
structures, periodically remove accumulated debris and weeds from the surface. Non- woven geotextile fabric will extend the life
of these structures; however, they will eventually clog over time and thestone will need to be removed and washed

Figure No: 7 Infiltration Trench

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5. Result

5.1 Simulation by using Storm Water Management Model (SWMM5)

Urban floods are caused due to increase in population density, development of urban infrastructure without paying dueconsideration
to drainage aspects and increase in paved surfaces. Storm water modelling plays an important role in checking issues such as flash
floods and urban water-quality problems. The SWMM (Storm Water Management Model) has been an effective tool for simulating
floods in urban areas.

Figure No: 8 Runoff & Precipitation Graph without providing LID Method Case 1: - Implementation

of Rain Garden & Rain Barrels on Urban Area

Accelerated storm water runoff creates environmental problems in many urban communities. Methods for reducing this runoff are
available, but most do not work well if soils are poorly drained. Analysis of a rain barrel implementation strategy that diverts only
roof runoff, for which there is a beneficial garden use, is presented and illustrated with a case study application. This approach
reduces operation to the growing season and requires that the rain barrel function to benefit the garden and to reduce runoff, but may
improve homeowner acceptance and operation.
Following figure shows the depth simulation after the implementation of Rain Garden as a BMP on open area by using SWMM
software.

Figure No: 9 After Providing LID Runoff & Precipitation

6. CONCLUSION

Due to Urbanization, Industrialization and the enormous growth of population, most of the parts of Badlapur had gotten embedded
in concrete. Rapidly changes in LULC, limitation of SWD and natural calamities like flash flooding which areresponsible for water
logging in Badlapur and it cannot be easily prevented; one has to search for alternatives. The percolation of water down to the ground
is the better remedy. This percolation can be done by the use of pervious concrete. Its implementation is a better way to reduce the
intensity of water logging created by Heavy rainfall and backwater effect. The impact of this concrete is analyzed and a
comparative data base is created for the same. Byclicking on the respective flood spots one can avail the information pertinent to
that flood spot location in terms of latitude-longitude, ward name, ward number, location, contour value, topography, city type,
pervious type, pervious mix design suitable to that location. This study gives an emphasis for the generation of database with
the help of QGIS, which can be utilized by the municipal corporations, Disaster Management and Planning committees to
mitigate the flood disaster and develop optimal solutions for ever-pervasive challenges of reckless flooding in Badlapur with
Thematic Maps. In the present study a storm water drainage network for Badlapur City (Rameshwadi and Hendrepada area) has been
analyzed using the well-known Storm Water Management model. The case study Badlapur City (Rameshwadi and Hendrepada area)
of presented herein showed that SWMM is well suited for urban catchments especially when it is modelled as a single watershed
under uncelebrated condition. The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM 5.1) model are employed by using varied site choice
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criteria to demonstrate the simulation of water surface depth at Ulhas watercourse sub- catchment. The water depth has been obtained
at Nashik web site with and while not considering the impact of Best Management Practices (BMP’s). Four cases are taken for web
site choice for applying Best Management Practices (BMP’s) implementation like rain garden for open area, cistern for the populated
area, infiltration trenches for the open space, permeable pavement for the road space and combination of these techniques are applied
in model and from that it's finished that populated area is best suited for applying cistern system provide the minimum water depth
as compare to others.

7. REFERENCE

1.Bisht, D.S., Chatterjee, C., Kalakoti, S., Upadhyay, P., Sahoo, M. and Panda, A., “Modeling Urban Floods and Drainage
Using SWMM and MIKE URBAN: a case study,” Natural Hazards, vol. 84, Issue 2, 2016, pp.749-776

2.C.N.T. (2005). " Flood Risk Management CRS Report". CONGRESS USA.
3.K.L. Katsifarakis, m. a. "Sustainable Drainage and Urban Landscape Upgrading Using raingardens. Site
4.L. A. Rossman, “Storm water management model user’s manual”, USEPA Software, 2010
5.M Rawal, N.G. (2012). “lnt. Conf. on advances in design and construction and structures”. (pg. no. 132-140).
6.Marcio h. Giacomini, E.M. (n.d.) hydrological footprint residence: environmentally friendly criteria foe best management
practice. maces. journal of hydrological engineering, pg. no. 434-443

7.Maya P. Abi Aad, M. T. (2010). "Modelling Technique of Best Management Practices: rain Barrel and Rain
8.V.A. Rangari, K.V. Gopi, N.V. Umamahesh and A.K. Patel, “Review of urban storm water models” HYDRO 2015, 20th
Int.Conf.on. on Hydraulics, IIT Roorkee, India 2015.

8. WEBSITES

a. www.google.com.in

b. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm-version- 51-users-manual

c. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm

d. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bioretention_cell_rain_garden_US_winter.jpg

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